Soft law and its importance in ensuring member states' compliance with union law:
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|---|---|
| Format: | Thesis Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Baden-Baden
Nomos
[2024]
|
| Edition: | 1st edition 2024 |
| Series: | Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht
volume 321 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 714 Seiten 22.7 cm x 15.3 cm |
| ISBN: | 9783756000081 3756000087 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Soft law and its importance in ensuring member states' compliance with union law |c Paul Weismann |
| 250 | |a 1st edition 2024 | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Baden-Baden |b Nomos |c [2024] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2024 | |
| 300 | |a 714 Seiten |c 22.7 cm x 15.3 cm | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht |v volume 321 | |
| 502 | |b Habilitationsschrift |c Universität Salzburg |g überarbeitete Fassung | ||
| 610 | 2 | 7 | |a Europäische Union |0 (DE-588)5098525-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Mitgliedsstaaten |0 (DE-588)4170174-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 653 | |a Artikel 292 TFEU | ||
| 653 | |a Artikel 288 TFEU | ||
| 653 | |a internal soft law | ||
| 653 | |a EuGH | ||
| 653 | |a ECJ | ||
| 653 | |a Kadi | ||
| 653 | |a WTO | ||
| 653 | |a Effectiveness | ||
| 653 | |a Enforceability | ||
| 653 | |a Judicial review of soft law | ||
| 653 | |a Rechtsdurchsetzung | ||
| 653 | |a Europarecht | ||
| 653 | |a Unionsrecht | ||
| 653 | |a Treaty infringement procedure | ||
| 653 | |a EU law enforcement | ||
| 653 | |a Vertragsverletzungsverfahren | ||
| 653 | |a EU-Rechtsdurchsetzung | ||
| 653 | |a EU soft law | ||
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1826551936537591808 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
CONTENT
OVERVIEW
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
9
TABLE
OF
CASES
27
COURT
OF
JUSTICE
27
COURT
OF
JUSTICE:
OPINIONS
OF
THE
ADVOCATES
GENERAL
44
COURT
OF
FIRST
INSTANCE
/
GENERAL
COURT
48
PERMANENT
COURT
OF
INTERNATIONAL
JUSTICE
/
INTERNATIONAL
COURT
OF
JUSTICE
52
OTHER
JUDICIAL
BODIES
53
TABLE
OFACTS
(SELECTION)
55
COUNCIL,
EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT
OR
EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT
AND
COUNCIL
(TOGETHER)
55
COMMISSION
63
OTHER
ACTORS
65
I.
INTRODUCTION
67
1.
AMBITION
AND
STRUCTURE
67
2.
METHODOLOGY
AND
EMBEDDING
IN
LEGAL
SCHOLARSHIP
71
3.
SOME
TECHNICALITIES
73
II.
SOFT
LAW:
TERMINOLOGY
AND
LOCALISATION
75
1.
ORIGINS
AND
CONCEPTS:
A
THEORETICAL
ACCOUNT
OF
SOFT
LAW
'
75
2.
DELIMITATION
OF
SOFT
LAW
108
III.
FUNDAMENTAL
QUESTIONS
OF
EU
SOFT
LAW
149
1.
INTRODUCTION
AND
OVERVIEW
149
2.
DIFFERENT
FORMS
OF
EU
SOFT
LAW:
ORIGINATORS
AND
ADDRESSEES
158
7
3.
THE
LEGAL
BASES
OF
SOFT
LAW
4.
LEGAL,
FACTUAL
AND
MIXED
EFFECTS
OF
SOFT
LAW
5.
THE
PURPOSES
OF
SOFT
LAW
6.
JUDICIAL
REVIEW
OF
SOFT
LAW
192
318
374
384
IV.
MECHANISMS
IN
EU
LAW
TO
ENSURE
LEGAL
COMPLIANCE
OF
MEMBER
STATES
397
1.
INTRODUCTION
397
2.
THE
MECHANISMS
IN
DETAIL
403
V.
CLASSIFICATION
AND
LEGAL
ASSESSMENT
OF
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
487
1.
INTRODUCTION
487
2.
CLASSIFICATION
490
3.
LEGAL
ASSESSMENT
532
VI.
CONCLUSION
637
1.
SUMMARY
2.
CLOSING
REMARKS
AND
OUTLOOK
637
643
BIBLIOGRAPHY
651
INDEX
709
8
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
21
TABLE
OF
CASES
27
COURT
OF
JUSTICE
27
COURT
OF
JUSTICE:
OPINIONS
OF
THE
ADVOCATES
GENERAL
44
COURT
OF
FIRST
INSTANCE
/
GENERAL
COURT
48
PERMANENT
COURT
OF
INTERNATIONAL
JUSTICE
/
INTERNATIONAL
COURT
OF
JUSTICE
52
OTHER
JUDICIAL
BODIES
53
TABLE
OFACTS
(SELECTION)
55
COUNCIL,
EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT
OR
EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT
AND
COUNCIL
(TOGETHER)
55
COMMISSION
63
OTHER
ACTORS
65
I.
INTRODUCTION
67
1.
AMBITION
AND
STRUCTURE
67
2.
METHODOLOGY
AND
EMBEDDING
IN
LEGAL
SCHOLARSHIP
71
3.
SOME
TECHNICALITIES
73
II.
SOFT
LAW:
TERMINOLOGY
AND
LOCALISATION
75
1.
ORIGINS
AND
CONCEPTS:
A
THEORETICAL
ACCOUNT
OF
SOFT
LAW
'
75
1.1.
ORIGINS,
IDEAS
AND
CHALLENGES:
A
TOUR
D'HORIZON
75
1.1.1.
TERMINOLOGY,
RECOGNITION
AND
OCCURRENCE
IN
PRACTICE:
AN
APPROXIMATION
75
1.1.2.
THE
CHALLENGES
OF
USING
PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
AS
A
STARTING
POINT
81
1.2.
DIFFERENT
CONCEPTS
OF
SOFT
LAW
84
9
1.3.
DISCUSSION
AND
CONCLUSIONS
90
1.3.1.
DIFFERENT
SCHOOLS
OFTHOUGHT
90
1.3.2.
ON
LEGAL
(NON-)BINDINGNESS
AS
DISTINCTIVE
FEATURE
91
1.3.3.
THE
CREATORS
OF
SOFT
LAW
96
I.3.3.I.
ON
THE
DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN
PUBLIC
AND
PRIVATE
LEGALACTION
96
1.3.3.2.
NON-BINDING
NORMS:
PUBLIC
AND
PRIVATE
CREATORS
100
1.3.4.
A
CONCEPT
OF
'
SOFT
LAW
'
104
2.
DELIMITATION
OF
SOFT
LAW
108
2.1.
FROM
LAW
108
2.1.1.
DELIMITATION
WITH
A
VIEW
TO
ENFORCEABILITY
AND
EFFECTIVENESS
108
2.1.1.1.
ON
THE
ISSUE
OF
ENFORCEABILITY
108
2.1.1.2.
ON
THE
ISSUE
OF
EFFECTIVENESS
112
2.1.2.
THE
RECOGNITION
OF
LAW,
SOFT
LAW
AND
OTHER
OUTPUT
OF
PUBLIC
AUTHORITY:
RELEVANT
INDICATORS
113
2.1.3.
EXEMPLIFYING
THE
PROXIMITY
BETWEEN
LAW
AND
SOFT
LAW
118
2.1.3.1,
GENERAL
EXAMPLES
118
2.I.3.2.
SPECIAL
EFFECTS
OF
PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
IN
EU
LAW
-
THE
KADI
SAGA
AND
THE
CASE
OF
WTO
LAW
122
2.1.3.2.1.
INTRODUCTION
122
2.I.3.2.2.
THE
EFFECT
OF
UN
LAW
IN
THE
EU
LEGAL
ORDER,
EXEMPLIFIED
IN
THE
KADI
CASES
122
2.I.3.2.3.
THE
EFFECT
OFWTO
LAW
IN
THE
EU
LEGAL
ORDER
128
2.1.3.2.4.
DISCUSSION
132
2.2.
FROM
OTHER
SETS
OF
NORMS
136
2.2.1.
CUSTOM
AND
CUSTOMARY
LAW
136
2.2.2.
MORALS
139
2.2.3.
REGULATION
BY
PRIVATE
ACTORS:
THE
EXAMPLE
OF
STANDARDS
140
2.3.
FROM
OTHER
OUTPUT
OF
PUBLIC BODIES
146
III.
FUNDAMENTAL
QUESTIONS
OF
EU
SOFT
LAW
149
1.
INTRODUCTION
AND
OVERVIEW
149
1.1.
INTRODUCTION
149
10
1.2.
OVERVIEW
OF
THE
HISTORICAL
AND
CURRENT
USE
OF
EU
SOFT
LAW
150
2.
DIFFERENT
FORMS
OF
EU
SOFT
LAW:
ORIGINATORS
AND
ADDRESSEES
158
2.1.
INTRODUCTION
158
2.2.
ORIGINATORS
158
2.2.1.
ON
THE
QUESTION
OF
ASSIGNMENT
158
2.2.2.
THE
EU
'
S
INSTITUTIONS
161
2.2.3.
THE
EU
'
S
BODIES,
OFFICES
AND
AGENCIES
166
2.2.4.
MS
AND
NON-EU
BODIES
168
2.2.4.I.
ACTS
RELATING
TO
DIFFERENT
LEGAL
ORDERS
168
2.2.4.2.
INCURSUS:
THE
MEMORANDA
OF
UNDERSTANDING
CONCLUDED
UNDER
THE
SO-CALLED
UMBRELLAS
(RESCUE
MEASURES
TO
PROTECT
THE
EUROZONE)
172
2.2.4.2.I.
CONTEXTUALISATION
IN
BETWEEN
EU
LAW
AND
PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
172
2.2.4.2.2.
ON
THE
QUESTION
OFLEGAL
BINDINGNESS
179
2.3.
ADDRESSEES
184
2.4.
LEGALLY
NON-BINDING
ACTS
OTHER
THAN
SOFT
LAW
187
3.
THE
LEGAL
BASES
OF
SOFT
LAW
192
3.1.
PRELIMINARY
REMARKS:
THE
MEANING
OF
ARTICLE
288
TFEU
FOR
EUSOFTLAW
192
3.1.1.
THE
DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN
RECOMMENDATIONS
AND
OPINIONS
192
3.1.2.
IS
THERE
A
NUMERUS
CLAUSUS
OF
EU
SOFT
LAW
ACTS?
195
3.2.
THE
APPLICABILITY
OF
THE
PRINCIPLE
OF
CONFERRED
POWERS
200
3.2.1.
INTRODUCTION
200
3.2.2.
THE
PRINCIPLE
OF
CONFERRAL
-
AN
INTERPRETATION
OF
THE
RELEVANT
TERMS
201
3.2.3.
THE
CASE
LAW
OFTHE
CJEU
208
3.2.4.
RESUME
211
3.3.
SPECIAL
FEATURES
OFTHE
EU
'
S
COMPETENCE
REGIME
212
3.3.1.
THE
IMPLIED
POWERS
DOCTRINE
AND
POWERS
IMPLIED
IN
COMPETENCE
CLAUSES
212
3.3.2.
ARGUMENTUM
A
MAIORE
AD
MINUS
220
3.3.2.1.
THE
ARGUMENTUM
A
MAIORE
AD
MINUS
IN
EULAW
220
11
3.3.2.2.
THE
(LACK
OF
AN)
ARGUMENTUM
A
MAIORE
(LAW)
AD
MINUS
(SOFT
LAW)
IN
SELECTED
TREATY
PROVISIONS
223
3.3.3.
INTERNAL
SOFT
LAW
229
3.3.3.1.
THE
PHENOMENON
OF
INTERNAL
SOFT
LAW
229
3.3.3.2.
THE
COMPETENCE
TO
ADOPT
INTERNAL
SOFT
LAW
233
3.4.
GENERAL
COMPETENCE
CLAUSES
IN
THE
TREATIES
236
3.4.1.
INTRODUCTION
236
3.4.2.
ARTICLE
288
TFEU
-
A
GENERAL
COMPETENCE
CLAUSE?
236
3.4.3.
ARTICLE
292
TFEU
238
3.4.3.I.
THE
POWER
TO
ADOPT
RECOMMENDATIONS
OFTHE
COUNCIL
AND
OF
THE
COUNCIL
AND
THE
EP,
RESPECTIVELY
238
3.4.3.2.
THE
POWER
TO
ADOPT
RECOMMENDATIONS
OFTHE
COMMISSION
AND
OFTHE
ECB,
RESPECTIVELY
243
3.4.4.
ARTICLE
127
PARA
4
AND
ARTICLE
132
PARA
1
(3RD
INDENT)
TFEU
245
3.4.5.
OPINIONS
OF
COMMITTEES
247
3.4.6.
LIMITS
TO
A
GENERAL
'
COMPETENCE
TO
ADOPT
SOFT
LAW
251
3.5.
SPECIAL
COMPETENCE
CLAUSES
IN
THE
TREATIES
258
3.5.1.
INTRODUCTION
258
3.5.2.
INSTITUTIONS
260
3.5.2.I.
COMMISSION
260
3.5.2.1.1.
SUPPORT
OF
DECISION-MAKING/RULE
MAKING
260
3.5.2.1.2.
INITIATION
OF
(SOFT)
DECISION-MAKING/
RULE-MAKING
262
3.5.2.1.3,
SOFT
DECISION-MAKING/RULE-MAKING
267
3.5.2.2.
COUNCIL
270
3.5.2.2.I.
SUPPORT
OF
DECISION-MAKING
270
3.5.2.2.2.
INITIATION
OF
DECISION-MAKING
271
3.5.2.2.3.
SOFT
DECISION-MAKING/RULE-MAKING
272
3.5.2.3.
EUROPEAN
COUNCIL
-
SOFT
RULE-MAKING
275
3.5.2.4.
EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT
-
SUPPORT
OF
DECISION-
MAKING/RULE-MAKING
276
12
3.5.2.5.
COURT
OF
JUSTICE
OFTHE
EUROPEAN
UNION
(AND
ITS
COMPONENTS)
-
SUPPORT
AND
INITIATION
OF
AND
ACTUAL
(SOFT)
DECISION-MAKING/RULE
MAKING?
277
3.5.2.6.
EUROPEAN
CENTRAL
BANK
282
3.5.2.6.1.
SUPPORT
AND
INITIATION
OF
RULE
MAKING
282
3.5.2.6.2.
SOFT
DECISION-MAKING
284
3.5.3.
OTHER
ACTORS
285
3.5.3.I.
EU-INTERNAL
ACTORS
285
3.5.3.2.
EU-EXTERNAL
ACTORS
289
3.6.
COMPETENCES
TO
ADOPT
EU
SOFT
LAW
OTHER
THAN
RECOMMENDATIONS
AND
OPINIONS
293
3.7.
SPECIAL
COMPETENCE
CLAUSES
IN
EU
SECONDARY
LAW
AND
IN
PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
298
3.7.1.
INTRODUCTION
298
3.7.2.
SPECIAL
COMPETENCE
CLAUSES
IN
EU
SECONDARY
LAW
299
3.7.2.I.
REGULATION
182/2011
299
3.7.2.2.
COUNCIL
REGULATION
168/2007
303
3.7.3.
SPECIAL
COMPETENCE
CLAUSES
IN
PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
306
3.8.
THE
EFFECTS
OF
A
LACK
OF
A
LEGAL
BASIS
308
3.9.
THE
REVISITATION
OFTHE
ABOVE
APPROACHES
ON
THE
DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN
RECOMMENDATIONS
AND
OPINIONS,
ON
WHETHER
THERE
IS
A
NUMERUS
CLAUSUS
OF
EU
SOFT
LAW
ACTS,
AND
ON
THE
PRINCIPLE
OFCONFERRAL
312
3.10.
RESUME
AND
TRANSITION
315
4.
LEGAL,
FACTUAL
AND
MIXED
EFFECTS
OF
SOFT
LAW
318
4.1.
INTRODUCTION
318
4.2.
LEGAL
EFFECTS
321
4.2.1.
INTRODUCTION
321
4.2.2.
MEMBER
STATES
324
4.2.2.1.
THE
EFFECTS
OF
SOFT
LAW
ACCORDING
TO
THE
COURT
'
S
CASELAW
324
4.2.2.1.1.
INTRODUCTION
324
4.2.2.1.2.
THE
EFFECTS
ON
THE
LEGISLATIVE,
THE
EXECUTIVE,
AND
THE
JUDICIARY
OF
THE
MS
325
13
4.2.2.1.3.
PRIMA
FACIE
SOFT
LAW
WHICH
TURNS
OUT
TO
BE
LEGALLY
BINDING
329
4.2.2.2.
THE
ACTUAL
OR
POTENTIAL
LEGAL
REASONS
FOR
THESE
EFFECTS
331
4.2.2.2.1.
ADMINISTRATIVE
COOPERATION
ACCORDING
TO
ARTICLE
197
TFEU
331
4.2.2.2.2.
SINCERE
COOPERATION
(
'
LOYALTY
'
)
ACCORDING
TO
ARTICLE
4
PARA
3
TEU
333
4.2.2.2.2.1.
OVERVIEW
333
4.2.2.2.2.2.
THE
CONSEQUENCES
FOR
SOFTLAW
336
4.2.2.2.3.
THE
PRINCIPLE
OF
INTERPRETATION
OF
NATIONAL
LAW
IN
LINE
WITH
UNION
LAW
342
4.2.2.2.4.
LEGAL
CERTAINTY,
LEGITIMATE
EXPECTATIONS,
EQUALITY
AND
EFFECTIVENESS
344
4.2.3.
INSTITUTIONS,
BODIES,
OFFICES
AND
AGENCIES
OF
THE
EU
348
4.2.3.I.
THE
EFFECTS
OF
SOFT
LAW
ACCORDING
TO
THE
COURT
'
S
CASELAW
348
4.2.3.2.
THE
ACTUAL
OR
POTENTIAL
LEGAL
REASONS
FOR
THESE
EFFECTS
354
4.2.3.2.1.
SINCERE
COOPERATION
(
'
LOYALTY
'
)
ACCORDING
TO
ARTICLE
13
PARA
2
TEU
354
4.2.3.2.2.
ARTICLE
296
PARA
2
TFEU
357
4.2.3.2.3.
LEGAL
CERTAINTY,
LEGITIMATE
EXPECTATIONS,
EQUALITY
AND
EFFECTIVENESS
359
4.3.
FACTUAL
EFFECTS
362
4.3.1.
INTRODUCTION
362
4.3.2.
HUMAN
NATURE
363
4.3.2.1.
THE
STEERING
EFFECTS
OF
'
NUDGING
'
365
4.3.2.2.
EU
SOFT
LAW
CREATED
BY
MS
OFFICIALS
368
4.4.
MIXED
EFFECTS
370
5.
THE
PURPOSES
OF
SOFT
LAW
374
5.1.
ON
THE
CATEGORISATION
OF
SOFT
LAW
IN
GENERAL
374
5.2.
ON
THE
CASE
OF
EU
SOFT
LAW
IN
PARTICULAR
377
5.2.1.
ACCEPTED
PURPOSES
OF
EU
SOFT
LAW
377
5.2.2.
AVOIDING
LAW
AS
A
PURPOSE
OF
EU
SOFT
LAW
381
14
6.
JUDICIAL
REVIEW
OF
SOFT
LAW
384
6.1.
INTRODUCTION
384
6.2.
THE
ANNULMENT
PROCEDURE
385
6.3.
THE
PRELIMINARY
REFERENCE
PROCEDURE
389
6.4.
OTHER
PROCEDURES
392
IV.
MECHANISMS
IN
EU
LAW
TO
ENSURE
LEGAL
COMPLIANCE
OF
MEMBER
STATES
397
1.
INTRODUCTION
397
2.
THE
MECHANISMS
IN
DETAIL
403
2.1.
THE
GENERAL
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISM:
THE
TREATY
INFRINGEMENT
PROCEDURE
403
2.1.1.
INTRODUCTION
403
2.1.2.
THE
PROCEDURE
IN
SHORT
406
2.1.3.
SOFT
AND
HARD
ELEMENTS
OFTHE
PROCEDURE
412
2.2.
SPECIAL
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
416
2.2.1.
HARD
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
416
2.2.1.1.
IN
PRIMARY
LAW
416
2.2.1.1.1.
ARTICLE
106
PARA
3
TFEU
416
2.2.1.1.2.
ARTICLE
108
TFEU
417
2.2.1.1.3.
ARTICLE
114
TFEU
419
2.2.1.1.4.
ARTICLE
348
TFEU
422
2.2.1.1.5.
ARTICLE
144
TFEU
424
2.2.1.2.
IN
SECONDARY
LAW
426
2.2.1.2.1.
ARTICLE
13
PARA
1
OF
DIRECTIVE
2001/95/EC
426
2.2.1.2.2.
ARTICLES
70
F
OF
REGULATION
2018/1139
428
2.2.1.2.3.
ARTICLE
29
PARA
2
OF
REGULATION
806/2014
431
2.2.1.2.4.
ARTICLE
63
OFREGULATION
2019/943
433
2.2.1.2.5.
ARTICLES
18
AND
19
OF
REGULATION
1093/2010
434
2.2.1.2.6.
SAFEGUARD
CLAUSES
438
2.2.1.3.
SUMMARY
AND
RESUME
441
2.2.2.
MIXED
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
444
2.2.2.1.
IN
PRIMARY
LAW
444
2.2.2.1.1.
ARTICLES
116
AND
117TFEU
444
15
2.2.2.1.2.
ARTICLE
126
TFEU
446
2.2.2.1.3.
ARTICLE
271
LITAANDDTFEU
450
2.2.2.2.
IN
SECONDARY
LAW
452
2.2.2.2.1.
ARTICLE
63
OF
DIRECTIVE
2019/944
452
2.2.2.2.2.
ARTICLES
22
F
AND
28
OF
COUNCIL
REGULATION
2015/1589
454
2.2.2.2.3.
ARTICLE
17
OF
REGULATION
1093/2010
456
2.2.2.2.4.
THE
EXCESSIVE
IMBALANCE
PROCEDURE
LAID
DOWN
IN
REGULATIONS
1176/2011
AND
1174/2011
461
2.2.2.2.5.
ARTICLE
7
PARA
4
OF
REGULATION
806/2014
465
2.2.2.2.6.
ARTICLE
25
OFREGULATION
2016/796
467
2.2.2.3.
SUMMARY
AND
RESUME
468
2.2.3.
SOFT
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
471
2.2.3.I.
IN
PRIMARY
LAW
471
2.2.3.1.1.
ARTICLE
121
TFEU
471
2.2.3.1.2.
ARTICLE
148
PARA
4
TFEU
472
2.2.3.2.
IN
SECONDARY
LAW
473
2.2.3.2.I.
ARTICLE
6
PARAS
5-7
OF
REGULATION
2019/942
473
2.2.3.2.2.
ARTICLE
53
OF
DIRECTIVE
2019/944
475
2.2.3.2.3.
ARTICLE
33
OF
DIRECTIVE
2018/1972
476
2.2.3.2.4.
ARTICLE
3
PARA
7
OF
REGULATION
472/2013
480
2.2.3.2.5.
ARTICLES
16
AND
17
OF
REGULATION
1092/2010
481
2.2.3.2.6.
ARTICLE
6
OFREGULATION
2019/452
483
2.2.3.3.
SUMMARY
AND
RESUME
485
V.
CLASSIFICATION
AND
LEGAL
ASSESSMENT
OF
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
487
1.
INTRODUCTION
487
2.
CLASSIFICATION
490
2.1.
THE
EU
ACTORS
INVOLVED
IN
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
490
2.2.
THE
POLICY
FIELDS
AND
THE
PRIMARY
LEGAL
BASES
CONCERNED
495
2.3.
THE
SEQUENCE
AND
ADDRESSEES
OF
ACTS
IN
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
496
16
2.4.
THE
PURPOSES
OF
SOFT
LAW
ACTS
IN
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
501
2.4.1.
THE
QUESTION
OF
COMMAND
501
2.4.2.
THE
TREATY
INFRINGEMENT
PROCEDURE
503
2.4.3.
THE
PURPOSE
OF
PREPARATION
-
NOT
ALWAYS
A
MATTER
OF
COURSE
504
2.4.4.
THE
PURPOSE
OF
COMPANY
(
'
ACCOMPAGNEMENT
'
)
AND
THE
RIGHT
TO BE
HEARD
507
2.4.5.
SUBSTITUTION
OR
PERMANENT
ALTERNATIVE
-
TWO
PURPOSES
WHICH
OFTEN
OVERLAP
508
2.4.6.
INSTITUTIONAL
TRANSFORMATION
AS
A
PURPOSE
OF
SOFT
LAW?
514
2.5.
THE
DEVIATION
FROM
THE
TREATY
INFRINGEMENT
PROCEDURE
515
2.5.1.
THE
UBIQUITY
OF
THE
TREATY
INFRINGEMENT
PROCEDURE
515
2.5.2.
TIME
OF
INTERVENTION,
DISCRETION,
AND
CONFIDENTIALITY
517
2.5.3.
EFFICIENCY
CONCERNS
AND
EU
PILOT
520
2.5.4.
THE
MS
'
RIGHT
TO
BE
HEARD
524
2.6.
WHY
THE
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
'
LOOK
THE
WAY
THEY
LOOK
'
526
3.
LEGAL
ASSESSMENT
532
3.1.
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS:
IMPLEMENTATION
OR
ENFORCEMENT?
532
3.1.1.
THE
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
IMPLEMENTATION
AND
ENFORCEMENT
532
3.1.1.1.
INTRODUCTION
532
3.1.1.2.
IMPLEMENTATION
AND
ENFORCEMENT
UNDER
THE
TREATIES
534
3.1.1.2.1.
MAIN
CHARACTERISTICS
534
3.1.1.2.1.1.
PRIMARY
AIM,
TIME
OF
INTERVENTION,
AND
THE
DISCRETION
GRANTED
UNDER
ARTICLE
291
TFEU
534
3.1.1.2.1.2.
DIFFERENT
APPROACHES
TOWARDS
ENSURING
COMPLIANCE:
CONCRETISATION
AND
DETERMINATION
538
3.1.1.2.1.3.
THE
INDICATIVE
VALUE
OF
THE
MATERIAL
SCOPE
OF
AND
INSTITUTIONAL
QUESTIONS
RELATING
TO
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
540
17
3.1.1.2.2.
THE
PRELIMINARY
REFERENCE
PROCEDURE,
THE
PROCEDURE
PURSUANT
TO
ARTICLE
218
PARA
11
TFEU,
AND
THE
EXCESSIVE
DEFICIT
PROCEDURE
-
SPECIALCASES
543
3.1.1.2.3.
TWO
FURTHER
ASPECTS:
SOFT
LAW
AND
SANCTIONS
545
3.1.1.2.4.
CONCLUSION
549
3.1.2.
THE
CATEGORISATION
OFTHE
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
552
3.I.2.I.
INTRODUCTION
552
3.I.2.2.
HARD
MECHANISMS
553
3.I.2.3.
MIXED
MECHANISMS
557
3.I.2.4.
SOFT
MECHANISMS
561
3.2.
THE
PRIMARY
LEGAL
BASES
OF
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
ESTABLISHED
THROUGH
SECONDARY
LAW
564
3.2.1.
INTRODUCTION
564
3.2.2.
A
FREQUENTLY
USED
LEGAL
BASIS:
ARTICLE
114
TFEU
564
3.2.2.1.
OVERVIEW
564
3.2.2.2.
AN
APPROPRIATE
LEGAL
BASIS
FOR
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS?
567
3.2.3.
THE
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
BASED
ON
ARTICLE
114
TFEU
572
3.2.3.1.
INTRODUCTION
572
3.2.3.2.
HARD
AND
MIXED
MECHANISMS
573
3.2.3.3.
SOFT
MECHANISMS
577
3.2.4.
OTHER
PRIMARY
LEGAL
BASES
579
3.2.4.I.
HARD
MECHANISMS
579
3.2.4.2.
MIXED
MECHANISMS
582
3.2.4.3.
SOFT
MECHANISMS
586
3.3.
THE
INSTITUTIONAL
BALANCE
OF
THE
EU
588
3.3.1.
INTRODUCTION
588
3.3.2.
THE
TREATY
INFRINGEMENT
PROCEDURE
590
3.3.3.
JUDICIAL
REVIEW
597
3.3.4.
THE
NEGLECTION
OF
ARTICLE
291
PARA
2
TFEU
AND
THE
EMPOWERMENT
OF
EUROPEAN
AGENCIES
600
3.3.4.1.
INTRODUCTION
600
3.3.4.2.
EUROPEAN
AGENCIES
AND
ARTICLE
291
PARA
2
TFEU
602
18
3.4.
THE
PRINCIPLES
OF
SUBSIDIARITY
AND
PROPORTIONALITY
607
3.4.1.
INTRODUCTION
607
3.4.2.
THE
PRINCIPLE
OF
SUBSIDIARITY
608
3.4.2.1.
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
IN
GENERAL
608
3.4.2.2.
IMPLEMENTING
AND
ENFORCEMENT
MECHANISMS
IN
PARTICULAR
612
3.4.2.3.
ON
THE
ISSUE
OF
SOFT
LAW
614
3.4.3.
THE
PRINCIPLE
OF
PROPORTIONALITY
615
3.4.3.I.
THE
TREATY
INFRINGEMENT
PROCEDURE
AS
THE
ELEPHANT
IN
THE
ROOM
615
3.4.3.2.
THE
SPECIFIC
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
618
3.4.2.3.
INTER-INSTITUTIONAL
PROPORTIONALITY
CONSIDERATIONS
IN
THE
LEGISLATIVE
PROCESS
AND
THE
FINAL
DECISION-MAKING
POWER
OF
THE
COURT
620
3.5.
THE
EFFECTS
OF
SOFT
LAW
IN
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS:
VARYING
DEGREES
OF
AUTHORITY?
622
3.5.1.
INTRODUCTION
622
3.5.2.
DEGREES
OF
AUTHORITY
OR
MERE
LEGISLATIVE
WORDINESS?
624
3.5.3.
CONSIDERATIONS
IN
THE
LEGISLATIVE
PROCESS
AND
CONCLUSIONS
627
3.6.
LEGAL
PROTECTION
FOR
THE
MEMBER
STATES
630
3.6.1.
INTRODUCTION
630
3.6.2.
THE
ACTION
FOR
ANNULMENT
AND
THE
ACTION
FOR
FAILURE
TO
ACT
631
3.6.3.
THE
MS
'
MOTIVATION
TO
SEEK
JUDICIAL
PROTECTION
634
VI.
CONCLUSION
637
1.
SUMMARY
637
2.
CLOSING
REMARKS
AND
OUTLOOK
643
2.1.
SOFT
LAW
643
2.2.
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
647
BIBLIOGRAPHY
651
INDEX
709
19 |
| adam_txt |
CONTENT
OVERVIEW
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
9
TABLE
OF
CASES
27
COURT
OF
JUSTICE
27
COURT
OF
JUSTICE:
OPINIONS
OF
THE
ADVOCATES
GENERAL
44
COURT
OF
FIRST
INSTANCE
/
GENERAL
COURT
48
PERMANENT
COURT
OF
INTERNATIONAL
JUSTICE
/
INTERNATIONAL
COURT
OF
JUSTICE
52
OTHER
JUDICIAL
BODIES
53
TABLE
OFACTS
(SELECTION)
55
COUNCIL,
EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT
OR
EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT
AND
COUNCIL
(TOGETHER)
55
COMMISSION
63
OTHER
ACTORS
65
I.
INTRODUCTION
67
1.
AMBITION
AND
STRUCTURE
67
2.
METHODOLOGY
AND
EMBEDDING
IN
LEGAL
SCHOLARSHIP
71
3.
SOME
TECHNICALITIES
73
II.
SOFT
LAW:
TERMINOLOGY
AND
LOCALISATION
75
1.
ORIGINS
AND
CONCEPTS:
A
THEORETICAL
ACCOUNT
OF
SOFT
LAW
'
75
2.
DELIMITATION
OF
SOFT
LAW
108
III.
FUNDAMENTAL
QUESTIONS
OF
EU
SOFT
LAW
149
1.
INTRODUCTION
AND
OVERVIEW
149
2.
DIFFERENT
FORMS
OF
EU
SOFT
LAW:
ORIGINATORS
AND
ADDRESSEES
158
7
3.
THE
LEGAL
BASES
OF
SOFT
LAW
4.
LEGAL,
FACTUAL
AND
MIXED
EFFECTS
OF
SOFT
LAW
5.
THE
PURPOSES
OF
SOFT
LAW
6.
JUDICIAL
REVIEW
OF
SOFT
LAW
192
318
374
384
IV.
MECHANISMS
IN
EU
LAW
TO
ENSURE
LEGAL
COMPLIANCE
OF
MEMBER
STATES
397
1.
INTRODUCTION
397
2.
THE
MECHANISMS
IN
DETAIL
403
V.
CLASSIFICATION
AND
LEGAL
ASSESSMENT
OF
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
487
1.
INTRODUCTION
487
2.
CLASSIFICATION
490
3.
LEGAL
ASSESSMENT
532
VI.
CONCLUSION
637
1.
SUMMARY
2.
CLOSING
REMARKS
AND
OUTLOOK
637
643
BIBLIOGRAPHY
651
INDEX
709
8
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
21
TABLE
OF
CASES
27
COURT
OF
JUSTICE
27
COURT
OF
JUSTICE:
OPINIONS
OF
THE
ADVOCATES
GENERAL
44
COURT
OF
FIRST
INSTANCE
/
GENERAL
COURT
48
PERMANENT
COURT
OF
INTERNATIONAL
JUSTICE
/
INTERNATIONAL
COURT
OF
JUSTICE
52
OTHER
JUDICIAL
BODIES
53
TABLE
OFACTS
(SELECTION)
55
COUNCIL,
EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT
OR
EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT
AND
COUNCIL
(TOGETHER)
55
COMMISSION
63
OTHER
ACTORS
65
I.
INTRODUCTION
67
1.
AMBITION
AND
STRUCTURE
67
2.
METHODOLOGY
AND
EMBEDDING
IN
LEGAL
SCHOLARSHIP
71
3.
SOME
TECHNICALITIES
73
II.
SOFT
LAW:
TERMINOLOGY
AND
LOCALISATION
75
1.
ORIGINS
AND
CONCEPTS:
A
THEORETICAL
ACCOUNT
OF
SOFT
LAW
'
75
1.1.
ORIGINS,
IDEAS
AND
CHALLENGES:
A
TOUR
D'HORIZON
75
1.1.1.
TERMINOLOGY,
RECOGNITION
AND
OCCURRENCE
IN
PRACTICE:
AN
APPROXIMATION
75
1.1.2.
THE
CHALLENGES
OF
USING
PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
AS
A
STARTING
POINT
81
1.2.
DIFFERENT
CONCEPTS
OF
SOFT
LAW
84
9
1.3.
DISCUSSION
AND
CONCLUSIONS
90
1.3.1.
DIFFERENT
SCHOOLS
OFTHOUGHT
90
1.3.2.
ON
LEGAL
(NON-)BINDINGNESS
AS
DISTINCTIVE
FEATURE
91
1.3.3.
THE
CREATORS
OF
SOFT
LAW
96
I.3.3.I.
ON
THE
DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN
PUBLIC
AND
PRIVATE
LEGALACTION
96
1.3.3.2.
NON-BINDING
NORMS:
PUBLIC
AND
PRIVATE
CREATORS
100
1.3.4.
A
CONCEPT
OF
'
SOFT
LAW
'
104
2.
DELIMITATION
OF
SOFT
LAW
108
2.1.
FROM
LAW
108
2.1.1.
DELIMITATION
WITH
A
VIEW
TO
ENFORCEABILITY
AND
EFFECTIVENESS
108
2.1.1.1.
ON
THE
ISSUE
OF
ENFORCEABILITY
108
2.1.1.2.
ON
THE
ISSUE
OF
EFFECTIVENESS
112
2.1.2.
THE
RECOGNITION
OF
LAW,
SOFT
LAW
AND
OTHER
OUTPUT
OF
PUBLIC
AUTHORITY:
RELEVANT
INDICATORS
113
2.1.3.
EXEMPLIFYING
THE
PROXIMITY
BETWEEN
LAW
AND
SOFT
LAW
118
2.1.3.1,
GENERAL
EXAMPLES
118
2.I.3.2.
SPECIAL
EFFECTS
OF
PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
IN
EU
LAW
-
THE
KADI
SAGA
AND
THE
CASE
OF
WTO
LAW
122
2.1.3.2.1.
INTRODUCTION
122
2.I.3.2.2.
THE
EFFECT
OF
UN
LAW
IN
THE
EU
LEGAL
ORDER,
EXEMPLIFIED
IN
THE
KADI
CASES
122
2.I.3.2.3.
THE
EFFECT
OFWTO
LAW
IN
THE
EU
LEGAL
ORDER
128
2.1.3.2.4.
DISCUSSION
132
2.2.
FROM
OTHER
SETS
OF
NORMS
136
2.2.1.
CUSTOM
AND
CUSTOMARY
LAW
136
2.2.2.
MORALS
139
2.2.3.
REGULATION
BY
PRIVATE
ACTORS:
THE
EXAMPLE
OF
STANDARDS
140
2.3.
FROM
OTHER
OUTPUT
OF
PUBLIC BODIES
146
III.
FUNDAMENTAL
QUESTIONS
OF
EU
SOFT
LAW
149
1.
INTRODUCTION
AND
OVERVIEW
149
1.1.
INTRODUCTION
149
10
1.2.
OVERVIEW
OF
THE
HISTORICAL
AND
CURRENT
USE
OF
EU
SOFT
LAW
150
2.
DIFFERENT
FORMS
OF
EU
SOFT
LAW:
ORIGINATORS
AND
ADDRESSEES
158
2.1.
INTRODUCTION
158
2.2.
ORIGINATORS
158
2.2.1.
ON
THE
QUESTION
OF
ASSIGNMENT
158
2.2.2.
THE
EU
'
S
INSTITUTIONS
161
2.2.3.
THE
EU
'
S
BODIES,
OFFICES
AND
AGENCIES
166
2.2.4.
MS
AND
NON-EU
BODIES
168
2.2.4.I.
ACTS
RELATING
TO
DIFFERENT
LEGAL
ORDERS
168
2.2.4.2.
INCURSUS:
THE
MEMORANDA
OF
UNDERSTANDING
CONCLUDED
UNDER
THE
SO-CALLED
UMBRELLAS
(RESCUE
MEASURES
TO
PROTECT
THE
EUROZONE)
172
2.2.4.2.I.
CONTEXTUALISATION
IN
BETWEEN
EU
LAW
AND
PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
172
2.2.4.2.2.
ON
THE
QUESTION
OFLEGAL
BINDINGNESS
179
2.3.
ADDRESSEES
184
2.4.
LEGALLY
NON-BINDING
ACTS
OTHER
THAN
SOFT
LAW
187
3.
THE
LEGAL
BASES
OF
SOFT
LAW
192
3.1.
PRELIMINARY
REMARKS:
THE
MEANING
OF
ARTICLE
288
TFEU
FOR
EUSOFTLAW
192
3.1.1.
THE
DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN
RECOMMENDATIONS
AND
OPINIONS
192
3.1.2.
IS
THERE
A
NUMERUS
CLAUSUS
OF
EU
SOFT
LAW
ACTS?
195
3.2.
THE
APPLICABILITY
OF
THE
PRINCIPLE
OF
CONFERRED
POWERS
200
3.2.1.
INTRODUCTION
200
3.2.2.
THE
PRINCIPLE
OF
CONFERRAL
-
AN
INTERPRETATION
OF
THE
RELEVANT
TERMS
201
3.2.3.
THE
CASE
LAW
OFTHE
CJEU
208
3.2.4.
RESUME
211
3.3.
SPECIAL
FEATURES
OFTHE
EU
'
S
COMPETENCE
REGIME
212
3.3.1.
THE
IMPLIED
POWERS
DOCTRINE
AND
POWERS
IMPLIED
IN
COMPETENCE
CLAUSES
212
3.3.2.
ARGUMENTUM
A
MAIORE
AD
MINUS
220
3.3.2.1.
THE
ARGUMENTUM
A
MAIORE
AD
MINUS
IN
EULAW
220
11
3.3.2.2.
THE
(LACK
OF
AN)
ARGUMENTUM
A
MAIORE
(LAW)
AD
MINUS
(SOFT
LAW)
IN
SELECTED
TREATY
PROVISIONS
223
3.3.3.
INTERNAL
SOFT
LAW
229
3.3.3.1.
THE
PHENOMENON
OF
INTERNAL
SOFT
LAW
229
3.3.3.2.
THE
COMPETENCE
TO
ADOPT
INTERNAL
SOFT
LAW
233
3.4.
GENERAL
COMPETENCE
CLAUSES
IN
THE
TREATIES
236
3.4.1.
INTRODUCTION
236
3.4.2.
ARTICLE
288
TFEU
-
A
GENERAL
COMPETENCE
CLAUSE?
236
3.4.3.
ARTICLE
292
TFEU
238
3.4.3.I.
THE
POWER
TO
ADOPT
RECOMMENDATIONS
OFTHE
COUNCIL
AND
OF
THE
COUNCIL
AND
THE
EP,
RESPECTIVELY
238
3.4.3.2.
THE
POWER
TO
ADOPT
RECOMMENDATIONS
OFTHE
COMMISSION
AND
OFTHE
ECB,
RESPECTIVELY
243
3.4.4.
ARTICLE
127
PARA
4
AND
ARTICLE
132
PARA
1
(3RD
INDENT)
TFEU
245
3.4.5.
OPINIONS
OF
COMMITTEES
247
3.4.6.
LIMITS
TO
A
GENERAL
'
COMPETENCE
TO
ADOPT
SOFT
LAW
251
3.5.
SPECIAL
COMPETENCE
CLAUSES
IN
THE
TREATIES
258
3.5.1.
INTRODUCTION
258
3.5.2.
INSTITUTIONS
260
3.5.2.I.
COMMISSION
260
3.5.2.1.1.
SUPPORT
OF
DECISION-MAKING/RULE
MAKING
260
3.5.2.1.2.
INITIATION
OF
(SOFT)
DECISION-MAKING/
RULE-MAKING
262
3.5.2.1.3,
SOFT
DECISION-MAKING/RULE-MAKING
267
3.5.2.2.
COUNCIL
270
3.5.2.2.I.
SUPPORT
OF
DECISION-MAKING
270
3.5.2.2.2.
INITIATION
OF
DECISION-MAKING
271
3.5.2.2.3.
SOFT
DECISION-MAKING/RULE-MAKING
272
3.5.2.3.
EUROPEAN
COUNCIL
-
SOFT
RULE-MAKING
275
3.5.2.4.
EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT
-
SUPPORT
OF
DECISION-
MAKING/RULE-MAKING
276
12
3.5.2.5.
COURT
OF
JUSTICE
OFTHE
EUROPEAN
UNION
(AND
ITS
COMPONENTS)
-
SUPPORT
AND
INITIATION
OF
AND
ACTUAL
(SOFT)
DECISION-MAKING/RULE
MAKING?
277
3.5.2.6.
EUROPEAN
CENTRAL
BANK
282
3.5.2.6.1.
SUPPORT
AND
INITIATION
OF
RULE
MAKING
282
3.5.2.6.2.
SOFT
DECISION-MAKING
284
3.5.3.
OTHER
ACTORS
285
3.5.3.I.
EU-INTERNAL
ACTORS
285
3.5.3.2.
EU-EXTERNAL
ACTORS
289
3.6.
COMPETENCES
TO
ADOPT
EU
SOFT
LAW
OTHER
THAN
RECOMMENDATIONS
AND
OPINIONS
293
3.7.
SPECIAL
COMPETENCE
CLAUSES
IN
EU
SECONDARY
LAW
AND
IN
PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
298
3.7.1.
INTRODUCTION
298
3.7.2.
SPECIAL
COMPETENCE
CLAUSES
IN
EU
SECONDARY
LAW
299
3.7.2.I.
REGULATION
182/2011
299
3.7.2.2.
COUNCIL
REGULATION
168/2007
303
3.7.3.
SPECIAL
COMPETENCE
CLAUSES
IN
PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
306
3.8.
THE
EFFECTS
OF
A
LACK
OF
A
LEGAL
BASIS
308
3.9.
THE
REVISITATION
OFTHE
ABOVE
APPROACHES
ON
THE
DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN
RECOMMENDATIONS
AND
OPINIONS,
ON
WHETHER
THERE
IS
A
NUMERUS
CLAUSUS
OF
EU
SOFT
LAW
ACTS,
AND
ON
THE
PRINCIPLE
OFCONFERRAL
312
3.10.
RESUME
AND
TRANSITION
315
4.
LEGAL,
FACTUAL
AND
MIXED
EFFECTS
OF
SOFT
LAW
318
4.1.
INTRODUCTION
318
4.2.
LEGAL
EFFECTS
321
4.2.1.
INTRODUCTION
321
4.2.2.
MEMBER
STATES
324
4.2.2.1.
THE
EFFECTS
OF
SOFT
LAW
ACCORDING
TO
THE
COURT
'
S
CASELAW
324
4.2.2.1.1.
INTRODUCTION
324
4.2.2.1.2.
THE
EFFECTS
ON
THE
LEGISLATIVE,
THE
EXECUTIVE,
AND
THE
JUDICIARY
OF
THE
MS
325
13
4.2.2.1.3.
PRIMA
FACIE
SOFT
LAW
WHICH
TURNS
OUT
TO
BE
LEGALLY
BINDING
329
4.2.2.2.
THE
ACTUAL
OR
POTENTIAL
LEGAL
REASONS
FOR
THESE
EFFECTS
331
4.2.2.2.1.
ADMINISTRATIVE
COOPERATION
ACCORDING
TO
ARTICLE
197
TFEU
331
4.2.2.2.2.
SINCERE
COOPERATION
(
'
LOYALTY
'
)
ACCORDING
TO
ARTICLE
4
PARA
3
TEU
333
4.2.2.2.2.1.
OVERVIEW
333
4.2.2.2.2.2.
THE
CONSEQUENCES
FOR
SOFTLAW
336
4.2.2.2.3.
THE
PRINCIPLE
OF
INTERPRETATION
OF
NATIONAL
LAW
IN
LINE
WITH
UNION
LAW
342
4.2.2.2.4.
LEGAL
CERTAINTY,
LEGITIMATE
EXPECTATIONS,
EQUALITY
AND
EFFECTIVENESS
344
4.2.3.
INSTITUTIONS,
BODIES,
OFFICES
AND
AGENCIES
OF
THE
EU
348
4.2.3.I.
THE
EFFECTS
OF
SOFT
LAW
ACCORDING
TO
THE
COURT
'
S
CASELAW
348
4.2.3.2.
THE
ACTUAL
OR
POTENTIAL
LEGAL
REASONS
FOR
THESE
EFFECTS
354
4.2.3.2.1.
SINCERE
COOPERATION
(
'
LOYALTY
'
)
ACCORDING
TO
ARTICLE
13
PARA
2
TEU
354
4.2.3.2.2.
ARTICLE
296
PARA
2
TFEU
357
4.2.3.2.3.
LEGAL
CERTAINTY,
LEGITIMATE
EXPECTATIONS,
EQUALITY
AND
EFFECTIVENESS
359
4.3.
FACTUAL
EFFECTS
362
4.3.1.
INTRODUCTION
362
4.3.2.
HUMAN
NATURE
363
4.3.2.1.
THE
STEERING
EFFECTS
OF
'
NUDGING
'
365
4.3.2.2.
EU
SOFT
LAW
CREATED
BY
MS
OFFICIALS
368
4.4.
MIXED
EFFECTS
370
5.
THE
PURPOSES
OF
SOFT
LAW
374
5.1.
ON
THE
CATEGORISATION
OF
SOFT
LAW
IN
GENERAL
374
5.2.
ON
THE
CASE
OF
EU
SOFT
LAW
IN
PARTICULAR
377
5.2.1.
ACCEPTED
PURPOSES
OF
EU
SOFT
LAW
377
5.2.2.
AVOIDING
LAW
AS
A
PURPOSE
OF
EU
SOFT
LAW
381
14
6.
JUDICIAL
REVIEW
OF
SOFT
LAW
384
6.1.
INTRODUCTION
384
6.2.
THE
ANNULMENT
PROCEDURE
385
6.3.
THE
PRELIMINARY
REFERENCE
PROCEDURE
389
6.4.
OTHER
PROCEDURES
392
IV.
MECHANISMS
IN
EU
LAW
TO
ENSURE
LEGAL
COMPLIANCE
OF
MEMBER
STATES
397
1.
INTRODUCTION
397
2.
THE
MECHANISMS
IN
DETAIL
403
2.1.
THE
GENERAL
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISM:
THE
TREATY
INFRINGEMENT
PROCEDURE
403
2.1.1.
INTRODUCTION
403
2.1.2.
THE
PROCEDURE
IN
SHORT
406
2.1.3.
SOFT
AND
HARD
ELEMENTS
OFTHE
PROCEDURE
412
2.2.
SPECIAL
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
416
2.2.1.
HARD
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
416
2.2.1.1.
IN
PRIMARY
LAW
416
2.2.1.1.1.
ARTICLE
106
PARA
3
TFEU
416
2.2.1.1.2.
ARTICLE
108
TFEU
417
2.2.1.1.3.
ARTICLE
114
TFEU
419
2.2.1.1.4.
ARTICLE
348
TFEU
422
2.2.1.1.5.
ARTICLE
144
TFEU
424
2.2.1.2.
IN
SECONDARY
LAW
426
2.2.1.2.1.
ARTICLE
13
PARA
1
OF
DIRECTIVE
2001/95/EC
426
2.2.1.2.2.
ARTICLES
70
F
OF
REGULATION
2018/1139
428
2.2.1.2.3.
ARTICLE
29
PARA
2
OF
REGULATION
806/2014
431
2.2.1.2.4.
ARTICLE
63
OFREGULATION
2019/943
433
2.2.1.2.5.
ARTICLES
18
AND
19
OF
REGULATION
1093/2010
434
2.2.1.2.6.
SAFEGUARD
CLAUSES
438
2.2.1.3.
SUMMARY
AND
RESUME
441
2.2.2.
MIXED
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
444
2.2.2.1.
IN
PRIMARY
LAW
444
2.2.2.1.1.
ARTICLES
116
AND
117TFEU
444
15
2.2.2.1.2.
ARTICLE
126
TFEU
446
2.2.2.1.3.
ARTICLE
271
LITAANDDTFEU
450
2.2.2.2.
IN
SECONDARY
LAW
452
2.2.2.2.1.
ARTICLE
63
OF
DIRECTIVE
2019/944
452
2.2.2.2.2.
ARTICLES
22
F
AND
28
OF
COUNCIL
REGULATION
2015/1589
454
2.2.2.2.3.
ARTICLE
17
OF
REGULATION
1093/2010
456
2.2.2.2.4.
THE
EXCESSIVE
IMBALANCE
PROCEDURE
LAID
DOWN
IN
REGULATIONS
1176/2011
AND
1174/2011
461
2.2.2.2.5.
ARTICLE
7
PARA
4
OF
REGULATION
806/2014
465
2.2.2.2.6.
ARTICLE
25
OFREGULATION
2016/796
467
2.2.2.3.
SUMMARY
AND
RESUME
468
2.2.3.
SOFT
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
471
2.2.3.I.
IN
PRIMARY
LAW
471
2.2.3.1.1.
ARTICLE
121
TFEU
471
2.2.3.1.2.
ARTICLE
148
PARA
4
TFEU
472
2.2.3.2.
IN
SECONDARY
LAW
473
2.2.3.2.I.
ARTICLE
6
PARAS
5-7
OF
REGULATION
2019/942
473
2.2.3.2.2.
ARTICLE
53
OF
DIRECTIVE
2019/944
475
2.2.3.2.3.
ARTICLE
33
OF
DIRECTIVE
2018/1972
476
2.2.3.2.4.
ARTICLE
3
PARA
7
OF
REGULATION
472/2013
480
2.2.3.2.5.
ARTICLES
16
AND
17
OF
REGULATION
1092/2010
481
2.2.3.2.6.
ARTICLE
6
OFREGULATION
2019/452
483
2.2.3.3.
SUMMARY
AND
RESUME
485
V.
CLASSIFICATION
AND
LEGAL
ASSESSMENT
OF
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
487
1.
INTRODUCTION
487
2.
CLASSIFICATION
490
2.1.
THE
EU
ACTORS
INVOLVED
IN
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
490
2.2.
THE
POLICY
FIELDS
AND
THE
PRIMARY
LEGAL
BASES
CONCERNED
495
2.3.
THE
SEQUENCE
AND
ADDRESSEES
OF
ACTS
IN
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
496
16
2.4.
THE
PURPOSES
OF
SOFT
LAW
ACTS
IN
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
501
2.4.1.
THE
QUESTION
OF
COMMAND
501
2.4.2.
THE
TREATY
INFRINGEMENT
PROCEDURE
503
2.4.3.
THE
PURPOSE
OF
PREPARATION
-
NOT
ALWAYS
A
MATTER
OF
COURSE
504
2.4.4.
THE
PURPOSE
OF
COMPANY
(
'
ACCOMPAGNEMENT
'
)
AND
THE
RIGHT
TO BE
HEARD
507
2.4.5.
SUBSTITUTION
OR
PERMANENT
ALTERNATIVE
-
TWO
PURPOSES
WHICH
OFTEN
OVERLAP
508
2.4.6.
INSTITUTIONAL
TRANSFORMATION
AS
A
PURPOSE
OF
SOFT
LAW?
514
2.5.
THE
DEVIATION
FROM
THE
TREATY
INFRINGEMENT
PROCEDURE
515
2.5.1.
THE
UBIQUITY
OF
THE
TREATY
INFRINGEMENT
PROCEDURE
515
2.5.2.
TIME
OF
INTERVENTION,
DISCRETION,
AND
CONFIDENTIALITY
517
2.5.3.
EFFICIENCY
CONCERNS
AND
EU
PILOT
520
2.5.4.
THE
MS
'
RIGHT
TO
BE
HEARD
524
2.6.
WHY
THE
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
'
LOOK
THE
WAY
THEY
LOOK
'
526
3.
LEGAL
ASSESSMENT
532
3.1.
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS:
IMPLEMENTATION
OR
ENFORCEMENT?
532
3.1.1.
THE
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
IMPLEMENTATION
AND
ENFORCEMENT
532
3.1.1.1.
INTRODUCTION
532
3.1.1.2.
IMPLEMENTATION
AND
ENFORCEMENT
UNDER
THE
TREATIES
534
3.1.1.2.1.
MAIN
CHARACTERISTICS
534
3.1.1.2.1.1.
PRIMARY
AIM,
TIME
OF
INTERVENTION,
AND
THE
DISCRETION
GRANTED
UNDER
ARTICLE
291
TFEU
534
3.1.1.2.1.2.
DIFFERENT
APPROACHES
TOWARDS
ENSURING
COMPLIANCE:
CONCRETISATION
AND
DETERMINATION
538
3.1.1.2.1.3.
THE
INDICATIVE
VALUE
OF
THE
MATERIAL
SCOPE
OF
AND
INSTITUTIONAL
QUESTIONS
RELATING
TO
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
540
17
3.1.1.2.2.
THE
PRELIMINARY
REFERENCE
PROCEDURE,
THE
PROCEDURE
PURSUANT
TO
ARTICLE
218
PARA
11
TFEU,
AND
THE
EXCESSIVE
DEFICIT
PROCEDURE
-
SPECIALCASES
543
3.1.1.2.3.
TWO
FURTHER
ASPECTS:
SOFT
LAW
AND
SANCTIONS
545
3.1.1.2.4.
CONCLUSION
549
3.1.2.
THE
CATEGORISATION
OFTHE
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
552
3.I.2.I.
INTRODUCTION
552
3.I.2.2.
HARD
MECHANISMS
553
3.I.2.3.
MIXED
MECHANISMS
557
3.I.2.4.
SOFT
MECHANISMS
561
3.2.
THE
PRIMARY
LEGAL
BASES
OF
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
ESTABLISHED
THROUGH
SECONDARY
LAW
564
3.2.1.
INTRODUCTION
564
3.2.2.
A
FREQUENTLY
USED
LEGAL
BASIS:
ARTICLE
114
TFEU
564
3.2.2.1.
OVERVIEW
564
3.2.2.2.
AN
APPROPRIATE
LEGAL
BASIS
FOR
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS?
567
3.2.3.
THE
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
BASED
ON
ARTICLE
114
TFEU
572
3.2.3.1.
INTRODUCTION
572
3.2.3.2.
HARD
AND
MIXED
MECHANISMS
573
3.2.3.3.
SOFT
MECHANISMS
577
3.2.4.
OTHER
PRIMARY
LEGAL
BASES
579
3.2.4.I.
HARD
MECHANISMS
579
3.2.4.2.
MIXED
MECHANISMS
582
3.2.4.3.
SOFT
MECHANISMS
586
3.3.
THE
INSTITUTIONAL
BALANCE
OF
THE
EU
588
3.3.1.
INTRODUCTION
588
3.3.2.
THE
TREATY
INFRINGEMENT
PROCEDURE
590
3.3.3.
JUDICIAL
REVIEW
597
3.3.4.
THE
NEGLECTION
OF
ARTICLE
291
PARA
2
TFEU
AND
THE
EMPOWERMENT
OF
EUROPEAN
AGENCIES
600
3.3.4.1.
INTRODUCTION
600
3.3.4.2.
EUROPEAN
AGENCIES
AND
ARTICLE
291
PARA
2
TFEU
602
18
3.4.
THE
PRINCIPLES
OF
SUBSIDIARITY
AND
PROPORTIONALITY
607
3.4.1.
INTRODUCTION
607
3.4.2.
THE
PRINCIPLE
OF
SUBSIDIARITY
608
3.4.2.1.
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
IN
GENERAL
608
3.4.2.2.
IMPLEMENTING
AND
ENFORCEMENT
MECHANISMS
IN
PARTICULAR
612
3.4.2.3.
ON
THE
ISSUE
OF
SOFT
LAW
614
3.4.3.
THE
PRINCIPLE
OF
PROPORTIONALITY
615
3.4.3.I.
THE
TREATY
INFRINGEMENT
PROCEDURE
AS
THE
ELEPHANT
IN
THE
ROOM
615
3.4.3.2.
THE
SPECIFIC
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
618
3.4.2.3.
INTER-INSTITUTIONAL
PROPORTIONALITY
CONSIDERATIONS
IN
THE
LEGISLATIVE
PROCESS
AND
THE
FINAL
DECISION-MAKING
POWER
OF
THE
COURT
620
3.5.
THE
EFFECTS
OF
SOFT
LAW
IN
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS:
VARYING
DEGREES
OF
AUTHORITY?
622
3.5.1.
INTRODUCTION
622
3.5.2.
DEGREES
OF
AUTHORITY
OR
MERE
LEGISLATIVE
WORDINESS?
624
3.5.3.
CONSIDERATIONS
IN
THE
LEGISLATIVE
PROCESS
AND
CONCLUSIONS
627
3.6.
LEGAL
PROTECTION
FOR
THE
MEMBER
STATES
630
3.6.1.
INTRODUCTION
630
3.6.2.
THE
ACTION
FOR
ANNULMENT
AND
THE
ACTION
FOR
FAILURE
TO
ACT
631
3.6.3.
THE
MS
'
MOTIVATION
TO
SEEK
JUDICIAL
PROTECTION
634
VI.
CONCLUSION
637
1.
SUMMARY
637
2.
CLOSING
REMARKS
AND
OUTLOOK
643
2.1.
SOFT
LAW
643
2.2.
COMPLIANCE
MECHANISMS
647
BIBLIOGRAPHY
651
INDEX
709
19 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Weismann, Paul |
| author_GND | (DE-588)111248485X |
| author_facet | Weismann, Paul |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Weismann, Paul |
| author_variant | p w pw |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049335546 |
| classification_rvk | PS 2760 PU 1548 PR 2158 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1427318180 (DE-599)DNB1289273316 |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 1st edition 2024 |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| id | DE-604.BV049335546 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:46:07Z |
| indexdate | 2025-03-14T07:01:08Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)117513-0 |
| isbn | 9783756000081 3756000087 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034596206 |
| oclc_num | 1427318180 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M382 DE-703 DE-29 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-M382 DE-703 DE-29 DE-11 |
| physical | 714 Seiten 22.7 cm x 15.3 cm |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publishDateSearch | 2024 |
| publishDateSort | 2024 |
| publisher | Nomos |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht |
| series2 | Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht |
| spelling | Weismann, Paul Verfasser (DE-588)111248485X aut Soft law and its importance in ensuring member states' compliance with union law Paul Weismann 1st edition 2024 Baden-Baden Nomos [2024] © 2024 714 Seiten 22.7 cm x 15.3 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht volume 321 Habilitationsschrift Universität Salzburg überarbeitete Fassung Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Mitgliedsstaaten (DE-588)4170174-4 gnd rswk-swf Durchsetzung (DE-588)4246789-5 gnd rswk-swf Rechtsnorm (DE-588)4048812-3 gnd rswk-swf Vertragsverletzungsverfahren (DE-588)4250667-0 gnd rswk-swf Soft law (DE-588)4196078-6 gnd rswk-swf Artikel 292 TFEU Artikel 288 TFEU internal soft law EuGH ECJ Kadi WTO Effectiveness Enforceability Judicial review of soft law Rechtsdurchsetzung Europarecht Unionsrecht Treaty infringement procedure EU law enforcement Vertragsverletzungsverfahren EU-Rechtsdurchsetzung EU soft law (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Mitgliedsstaaten (DE-588)4170174-4 s Vertragsverletzungsverfahren (DE-588)4250667-0 s Rechtsnorm (DE-588)4048812-3 s Durchsetzung (DE-588)4246789-5 s Soft law (DE-588)4196078-6 s DE-604 Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft (DE-588)117513-0 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-3-7489-3586-5 Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht volume 321 (DE-604)BV039949182 321 X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=71a8f55d4a1741e68ae87698d5735c84&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034596206&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p vlb 20230512 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#vlb |
| spellingShingle | Weismann, Paul Soft law and its importance in ensuring member states' compliance with union law Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Mitgliedsstaaten (DE-588)4170174-4 gnd Durchsetzung (DE-588)4246789-5 gnd Rechtsnorm (DE-588)4048812-3 gnd Vertragsverletzungsverfahren (DE-588)4250667-0 gnd Soft law (DE-588)4196078-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4170174-4 (DE-588)4246789-5 (DE-588)4048812-3 (DE-588)4250667-0 (DE-588)4196078-6 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Soft law and its importance in ensuring member states' compliance with union law |
| title_auth | Soft law and its importance in ensuring member states' compliance with union law |
| title_exact_search | Soft law and its importance in ensuring member states' compliance with union law |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Soft law and its importance in ensuring member states' compliance with union law |
| title_full | Soft law and its importance in ensuring member states' compliance with union law Paul Weismann |
| title_fullStr | Soft law and its importance in ensuring member states' compliance with union law Paul Weismann |
| title_full_unstemmed | Soft law and its importance in ensuring member states' compliance with union law Paul Weismann |
| title_short | Soft law and its importance in ensuring member states' compliance with union law |
| title_sort | soft law and its importance in ensuring member states compliance with union law |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Mitgliedsstaaten (DE-588)4170174-4 gnd Durchsetzung (DE-588)4246789-5 gnd Rechtsnorm (DE-588)4048812-3 gnd Vertragsverletzungsverfahren (DE-588)4250667-0 gnd Soft law (DE-588)4196078-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Mitgliedsstaaten Durchsetzung Rechtsnorm Vertragsverletzungsverfahren Soft law Hochschulschrift |
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