Polska - Łotwa: sto lat współpracy dyplomatycznej i wojskowej = Poland - Latvia : 100 years of diplomatic and military relations
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| Format: | Conference Proceeding Book |
| Language: | Polish |
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Warszawa
Muzeum Łazienki Królewskie
© 2021
Ambasada Republiki Łotewskiej w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej © 2021 |
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Materiały z międzynarodowej konferencji naukowej, 17 stycznia 2020 r., Warszawa |
| Physical Description: | 246 Seiten Illustrationen, Faksimile 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788367002011 |
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Record in the Search Index
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Spis treści 7 Słowo J. E. Ambasadora Edgarsa Bondarsa 11 Zbigniew Wawer Wstęp 13 Zbigniew Wawer Introduction 17 Eriks Jëkabsons Stosunki łotewsko-polskie: historia 41 Klävs Zarinś The Latvian War of Independence and Cooperation with Poland (1919-1920) 61 Aiga Berzina The Latvian Legation in Warsaw in the Interwar Period, 1919-1940 81 Joanna Gierowska-Kałłaur Stosunek państwa łotewskiego do miejscowych Polaków w początkach niepodległości łotewskiej 107 Marek Komat Utracona szansa. Konferencja państw Europy Wschodniej w Bulduri (6 sierpnia - 6 września 1920) 133 Grzegorz Nowik Miejsce Łotwy w koncepcji „międzymorza” Józefa Piłsudskiego 151 Tadeusz Kondracki Wizyty okrętów polskiej Marynarki Wojennej w portach łotewskich w latach 1923-1939
1 85 Krzysztof Filipow Łotewscy kawalerowie Orderu Wojskowego „Virtuti Militari” 207 Janis Tomasevskis Ihe Severance of Diplomatie Relations between Poland and Latvia and the Problem of the Polish Soldiers Detained in Latvia 225 Andrzej Suchcitz Polsko-łotewskie relacje na emigracji w latach 1945-1991 241 Summaries
Summaries ËRIKS JÈKABSONS Stosunki łotewsko-polskie: historia ILatvian-Polish Relations: A History 1241 A direct connection of the Latvian lands with Poland was established in the middle of the 16th century, when Livonia, threatened by the Tsar of Muscovy, surrendered to the protection of the King of Poland. At the same time, Courland became a fief of the King of Poland with a high degree of independence. In the 17th century Livland was divi ded into a Swedish part and the so called Inflanty Polskie or Polish Livonia. It was in this part of Latvia (Latgale) that Polish culture and language strengthened its position in the following centuries, as the nobility of the area was Polish. In the second half of the 19th cen tury, a group of people, who considered themselves Poles, formed in Latgale. Poles settled also in Riga, Liepaja and Jelgava, actively parti cipating in the political, economic and social processes in the country. After the First World War, Latvia and Poland maintained active poli tical and military relations, facilitated by the shared border, common foreign policy goals to ensure security in the region, and the Polish minority in Latvia, which was active until the occupation of the coun try in 1940. Latvian Poles continued to be active in the years that fol lowed, participating in resistance against the occupation regimes until the 1950s, in the struggle for the restoration of Latvia’s independence, and in the socio-political life of restored Latvia, promoting the rela tions between the renewed Republic of Latvia and Poland.
Summaries KLÄVS ZARIFS The Latvian War of Independence and Cooperation with Poland (1919-1920) The aim of this paper is to examine the struggle for independence of the newly established Republic of Latvia in light of its coopera tion with Poland, which was of crucial importance in the liberation of Latvia from the Red Army in early 1920. The paper explores the fac tors that contributed to the rapprochement between the two nations, as well as their political and military cooperation, which eventually resulted in joint military action to defeat a common enemy. Polish-Latvian cooperation can generally be regarded as very successful. Its most significant result was the liberation of south ern Latgale. Mutual relations, however, were largely determined by the geopolitical situation and the individual interests of each coun try . In the case of Latvia, it was a desire to gain a strong ally for the liberation of Latgale, to neutralize Lithuania’s territorial claims, increase Poland’s interest in the independence of the Baltics, possibly use its position to influence the Allied states, and gain Poland itself as a strong and potentially important ally in the future. Thus, Poland could be considered as an important cornerstone in securing Latvia’s independence. AIGA BERZINA Latvian Legation in Warsaw in the Interwar Period 1919-1940 242 The aim of this paper is to examine the diplomatic and political actions of the Latvian Legation during the interwar period, starting with the establishment of the first Latvian diplomatic mission in 1919 and ending with the occupation of Latvia
in 1940. The Latvian Lega tion in Warsaw was one of the most important components of Latvian foreign policy during that era. It served to maintain relations with one of the neighbouring countries and to promote Latvian interests abroad. The interwar relations between Poland and Latvia were ini tially very complex. Their complexity was caused by the overall situ ation in the Region, the Lithuanian factor and the Land reform in Latvia, as well as Polish territorial demands which strained the rela tionship. The Latvian Legation in Warsaw was responsible not only for maintaining good bilateral relations, but also for protecting Latvian citizens, trade interests and other issues abroad.
Summaries JOANNA GIEROWSKA-KAŁŁAUR Stosunek państwa łotewskiego do miejscowych Polaków w początkach niepodległości łotewskie / The Attitude of the Latvian State towards Local Poles at the Beginning of Latvian Independence in Light of Border Guard Reports Until the population of the territories of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, liberated from the Bolsheviks, determined their own natio nal identity, as had been proclaimed in the Vilnius Address (22 April 1919), the Civil Administration of the Eastern Lands (19 February 1919-9 September 1920) was torn by an internal dispute over the cho ice of policy to be pursued by the Polish state. In September 1919, after heavy fighting, the Polish Army took control of the territory of the Illukszta (Ilûkste) District. In October 1919, the head of Latvian diplo macy asked Piłsudski for support for Latvia. In November 1919, howe ver, the Polish Legislative Sejm withdrew its support for the Chief of State and Commander-in-Chief ’s Eastern policy, and the Polish-Latvian military agreement (30 December 1919) was signed in what for Poland was a new domestic situation. The negative trends in Polish internal policy accompanied the country’s military victories (the suc cess of Operation Daugavpils). Beginning in January 1920, so-called Polish Livonia became the stage of a Polish-Latvian dispute which followed the Latvian govern ment’s appointments of chiefs of emergency services in areas where Polish self-government had been established. Confused and con cerned about the well-being of the Polish majority population of the areas under
their administration, Polish starosts made independent decisions, later retroactively approved by the Civil Administration of the Eastern Lands. Meanwhile, the state administration in Poland’s capital received only fragmentary reports on the situation in Livonia, in 1919 mainly from Polish political activists from Latgale, temporarily residing in Warsaw. In the first half of 1920, news came through Polish Army officers and emissaries of the Borderland Guard; beginning in Sep tember 1920, dispatches were brought by messengers of the Society for the Borderland Guard. The paper presents a view of the situation based on previously unknown Polish sources. 1243
Summaries MAREK KORNAT Utracona szansa. Konferencja państw Europy Wschodniej w Bulduri (6 sierpnia-6 września 1920) IA Lost Opportunity: The Eastern Europe Conference in Bulduri (6 August-6 September 1920) The paper discusses the Bulduri Conference of August 1920 as a for gotten event in the history of East-European diplomacy. The confe rence was attended by the Baltic States (Finland, Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania), as well as Poland and Petliura’s Ukraine. The new Eastern-European states which had benefited from the great geopolitical revolution after World War 1 and following Poland’s victory in the Polish-Bolshevik War, were building a new vision of cooperation in the region. The history of European diplomacy in the interwar period is a story of lost opportunities and squandered chances. One such case is undeniably the attempt to establish a Baltic bloc. The Bulduri Con ference in August and September 1920, was the climax of the Baltic States and Poland’s struggle for an alliance. The issue is worth revisit ing — and it seems all the more interesting in our day, when the idea of an Intermarium returns to our political imagination with a new meaning. TADEUSZ KONDRACKI Wizyty okrętów Polskiej Marynarki Wojennej w portach łotewskich w latach 1923-1939/ Visits ofPolish Navy Ships in Latvian Ports in 1923-1939 1244 Polish-Latvian naval cooperation was based on the development of the Polish fleet which had grown from nothing in 1920 to a 16,000ton displacement by 1939· Latvia, in spite of its deep marine tradi tions, boasted a weaker naval fleet than Poland. Polish
vessels visited Riga, Liepaja and Ventspils. According to available sources, the first visit took place in 1923 (when Polish torpedo boats put into Liepaja and Riga.) As the Polish fleet expanded, Polish destroyers and other vessels moored in Latvian and Estonian ports. The visits included exercises in the waters of the West-Estonian (Moonsund) Archipe lago. Polish naval vessels were repaired in Latvia (e.g. in 1933.) This was accompanied by cooperation in the areas of freight and cruise shipping as well as yachting. Polish-Latvian marine relations were
Summaries keenly watched by the USSR and Germany. In September 1939, the fishing boat Gdy 55, carrying several naval officers on board, made its way from the Polish coast to Liepaja, where the crew and the officers were interned. When Latvia was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940 (as half of Poland had been in 1939), the sailors of the two countries were joined by fate at Soviet execution sites and in places of deporta tion in the Soviet Union. KRZYSZTOF FILIPOW Łotewscy kawalerowie Krzyża Wojskowego „VIRTUTI MILITARI”/ Latvian Soldiers Decorated with the Cross of Virtuti Militari The group of over eight thousand members of the Military Order (War Order as of 1934) of Virtuti Militari decorated in the Second Polish Republic of the interwar era, included a large contingent of foreigners. In early 1923,140 representatives of other states, most of which were Poland’s allies, were presented with the order. The largest number, 112 Silver Crosses of the Military Order of Virtuti Militari, were awarded to members of the French armed forces. Other countries were represented in much lower numbers. The Military Order of Virtuti Militari was awarded to 8 officers of the Lat vian Army, who had cooperated with the Polish Army in Operation Winter and the liberation of Latgalia from the Bolsheviks. Ihe Silver Cross of Virtuti Militari (V Class) was awarded to three Latvian generals and five high-ranking officers: Gen. Jânis Balodis, Col. Eduards Karlis Osvalds Laiminś, Col. Jânis Purins, Col. Kar lis Voldemars Ramats, Gen. Pêtreris Voldemars Radzinś, Col. August Tone, Col. Aleksandrs
Voldemars Veiss, and Gen. Eduards Kalnis. All Latvian recipients of the Militari Order of Virtuti Militari were decorated with the Latvian equivalent of the Polish order awarded for acts of valour in the battle field, the Lâcplêsis Military Order (Lâcplêsa Kara Ordenis). Latvian soldiers and civilians were also decorated with other Pol ish orders. Members of the Latvian armed forces received Crosses of Valour for the joint fight for the liberation of Latgalia and Daugavpils. Recipients included General Märtins Penikis (three times), General Hugo Rozenśteins (twice) and Lance-Sergeant Żanis Bachs. 1245
Summaries ■■ . JANIS TOMASEVSKIS The Severance of Diplomatic Relations between Poland and Latvia and the Problem of the Polish Soldiers Detained in Latvia The paper discusses the problems of Latvian-Polish diplomatic rela tions at the beginning of the Second World War and explores the situ ation of members of the Polish armed forces detained in Latvia at that time. It focuses on the attitude of Latvian diplomatic circles towards the German and Soviet occupations of Poland and the Polish embassy in Latvia. It concludes that Latvia’s decision to break diplomatic rela tions with Poland was caused by its fear of a potential negative rea ction from the two aggressor states — Germany and the Soviet Union. Latvia’s decision was exaggerated and according to Latvian histo rians — incongruous with the country’s neutral status. It also com plicated the diplomatic relations between Latvia and Poland during World War 2 and afterwards. In the meantime, the 1573 members of the Polish army, border guard and police force interned in Latvia and the 300-400 Polish civilians who took refuge in that country in late 1939 and early 1940, were well taken care of with regards to their well-being, contacts with their compatriots, education etc. ANDRZEJ SUCHCITZ Polsko-łotewskie relacje na emigracji 1945-1991/ Polish-Latvian Relations in Exile 1945-1991 I 246 The article concentrates on the relations between the Polish Govern ment in Exile and the official Latvian exiled representation called into being by the Latvian Government in May 1940. The official represen tative of Latvia abroad was
the Latvian Minister in London and subse quently his successor. Relations between the two state representations mainly involved the constant informing of one another of the situation in their respec tive countries under Soviet occupation and domination. Each invited representatives of the other to national commemorations. Polish ini tiatives to foster closer relations in exile and in preparation for the period when independence would be restored were quietly rejected by the Latvian Minister because, as he admitted, the Latvian official representation in exile was dependent on US and UK financial back ing which limited their scope of action. However, the need for good relations between the two countries was constantly stressed by both
Summaries parties. The fall of the USSR and the regaining of independence and sovereignty by both Poland and Latvia in 1990 and 1991, respectively, put an end to this small episode in official Polish-Latvian relations in exile. |
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Spis treści 7 Słowo J. E. Ambasadora Edgarsa Bondarsa 11 Zbigniew Wawer Wstęp 13 Zbigniew Wawer Introduction 17 Eriks Jëkabsons Stosunki łotewsko-polskie: historia 41 Klävs Zarinś The Latvian War of Independence and Cooperation with Poland (1919-1920) 61 Aiga Berzina The Latvian Legation in Warsaw in the Interwar Period, 1919-1940 81 Joanna Gierowska-Kałłaur Stosunek państwa łotewskiego do miejscowych Polaków w początkach niepodległości łotewskiej 107 Marek Komat Utracona szansa. Konferencja państw Europy Wschodniej w Bulduri (6 sierpnia - 6 września 1920) 133 Grzegorz Nowik Miejsce Łotwy w koncepcji „międzymorza” Józefa Piłsudskiego 151 Tadeusz Kondracki Wizyty okrętów polskiej Marynarki Wojennej w portach łotewskich w latach 1923-1939
1 85 Krzysztof Filipow Łotewscy kawalerowie Orderu Wojskowego „Virtuti Militari” 207 Janis Tomasevskis Ihe Severance of Diplomatie Relations between Poland and Latvia and the Problem of the Polish Soldiers Detained in Latvia 225 Andrzej Suchcitz Polsko-łotewskie relacje na emigracji w latach 1945-1991 241 Summaries
Summaries ËRIKS JÈKABSONS Stosunki łotewsko-polskie: historia ILatvian-Polish Relations: A History 1241 A direct connection of the Latvian lands with Poland was established in the middle of the 16th century, when Livonia, threatened by the Tsar of Muscovy, surrendered to the protection of the King of Poland. At the same time, Courland became a fief of the King of Poland with a high degree of independence. In the 17th century Livland was divi ded into a Swedish part and the so called Inflanty Polskie or Polish Livonia. It was in this part of Latvia (Latgale) that Polish culture and language strengthened its position in the following centuries, as the nobility of the area was Polish. In the second half of the 19th cen tury, a group of people, who considered themselves Poles, formed in Latgale. Poles settled also in Riga, Liepaja and Jelgava, actively parti cipating in the political, economic and social processes in the country. After the First World War, Latvia and Poland maintained active poli tical and military relations, facilitated by the shared border, common foreign policy goals to ensure security in the region, and the Polish minority in Latvia, which was active until the occupation of the coun try in 1940. Latvian Poles continued to be active in the years that fol lowed, participating in resistance against the occupation regimes until the 1950s, in the struggle for the restoration of Latvia’s independence, and in the socio-political life of restored Latvia, promoting the rela tions between the renewed Republic of Latvia and Poland.
Summaries KLÄVS ZARIFS The Latvian War of Independence and Cooperation with Poland (1919-1920) The aim of this paper is to examine the struggle for independence of the newly established Republic of Latvia in light of its coopera tion with Poland, which was of crucial importance in the liberation of Latvia from the Red Army in early 1920. The paper explores the fac tors that contributed to the rapprochement between the two nations, as well as their political and military cooperation, which eventually resulted in joint military action to defeat a common enemy. Polish-Latvian cooperation can generally be regarded as very successful. Its most significant result was the liberation of south ern Latgale. Mutual relations, however, were largely determined by the geopolitical situation and the individual interests of each coun try . In the case of Latvia, it was a desire to gain a strong ally for the liberation of Latgale, to neutralize Lithuania’s territorial claims, increase Poland’s interest in the independence of the Baltics, possibly use its position to influence the Allied states, and gain Poland itself as a strong and potentially important ally in the future. Thus, Poland could be considered as an important cornerstone in securing Latvia’s independence. AIGA BERZINA Latvian Legation in Warsaw in the Interwar Period 1919-1940 242 The aim of this paper is to examine the diplomatic and political actions of the Latvian Legation during the interwar period, starting with the establishment of the first Latvian diplomatic mission in 1919 and ending with the occupation of Latvia
in 1940. The Latvian Lega tion in Warsaw was one of the most important components of Latvian foreign policy during that era. It served to maintain relations with one of the neighbouring countries and to promote Latvian interests abroad. The interwar relations between Poland and Latvia were ini tially very complex. Their complexity was caused by the overall situ ation in the Region, the Lithuanian factor and the Land reform in Latvia, as well as Polish territorial demands which strained the rela tionship. The Latvian Legation in Warsaw was responsible not only for maintaining good bilateral relations, but also for protecting Latvian citizens, trade interests and other issues abroad.
Summaries JOANNA GIEROWSKA-KAŁŁAUR Stosunek państwa łotewskiego do miejscowych Polaków w początkach niepodległości łotewskie / The Attitude of the Latvian State towards Local Poles at the Beginning of Latvian Independence in Light of Border Guard Reports Until the population of the territories of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, liberated from the Bolsheviks, determined their own natio nal identity, as had been proclaimed in the Vilnius Address (22 April 1919), the Civil Administration of the Eastern Lands (19 February 1919-9 September 1920) was torn by an internal dispute over the cho ice of policy to be pursued by the Polish state. In September 1919, after heavy fighting, the Polish Army took control of the territory of the Illukszta (Ilûkste) District. In October 1919, the head of Latvian diplo macy asked Piłsudski for support for Latvia. In November 1919, howe ver, the Polish Legislative Sejm withdrew its support for the Chief of State and Commander-in-Chief ’s Eastern policy, and the Polish-Latvian military agreement (30 December 1919) was signed in what for Poland was a new domestic situation. The negative trends in Polish internal policy accompanied the country’s military victories (the suc cess of Operation Daugavpils). Beginning in January 1920, so-called Polish Livonia became the stage of a Polish-Latvian dispute which followed the Latvian govern ment’s appointments of chiefs of emergency services in areas where Polish self-government had been established. Confused and con cerned about the well-being of the Polish majority population of the areas under
their administration, Polish starosts made independent decisions, later retroactively approved by the Civil Administration of the Eastern Lands. Meanwhile, the state administration in Poland’s capital received only fragmentary reports on the situation in Livonia, in 1919 mainly from Polish political activists from Latgale, temporarily residing in Warsaw. In the first half of 1920, news came through Polish Army officers and emissaries of the Borderland Guard; beginning in Sep tember 1920, dispatches were brought by messengers of the Society for the Borderland Guard. The paper presents a view of the situation based on previously unknown Polish sources. 1243
Summaries MAREK KORNAT Utracona szansa. Konferencja państw Europy Wschodniej w Bulduri (6 sierpnia-6 września 1920) IA Lost Opportunity: The Eastern Europe Conference in Bulduri (6 August-6 September 1920) The paper discusses the Bulduri Conference of August 1920 as a for gotten event in the history of East-European diplomacy. The confe rence was attended by the Baltic States (Finland, Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania), as well as Poland and Petliura’s Ukraine. The new Eastern-European states which had benefited from the great geopolitical revolution after World War 1 and following Poland’s victory in the Polish-Bolshevik War, were building a new vision of cooperation in the region. The history of European diplomacy in the interwar period is a story of lost opportunities and squandered chances. One such case is undeniably the attempt to establish a Baltic bloc. The Bulduri Con ference in August and September 1920, was the climax of the Baltic States and Poland’s struggle for an alliance. The issue is worth revisit ing — and it seems all the more interesting in our day, when the idea of an Intermarium returns to our political imagination with a new meaning. TADEUSZ KONDRACKI Wizyty okrętów Polskiej Marynarki Wojennej w portach łotewskich w latach 1923-1939/ Visits ofPolish Navy Ships in Latvian Ports in 1923-1939 1244 Polish-Latvian naval cooperation was based on the development of the Polish fleet which had grown from nothing in 1920 to a 16,000ton displacement by 1939· Latvia, in spite of its deep marine tradi tions, boasted a weaker naval fleet than Poland. Polish
vessels visited Riga, Liepaja and Ventspils. According to available sources, the first visit took place in 1923 (when Polish torpedo boats put into Liepaja and Riga.) As the Polish fleet expanded, Polish destroyers and other vessels moored in Latvian and Estonian ports. The visits included exercises in the waters of the West-Estonian (Moonsund) Archipe lago. Polish naval vessels were repaired in Latvia (e.g. in 1933.) This was accompanied by cooperation in the areas of freight and cruise shipping as well as yachting. Polish-Latvian marine relations were
Summaries keenly watched by the USSR and Germany. In September 1939, the fishing boat Gdy 55, carrying several naval officers on board, made its way from the Polish coast to Liepaja, where the crew and the officers were interned. When Latvia was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940 (as half of Poland had been in 1939), the sailors of the two countries were joined by fate at Soviet execution sites and in places of deporta tion in the Soviet Union. KRZYSZTOF FILIPOW Łotewscy kawalerowie Krzyża Wojskowego „VIRTUTI MILITARI”/ Latvian Soldiers Decorated with the Cross of Virtuti Militari The group of over eight thousand members of the Military Order (War Order as of 1934) of Virtuti Militari decorated in the Second Polish Republic of the interwar era, included a large contingent of foreigners. In early 1923,140 representatives of other states, most of which were Poland’s allies, were presented with the order. The largest number, 112 Silver Crosses of the Military Order of Virtuti Militari, were awarded to members of the French armed forces. Other countries were represented in much lower numbers. The Military Order of Virtuti Militari was awarded to 8 officers of the Lat vian Army, who had cooperated with the Polish Army in Operation Winter and the liberation of Latgalia from the Bolsheviks. Ihe Silver Cross of Virtuti Militari (V Class) was awarded to three Latvian generals and five high-ranking officers: Gen. Jânis Balodis, Col. Eduards Karlis Osvalds Laiminś, Col. Jânis Purins, Col. Kar lis Voldemars Ramats, Gen. Pêtreris Voldemars Radzinś, Col. August Tone, Col. Aleksandrs
Voldemars Veiss, and Gen. Eduards Kalnis. All Latvian recipients of the Militari Order of Virtuti Militari were decorated with the Latvian equivalent of the Polish order awarded for acts of valour in the battle field, the Lâcplêsis Military Order (Lâcplêsa Kara Ordenis). Latvian soldiers and civilians were also decorated with other Pol ish orders. Members of the Latvian armed forces received Crosses of Valour for the joint fight for the liberation of Latgalia and Daugavpils. Recipients included General Märtins Penikis (three times), General Hugo Rozenśteins (twice) and Lance-Sergeant Żanis Bachs. 1245
Summaries ■■ . JANIS TOMASEVSKIS The Severance of Diplomatic Relations between Poland and Latvia and the Problem of the Polish Soldiers Detained in Latvia The paper discusses the problems of Latvian-Polish diplomatic rela tions at the beginning of the Second World War and explores the situ ation of members of the Polish armed forces detained in Latvia at that time. It focuses on the attitude of Latvian diplomatic circles towards the German and Soviet occupations of Poland and the Polish embassy in Latvia. It concludes that Latvia’s decision to break diplomatic rela tions with Poland was caused by its fear of a potential negative rea ction from the two aggressor states — Germany and the Soviet Union. Latvia’s decision was exaggerated and according to Latvian histo rians — incongruous with the country’s neutral status. It also com plicated the diplomatic relations between Latvia and Poland during World War 2 and afterwards. In the meantime, the 1573 members of the Polish army, border guard and police force interned in Latvia and the 300-400 Polish civilians who took refuge in that country in late 1939 and early 1940, were well taken care of with regards to their well-being, contacts with their compatriots, education etc. ANDRZEJ SUCHCITZ Polsko-łotewskie relacje na emigracji 1945-1991/ Polish-Latvian Relations in Exile 1945-1991 I 246 The article concentrates on the relations between the Polish Govern ment in Exile and the official Latvian exiled representation called into being by the Latvian Government in May 1940. The official represen tative of Latvia abroad was
the Latvian Minister in London and subse quently his successor. Relations between the two state representations mainly involved the constant informing of one another of the situation in their respec tive countries under Soviet occupation and domination. Each invited representatives of the other to national commemorations. Polish ini tiatives to foster closer relations in exile and in preparation for the period when independence would be restored were quietly rejected by the Latvian Minister because, as he admitted, the Latvian official representation in exile was dependent on US and UK financial back ing which limited their scope of action. However, the need for good relations between the two countries was constantly stressed by both
Summaries parties. The fall of the USSR and the regaining of independence and sovereignty by both Poland and Latvia in 1990 and 1991, respectively, put an end to this small episode in official Polish-Latvian relations in exile. |
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| author_facet | Wawer, Zbigniew 1956-2022 Międzynarodowa Konferencja Naukowa "Polska - Łotwa, 100 lat Relacji Dyplomatycznych i Wojskowych" Warschau |
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| era_facet | Geschichte 1920-2020 |
| format | Conference Proceeding Book |
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| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:42:24Z |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T15:12:06Z |
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| spelling | Międzynarodowa Konferencja Naukowa "Polska - Łotwa, 100 lat Relacji Dyplomatycznych i Wojskowych" 2020 Warschau Verfasser (DE-588)1316247775 aut Polska - Łotwa sto lat współpracy dyplomatycznej i wojskowej = Poland - Latvia : 100 years of diplomatic and military relations pod redakcją Zbigniewa Wawra Poland - Latvia Warszawa Muzeum Łazienki Królewskie © 2021 Ambasada Republiki Łotewskiej w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej © 2021 246 Seiten Illustrationen, Faksimile 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Materiały z międzynarodowej konferencji naukowej, 17 stycznia 2020 r., Warszawa Vorwort und Teil der Aufsätze auch in Englisch Geschichte 1920-2020 gnd rswk-swf Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd rswk-swf Diplomatische Beziehungen (DE-588)4138523-8 gnd rswk-swf Sicherheitspolitik (DE-588)4116489-1 gnd rswk-swf Lettland (DE-588)4074187-4 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Bezpieczeństwo narodowe Polityka obronna Polityka zagraniczna Stosunki dyplomatyczne Łotwa Polska Łotwa / stosunki zagraniczne / Polska / 1990- / konferencje Łotwa / stosunki zagraniczne / Polska / 20 w / konferencje Polska / stosunki zagraniczne / Łotwa / 1990- / konferencje Polska / stosunki zagraniczne / Łotwa / 20 w / konferencje 1901-2000 Materiały konferencyjne Praca zbiorowa (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift gnd-content Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Lettland (DE-588)4074187-4 g Diplomatische Beziehungen (DE-588)4138523-8 s Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 s Sicherheitspolitik (DE-588)4116489-1 s Geschichte 1920-2020 z DE-604 Wawer, Zbigniew 1956-2022 (DE-588)108987815X edt Muzeum Łazienki Królewskie (DE-588)10167017-5 isb Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034578103&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034578103&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Polska - Łotwa sto lat współpracy dyplomatycznej i wojskowej = Poland - Latvia : 100 years of diplomatic and military relations Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Diplomatische Beziehungen (DE-588)4138523-8 gnd Sicherheitspolitik (DE-588)4116489-1 gnd |
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| title | Polska - Łotwa sto lat współpracy dyplomatycznej i wojskowej = Poland - Latvia : 100 years of diplomatic and military relations |
| title_alt | Poland - Latvia |
| title_auth | Polska - Łotwa sto lat współpracy dyplomatycznej i wojskowej = Poland - Latvia : 100 years of diplomatic and military relations |
| title_exact_search | Polska - Łotwa sto lat współpracy dyplomatycznej i wojskowej = Poland - Latvia : 100 years of diplomatic and military relations |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Polska - Łotwa sto lat współpracy dyplomatycznej i wojskowej = Poland - Latvia : 100 years of diplomatic and military relations |
| title_full | Polska - Łotwa sto lat współpracy dyplomatycznej i wojskowej = Poland - Latvia : 100 years of diplomatic and military relations pod redakcją Zbigniewa Wawra |
| title_fullStr | Polska - Łotwa sto lat współpracy dyplomatycznej i wojskowej = Poland - Latvia : 100 years of diplomatic and military relations pod redakcją Zbigniewa Wawra |
| title_full_unstemmed | Polska - Łotwa sto lat współpracy dyplomatycznej i wojskowej = Poland - Latvia : 100 years of diplomatic and military relations pod redakcją Zbigniewa Wawra |
| title_short | Polska - Łotwa |
| title_sort | polska lotwa sto lat wspolpracy dyplomatycznej i wojskowej poland latvia 100 years of diplomatic and military relations |
| title_sub | sto lat współpracy dyplomatycznej i wojskowej = Poland - Latvia : 100 years of diplomatic and military relations |
| topic | Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Diplomatische Beziehungen (DE-588)4138523-8 gnd Sicherheitspolitik (DE-588)4116489-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Außenpolitik Diplomatische Beziehungen Sicherheitspolitik Lettland Polen Konferenzschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034578103&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034578103&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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