The weavers of Trautenau: Jewish female forced labor in the Holocaust
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Waltham, Massachusetts
Brandeis University Press
[2023]
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| Schriftenreihe: | HBI series on Jewish women
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| Beschreibung: | xiii, 345 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781684581696 9781684581702 |
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CONTENTS Maps vi Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 1 Jewish Girlhood and Jewish Survival in Zaglçbie 40 2 The Local Logics of Coerced Labor 81 3 The Social World of Coerced Labor 97 4 The Conflicted Pathway to Survival: A Study of Three Peripheral Camps 136 5 Auschwitz Arrives in Trautenau 152 6 Ethics of Care and Prisoner Society 180 7 Desire and Space in the Coerced Labor Experience 205 8 The Violence and Losses of Liberation 225 9 Conclusion and Coda 247 List of Testimony-Givers 255 Archives Consulted 265 Notes 267 Bibliography 311 Index 327
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INDEX Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations. abortions, 133 acrostics, 202-4 Adam, Alfons, 84 Adler, Eliyana, 46 age of testimony-givers. See youth of testimony-givers Aktionen, 40, 63 Alardet, George, 212 Aleksiun, Natalia, 30, 46 Alice G., 168,169 Allen, Michael Thad, 28718 Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft (AEG) plant, 104,112, 218, 225, 248, 289132 Aly, Götz, 284145 Améry, Jean, 182 Amler, Filoména, 192-93 Ann F., 16-17, 98,101,104,114,115,116, 124-25,162, 246 Ann G., 44 Anna N., 100 Anna O., 184-85, 242 Anna W., 53, 71, 72, 73,103,110,159, 173-74,177 208, 217, 219, 223-24, 226 antisemitism and anti-Jewishness: Kristallnacht (19 3 8), 8 9, 284145 Lagerführerinnen expressing, 157,193; prewar experience of, in Zaglçbie region, 40-42; in Sudetenland, 87-88 apples, 109,111,125-26, 210 Aranka T., 109,167, 214 Arbeitsämter (labor registration offices), 81, 84, 90, 91,192 Aufseherinnen, 83,107,113,157 Augusta S., 104-5 Auschwitz-Birkenau: acquiring, mak ing, and exchanging objects at, 5; awareness of forced laborers about circumstances at, 172-74; coat from, 173; death marches from, 216; factory owners and, beliefs of laborers about, 209-10; forced labor at, 28, 94,177; Gabersdorf as “heaven” in context of, 145; gas chambers at, 131-32; Gentile co-workers, laborers sent to Aus chwitz for receiving help from, 194; Hungarian Jews sent to (1944), 94, 95, 152; ill, pregnant, or resistant laborers sent to, 33, 83,115,129-34,192-93; Lodz Jews sent to, 95,152,176-77; mass deportations from Zaglçbie to, 59, 77-79, 94,122,195-96; ritualized humiliations at, 83; roll
calls at, 156; singing girl on Hungarian transport from, 172; SS and Gestapo associated with, 161; threat of being sent to, 3. See also “Hungarian girls” from Auschwitz Auschwitz Chronicle (Czech), 132 Ausländer, Leora, 182 Austria: forced labor system, annexation and expansion of, 81; textile industry in, 86 autograph albums (Stammbücher! pamiçtniki), 38,188, 200-202, 201 Bad Kudowa, 99 Barenblat, Hirsch, 59 barracks. See work camps Barthel, K. H., and Barthel firm (Jewish textile firm), Gabersdorf, 87,137, 249 327
INDEX bathwater, improvised access to, 184-85 Beck, Birgit, 53 Blatman, Daniel, 152-53,154 Blaustein, Mala, 187 Becker, Michael, 181 Blechhammer, 132,139,141-42, 305141 Bloxham, Donald, 271157 Bluma S., 145,147 Bock, Dennis, 181 Boder, David, 2 4, 269133, 271157 Bornstein, Isaac, 59 bedbugs and lice, 95,178, 201 Bednarczuk, Bartosz, 34 Bçdzin: Gabersdorf, transport to, 144; ghetto, creation of (1942), 79, 91,196, 197; Jewish population of, 2; Jews in hiding in, 178,196; mass deportation from (1942), 19, 77-79,178,195-96; mobility of Jews in, 31; Oswiçcim Jews forced to move to, 56; prewar Jewish political organizations in, 41; workshops of, forced labor in, 30-31, 77. 93.178 behavioral ethics: differentiated from ethics of care, 182; human failings, lack of documentation of, 250-52 Bela K., 128, 2921116 Bella C., 112,162,193, 209, 227 Bracha H„ 99 Bracht, Fritz, 91, 286165 Brenda R., 41 Browning, Christopher, 7, 29, 27312 Buchenwald, 132 Budnitskii, Oleg, 241 Buggeln, Marc, 24, 28 Buhl, Gustav Adolph, and Buhl Sohne, 139.158, 29319 Buna, 132 Bund Deutscher Mädel (League of German Girls), 56-57 Bella K., 188 Bemporad, Elissa, 30 Benninga, Noah, 124 Berenbaum, Michael, 123 Bernsdorf: description of site, 138,148; discovery of confiscated photos at, 190; infirmary for, 129; Lagerführerin at, 193-94; liberation of, 230; male workers and staff at, abuses by, 148; number of female forced laborers at, 33,138,178; prisoner society and eth ics of care at, 183; Schatzlar girls and women moved to, 139,155; selection and transport of laborers to, 140-43; Shoah Foundation archive of
survivor testimonies from, 10; as work camp, 32, 37; work engaged in, at, 147-48; as Zwangsarbeitslager, 152 Berta B., 193-94 Berta P, 16, 41, 43-44. 51-52, 57, 63, 72, 98,116,120, 243 Between Dignity and Despair (Kaplan), 40 Bialystok, 30,164 328 “camp time” phenomenon, 27,121 Canning, Kathleen, 101-2 Card, Claudia, 27312 care, ethics of. See prisoner society and ethics of care Central Committee of Polish Jews, 18 Cesia T., 148-49,182-83, 230 Chana B., 70, 73, 97, 98,104,125-26, 229, 230, 235 Chana S., 92 Chaya S., 144,194 children and childhood: as contested cat egory, 17-18, 269—70143; multidimen sional wartime experience of, 18-19; self-identification of testimony-givers as children, 15,19, 21-23. See also youth of testimony-givers Chlâdkovâ, Ludmila, 32,33,136 Chrzanôw, 2, 34, 48, 68, 72,141, 31112 Cichopek-Gajraj, Anna, 244 cigarettes, as barter, 184, 252 Clifford, Rebecca, 18-19
INDEX clothing, circulation and exchange of, 97, 126,173,176,190,194 coerced labor. See forced labor at Trautenau; forced labor system Compaß: Kommerzielles Jahrbuch, 283130 concentration camps: conversion of work camps into, 2, 32, 36, 37, 84,15255, 157-58, 200 (See also prisoners, formalization of laborers as); factory work sites supposed to partner with, 82; historical development of, 154; Inspectorate of the Concentration Camps (Department D-II), 36, 93-95, 287181; SS terror campaign, role in, 154· See also specific camps Coulthard, Glen Sean, 181 coupon system, 158, 296126 co-workers. See Gentile co-workers crowding, 95,154-55, 201 Czarna, Fania, 60 Czech, Danuta, 132 Czechoslovakian National Committee, 247 Czeladz, 34, 78 Dubrowa, 2,19, 34, 78, 99 Dubrowa Gôrnicza, 196 Dasha R., 17,140,145 death: death marchers, deaths of, 216, 221-24; gas chambers at AuschwitzBirkenau, 131-32; laborers, manage ment of deaths of, 188-90; outdoor work of laborers after Allied advance and, 226, 227; public hangings, 50-51, 83,188-89; threat of, 24,162,181,186 Death Comes in Yellow (Karay), 95 death marches: deaths of men on, 216, 221-24; escape of Berta P. from, 243; laborers witnessing, 83, 216-24; march of forced laborers from other sites to Trautenau, 177-78; Parschnitz, shooting of laborer observing death march in, 83; Trautenau laborers not forced into, 4-5, 209, 226, 235 Des Pres, Terrence, 25 detention centers for suspected collabo rators, postwar, 247, 309П4 displaced persons camps, 246, 248 Dora R., 148,190, 209-10 Douglas, Raymond, 309П4 Dreier, Hans, 58 Dulag
(Durchgangslager), Sosnowitz, 34, 35, 70-77, 93, 98,140,143,149-51,163 Dwojra K., 196-97, 200-202,201 Dwork, Deborah, 18, 28,139, 234 dysentery and diarrhea, 132,184 Eastern Strip, 66, 90-91,196, 252, 26714, 285152 East Upper Silesia: forced labor in, in context of general Nazi forced labor policy, 31; forced labor system, annexation and expansion of, 81; importation of Jewish girls and women as forced labor to Trautenau from, 1-6; Jewish population of, 2, 267m; map, vi; Nazi plans for, 2; US Joint Distribution Committee in, 59. See also German ethnicity in East Upper Silesia/Zaglçbie; specific towns and cities Ecologies of Witnessing (Pollin-Galay), 9 Eda R., 141 Edith L„ зотз Edith R„ 112 Edith S., 216, 249 Einsatzgruppe, 49, 276139 Elaine G., 168 Elizabet B., 99,108, 239 Ella J., 169 emigration, postwar, 246, 248 Erinnerung, Verantwortung, Zukunft (EVZ) foundation, 84, 85 Erna E., 131-32 ersatzes, 75 329
INDEX escapes, 83,163-65, 214-15, 243, 251-53 Estelle С., п8,159,183, 217, 222, 232 Estera S., 71, 72, 73,107,121,155, 209, 222, 228 Ester R., 60, 62,117-18,160-61 Esther K., 229 Esther L., 44, 242, 244 Esther R., 141 Esther S., 44, 47, 49-50, 54, 55-56, 60, 72, 165-66 Eta B., 45, 50, 78,165 ethics, behavioral. See behavioral ethics ethics of care. See prisoner society and ethics of care ethnic Germans. See German ethnicity in East Upper Silesia/Zaglçbie Etrich, Ignaz, and Etrich textile plants, 26, 33; Allied advance and closure of, 225; in forced labor system, 84-87, 89, 9 4-9 5, 283130; Jew, Etrich believed by laborers to be, 209-10; postwar experiences, 248, 310П9; prisoners, formalization of laborers as, 157,158; smaller work camps and, 137,138; social relations and ethics of care, 127, 183; testimony-givers’ view of factory owners, 208-10 Etrich, Johann, 283130 Etrich, Julian, 283130 European Holocaust Research Infra structure (EHRI), 275136 Eva D., 168,170,171 Eva H., 167,170,178 Eva K., 244 Eva W., 213 factory camps. See work camps factory managers: elderly males, as “uncle” figures, 206-10; men working as, 97,112; Sala K. on significance of, 143-44 factory owners: Allied advance and liberation of Trautenau, 225-27; food ЗЗО and supplies, provision of, 116-17; party affiliations of, 21; postwar experiences, 248; postwar outcomes for, 85; prisoners, formalization of laborers as, 155-56,157,158,162-63; at Sosnowitz Durchgangslager (Dulag), 72; testimony-givers’ view of, 32-33, 208-10; young females, preference for, 4 20, 23. See also specific owners by name factory
work sites: all-female labor staff at, 97,101-2; Allied advance, closing of factories due to, 225-27; camps, not originally regarded as, 30-31; concen tration camps, supposed to partner with, 82; as family-owned companies, 82, 86-89; marching back and forth from, 109-11; postwar resumption of operations at, 247; strategies of labor exploitation at, 84-89; subleasing of laborers between, 95; treatment of forced laborers at, 95-96; work engaged in, at, 32-33, 97, 99-103, 128,144-45,147-48· See also specific factories by name families: Holocaust destruction of, knowledge of Trautenau survivors about, 15-16, 38,132-33,147,174; “Hungarian girls” on separation from, at Auschwitz-Birkenau, 166-69; ill, pregnant, or resistant laborers sent home to, 33, 83, 94, 99,115,129,133 liberation, returning home after, 16, 39, 242-46; mail/packages from, 11, 38, 68, 74,121-23,155,190-91; prewar family life, 43-45; prisoner society, ethics of care for family members in, 183,184-85,190; relatives in work camps, visiting/transferring to same camp, 98-99,114,115,117-20,156; reunification, hopes for, 3,15-16,147, 174, 243-46; separation of forced laborers from, 71, 73-74, 76, 78-79,
INDEX 141-42,146-47; sole family survivors, forced laborers as, 146-47,150-51; Sosnowitz Durchgangslager (Dulag), visiting girls taken for forced labor at, 71, 72-76; volunteering for labor duty to save/protect, 71, 83, 92-93,142-43, 145-47.149. 163—64 Fanny W„ 50, 93, 239 Fay B„ 76, 77, 81,108,116,127,157,160, 245-46, 2751136 Fela G., 140-41,185-86 Finder, Gabriel, 18 Fineman, Joel, 13 Finkel, Evgeny, 30, 36, 80,164 fish taken from herring processing factory, 183 Flaschka, Monika, 170 food and supplies: Allied advance, shortages due to, 226, 227, 228; apples, 109,111,125-26, 210; bread, as symbol, 123-24; clothing, circulation and exchange of, 97,126,173,176,190,194; death marchers fighting over bread given by laborers, 220-21; elderly male “uncles” providing, 206, 207; factory owners’ provision of, 116-17; Gentile co-workers, sympathetic gestures by, 7-8, 33, 37,104-7.185-86; hunger, pervasiveness of, 26, 38, 110-11,123,141,180,183, 205, 220-21, 224; Lagerführerinnen, extra food supplied by, 193-94; Lagerführerin nen, thefts by, 21,123,191,193; looting, after liberation, 238-40; potatoes, 124-25,183,189; prisoners of war providing, 210-11; support groups sharing, 183-84,188,194; transac tional relationships and access to, 191; young Jewish females in Zaglçbie sent out to obtain, 54-57, 65-66 forced labor at Trautenau, 1-39; contextualization within Nazi forced labor program, 6, 28-33; documentation and sources, 33-35; “Hungarian girls” from Auschwitz as, 37-38,152 (See also “Hungarian girls” from Auschwitz); letters soliciting, 70; mobility of laborers, 37, 91,117-20,
224; naming and terminology, 35; prisoner numbers, 128,156; purpose and concept of, 2; selection of girls and women for, 61-63, 70-72; social relations in spaces of persecution and, 6, 24-28 (See also prisoner society and ethics of care; social relations); substituting or switching siblings, 74-76; testimony of survivors of, 2-5 (See also testimony of survivors); Trautenau, importation of Jewish girls and women from Zaglçbie region to, 1-6 (See also Jewish girlhood in Zaglçbie); youth of testimony-givers, effects of, 6,14-24 (See also youth of testimony-givers). See also forced labor system; liberation of Trautenau; postwar experiences; prisoners, formalization of laborers as; Schmelt system; work camps; specific camps forced labor system, 36, 81-96; as alter native to harsher outcomes, viewed by Jews as, 76, 79, 82, 83, 92-93, 130-31,144, 209-10; brother sent into, Helen P. smuggling message to, 67-70; concentration camp sys tem and, 154; contextualization of Trautenau within Nazi forced labor program, 6, 28-33; escapes from, 83, 163-65, 214-15, 243, 251-53; German approach to wartime economy and, 89-90; Inspectorate of the Concen tration Camps (Department D-II), takeover by, 93-95; labor supply/ transport flows in late war and, 177-78; in local workshops, 30-31, 77, 81-82, 91-93,178; prewar origins of, 81; prisoners of war in, 28, 81, 87, ЗЗ1
INDEX 215; spaces of, 84; strategies of labor exploitation, 84-89; subleasing of laborers between factories, 95; threat of illness and death within, 83,114-16, 129; treatment of forced laborers within, 82, 83, 95-96; work, priority given to, 252-53. See also factory owners; factory work sites; Schmelt system; work camps Four Scraps of Bread (Hollander-Lafon), 124 Frances H„ 111-12,167,175-76, 226 Francis War, 212 Freikorps, 87, 89 French prisoners of war, romantic liai sons with, 210-13 Frieda W., 109,127,176,177, 228 Friedlander, Saul, 7, 268114 Friedman, Philip, 58-59 Friedrich, Klaus-Peter, 273189, 276149 Fryda F., 141, 247 Frymeta F., 44-45,101,106,108,124, 207, 217 Fulbrook, Mary, 196 Gabersdorf: Barthel (Jewish textile firm), 87,137, 249; deaths of laborers at, 189; description of site, 137-38,138; diary and poetry of Regina H. at, 202-4; family separation and survival at, 145-47; as “heaven,” 145; infirmary for, 129; number of female forced laborers at, 33,137,178; selection and transport of laborers to, 140-43; Shoah Foundation archive of survivor testimonies from, 10; as work camp, 32,37; work engaged in, at, 144-45; as Zwangsarbeitslager, 152 Garbarini, Alexandra, 8,182 gas chambers at Auschwitz-Birkenau, 131-32 Gauleiter, 90-91 gender: girls and women taking on male ЗЗ2 roles, 79-80,101-2; girls passing as men, 64-65; “Hungarian girls,” laborers’ reactions to appearance of, 165-66; shaving experienced as erasure of, 169-70; social relations, gendered nature of, 135. See also men and maleness; sex and sexuality Generalgouvernement, 29, 31, 61, 95 Geneva
Convention, 215 Gentile co-workers: Allied advance and liberation of Trautenau, 225, 227, 235; economic and social positions of, 107-8; elderly males, as “uncle” figures, 206-10; ethnic identifica tion of, 103-4,107; giving photos of themselves to Jewish laborers, 128, 186; hiding Jewish laborers’ family photos from authorities, 109,123, 190; postwar testimony against, 249-50; prisoners, formalization of laborers as, 157,163; prisoners of war, relationships with, 210, 212; punish ment of laborers for receiving help from, 194; at smaller camps, 148-49; sympathetic gestures by, 7-8, 33, 37,104-7,148-49,180,185-86,188; work engaged in by, 32,104; working alongside Jewish forced laborers, 6, 33. 36-37.102-9,128 Gentile guards, 82-83,112-14,120,12728,128,163,191-95, 228, 235. See also Aufseherinnen-, Lagerführerinnen Gentile population in Trautenau: errands done by laborers and interactions with, 109; escapes from work camps and ease of interaction with, 83; laborers passing in, after liberation, 243; looting of, after liberation, 238-40; marching back and forth from work sites, 109-11; postwar Czechoslovakia/Sudetenland, 247-48; sexual predation by, 111-12 Gentile population in Zaglçbie region:
INDEX antisemitism and anti-Jewishness, prewar, 40-42; ban on relations between Jews and non-Jews, 53, 54; brother sent into forced labor, Helen P. smuggling message to, 67-70; food and supplies, young Jewish females sent out to obtain, 54, 55, 66; German ethnicity, claiming, 51, 276149; under German occupation, 51-52, 66-67; girls passing as, 54-57, 66; inhabiting former homes of returning laborers, 244-46, 308175; prewar relations with Jews, 42; at Sosnowitz Durch gangslager (Dulag), 76-77; sympa thetic gestures by, 57, 66-67 Geppersdorf, 139,143 Gerda F., 26-27, 28,183-84, 210, 242, 251-52 Gerlach, Christian, 94 German ethnicity in East Upper Silesia/ Zagtçbie: at beginning of war, 51, 276П49; politicization of, 87-88; postwar treatment of, 247-48 German invasion and occupation of Poland, 42-48 Gestapo: Auschwitz, association with, 161; forced laborers, selection/movement of, 2, 33, 61, 62,155; GrossRosen concentration camp and, 156; Jewish Council of Elders and, 2, 58, 59, 61; at mass deportations, 195-96; occupation of Poland and, 49; round ups by, 149; Schmelt system staffed by, 2; sexual bribery of, 21; Sosnowitz Durchgangslager (Dulag) and, 77; survivor perception of, 21 Gitla T., 22, 23,122,123 Glassheim, Eagle, 88 Gleiwitz (Gliwice) labor camps, 77, 81 Glissant, Édouard, 26,181 Glücks, Richard, 94 Gogolin, 118 Gräben, 289137 Greiser, Arthur, 91 Grossmann, Atina, 233-34, 307П36 Gross-Rosen Archive, 32, 33, 34 Gross-Rosen concentration camp, 156, 217 Gross-Rosen subcamp system: coupons, 158; ritualized humiliations at, 83; SS inspectors, assignment of, 287184
transformation of Schmelt system into, 29, 32, 34, 37, 86,136,139,152, 156,157 Gruner, Wolf, 28, 29, 81 Grz^slewicz, Tomasz, 34 guards. See Aufseherinnen; Gentile guards; Judenältesten; Lagerältesten; Lagerführerinnen Gucia R., 176-77, 208, 218, 225, 228 Gutman, Israel, 123 Gutterman, Bella, 33, 93, 94,136 Haase, Alois, and Haase textile factories, 16, 33, 70; Allied advance and closure of, 225; death marchers housed at, 217, 218, 219; in forced labor system, 85-87, 89, 94-95, 283130; postwar experiences, 248; postwar testimony against, 250; prisoners, formaliza tion of laborers as, 155-56,157,158, 162-63, 296П19; prisoners of war and other men working at, 214; smaller work camps and, 137; social relations, prisoner society, and ethics of care at, 127,128,196; testimony-givers’ view of factory owners, 208-9; transit camp, Parschnitz’s use as, 178 hair: facial hair of Jewish men, Nazis’ public cutting of, 50; “Hungarian girls,” forced laborers’ reactions to shaved heads of, 165-66,172,174; “Hungarian girls,” shaving experi enced by, 169-70; punitive head shaving of forced laborers, 83,124,194 Hâjkovâ, Anna, 7, 25, 26, 80,115, i8i 234, 2811158, 307136 333
INDEX Halbmayr, Brigid, 152,153,160,162,169 hangings, public, 50-51, 83,188-89 Hannsdorf, 21,177, 288124 Hartman, Geoffrey, 7,11-12 HASAG camps, 95,111 Hassebroek, Johannes, 158 Hawlik[owa], Elsa, 118,126,127,131,132, 156-57, 249 Hayes, Peter, 285149, 299181 head-shaving. See hair Hedy W, 171-72, 239-40 Heim, Susanne, 284145 Heines “The Weavers of Silesia,” 89 Heia (sister of Shoshana G.), 118-20 Heia К., 113 Helena К., 20-21, 97107, ιι6,133-34,174, 208, 226 Helen E, 126, 243-44 Helen P., 48-49, 59-60, 67-70 Helfgott, Sara, 137,138 Henlein, Konrad, 87, 88 Herzberger, Regina, 193 Herzog, Dagmar, 53-54 Herzog, Hanna, 200 Hillers, Marta, 233 Himmler, Heinrich, 31, 37, 49, 90, 94, 139,153,154,156, 225, 284135, 285160, 286165 Hitler, Adolf, 28, 82, 89-90,167 Hoffmann, Regina, 214-15, 251 Hollander-Lafon, Magda, 124 Holocaust (as destruction of European Jewry): death marches, laborers’ witnessing of, 222; forced laborers as only family survivors of, 146-47, 150-51; Gabersdorf as “heaven” in context of, 145; knowledge of Trautenau survivors about, 15-16, 38,132-33,147,174; return home and realization of, 243-46 home. See families Höß, Rudolf, 93, 284135 Hrda, Anna, 107 334 “Hungarian girls” from Auschwitz, 37-38,152,165-79; knowledge of Holocaust conveyed by, 147,174; labor supply and transport flows, 177-78; at liberation, 243-44; pregnant woman transported to Auschwitz, 133-34; reactions of forced laborers to ap pearance of, 165-66,172-74; relations between forced laborers and, 174-77; selection as forced laborers and trans port to Trautenau, 170-72; at smaller camps in
Schmelt system, 136,139, 147; testimony on transportation and Auschwitz selection process, 166-70 Hungarian Jews sent to AuschwitzBirkenau (1944), 94, 95,152 Hungarian state, multiethnicity of, 298П60 hunger, pervasiveness of, 26, 38,110-11, 123,141,180,183, 205, 220-21, 224. See also food and supplies Ida G., 62,106-7,121,157,164,172-73, 176, 207-8, 211, 219, 220, 221-22, 231, 238, 244, 245 IG Farben, 82,117, 285П49, 299181 illness and medical conditions, 129-34; abortions, 133; Auschwitz-Birkenau, ill, pregnant, or resistant laborers sent to, 33, 83,115,129-34; dysentery and diarrhea, 132,184; families, ill, preg nant, or resistant laborers sent home to, 33, 83, 94, 99,115,129,133; lice and bedbugs, 95,178, 201; medical and dental care, availability of, 129-32; menstruation, 126-27; pregnancy, treatment of, 33,115,133-34,186-88; prisoner of war, medicine provided by, 183-84, 252; ТВ (tuberculosis), 133, 250; threat of illness and death in forced labor system, 83,114-16,129; typhus, 115,125,129,131,132,184, 242; work conditions leading to skin and
INDEX lung problems, 99-100,106,129,184, 250 Inspectorate of the Concentration Camps (Department D-II), 36, 93-95, 152,164, 287081 International Tracing Service, 84 Irene W,, 144,147,150,189, 215-16 Jaworzno, 34 Jewish bodies, German access to, 50-54, 72, 83,192 Jewish Claims Conference, 289132 Jewish communal aid organizations, postwar, 242 Jewish Council of Elders, 58-61; GrossRosen concentration camp and, 156; Lajtner as medical doctor for forced laborers of Trautenau and, 130; mail/ packages, facilitation of, 121, 202; mass roundup of 1943, participation in, 196; organization of, 58-59; provi sion of forced labor, involvement in, 30-31, 60-61, 63, 70, 75, 76, 77, 91, 93, 140,142,144; registering and tracking of Jews by, 59; social welfare services through, 29, 59; Wiederman working for, 47; young age of workers and coercion of, 23, 60 Jewish girlhood in Zaglçbie, 35-36, 4080; antisemitism and anti-Jewishness, rise of, 40-42; ban on relations between Jews and non-Jews, 53, 54; brother sent into forced labor, Helen P. smuggling message to, 67-70; family life, prewar, 43-45 (See also families); food and supplies, young females sent out to obtain, 54-57, 65-66; forced labor, selection for, 61-63, 70-72; German invasion and occupation of Poland, 42-48; Jewish Council of Elders and, 58-61; Jewish elders and communal institutions, Nazi treatment of, 48-51; male family members, attempts to hide/arrests of, 57-58, 64-65; new behaviors, taking on, 79-80, 2811157; passing as non-Jewish, 54-57, 66; relocation eastward, Jewish attempts at, 46-47; sexual/sexualized violence, 51-54;
Sosnowiec sports stadium, mass roundup of Jews at (1942), 77-79; Sosnowitz Durchgangslager (Dulag), 34, 35 70-77; Star of David, Jews required to wear, 51-52, 54. See also Gentile population in Zaglçbie region Jewish Historical Institute, Poland, 249 Jewish holidays and practices, efforts to observe, 27-28,117-18,121,189-90 Jewish men on death marches, 83, 216-24 Jewish police (milicja or milits), 59, 61, 62, 71, 75-76, 77,140,143,195 Jewish soldiers at liberation of Tra utenau, 229, 233, 234-36, 241 Jockusch, Laura, 271157 Judenältesten, 83,113,114,120,129, 207, 215, See also Lagerältesten Jungbuch, 177 Kaczmarek, Ryszard, 276149 Kaiser, Menachem, 34 Kamionka ghetto, Bçdzin, 79,196,197 Kaplan, Marion, 40, 42, 79, 80, 234, 27312, 2811157 Karay, Felicja, 24, 28, 95,111,123, 251 Katalin T., 167 Katowice, 90,196 Kattowitz Gestapo, 2, 58, 91 Kirschner, Ann, 34,122,139-40 Kirschner, Sala, 139 Kirstein, Wolfgang, 28 Kleiman, Yehudit, зобп Kluge, Johann A., and J. A. Kluge textile factory, 33; Allied advance and closure of, 225; Barthel firm taken over by, 87,137, 249; in forced labor system, 85-89, 94-95; postwar expe335
INDEX riences, 248; prisoners, formalization of laborers as, 157,158; prisoners of war and other men working at, 214; smaller work camps and, 137; social relations, prisoner society, and ethics of care at, 108,127,198; testimonygivers’ view of factory owners, 208-9 knitting and crocheting, 5-6, 7-8,126, 127,185-86 Kommando Trautenau, 139,158-59, 287184 Krakow, 48, 54,164 Kratzau, 235 Kristallnacht (19 3 8), 8 9, 284145 Kryl, Miroslav, 32, 33,136 Kubâtovâ, Ludmila, 216 Kuczynski, Friedrich, 71, 75, 78,195,196 Kushner, Tony, 271157 Lagerältesten, 109,120,171,195. See also Judenältesten Lagerführerinnen: coupon system and, 158; deaths of laborers and, 189-90; at Gabersdorf, 137; liber ation of Trautenau, absence from, 228; negotiating with SS, 251, 252; prisoners, formalization of laborers as, 155,156-58; red shoes given to, 191; responsibilities of, 82-83,112-13,120, 156-57; roll call, 156-57; selection of laborers by, 20; social relations, pris oner society, and interactions with, 127-28,191-95; SS training for, 155, 15 7-5 8,19 4, 296119; theft of food and objects by, 21,123,191,193; violence perpetrated by, 157,193-94; visits/ transfers between camps, allowing, 117-19; youth of workers and manip ulation of, 23 Lajtner (Leitner, Laitner), Wolf, 130-32 Langer, Lawrence, 7,10, 271157 Lanzmann, Claude, 182 Laskier, Rutka, 34 ЗЗ6 The Last Ghetto (Hâjkovâ), 80 Laub, Dori, 7,11 Lehnstaedt, Stephan, 29, 31, 93 Lena Μ., 5-6,7-8, 27, 28,113,126, 127, 214, 221, 229, 231, 234 letters. See mail/packages/postcards Levi, Primo, 182 Levitt, Laura, 182, 204 liberation of Trautenau,
4-5,16, 38-39, 225-46; absence of guards and ci vilians, 228-29, 235; Allied advance, closing of factories, and transfer of laborers to outdoor work, 225-27; displaced persons camps, 246; Gentile population inhabiting former homes of returning laborers, 244-46, 308175; “Hungarian girls” at, 243-44; Jewish soldiers at, 229, 233, 234-36, 241; lack of authority and control after, 241-42; looting, 238-40; num ber of women and girls at time of, 33; Parschnitz, transfers of forced la borers to/through, 227-28; partisans, arrival of, 229; pleasure and desire, experiences of, 238-41; remaining in Trautenau after, 242, 247; returning home after, 16, 39, 242-46, 247; Soviet troops, encounters with, 6, 23, 39, 227, 229-38, 240-41, 242 lice and bedbugs, 95,178, 201 Lichtewerden, 139 Lili T„ 104,167,170 Lindner, Heinrich, 71, 75, 78, 90, 285П60, 286166 Livia R., 171, 228 local workshops, forced labor in, 30-31, 77, 81-82, 91-93,178 Lodz Jews sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, 95,152,176-77 Lola W., 56-57,79,127,130-31,159, 205-6, 209, 229 Longerich, Peter, 15 4, 2 5 2, 284135 looting, after liberation, 238-40
INDEX Luba (pregnant laborer), 186-88 Lucy Μ., 61, 73, 99,101,109,113,120,133, 161,174, 207, 218 Ludwig, Alfred, 75, 79, 279197, 286166 Lusia B., 178, 230 Lydia B„ 235-36 Magda E, 170 Magda-Madeleine F„ no, 121, 227, 230 Magdolna H., 167,168,170,171 Mailänder, Elissa, 192 mail/packages/postcards, 195-99; allow ance of, 11, 38,121; barracks numbers, sent to, 114; brother sent into forced labor, Helen P. smuggling message to, 67-70; ceasing of, 121-22,155,156, 202; at Dulag, 74; families providing, 11,38,68,74,121-23, 155, 190-91; gendered construction of, 135; Jewish Council of Elders facilitating, 121, 202; objects, significance as, 182; pris oner society and ethics of care, 38, 182,190-91,195-99, 203; for prisoners of war, 183, 215; Regina H.’s poem compared, 203 Majdanek, 145, 216 Majstorovic, Vojin, 241 Mala, Irena, 216 Mania R., 47, 54,178 Mania S., 207, 230-31, 238 marches: factory work sites, marching back and forth from, 109-11. See also death marches Marella (sister of Shoshana G.), 118-20 Marx, Karl, 89 Masha S., 41, 42, 71, 73, 99,113,130 Maurer, Gerhard, 9 4-9 5, 287181, 287184, 2991181—82 Maus (Spiegelman), 34 medical conditions. See illness and medi cal conditions medicalized naked selections, 159-62, 186-88 men and maleness, 38, 205-24; attempts to hide/arrests of male family mem bers, 57-58, 64-65; Bernsdorf, abuses by male workers and staff at, 148; biological maleness, invocations of, 231-32; death marches, laborers wit nessing, 83, 216-24; diary and poetry of Regina H. on “Antek,” 202-3; el derly Gentile co-workers and factory personnel, as “uncle”
figures, 206-10; facial hair, Nazis’ public cutting of, 50; factory managers, men as, 97,112; Geppersdorf, girls and women sent to work at, 139,143; girls and women taking on male roles, 79-80,101-2; girls passing as men, 64-65; guards at work camps, male, 163; information obtained from men at camps, 206-7, 213; Jewish elders and communal institutions, Nazi treatment of, 48-51; paucity of men in laborers’ world, 206; prisoners of war, interactions with, 38,183-84, 206, 210-16, 252; romantic liaisons, 206, 210-16; social relations in male camp environs, 135; Soviet troops, encounters with, 6, 23, 39, 227, 229-38, 240-41, 242; youthfulness of laborers and interest in, 205-6, 208, 212. See also gender; sex and sexuality Mengele, Joseph, 169,186 menstruation, 126-27 Merin, Moses, 58, 59, 60, 63, 93, 277171 Michlic, Joanna Beata, 18 Michman, Dan, 60 Midwest Center for Holocaust Education, 14 Mina J., 149-51 Minnie W., 22-23,122,126,163,175,189, 243 Minsk, 164 mobility: of forced laborers, 37, 91, 117-20, 224; of Jews in Bçdzin and 337
INDEX Sosnowiec, 29, 31; of prisoners of war, 215; within Schmelt system, 37, 91, 117-20 Modrzejôw, 34, 78 Moss, Kenneth, 41 Mühl, Maria, 296—97128 Mühlhäuser, Regina, 53, 241 Murdock, Caitlin, 86, 87 Muselmänner, 181 Nache B., 249-50 naked selections, 37,153,159-62,171, 186-88 Namysto, Aleksandra, 30, 47 Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers (Browning), 29 Nesselrodt, Markus, 28 Nettie S., 1, 3,11, 21-22, 54, 60, 63,102, 110-11,116,117,157,158 Numbered Days (Garbarini), 8,182 Nuremberg trials, 152-53 Ober Altstadt: as concentration camp, 26,37,136,157-58; infirmary for, 129; Kluge factory base in, 89,108; liber ation of, 229; Lodz Jews sent from Auschwitz-Birkenau to, 176; naked selections at, 156; number of female forced laborers at, 33,178; Parschnitz and, 32; as postwar detention center for suspected collaborators, 247; pris oners of war and other men working at, 183-84, 210, 212, 214; Shoah Foun dation archive of survivor testimonies from, 10; slaps and hitting in, 51; Tola G. asking to join sister at, 79; as work camp, 32; Zaks postcards sent to, 198; as Zwangsarbeitslager, 152 objects and object exchanges, 5-6, 122-26,182. See also food and supplies; mail/packages/postcards; photographs Olga K., 211-12, 219 ЗЗ8 Olkusz, 2, 34, 59, 63, 65, 66 Operation Schmelt. See Schmelt system Opole (formerly Sakrau/Zakrzôw), 67, 68,118 Ordinary Jews (Finkel), 30, 80 “organizing,” 123,125 Orth, Karin, 28 Osterloh, Jörg, 28, 87-88 Oswiçcim, 56, 72, 90,131, 277166. See also Auschwitz-Birkenau Ozick, Cynthia, 182 packages. See mail/packages/postcards Pally, Marcia, 26
pamiçtniki/Stammbücher (autograph albums), 38,188, 200-202, 201 Parschnitz: autograph album (Stammbüchlpamiçtnik') from, 200-202, 201; as concentration camp, 19, 26, 33, 37,136,152,157-58, 200; death marches of Jewish males witnessed at, 83, 216-24; deaths of laborers at, 189; as Gross-Rosen subcamp, 287185; infirmary for, 129, 130; labor supply/transport flows in late war and, 177-78; Lagerführerin at, 194; Lodz Jews sent from AuschwitzBirkenau to, 176; naked selections at, 156,186-88; number of female forced laborers at, 33,178; Ober Altstadt and, 32; outdoor work at, after closure of factories, 226-27; prisoners of war and other men working at, 214; public hangings at, 50-51, 83,188-89; Shoah Foundation archive of survivor testimonies from, 10; shooting of laborer observing death march in, 83; social relations in, 99,108,115,117-20, 127-33; as transit camp, 19, 227-28; as work camp, 32 Passelman (relative of Sonia S.), 66 Patterson, Orlando, 27312 Paula S., 110,186-88
INDEX personal space, in barracks, 121,124 photographs: discovery of confiscated photos, 190; Gentile co-workers giving photos of themselves to Jewish laborers, 128,186; Gentile co-workers hiding Jewish laborers’ family photos from authorities, 109,123,190; in mail/packages from families, 11; value for laborers of, 190 Phyllis Y„ 4, 53, 61,104,126,155,161, 212-13, 218, 219, 221, 240 Plowa Bestia (Wiederman), 47-48, 275П36 Plunder (Kaiser), 34 Pohl, Oswald, 93, 94, 287181 Polenaktion, 40, 41 Pollin-Galay, Hannah, 9-10,112,143-44, 145, 215 Porat, Dan, 59 postcards. See mail/packages/postcards postwar experiences, 246, 247-53; detention centers for suspected collaborators, 247, 30904; displaced persons camps, 246, 248; emigration, 246, 248; ethnic German population in Czechoslovakia, 247-48; factories and factory owners, 247, 248, 249-50; monuments to forced laborers and concentration camp victims in Trautenau region, 248; prosecution of perpetrators, 34, 59, 132, 192, 248, 249-50; remaining in Eastern Europe/Trautenau region, 246, 248-49, 310П12; reunions between “camp sisters,” 246; testimony, collection of, 248-53 potatoes, 124-25,183,189 pregnancy, 33,115, 43-34,186-88 pride in work; ethics of care and, 183; knitting project of Lena Μ., 5-6, 7-8; survivors’ sense of, 16-17, 99-102 prisoner numbers, 128,156 prisoners, formalization of laborers as, 152-65; combination of barracks and crowding, 154-55; conversion of work camps into concentration camps, 2, 32, 36, 37, 84,152-55; coupon system, 158, 296126; escapes, 163-65; factory owners and, 155-56,157,158,162-63; forced
nakedness and naked selec tions, 37,153,159-62; Gross-Rosen subcamp system, transformation of Schmelt system into, 152,156,157; Lagerführerinnen, SS training for, 155, 157-58; roll calls, 156-57; sexualized violence, subjection to, 152,153, 159-62; SS, more direct contact with, 152,155,158-62; unregulated activities at work sites, efforts to end, 156, 162-63 prisoner society and ethics of care, 11, 180-204; behavioral ethics differenti ated, 182; concepts of, 180-82; deaths of laborers, management of, 188-90; family members, concern for, 183, 184-85,190; Gentile guards, interac tions with, 191-95; mail/packages/ postcards, 38,182,190-91,195-99, 203; notes sent between laborers, 199,199-200; objects, role of, 182; pamiftniki/Stammbücher (autograph albums), 288, 200-202, 201; per formances, songs, and poetry, 180, 202-4; photographs, 190; relationality, concept of, 181,192,197-98, 203; substituting in naked selections, 18688; support pairs or small groups, 181, 182-88; transactional relationships/ reciprocity, 185-86,191 prisoners of war: concentration camps for, 154; as forced labor, 28, 81, 87, 215; interactions of laborers with, 38, 183-84, 206, 210-16, 249, 252; mo bility of, 215; Soviet versus Western European, 215 Proszyk, Jacek, 47 339
INDEX public hangings, 50-51, 83,188-89 Rose B., 43,176 Rose K., 100, 213-14, 244 questionnaire used by Shoah Founda tion, 10-11 Rosen, Alan, 2 7-2 8, 269133 Radom, 176,179, 243-44 Radomsko, 65 Rose S., 71, 72, 75-76,100,129,130,168, 217, 222, 223 Ranz, John, 302П45, 305141 rape. See sex and sexuality Ravensbrück, 157, 296119 Roskies, David, 203 Rose L, 83 Rosensaft, Hadassah, 92 reciprocity/transactional relationships, 5-6, 7-8, 25,185-86,191 Red Cross, 183 red shoes given to Lagerführerin, 191 Regina B„ 141,144 Regina G., 14, 50, 65, 99,112,121,129,155, 161-62, 220, 222, 226, 232. See also Regina S. Regina H., 202-4 Regina P., 49, 62,78, 232, 248 Regina S., 14, 50, 64-65, 73, 76,100, 163-64, 220. See also Regina G. Reichenbach textile cooperative, 178, 235, 282116 Reichsautobahnlager (RAB) labor initia tive, 81, 82,139 Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RHSA) office, Katowice, 196 relationality, concept of, 26,181,192, 197-98, 203. See also prisoner society and ethics of care; social relations Remembering Survival (Browning), 7, 29 Rena Μ., 100-101,175, 222-23, 239 reunions between “camp sisters,” 246 Rita R., 4,16, 46, 75,101,126 Rittenberg, Dasha, 140 Ritterbusch, Fritz, 132,158-59,162-64, 249, 287ПП84-85, 296—971127—28 Röger, Maren, 69 roll calls, 156-57 Rosalie S., 41-42, 78,104,113-14,122,173, 194, 217 Rosa S., 141-42 340 Rossino, Alexander, 53, 278136 Roth, John K., 182 Roza W, 92,148 Rudorff, Andrea, 31,136,195 Rusia Y„ 62, 74, 232-33 Ruth R., 178 Rutka’s Notebook (Laskier), 34 sabotage, stealing, and subversion of camp rules, 123,124-25,126-27 Sâdlo, Vaclav, 217 sailor
suit, Mina J.’s story of, 149 Sakrau (Zakrzow, now Opole), 67, 68,118 Sala В./Sally B., 155,199,199-200 Sala K., 130,142-44,145, 253 Sala P., 190-91 Sala’s Gift (Kirschner), 34,122,139-40, 142 Schatzlar: Bernsdorf, laborers moved to, 139,155; description of site, 139-40; infirmary for, 129; Lagerführerin at, 194; number of female forced laborers at, 33,178; selection and transport of laborers to, 140-43; Shoah Founda tion archive of survivor testimonies from, 10; survivor texts from, 139-40; as work camp, 32, 37; work engaged in, at, 144 Scheck, Raffael, 304П19 Schindler (factory owner, not Oskar), 72 Schmeit, Albrecht, 2, 31,36, 90-91, 93, 94, 152,156,158, 252, 2771171, 285ПП59-60, 286165 Schmeit system, 2, 31; age of laborers used by, 15; contextualization within
INDEX Nazi forced labor program, 6, 28-33, 81; creation of, 9 0-91, 9 3, 287177; 23, 39, 227, 229-38, 240-41, 242; Stein ghettoization of Sosnowiec and sites, 95,107,111-12; youthfulness and Bçdzin by, 196; Gross-Rosen sub sexual naïveté of testimony-givers, 15, 23, 231-32; youthfulness and camp system, transformation into, 29, 32, 34. 37. 86,136,139,152,156,157; Inspectorate of the Concentration Camps (Department D-II), takeover by. 93-95; local workshops, use of, 30-31,77, 81-82, 91-93; mobility of workers within, 37, 91,117-20; replacement of ill, pregnant, or reluc tant workers in, 33, 83, 94; Sosnowiec sports stadium, mass roundup of Jews at (1942), 77-79,178,195-96; Srodula, mass roundup of 1943 in, 196; SS and, 2,19, 26, 30, 31, 37, 75, 82, 195-96; state-run initiatives requi sitioning labor from, 81-82; WHVA control, movement under, 154 Seidelmann, Else Herta, 285160 Selbstschutz, 49, 52-53, 90,196, 276149 Service, Hugo, 267114 sex and sexuality: armed forces inter acting with civilian girls and women, 69; ban on relations between Jews and non-Jews, 53; barter and bribery, 69,77, 234; concept of “sexualized violence,” 152,153; diary and poetry of Regina H. on, 202-3; forced naked ness and naked selections, 37,153, 159-62,171,186-88; formalization of laborers as prisoners and exposure to sexualized violence, 152,153,159-62; gay and lesbian experiences, 7,107, 184,301П13; German occupation of Poland and sexual/sexualized vio lence, 51-54; interviewers’ reactions to, 7; Nazi repression of sexuality, 5354; romantic liaisons with prisoners of war and other males,
206, 210-16, 249; shaving, as sexualized violence, 169; Soviet troops, encounters with, 6, ert on, 19; at work camps and factory vulnerability to sexualized violence of testimony-givers, 51; youthfulness of laborers and interest in men/sexuality, 205-6, 208, 212. See also gender; men and maleness Shandler, Jeffrey, 9 Shapira, Rina, 200 shaving. See hair Shenker, Noah, 8,10,11 Shoah. See Holocaust Shoah Foundation, 3, 8-9,10-12,14, 33, 34, 43, 56,139,142,163, 246, 248-51, 2 6 9П3 5, 2791100 Shoshana G., 4, 98,118-20,174,180, 209, 217, 220-21, 222, 233 Shoshana L, 42, 45-46, 55, 61-62, 73-74, 78,107,118,177, 228, 231, 239, 241, 242, 243, 289137 Siemens, 87,137,176,177, 225, 248, 283129, 289132 Silesian weavers’ uprising (1844), 86, 89 singing girl on Hungarian transport from Auschwitz, 172 Skarzysko-Kamienna camp, 123, 251 slippers made for Gentile co-worker, 185-86 Smoleh, Kazimierz, 171 Sobibor, 145 “social death” of Jews in German society, 40, 42, 27312 social embedding, 123, 291103 social relations, 36—37 9 7-135; within barracks, 112-14,120-21; beautiful setting, survivor memories of, 97-98; extremity as reference point in, 24, 25; with factory managers, 97,112; gendered nature of, 135; Gentile guards and, 112-14,120,127-28,128; З41
INDEX Jewishness, retaining awareness of, 27-28; with local Gentile populations, 109-11; objects and object exchanges, 122-26,182; performances, songs, and poetry, 120-21,180, 202-4; personal space, in barracks, 121,124; prewar relations with non-Jews, 42; pride in work, survivors’ sense of, 16-17, 99-102; prison societies and possibility of, 38; production process shaping, 102-3; relational behaviors and choices, 26; relationality, concept of, 26,181,192,197-98, 203; relatives in work camps, visiting/transferring to same camp, 98-99,114,115,117-20; sabotage, stealing, and subversion of camp rules, 123,124-25,126-27; in spaces of persecution, 6, 24-28; support pairs or small groups, 25, 26,181,182-88, 205; transactional relationships/reciprocity, 5-6, 7-8, 25,185-86,191; in transportation to camps and selection process, 98-99. See also Gentile co-workers; illness and medical conditions; mail/packages/postcards; prisoner society and ethics of care; sex and sexuality Sommer, Karl, 299182 Sommer, Robert, 296126 Sonderausweise/Sonders (labor passes), 91 Sonia S., 19-20, 41, 46, 47, 51, 57-58, 59, 60, 65, 66,112,120,161,162 Sosnowiec: closure of streets and areas to Jewish access, 54, 63,196; Gabersdorf, transport to, 144; ghetto, creation of (1942), 4, 79, 91,130-31,196,197; Jewish Council of Elders, organiza tion of, 58; Jewish population of, 2; Jews in hiding in, 196; liberation of Trautenau, returning home after, 16, 39, 242-46; map, vii; mobility of Jews in, 29, 31; Oswiçcim Jews forced to move to, 56; prewar Jewish political 342 organizations in, 41; Schmelt system
centered in, 2; sports stadium, mass roundup of Jews at (1942), 77-79,122, 178,195-96; workshops of, forced labor in, 30-31, 77, 92, 93 Sosnowitz Durchgangslager (DulagL 34, 35, 70-77, 93, 98,140,143,149-51, 163 Soviet troops: laborers’ encounters with, 6, 23,39, 227, 229-38, 240-41, 242; as prisoners of war, 215 Soviet Union, prewar flight of Jews to, 46-47 Spiegelman, Art, 34 Spoerer, Mark, 69 Sprenger, Isabell, 136 Springer-Aharoni, Nina, 306П2 Srâmkovâ, Helena, 310112 Srodula ghetto, Sosnowiec, 79,130-31, 196,197 SS: during Allied advance and libera tion of Trautenau, 225-26, 228, 235; Auschwitz, association with, 161; concentration camps and terror campaign of, 154; coupon system and, 158; death marches and, 216; escapes, response to, 251-53; forced laborers, selection/movement of, 2,19, 33, 37, 45, 61, 62, 71, 94; forced nakedness and naked selections of laborers, 37, 153,159-62,186-88; Gentile guards as, 82-83; Gross-Rosen concentration camp and, 156; ill laborers selected for extermination by, 130,131-32; Inspectorate of the Concentration Camps (Department D-II), takeover of forced labor system by, 94-95, 287184; Jewish Council of Elders and, 2, 59, 61; Jewish police, disbanding of, 59; Lagerführerinnen, SS training for, 155,157-58,194, 296119; libera tion, withdrawal during, 38-39; local workshops and, 31, 82; at mass depor tations, 19,195-96; occupation of Po-
INDEX land and, 49, 53; Parschnitz, shooting citation of speaker by name, 13-14; of laborer observing death march in, “Hungarian girls” from Auschwitz, 166-70; interviewers, influence of, 83; prisoner status of forced laborers and more direct contact with, 152,155, 158-62; roundups by, 149; Schmelt system and, 2,19, 26, 30, 31, 37, 75, 82, 195-96; Sosnowitz Durchgangslager (Dulag) and, 77; survivor perception of, 21; Trautenau Kommando, 139 SS-Wirtschafts- und Verwaltung shauptamt (WVHA), 29, 82, 93-94, 15 2,15 4,15 6,16 4, 287181 Stammbücher/pamiçtniki (autograph albums), 38,188, 200-202,201 Starachowice, 29 Star of David, Jews required to wear, 51-52, 54 stealing. See theft Steinbacher, Sybille, 30, 285152 Steinert, Johannes-Dieter, 19 Strzelecki, Andrzej, 30 Suderland, Maja, 25,181 Sudeten German Control Centre, 284135 Sudetenland: Allied advance and evacua tion of German-speakers, 225; annex ation of, 29, 36, 81; black market in food at border with former Czecho slovakia, 116; economic upswing and demand for labor in, 29; forced labor system, annexation and expansion of, 81; relocation of war production to, 87; Schmelt system in, 1, 2, 29, 30. See also specific towns and cities Sulik, Alfred, 2812 Survival on the Margins (Adler), 46 Suzan L, 99,121,160, 210-11, 238 synagogues, burning of, 48, 49-50, 89 Szternfinkiel, Natan, 74-75,195 Telefunken, 178, 235, 289132 Terezin/Theresienstadt, 25,116, 2811158 testimony of survivors, 2-5; anec dotal approach, avoidance of, 13; 11-12, 21-22; languages used by, 35; list of testimony-givers by sur name, 255-63; postwar
collection of, 248-53; postwar model of, 24; producers of knowledge, survivors’ self-recognition as, 39; questionnaire, use of, 10-11; techniques and prac tices, 37; as text open to interpreta tion, 6, 7-14; visual impact of, 12-13, 269135. See also forced labor system; Jewish girlhood in Zagiçbie; prisoner society and ethics of care; social relations; youth of testimony-givers; specific survivors by first name textile industry, forced labor in. See factory owners; factory work sites; forced labor at Trautenau; forced labor system; specific manufacturers by name theft: Lagerführerinnen stealing food and objects, 21,123,191,193; looting, after liberation, 238-40; sabotage, stealing, and subversion of camp rules, 123, 124-25,126-27 Tola G., 78-79, 97, 98,114, 214, 236-38 Tooze, Adam, 28 Tosia J., 145-47,189-90 transactional relationships/reciprocity, 5-6, 7-8, 25,185-86,191 transit centers: Cosel, 93; Parschnitz, 19, 227-28; Sosnowitz Durchgangslager (Dulag), 34, 35, 70-77, 93, 98,140,143, 149-51,163 Trautenau: beautiful setting, survivor memories of, 97-98; as concentration camp, 37; importation of Jewish girls and women as forced labor to, 1-6; infirmary for, 129; Kristallnacht (1938) in, 89; laborers remaining in, after liberation, 242, 247, 248-49, 310112; 343
INDEX looting in, after liberation, 238-39; map, vii; monuments to forced labor ers and concentration camp victims in, 248; number of female forced laborers at, 33; Shoah Foundation archive of survivor testimonies from, 10; as textile center, 1; train station, 1, 19-20, 99,143,164; as work camp, 37; Zaks postcards sent to, 198. See also forced labor at Trautenau; Gentile population in Trautenau; liberation of Trautenau Trautenau Kommando, 139,158-59, 287184 Treuhandler organization, 31, 65, 91 Trutnov. See Trautenau tuberculosis (ТВ), 133, 250 Tuwim, Julian, 202 typhus, 115,125,129,131,132,184, 242 United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) Central Tracing archives, 216 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 14,139,198 University of Michigan-Dearborn, 14 Usborne, Cornelie, 210, 212 US Joint Distribution Committee, 59 van Pelt, Robert Jan, 28,139 Veprinska, Anna, 231 Visual History Archive (VHA), Shoah Foundation, 3,136 Volksdeutsche lists, 51, 276149 Wachsmann, Nikolaus, 154 Wagner, Richard, 90-91 Watbrzych, 156 Walzel, Oskar, 310П10 Walzel Brothers, 33; Allied advance and closure of, 225; in forced labor system, 85-87, 89, 94-95; postwar experiences, 248, 310П10; prisoners, 344 formalization oflaborers as, 155,157, 158; prisoners of war working for, 214; social relations, prisoner society, and ethics of care at, 100,107,121,127, 198; testimony-givers’ view of factory owners, 208-9 Wartheland work camps, 115 Waxman, Zoë, 7 West Upper Silesia: Jews expelled from, 2, 26714 Nazi plans for, 1-2 Wichrowska, Elzbieta, 200 Wiederman, Pawel, 47-48, 74-75,
275136 Wiener Library, 248 Wieviorka, Annette, 7 Wildt, Michael, 28 Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungshauptamt (WVHA), 29, 82, 93-94,152,154,156, 164, 287181 A Woman in Berlin (Hillers), 233 work camps, 84,113; acquiring, mak ing, and exchanging objects at, 5-6; barracks numbers, 114; concentration camps, conversion into, 2,32, 36, 37, 84,152-55,157-58, 200; crowd ing at, 95,154-55, 201; development of, 31-32; Gentile guards at, 82-83, 112-13; maP θί v^ marching back and forth from work sites to, 109-11; personal space, in barracks, 121,124; smaller work camps within Schmelt system, 136-37; social relations within barracks, 112-14,120-21; terms for, 84; transition from work sites with barracks to Zwangsarbeitslager, 36, 84,152; treatment of forced laborers at, 95-96. See also specific camps by name Woyrsch, Udo von, 49, 276139 Wulc, Pola, 61 Yad Vashem World Holocaust Remembrance Center, 202-4, 248 Yao, Xine, 13, 269136
INDEX Yetta F., 47, 70, 73,105-6,110,129 Zaglçbie region: impact of Nazi occu Yetta P., 23,114,117, 208, 212, 240-41, 244 pation on, 30-31; Jewish population of, 2, 267m; liberation of Trautenau, returning home after, 16, 39, 242-46; mass deportations to AuschwitzBirkenau from, 59, 77-79, 94,122, 195-96; Trautenau, importation of Jewish girls and women as forced labor to, 1-6. See also Gentile pop ulation in Zaglçbie region; German ethnicity in East Upper Silesia/Zaglçbie; Jewish girlhood in Zaglçbie Yiddish, 1, 9,14, 22, 41, 59-61,108,165, 167, 202-3, 218, 235, 236, 270154 youth of testimony-givers: effects of, 6, 14-24, 253; escape, prospects of, 164, 165; Gentile co-workers and, 108; German invasion and occupation, memories of, 45-48, 52, 58; girls under official age in work camps, 75; “Hungarian girls” from Auschwitz, 167,168,174,175; interest in men/ sexuality and, 205-6, 208, 212; at liberation of Trautenau, 238-40; pride in work felt by survivors and, 101; prisoners, formalization of labor ers as, 155; self-awareness of survivors as young, 135; separation from family and, 141-42; sexual naïveté and, 15, 23, 231-32; Soviet Union, memory of fleeing to, 46; toilet-cleaning assignments and, 114; vulnerability to sexualized violence and, 51 Zahra, Tara, 88, 269—70143 Zaks family postcards, 197-99 Zalmanovich, Dov, 286167 (Nie)Zapomniani (documentary film), 34 Zawiercie, 2, 34, 48,146,189 Zegota, 30 Zimmermann, Volker, 29, 87, 88, 304—5135 Ziôlkowska, Anna, 115 Zwangsarbeitslager (forced labor camps), 36, 84,152 Zwieberge, 132 345 Bayariache Staatsbibllothek München |
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CONTENTS Maps vi Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 1 Jewish Girlhood and Jewish Survival in Zaglçbie 40 2 The Local Logics of Coerced Labor 81 3 The Social World of Coerced Labor 97 4 The Conflicted Pathway to Survival: A Study of Three Peripheral Camps 136 5 Auschwitz Arrives in Trautenau 152 6 Ethics of Care and Prisoner Society 180 7 Desire and Space in the Coerced Labor Experience 205 8 The Violence and Losses of Liberation 225 9 Conclusion and Coda 247 List of Testimony-Givers 255 Archives Consulted 265 Notes 267 Bibliography 311 Index 327
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INDEX Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations. abortions, 133 acrostics, 202-4 Adam, Alfons, 84 Adler, Eliyana, 46 age of testimony-givers. See youth of testimony-givers Aktionen, 40, 63 Alardet, George, 212 Aleksiun, Natalia, 30, 46 Alice G., 168,169 Allen, Michael Thad, 28718 Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft (AEG) plant, 104,112, 218, 225, 248, 289132 Aly, Götz, 284145 Améry, Jean, 182 Amler, Filoména, 192-93 Ann F., 16-17, 98,101,104,114,115,116, 124-25,162, 246 Ann G., 44 Anna N., 100 Anna O., 184-85, 242 Anna W., 53, 71, 72, 73,103,110,159, 173-74,177 208, 217, 219, 223-24, 226 antisemitism and anti-Jewishness: Kristallnacht (19 3 8), 8 9, 284145 Lagerführerinnen expressing, 157,193; prewar experience of, in Zaglçbie region, 40-42; in Sudetenland, 87-88 apples, 109,111,125-26, 210 Aranka T., 109,167, 214 Arbeitsämter (labor registration offices), 81, 84, 90, 91,192 Aufseherinnen, 83,107,113,157 Augusta S., 104-5 Auschwitz-Birkenau: acquiring, mak ing, and exchanging objects at, 5; awareness of forced laborers about circumstances at, 172-74; coat from, 173; death marches from, 216; factory owners and, beliefs of laborers about, 209-10; forced labor at, 28, 94,177; Gabersdorf as “heaven” in context of, 145; gas chambers at, 131-32; Gentile co-workers, laborers sent to Aus chwitz for receiving help from, 194; Hungarian Jews sent to (1944), 94, 95, 152; ill, pregnant, or resistant laborers sent to, 33, 83,115,129-34,192-93; Lodz Jews sent to, 95,152,176-77; mass deportations from Zaglçbie to, 59, 77-79, 94,122,195-96; ritualized humiliations at, 83; roll
calls at, 156; singing girl on Hungarian transport from, 172; SS and Gestapo associated with, 161; threat of being sent to, 3. See also “Hungarian girls” from Auschwitz Auschwitz Chronicle (Czech), 132 Ausländer, Leora, 182 Austria: forced labor system, annexation and expansion of, 81; textile industry in, 86 autograph albums (Stammbücher! pamiçtniki), 38,188, 200-202, 201 Bad Kudowa, 99 Barenblat, Hirsch, 59 barracks. See work camps Barthel, K. H., and Barthel firm (Jewish textile firm), Gabersdorf, 87,137, 249 327
INDEX bathwater, improvised access to, 184-85 Beck, Birgit, 53 Blatman, Daniel, 152-53,154 Blaustein, Mala, 187 Becker, Michael, 181 Blechhammer, 132,139,141-42, 305141 Bloxham, Donald, 271157 Bluma S., 145,147 Bock, Dennis, 181 Boder, David, 2 4, 269133, 271157 Bornstein, Isaac, 59 bedbugs and lice, 95,178, 201 Bednarczuk, Bartosz, 34 Bçdzin: Gabersdorf, transport to, 144; ghetto, creation of (1942), 79, 91,196, 197; Jewish population of, 2; Jews in hiding in, 178,196; mass deportation from (1942), 19, 77-79,178,195-96; mobility of Jews in, 31; Oswiçcim Jews forced to move to, 56; prewar Jewish political organizations in, 41; workshops of, forced labor in, 30-31, 77. 93.178 behavioral ethics: differentiated from ethics of care, 182; human failings, lack of documentation of, 250-52 Bela K., 128, 2921116 Bella C., 112,162,193, 209, 227 Bracha H„ 99 Bracht, Fritz, 91, 286165 Brenda R., 41 Browning, Christopher, 7, 29, 27312 Buchenwald, 132 Budnitskii, Oleg, 241 Buggeln, Marc, 24, 28 Buhl, Gustav Adolph, and Buhl Sohne, 139.158, 29319 Buna, 132 Bund Deutscher Mädel (League of German Girls), 56-57 Bella K., 188 Bemporad, Elissa, 30 Benninga, Noah, 124 Berenbaum, Michael, 123 Bernsdorf: description of site, 138,148; discovery of confiscated photos at, 190; infirmary for, 129; Lagerführerin at, 193-94; liberation of, 230; male workers and staff at, abuses by, 148; number of female forced laborers at, 33,138,178; prisoner society and eth ics of care at, 183; Schatzlar girls and women moved to, 139,155; selection and transport of laborers to, 140-43; Shoah Foundation archive of
survivor testimonies from, 10; as work camp, 32, 37; work engaged in, at, 147-48; as Zwangsarbeitslager, 152 Berta B., 193-94 Berta P, 16, 41, 43-44. 51-52, 57, 63, 72, 98,116,120, 243 Between Dignity and Despair (Kaplan), 40 Bialystok, 30,164 328 “camp time” phenomenon, 27,121 Canning, Kathleen, 101-2 Card, Claudia, 27312 care, ethics of. See prisoner society and ethics of care Central Committee of Polish Jews, 18 Cesia T., 148-49,182-83, 230 Chana B., 70, 73, 97, 98,104,125-26, 229, 230, 235 Chana S., 92 Chaya S., 144,194 children and childhood: as contested cat egory, 17-18, 269—70143; multidimen sional wartime experience of, 18-19; self-identification of testimony-givers as children, 15,19, 21-23. See also youth of testimony-givers Chlâdkovâ, Ludmila, 32,33,136 Chrzanôw, 2, 34, 48, 68, 72,141, 31112 Cichopek-Gajraj, Anna, 244 cigarettes, as barter, 184, 252 Clifford, Rebecca, 18-19
INDEX clothing, circulation and exchange of, 97, 126,173,176,190,194 coerced labor. See forced labor at Trautenau; forced labor system Compaß: Kommerzielles Jahrbuch, 283130 concentration camps: conversion of work camps into, 2, 32, 36, 37, 84,15255, 157-58, 200 (See also prisoners, formalization of laborers as); factory work sites supposed to partner with, 82; historical development of, 154; Inspectorate of the Concentration Camps (Department D-II), 36, 93-95, 287181; SS terror campaign, role in, 154· See also specific camps Coulthard, Glen Sean, 181 coupon system, 158, 296126 co-workers. See Gentile co-workers crowding, 95,154-55, 201 Czarna, Fania, 60 Czech, Danuta, 132 Czechoslovakian National Committee, 247 Czeladz, 34, 78 Dubrowa, 2,19, 34, 78, 99 Dubrowa Gôrnicza, 196 Dasha R., 17,140,145 death: death marchers, deaths of, 216, 221-24; gas chambers at AuschwitzBirkenau, 131-32; laborers, manage ment of deaths of, 188-90; outdoor work of laborers after Allied advance and, 226, 227; public hangings, 50-51, 83,188-89; threat of, 24,162,181,186 Death Comes in Yellow (Karay), 95 death marches: deaths of men on, 216, 221-24; escape of Berta P. from, 243; laborers witnessing, 83, 216-24; march of forced laborers from other sites to Trautenau, 177-78; Parschnitz, shooting of laborer observing death march in, 83; Trautenau laborers not forced into, 4-5, 209, 226, 235 Des Pres, Terrence, 25 detention centers for suspected collabo rators, postwar, 247, 309П4 displaced persons camps, 246, 248 Dora R., 148,190, 209-10 Douglas, Raymond, 309П4 Dreier, Hans, 58 Dulag
(Durchgangslager), Sosnowitz, 34, 35, 70-77, 93, 98,140,143,149-51,163 Dwojra K., 196-97, 200-202,201 Dwork, Deborah, 18, 28,139, 234 dysentery and diarrhea, 132,184 Eastern Strip, 66, 90-91,196, 252, 26714, 285152 East Upper Silesia: forced labor in, in context of general Nazi forced labor policy, 31; forced labor system, annexation and expansion of, 81; importation of Jewish girls and women as forced labor to Trautenau from, 1-6; Jewish population of, 2, 267m; map, vi; Nazi plans for, 2; US Joint Distribution Committee in, 59. See also German ethnicity in East Upper Silesia/Zaglçbie; specific towns and cities Ecologies of Witnessing (Pollin-Galay), 9 Eda R., 141 Edith L„ зотз Edith R„ 112 Edith S., 216, 249 Einsatzgruppe, 49, 276139 Elaine G., 168 Elizabet B., 99,108, 239 Ella J., 169 emigration, postwar, 246, 248 Erinnerung, Verantwortung, Zukunft (EVZ) foundation, 84, 85 Erna E., 131-32 ersatzes, 75 329
INDEX escapes, 83,163-65, 214-15, 243, 251-53 Estelle С., п8,159,183, 217, 222, 232 Estera S., 71, 72, 73,107,121,155, 209, 222, 228 Ester R., 60, 62,117-18,160-61 Esther K., 229 Esther L., 44, 242, 244 Esther R., 141 Esther S., 44, 47, 49-50, 54, 55-56, 60, 72, 165-66 Eta B., 45, 50, 78,165 ethics, behavioral. See behavioral ethics ethics of care. See prisoner society and ethics of care ethnic Germans. See German ethnicity in East Upper Silesia/Zaglçbie Etrich, Ignaz, and Etrich textile plants, 26, 33; Allied advance and closure of, 225; in forced labor system, 84-87, 89, 9 4-9 5, 283130; Jew, Etrich believed by laborers to be, 209-10; postwar experiences, 248, 310П9; prisoners, formalization of laborers as, 157,158; smaller work camps and, 137,138; social relations and ethics of care, 127, 183; testimony-givers’ view of factory owners, 208-10 Etrich, Johann, 283130 Etrich, Julian, 283130 European Holocaust Research Infra structure (EHRI), 275136 Eva D., 168,170,171 Eva H., 167,170,178 Eva K., 244 Eva W., 213 factory camps. See work camps factory managers: elderly males, as “uncle” figures, 206-10; men working as, 97,112; Sala K. on significance of, 143-44 factory owners: Allied advance and liberation of Trautenau, 225-27; food ЗЗО and supplies, provision of, 116-17; party affiliations of, 21; postwar experiences, 248; postwar outcomes for, 85; prisoners, formalization of laborers as, 155-56,157,158,162-63; at Sosnowitz Durchgangslager (Dulag), 72; testimony-givers’ view of, 32-33, 208-10; young females, preference for, 4 20, 23. See also specific owners by name factory
work sites: all-female labor staff at, 97,101-2; Allied advance, closing of factories due to, 225-27; camps, not originally regarded as, 30-31; concen tration camps, supposed to partner with, 82; as family-owned companies, 82, 86-89; marching back and forth from, 109-11; postwar resumption of operations at, 247; strategies of labor exploitation at, 84-89; subleasing of laborers between, 95; treatment of forced laborers at, 95-96; work engaged in, at, 32-33, 97, 99-103, 128,144-45,147-48· See also specific factories by name families: Holocaust destruction of, knowledge of Trautenau survivors about, 15-16, 38,132-33,147,174; “Hungarian girls” on separation from, at Auschwitz-Birkenau, 166-69; ill, pregnant, or resistant laborers sent home to, 33, 83, 94, 99,115,129,133 liberation, returning home after, 16, 39, 242-46; mail/packages from, 11, 38, 68, 74,121-23,155,190-91; prewar family life, 43-45; prisoner society, ethics of care for family members in, 183,184-85,190; relatives in work camps, visiting/transferring to same camp, 98-99,114,115,117-20,156; reunification, hopes for, 3,15-16,147, 174, 243-46; separation of forced laborers from, 71, 73-74, 76, 78-79,
INDEX 141-42,146-47; sole family survivors, forced laborers as, 146-47,150-51; Sosnowitz Durchgangslager (Dulag), visiting girls taken for forced labor at, 71, 72-76; volunteering for labor duty to save/protect, 71, 83, 92-93,142-43, 145-47.149. 163—64 Fanny W„ 50, 93, 239 Fay B„ 76, 77, 81,108,116,127,157,160, 245-46, 2751136 Fela G., 140-41,185-86 Finder, Gabriel, 18 Fineman, Joel, 13 Finkel, Evgeny, 30, 36, 80,164 fish taken from herring processing factory, 183 Flaschka, Monika, 170 food and supplies: Allied advance, shortages due to, 226, 227, 228; apples, 109,111,125-26, 210; bread, as symbol, 123-24; clothing, circulation and exchange of, 97,126,173,176,190,194; death marchers fighting over bread given by laborers, 220-21; elderly male “uncles” providing, 206, 207; factory owners’ provision of, 116-17; Gentile co-workers, sympathetic gestures by, 7-8, 33, 37,104-7.185-86; hunger, pervasiveness of, 26, 38, 110-11,123,141,180,183, 205, 220-21, 224; Lagerführerinnen, extra food supplied by, 193-94; Lagerführerin nen, thefts by, 21,123,191,193; looting, after liberation, 238-40; potatoes, 124-25,183,189; prisoners of war providing, 210-11; support groups sharing, 183-84,188,194; transac tional relationships and access to, 191; young Jewish females in Zaglçbie sent out to obtain, 54-57, 65-66 forced labor at Trautenau, 1-39; contextualization within Nazi forced labor program, 6, 28-33; documentation and sources, 33-35; “Hungarian girls” from Auschwitz as, 37-38,152 (See also “Hungarian girls” from Auschwitz); letters soliciting, 70; mobility of laborers, 37, 91,117-20,
224; naming and terminology, 35; prisoner numbers, 128,156; purpose and concept of, 2; selection of girls and women for, 61-63, 70-72; social relations in spaces of persecution and, 6, 24-28 (See also prisoner society and ethics of care; social relations); substituting or switching siblings, 74-76; testimony of survivors of, 2-5 (See also testimony of survivors); Trautenau, importation of Jewish girls and women from Zaglçbie region to, 1-6 (See also Jewish girlhood in Zaglçbie); youth of testimony-givers, effects of, 6,14-24 (See also youth of testimony-givers). See also forced labor system; liberation of Trautenau; postwar experiences; prisoners, formalization of laborers as; Schmelt system; work camps; specific camps forced labor system, 36, 81-96; as alter native to harsher outcomes, viewed by Jews as, 76, 79, 82, 83, 92-93, 130-31,144, 209-10; brother sent into, Helen P. smuggling message to, 67-70; concentration camp sys tem and, 154; contextualization of Trautenau within Nazi forced labor program, 6, 28-33; escapes from, 83, 163-65, 214-15, 243, 251-53; German approach to wartime economy and, 89-90; Inspectorate of the Concen tration Camps (Department D-II), takeover by, 93-95; labor supply/ transport flows in late war and, 177-78; in local workshops, 30-31, 77, 81-82, 91-93,178; prewar origins of, 81; prisoners of war in, 28, 81, 87, ЗЗ1
INDEX 215; spaces of, 84; strategies of labor exploitation, 84-89; subleasing of laborers between factories, 95; threat of illness and death within, 83,114-16, 129; treatment of forced laborers within, 82, 83, 95-96; work, priority given to, 252-53. See also factory owners; factory work sites; Schmelt system; work camps Four Scraps of Bread (Hollander-Lafon), 124 Frances H„ 111-12,167,175-76, 226 Francis War, 212 Freikorps, 87, 89 French prisoners of war, romantic liai sons with, 210-13 Frieda W., 109,127,176,177, 228 Friedlander, Saul, 7, 268114 Friedman, Philip, 58-59 Friedrich, Klaus-Peter, 273189, 276149 Fryda F., 141, 247 Frymeta F., 44-45,101,106,108,124, 207, 217 Fulbrook, Mary, 196 Gabersdorf: Barthel (Jewish textile firm), 87,137, 249; deaths of laborers at, 189; description of site, 137-38,138; diary and poetry of Regina H. at, 202-4; family separation and survival at, 145-47; as “heaven,” 145; infirmary for, 129; number of female forced laborers at, 33,137,178; selection and transport of laborers to, 140-43; Shoah Foundation archive of survivor testimonies from, 10; as work camp, 32,37; work engaged in, at, 144-45; as Zwangsarbeitslager, 152 Garbarini, Alexandra, 8,182 gas chambers at Auschwitz-Birkenau, 131-32 Gauleiter, 90-91 gender: girls and women taking on male ЗЗ2 roles, 79-80,101-2; girls passing as men, 64-65; “Hungarian girls,” laborers’ reactions to appearance of, 165-66; shaving experienced as erasure of, 169-70; social relations, gendered nature of, 135. See also men and maleness; sex and sexuality Generalgouvernement, 29, 31, 61, 95 Geneva
Convention, 215 Gentile co-workers: Allied advance and liberation of Trautenau, 225, 227, 235; economic and social positions of, 107-8; elderly males, as “uncle” figures, 206-10; ethnic identifica tion of, 103-4,107; giving photos of themselves to Jewish laborers, 128, 186; hiding Jewish laborers’ family photos from authorities, 109,123, 190; postwar testimony against, 249-50; prisoners, formalization of laborers as, 157,163; prisoners of war, relationships with, 210, 212; punish ment of laborers for receiving help from, 194; at smaller camps, 148-49; sympathetic gestures by, 7-8, 33, 37,104-7,148-49,180,185-86,188; work engaged in by, 32,104; working alongside Jewish forced laborers, 6, 33. 36-37.102-9,128 Gentile guards, 82-83,112-14,120,12728,128,163,191-95, 228, 235. See also Aufseherinnen-, Lagerführerinnen Gentile population in Trautenau: errands done by laborers and interactions with, 109; escapes from work camps and ease of interaction with, 83; laborers passing in, after liberation, 243; looting of, after liberation, 238-40; marching back and forth from work sites, 109-11; postwar Czechoslovakia/Sudetenland, 247-48; sexual predation by, 111-12 Gentile population in Zaglçbie region:
INDEX antisemitism and anti-Jewishness, prewar, 40-42; ban on relations between Jews and non-Jews, 53, 54; brother sent into forced labor, Helen P. smuggling message to, 67-70; food and supplies, young Jewish females sent out to obtain, 54, 55, 66; German ethnicity, claiming, 51, 276149; under German occupation, 51-52, 66-67; girls passing as, 54-57, 66; inhabiting former homes of returning laborers, 244-46, 308175; prewar relations with Jews, 42; at Sosnowitz Durch gangslager (Dulag), 76-77; sympa thetic gestures by, 57, 66-67 Geppersdorf, 139,143 Gerda F., 26-27, 28,183-84, 210, 242, 251-52 Gerlach, Christian, 94 German ethnicity in East Upper Silesia/ Zagtçbie: at beginning of war, 51, 276П49; politicization of, 87-88; postwar treatment of, 247-48 German invasion and occupation of Poland, 42-48 Gestapo: Auschwitz, association with, 161; forced laborers, selection/movement of, 2, 33, 61, 62,155; GrossRosen concentration camp and, 156; Jewish Council of Elders and, 2, 58, 59, 61; at mass deportations, 195-96; occupation of Poland and, 49; round ups by, 149; Schmelt system staffed by, 2; sexual bribery of, 21; Sosnowitz Durchgangslager (Dulag) and, 77; survivor perception of, 21 Gitla T., 22, 23,122,123 Glassheim, Eagle, 88 Gleiwitz (Gliwice) labor camps, 77, 81 Glissant, Édouard, 26,181 Glücks, Richard, 94 Gogolin, 118 Gräben, 289137 Greiser, Arthur, 91 Grossmann, Atina, 233-34, 307П36 Gross-Rosen Archive, 32, 33, 34 Gross-Rosen concentration camp, 156, 217 Gross-Rosen subcamp system: coupons, 158; ritualized humiliations at, 83; SS inspectors, assignment of, 287184
transformation of Schmelt system into, 29, 32, 34, 37, 86,136,139,152, 156,157 Gruner, Wolf, 28, 29, 81 Grz^slewicz, Tomasz, 34 guards. See Aufseherinnen; Gentile guards; Judenältesten; Lagerältesten; Lagerführerinnen Gucia R., 176-77, 208, 218, 225, 228 Gutman, Israel, 123 Gutterman, Bella, 33, 93, 94,136 Haase, Alois, and Haase textile factories, 16, 33, 70; Allied advance and closure of, 225; death marchers housed at, 217, 218, 219; in forced labor system, 85-87, 89, 94-95, 283130; postwar experiences, 248; postwar testimony against, 250; prisoners, formaliza tion of laborers as, 155-56,157,158, 162-63, 296П19; prisoners of war and other men working at, 214; smaller work camps and, 137; social relations, prisoner society, and ethics of care at, 127,128,196; testimony-givers’ view of factory owners, 208-9; transit camp, Parschnitz’s use as, 178 hair: facial hair of Jewish men, Nazis’ public cutting of, 50; “Hungarian girls,” forced laborers’ reactions to shaved heads of, 165-66,172,174; “Hungarian girls,” shaving experi enced by, 169-70; punitive head shaving of forced laborers, 83,124,194 Hâjkovâ, Anna, 7, 25, 26, 80,115, i8i 234, 2811158, 307136 333
INDEX Halbmayr, Brigid, 152,153,160,162,169 hangings, public, 50-51, 83,188-89 Hannsdorf, 21,177, 288124 Hartman, Geoffrey, 7,11-12 HASAG camps, 95,111 Hassebroek, Johannes, 158 Hawlik[owa], Elsa, 118,126,127,131,132, 156-57, 249 Hayes, Peter, 285149, 299181 head-shaving. See hair Hedy W, 171-72, 239-40 Heim, Susanne, 284145 Heines “The Weavers of Silesia,” 89 Heia (sister of Shoshana G.), 118-20 Heia К., 113 Helena К., 20-21, 97107, ιι6,133-34,174, 208, 226 Helen E, 126, 243-44 Helen P., 48-49, 59-60, 67-70 Helfgott, Sara, 137,138 Henlein, Konrad, 87, 88 Herzberger, Regina, 193 Herzog, Dagmar, 53-54 Herzog, Hanna, 200 Hillers, Marta, 233 Himmler, Heinrich, 31, 37, 49, 90, 94, 139,153,154,156, 225, 284135, 285160, 286165 Hitler, Adolf, 28, 82, 89-90,167 Hoffmann, Regina, 214-15, 251 Hollander-Lafon, Magda, 124 Holocaust (as destruction of European Jewry): death marches, laborers’ witnessing of, 222; forced laborers as only family survivors of, 146-47, 150-51; Gabersdorf as “heaven” in context of, 145; knowledge of Trautenau survivors about, 15-16, 38,132-33,147,174; return home and realization of, 243-46 home. See families Höß, Rudolf, 93, 284135 Hrda, Anna, 107 334 “Hungarian girls” from Auschwitz, 37-38,152,165-79; knowledge of Holocaust conveyed by, 147,174; labor supply and transport flows, 177-78; at liberation, 243-44; pregnant woman transported to Auschwitz, 133-34; reactions of forced laborers to ap pearance of, 165-66,172-74; relations between forced laborers and, 174-77; selection as forced laborers and trans port to Trautenau, 170-72; at smaller camps in
Schmelt system, 136,139, 147; testimony on transportation and Auschwitz selection process, 166-70 Hungarian Jews sent to AuschwitzBirkenau (1944), 94, 95,152 Hungarian state, multiethnicity of, 298П60 hunger, pervasiveness of, 26, 38,110-11, 123,141,180,183, 205, 220-21, 224. See also food and supplies Ida G., 62,106-7,121,157,164,172-73, 176, 207-8, 211, 219, 220, 221-22, 231, 238, 244, 245 IG Farben, 82,117, 285П49, 299181 illness and medical conditions, 129-34; abortions, 133; Auschwitz-Birkenau, ill, pregnant, or resistant laborers sent to, 33, 83,115,129-34; dysentery and diarrhea, 132,184; families, ill, preg nant, or resistant laborers sent home to, 33, 83, 94, 99,115,129,133; lice and bedbugs, 95,178, 201; medical and dental care, availability of, 129-32; menstruation, 126-27; pregnancy, treatment of, 33,115,133-34,186-88; prisoner of war, medicine provided by, 183-84, 252; ТВ (tuberculosis), 133, 250; threat of illness and death in forced labor system, 83,114-16,129; typhus, 115,125,129,131,132,184, 242; work conditions leading to skin and
INDEX lung problems, 99-100,106,129,184, 250 Inspectorate of the Concentration Camps (Department D-II), 36, 93-95, 152,164, 287081 International Tracing Service, 84 Irene W,, 144,147,150,189, 215-16 Jaworzno, 34 Jewish bodies, German access to, 50-54, 72, 83,192 Jewish Claims Conference, 289132 Jewish communal aid organizations, postwar, 242 Jewish Council of Elders, 58-61; GrossRosen concentration camp and, 156; Lajtner as medical doctor for forced laborers of Trautenau and, 130; mail/ packages, facilitation of, 121, 202; mass roundup of 1943, participation in, 196; organization of, 58-59; provi sion of forced labor, involvement in, 30-31, 60-61, 63, 70, 75, 76, 77, 91, 93, 140,142,144; registering and tracking of Jews by, 59; social welfare services through, 29, 59; Wiederman working for, 47; young age of workers and coercion of, 23, 60 Jewish girlhood in Zaglçbie, 35-36, 4080; antisemitism and anti-Jewishness, rise of, 40-42; ban on relations between Jews and non-Jews, 53, 54; brother sent into forced labor, Helen P. smuggling message to, 67-70; family life, prewar, 43-45 (See also families); food and supplies, young females sent out to obtain, 54-57, 65-66; forced labor, selection for, 61-63, 70-72; German invasion and occupation of Poland, 42-48; Jewish Council of Elders and, 58-61; Jewish elders and communal institutions, Nazi treatment of, 48-51; male family members, attempts to hide/arrests of, 57-58, 64-65; new behaviors, taking on, 79-80, 2811157; passing as non-Jewish, 54-57, 66; relocation eastward, Jewish attempts at, 46-47; sexual/sexualized violence, 51-54;
Sosnowiec sports stadium, mass roundup of Jews at (1942), 77-79; Sosnowitz Durchgangslager (Dulag), 34, 35 70-77; Star of David, Jews required to wear, 51-52, 54. See also Gentile population in Zaglçbie region Jewish Historical Institute, Poland, 249 Jewish holidays and practices, efforts to observe, 27-28,117-18,121,189-90 Jewish men on death marches, 83, 216-24 Jewish police (milicja or milits), 59, 61, 62, 71, 75-76, 77,140,143,195 Jewish soldiers at liberation of Tra utenau, 229, 233, 234-36, 241 Jockusch, Laura, 271157 Judenältesten, 83,113,114,120,129, 207, 215, See also Lagerältesten Jungbuch, 177 Kaczmarek, Ryszard, 276149 Kaiser, Menachem, 34 Kamionka ghetto, Bçdzin, 79,196,197 Kaplan, Marion, 40, 42, 79, 80, 234, 27312, 2811157 Karay, Felicja, 24, 28, 95,111,123, 251 Katalin T., 167 Katowice, 90,196 Kattowitz Gestapo, 2, 58, 91 Kirschner, Ann, 34,122,139-40 Kirschner, Sala, 139 Kirstein, Wolfgang, 28 Kleiman, Yehudit, зобп Kluge, Johann A., and J. A. Kluge textile factory, 33; Allied advance and closure of, 225; Barthel firm taken over by, 87,137, 249; in forced labor system, 85-89, 94-95; postwar expe335
INDEX riences, 248; prisoners, formalization of laborers as, 157,158; prisoners of war and other men working at, 214; smaller work camps and, 137; social relations, prisoner society, and ethics of care at, 108,127,198; testimonygivers’ view of factory owners, 208-9 knitting and crocheting, 5-6, 7-8,126, 127,185-86 Kommando Trautenau, 139,158-59, 287184 Krakow, 48, 54,164 Kratzau, 235 Kristallnacht (19 3 8), 8 9, 284145 Kryl, Miroslav, 32, 33,136 Kubâtovâ, Ludmila, 216 Kuczynski, Friedrich, 71, 75, 78,195,196 Kushner, Tony, 271157 Lagerältesten, 109,120,171,195. See also Judenältesten Lagerführerinnen: coupon system and, 158; deaths of laborers and, 189-90; at Gabersdorf, 137; liber ation of Trautenau, absence from, 228; negotiating with SS, 251, 252; prisoners, formalization of laborers as, 155,156-58; red shoes given to, 191; responsibilities of, 82-83,112-13,120, 156-57; roll call, 156-57; selection of laborers by, 20; social relations, pris oner society, and interactions with, 127-28,191-95; SS training for, 155, 15 7-5 8,19 4, 296119; theft of food and objects by, 21,123,191,193; violence perpetrated by, 157,193-94; visits/ transfers between camps, allowing, 117-19; youth of workers and manip ulation of, 23 Lajtner (Leitner, Laitner), Wolf, 130-32 Langer, Lawrence, 7,10, 271157 Lanzmann, Claude, 182 Laskier, Rutka, 34 ЗЗ6 The Last Ghetto (Hâjkovâ), 80 Laub, Dori, 7,11 Lehnstaedt, Stephan, 29, 31, 93 Lena Μ., 5-6,7-8, 27, 28,113,126, 127, 214, 221, 229, 231, 234 letters. See mail/packages/postcards Levi, Primo, 182 Levitt, Laura, 182, 204 liberation of Trautenau,
4-5,16, 38-39, 225-46; absence of guards and ci vilians, 228-29, 235; Allied advance, closing of factories, and transfer of laborers to outdoor work, 225-27; displaced persons camps, 246; Gentile population inhabiting former homes of returning laborers, 244-46, 308175; “Hungarian girls” at, 243-44; Jewish soldiers at, 229, 233, 234-36, 241; lack of authority and control after, 241-42; looting, 238-40; num ber of women and girls at time of, 33; Parschnitz, transfers of forced la borers to/through, 227-28; partisans, arrival of, 229; pleasure and desire, experiences of, 238-41; remaining in Trautenau after, 242, 247; returning home after, 16, 39, 242-46, 247; Soviet troops, encounters with, 6, 23, 39, 227, 229-38, 240-41, 242 lice and bedbugs, 95,178, 201 Lichtewerden, 139 Lili T„ 104,167,170 Lindner, Heinrich, 71, 75, 78, 90, 285П60, 286166 Livia R., 171, 228 local workshops, forced labor in, 30-31, 77, 81-82, 91-93,178 Lodz Jews sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, 95,152,176-77 Lola W., 56-57,79,127,130-31,159, 205-6, 209, 229 Longerich, Peter, 15 4, 2 5 2, 284135 looting, after liberation, 238-40
INDEX Luba (pregnant laborer), 186-88 Lucy Μ., 61, 73, 99,101,109,113,120,133, 161,174, 207, 218 Ludwig, Alfred, 75, 79, 279197, 286166 Lusia B., 178, 230 Lydia B„ 235-36 Magda E, 170 Magda-Madeleine F„ no, 121, 227, 230 Magdolna H., 167,168,170,171 Mailänder, Elissa, 192 mail/packages/postcards, 195-99; allow ance of, 11, 38,121; barracks numbers, sent to, 114; brother sent into forced labor, Helen P. smuggling message to, 67-70; ceasing of, 121-22,155,156, 202; at Dulag, 74; families providing, 11,38,68,74,121-23, 155, 190-91; gendered construction of, 135; Jewish Council of Elders facilitating, 121, 202; objects, significance as, 182; pris oner society and ethics of care, 38, 182,190-91,195-99, 203; for prisoners of war, 183, 215; Regina H.’s poem compared, 203 Majdanek, 145, 216 Majstorovic, Vojin, 241 Mala, Irena, 216 Mania R., 47, 54,178 Mania S., 207, 230-31, 238 marches: factory work sites, marching back and forth from, 109-11. See also death marches Marella (sister of Shoshana G.), 118-20 Marx, Karl, 89 Masha S., 41, 42, 71, 73, 99,113,130 Maurer, Gerhard, 9 4-9 5, 287181, 287184, 2991181—82 Maus (Spiegelman), 34 medical conditions. See illness and medi cal conditions medicalized naked selections, 159-62, 186-88 men and maleness, 38, 205-24; attempts to hide/arrests of male family mem bers, 57-58, 64-65; Bernsdorf, abuses by male workers and staff at, 148; biological maleness, invocations of, 231-32; death marches, laborers wit nessing, 83, 216-24; diary and poetry of Regina H. on “Antek,” 202-3; el derly Gentile co-workers and factory personnel, as “uncle”
figures, 206-10; facial hair, Nazis’ public cutting of, 50; factory managers, men as, 97,112; Geppersdorf, girls and women sent to work at, 139,143; girls and women taking on male roles, 79-80,101-2; girls passing as men, 64-65; guards at work camps, male, 163; information obtained from men at camps, 206-7, 213; Jewish elders and communal institutions, Nazi treatment of, 48-51; paucity of men in laborers’ world, 206; prisoners of war, interactions with, 38,183-84, 206, 210-16, 252; romantic liaisons, 206, 210-16; social relations in male camp environs, 135; Soviet troops, encounters with, 6, 23, 39, 227, 229-38, 240-41, 242; youthfulness of laborers and interest in, 205-6, 208, 212. See also gender; sex and sexuality Mengele, Joseph, 169,186 menstruation, 126-27 Merin, Moses, 58, 59, 60, 63, 93, 277171 Michlic, Joanna Beata, 18 Michman, Dan, 60 Midwest Center for Holocaust Education, 14 Mina J., 149-51 Minnie W., 22-23,122,126,163,175,189, 243 Minsk, 164 mobility: of forced laborers, 37, 91, 117-20, 224; of Jews in Bçdzin and 337
INDEX Sosnowiec, 29, 31; of prisoners of war, 215; within Schmelt system, 37, 91, 117-20 Modrzejôw, 34, 78 Moss, Kenneth, 41 Mühl, Maria, 296—97128 Mühlhäuser, Regina, 53, 241 Murdock, Caitlin, 86, 87 Muselmänner, 181 Nache B., 249-50 naked selections, 37,153,159-62,171, 186-88 Namysto, Aleksandra, 30, 47 Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers (Browning), 29 Nesselrodt, Markus, 28 Nettie S., 1, 3,11, 21-22, 54, 60, 63,102, 110-11,116,117,157,158 Numbered Days (Garbarini), 8,182 Nuremberg trials, 152-53 Ober Altstadt: as concentration camp, 26,37,136,157-58; infirmary for, 129; Kluge factory base in, 89,108; liber ation of, 229; Lodz Jews sent from Auschwitz-Birkenau to, 176; naked selections at, 156; number of female forced laborers at, 33,178; Parschnitz and, 32; as postwar detention center for suspected collaborators, 247; pris oners of war and other men working at, 183-84, 210, 212, 214; Shoah Foun dation archive of survivor testimonies from, 10; slaps and hitting in, 51; Tola G. asking to join sister at, 79; as work camp, 32; Zaks postcards sent to, 198; as Zwangsarbeitslager, 152 objects and object exchanges, 5-6, 122-26,182. See also food and supplies; mail/packages/postcards; photographs Olga K., 211-12, 219 ЗЗ8 Olkusz, 2, 34, 59, 63, 65, 66 Operation Schmelt. See Schmelt system Opole (formerly Sakrau/Zakrzôw), 67, 68,118 Ordinary Jews (Finkel), 30, 80 “organizing,” 123,125 Orth, Karin, 28 Osterloh, Jörg, 28, 87-88 Oswiçcim, 56, 72, 90,131, 277166. See also Auschwitz-Birkenau Ozick, Cynthia, 182 packages. See mail/packages/postcards Pally, Marcia, 26
pamiçtniki/Stammbücher (autograph albums), 38,188, 200-202, 201 Parschnitz: autograph album (Stammbüchlpamiçtnik') from, 200-202, 201; as concentration camp, 19, 26, 33, 37,136,152,157-58, 200; death marches of Jewish males witnessed at, 83, 216-24; deaths of laborers at, 189; as Gross-Rosen subcamp, 287185; infirmary for, 129, 130; labor supply/transport flows in late war and, 177-78; Lagerführerin at, 194; Lodz Jews sent from AuschwitzBirkenau to, 176; naked selections at, 156,186-88; number of female forced laborers at, 33,178; Ober Altstadt and, 32; outdoor work at, after closure of factories, 226-27; prisoners of war and other men working at, 214; public hangings at, 50-51, 83,188-89; Shoah Foundation archive of survivor testimonies from, 10; shooting of laborer observing death march in, 83; social relations in, 99,108,115,117-20, 127-33; as transit camp, 19, 227-28; as work camp, 32 Passelman (relative of Sonia S.), 66 Patterson, Orlando, 27312 Paula S., 110,186-88
INDEX personal space, in barracks, 121,124 photographs: discovery of confiscated photos, 190; Gentile co-workers giving photos of themselves to Jewish laborers, 128,186; Gentile co-workers hiding Jewish laborers’ family photos from authorities, 109,123,190; in mail/packages from families, 11; value for laborers of, 190 Phyllis Y„ 4, 53, 61,104,126,155,161, 212-13, 218, 219, 221, 240 Plowa Bestia (Wiederman), 47-48, 275П36 Plunder (Kaiser), 34 Pohl, Oswald, 93, 94, 287181 Polenaktion, 40, 41 Pollin-Galay, Hannah, 9-10,112,143-44, 145, 215 Porat, Dan, 59 postcards. See mail/packages/postcards postwar experiences, 246, 247-53; detention centers for suspected collaborators, 247, 30904; displaced persons camps, 246, 248; emigration, 246, 248; ethnic German population in Czechoslovakia, 247-48; factories and factory owners, 247, 248, 249-50; monuments to forced laborers and concentration camp victims in Trautenau region, 248; prosecution of perpetrators, 34, 59, 132, 192, 248, 249-50; remaining in Eastern Europe/Trautenau region, 246, 248-49, 310П12; reunions between “camp sisters,” 246; testimony, collection of, 248-53 potatoes, 124-25,183,189 pregnancy, 33,115, 43-34,186-88 pride in work; ethics of care and, 183; knitting project of Lena Μ., 5-6, 7-8; survivors’ sense of, 16-17, 99-102 prisoner numbers, 128,156 prisoners, formalization of laborers as, 152-65; combination of barracks and crowding, 154-55; conversion of work camps into concentration camps, 2, 32, 36, 37, 84,152-55; coupon system, 158, 296126; escapes, 163-65; factory owners and, 155-56,157,158,162-63; forced
nakedness and naked selec tions, 37,153,159-62; Gross-Rosen subcamp system, transformation of Schmelt system into, 152,156,157; Lagerführerinnen, SS training for, 155, 157-58; roll calls, 156-57; sexualized violence, subjection to, 152,153, 159-62; SS, more direct contact with, 152,155,158-62; unregulated activities at work sites, efforts to end, 156, 162-63 prisoner society and ethics of care, 11, 180-204; behavioral ethics differenti ated, 182; concepts of, 180-82; deaths of laborers, management of, 188-90; family members, concern for, 183, 184-85,190; Gentile guards, interac tions with, 191-95; mail/packages/ postcards, 38,182,190-91,195-99, 203; notes sent between laborers, 199,199-200; objects, role of, 182; pamiftniki/Stammbücher (autograph albums), 288, 200-202, 201; per formances, songs, and poetry, 180, 202-4; photographs, 190; relationality, concept of, 181,192,197-98, 203; substituting in naked selections, 18688; support pairs or small groups, 181, 182-88; transactional relationships/ reciprocity, 185-86,191 prisoners of war: concentration camps for, 154; as forced labor, 28, 81, 87, 215; interactions of laborers with, 38, 183-84, 206, 210-16, 249, 252; mo bility of, 215; Soviet versus Western European, 215 Proszyk, Jacek, 47 339
INDEX public hangings, 50-51, 83,188-89 Rose B., 43,176 Rose K., 100, 213-14, 244 questionnaire used by Shoah Founda tion, 10-11 Rosen, Alan, 2 7-2 8, 269133 Radom, 176,179, 243-44 Radomsko, 65 Rose S., 71, 72, 75-76,100,129,130,168, 217, 222, 223 Ranz, John, 302П45, 305141 rape. See sex and sexuality Ravensbrück, 157, 296119 Roskies, David, 203 Rose L, 83 Rosensaft, Hadassah, 92 reciprocity/transactional relationships, 5-6, 7-8, 25,185-86,191 Red Cross, 183 red shoes given to Lagerführerin, 191 Regina B„ 141,144 Regina G., 14, 50, 65, 99,112,121,129,155, 161-62, 220, 222, 226, 232. See also Regina S. Regina H., 202-4 Regina P., 49, 62,78, 232, 248 Regina S., 14, 50, 64-65, 73, 76,100, 163-64, 220. See also Regina G. Reichenbach textile cooperative, 178, 235, 282116 Reichsautobahnlager (RAB) labor initia tive, 81, 82,139 Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RHSA) office, Katowice, 196 relationality, concept of, 26,181,192, 197-98, 203. See also prisoner society and ethics of care; social relations Remembering Survival (Browning), 7, 29 Rena Μ., 100-101,175, 222-23, 239 reunions between “camp sisters,” 246 Rita R., 4,16, 46, 75,101,126 Rittenberg, Dasha, 140 Ritterbusch, Fritz, 132,158-59,162-64, 249, 287ПП84-85, 296—971127—28 Röger, Maren, 69 roll calls, 156-57 Rosalie S., 41-42, 78,104,113-14,122,173, 194, 217 Rosa S., 141-42 340 Rossino, Alexander, 53, 278136 Roth, John K., 182 Roza W, 92,148 Rudorff, Andrea, 31,136,195 Rusia Y„ 62, 74, 232-33 Ruth R., 178 Rutka’s Notebook (Laskier), 34 sabotage, stealing, and subversion of camp rules, 123,124-25,126-27 Sâdlo, Vaclav, 217 sailor
suit, Mina J.’s story of, 149 Sakrau (Zakrzow, now Opole), 67, 68,118 Sala В./Sally B., 155,199,199-200 Sala K., 130,142-44,145, 253 Sala P., 190-91 Sala’s Gift (Kirschner), 34,122,139-40, 142 Schatzlar: Bernsdorf, laborers moved to, 139,155; description of site, 139-40; infirmary for, 129; Lagerführerin at, 194; number of female forced laborers at, 33,178; selection and transport of laborers to, 140-43; Shoah Founda tion archive of survivor testimonies from, 10; survivor texts from, 139-40; as work camp, 32, 37; work engaged in, at, 144 Scheck, Raffael, 304П19 Schindler (factory owner, not Oskar), 72 Schmeit, Albrecht, 2, 31,36, 90-91, 93, 94, 152,156,158, 252, 2771171, 285ПП59-60, 286165 Schmeit system, 2, 31; age of laborers used by, 15; contextualization within
INDEX Nazi forced labor program, 6, 28-33, 81; creation of, 9 0-91, 9 3, 287177; 23, 39, 227, 229-38, 240-41, 242; Stein ghettoization of Sosnowiec and sites, 95,107,111-12; youthfulness and Bçdzin by, 196; Gross-Rosen sub sexual naïveté of testimony-givers, 15, 23, 231-32; youthfulness and camp system, transformation into, 29, 32, 34. 37. 86,136,139,152,156,157; Inspectorate of the Concentration Camps (Department D-II), takeover by. 93-95; local workshops, use of, 30-31,77, 81-82, 91-93; mobility of workers within, 37, 91,117-20; replacement of ill, pregnant, or reluc tant workers in, 33, 83, 94; Sosnowiec sports stadium, mass roundup of Jews at (1942), 77-79,178,195-96; Srodula, mass roundup of 1943 in, 196; SS and, 2,19, 26, 30, 31, 37, 75, 82, 195-96; state-run initiatives requi sitioning labor from, 81-82; WHVA control, movement under, 154 Seidelmann, Else Herta, 285160 Selbstschutz, 49, 52-53, 90,196, 276149 Service, Hugo, 267114 sex and sexuality: armed forces inter acting with civilian girls and women, 69; ban on relations between Jews and non-Jews, 53; barter and bribery, 69,77, 234; concept of “sexualized violence,” 152,153; diary and poetry of Regina H. on, 202-3; forced naked ness and naked selections, 37,153, 159-62,171,186-88; formalization of laborers as prisoners and exposure to sexualized violence, 152,153,159-62; gay and lesbian experiences, 7,107, 184,301П13; German occupation of Poland and sexual/sexualized vio lence, 51-54; interviewers’ reactions to, 7; Nazi repression of sexuality, 5354; romantic liaisons with prisoners of war and other males,
206, 210-16, 249; shaving, as sexualized violence, 169; Soviet troops, encounters with, 6, ert on, 19; at work camps and factory vulnerability to sexualized violence of testimony-givers, 51; youthfulness of laborers and interest in men/sexuality, 205-6, 208, 212. See also gender; men and maleness Shandler, Jeffrey, 9 Shapira, Rina, 200 shaving. See hair Shenker, Noah, 8,10,11 Shoah. See Holocaust Shoah Foundation, 3, 8-9,10-12,14, 33, 34, 43, 56,139,142,163, 246, 248-51, 2 6 9П3 5, 2791100 Shoshana G., 4, 98,118-20,174,180, 209, 217, 220-21, 222, 233 Shoshana L, 42, 45-46, 55, 61-62, 73-74, 78,107,118,177, 228, 231, 239, 241, 242, 243, 289137 Siemens, 87,137,176,177, 225, 248, 283129, 289132 Silesian weavers’ uprising (1844), 86, 89 singing girl on Hungarian transport from Auschwitz, 172 Skarzysko-Kamienna camp, 123, 251 slippers made for Gentile co-worker, 185-86 Smoleh, Kazimierz, 171 Sobibor, 145 “social death” of Jews in German society, 40, 42, 27312 social embedding, 123, 291103 social relations, 36—37 9 7-135; within barracks, 112-14,120-21; beautiful setting, survivor memories of, 97-98; extremity as reference point in, 24, 25; with factory managers, 97,112; gendered nature of, 135; Gentile guards and, 112-14,120,127-28,128; З41
INDEX Jewishness, retaining awareness of, 27-28; with local Gentile populations, 109-11; objects and object exchanges, 122-26,182; performances, songs, and poetry, 120-21,180, 202-4; personal space, in barracks, 121,124; prewar relations with non-Jews, 42; pride in work, survivors’ sense of, 16-17, 99-102; prison societies and possibility of, 38; production process shaping, 102-3; relational behaviors and choices, 26; relationality, concept of, 26,181,192,197-98, 203; relatives in work camps, visiting/transferring to same camp, 98-99,114,115,117-20; sabotage, stealing, and subversion of camp rules, 123,124-25,126-27; in spaces of persecution, 6, 24-28; support pairs or small groups, 25, 26,181,182-88, 205; transactional relationships/reciprocity, 5-6, 7-8, 25,185-86,191; in transportation to camps and selection process, 98-99. See also Gentile co-workers; illness and medical conditions; mail/packages/postcards; prisoner society and ethics of care; sex and sexuality Sommer, Karl, 299182 Sommer, Robert, 296126 Sonderausweise/Sonders (labor passes), 91 Sonia S., 19-20, 41, 46, 47, 51, 57-58, 59, 60, 65, 66,112,120,161,162 Sosnowiec: closure of streets and areas to Jewish access, 54, 63,196; Gabersdorf, transport to, 144; ghetto, creation of (1942), 4, 79, 91,130-31,196,197; Jewish Council of Elders, organiza tion of, 58; Jewish population of, 2; Jews in hiding in, 196; liberation of Trautenau, returning home after, 16, 39, 242-46; map, vii; mobility of Jews in, 29, 31; Oswiçcim Jews forced to move to, 56; prewar Jewish political 342 organizations in, 41; Schmelt system
centered in, 2; sports stadium, mass roundup of Jews at (1942), 77-79,122, 178,195-96; workshops of, forced labor in, 30-31, 77, 92, 93 Sosnowitz Durchgangslager (DulagL 34, 35, 70-77, 93, 98,140,143,149-51, 163 Soviet troops: laborers’ encounters with, 6, 23,39, 227, 229-38, 240-41, 242; as prisoners of war, 215 Soviet Union, prewar flight of Jews to, 46-47 Spiegelman, Art, 34 Spoerer, Mark, 69 Sprenger, Isabell, 136 Springer-Aharoni, Nina, 306П2 Srâmkovâ, Helena, 310112 Srodula ghetto, Sosnowiec, 79,130-31, 196,197 SS: during Allied advance and libera tion of Trautenau, 225-26, 228, 235; Auschwitz, association with, 161; concentration camps and terror campaign of, 154; coupon system and, 158; death marches and, 216; escapes, response to, 251-53; forced laborers, selection/movement of, 2,19, 33, 37, 45, 61, 62, 71, 94; forced nakedness and naked selections of laborers, 37, 153,159-62,186-88; Gentile guards as, 82-83; Gross-Rosen concentration camp and, 156; ill laborers selected for extermination by, 130,131-32; Inspectorate of the Concentration Camps (Department D-II), takeover of forced labor system by, 94-95, 287184; Jewish Council of Elders and, 2, 59, 61; Jewish police, disbanding of, 59; Lagerführerinnen, SS training for, 155,157-58,194, 296119; libera tion, withdrawal during, 38-39; local workshops and, 31, 82; at mass depor tations, 19,195-96; occupation of Po-
INDEX land and, 49, 53; Parschnitz, shooting citation of speaker by name, 13-14; of laborer observing death march in, “Hungarian girls” from Auschwitz, 166-70; interviewers, influence of, 83; prisoner status of forced laborers and more direct contact with, 152,155, 158-62; roundups by, 149; Schmelt system and, 2,19, 26, 30, 31, 37, 75, 82, 195-96; Sosnowitz Durchgangslager (Dulag) and, 77; survivor perception of, 21; Trautenau Kommando, 139 SS-Wirtschafts- und Verwaltung shauptamt (WVHA), 29, 82, 93-94, 15 2,15 4,15 6,16 4, 287181 Stammbücher/pamiçtniki (autograph albums), 38,188, 200-202,201 Starachowice, 29 Star of David, Jews required to wear, 51-52, 54 stealing. See theft Steinbacher, Sybille, 30, 285152 Steinert, Johannes-Dieter, 19 Strzelecki, Andrzej, 30 Suderland, Maja, 25,181 Sudeten German Control Centre, 284135 Sudetenland: Allied advance and evacua tion of German-speakers, 225; annex ation of, 29, 36, 81; black market in food at border with former Czecho slovakia, 116; economic upswing and demand for labor in, 29; forced labor system, annexation and expansion of, 81; relocation of war production to, 87; Schmelt system in, 1, 2, 29, 30. See also specific towns and cities Sulik, Alfred, 2812 Survival on the Margins (Adler), 46 Suzan L, 99,121,160, 210-11, 238 synagogues, burning of, 48, 49-50, 89 Szternfinkiel, Natan, 74-75,195 Telefunken, 178, 235, 289132 Terezin/Theresienstadt, 25,116, 2811158 testimony of survivors, 2-5; anec dotal approach, avoidance of, 13; 11-12, 21-22; languages used by, 35; list of testimony-givers by sur name, 255-63; postwar
collection of, 248-53; postwar model of, 24; producers of knowledge, survivors’ self-recognition as, 39; questionnaire, use of, 10-11; techniques and prac tices, 37; as text open to interpreta tion, 6, 7-14; visual impact of, 12-13, 269135. See also forced labor system; Jewish girlhood in Zagiçbie; prisoner society and ethics of care; social relations; youth of testimony-givers; specific survivors by first name textile industry, forced labor in. See factory owners; factory work sites; forced labor at Trautenau; forced labor system; specific manufacturers by name theft: Lagerführerinnen stealing food and objects, 21,123,191,193; looting, after liberation, 238-40; sabotage, stealing, and subversion of camp rules, 123, 124-25,126-27 Tola G., 78-79, 97, 98,114, 214, 236-38 Tooze, Adam, 28 Tosia J., 145-47,189-90 transactional relationships/reciprocity, 5-6, 7-8, 25,185-86,191 transit centers: Cosel, 93; Parschnitz, 19, 227-28; Sosnowitz Durchgangslager (Dulag), 34, 35, 70-77, 93, 98,140,143, 149-51,163 Trautenau: beautiful setting, survivor memories of, 97-98; as concentration camp, 37; importation of Jewish girls and women as forced labor to, 1-6; infirmary for, 129; Kristallnacht (1938) in, 89; laborers remaining in, after liberation, 242, 247, 248-49, 310112; 343
INDEX looting in, after liberation, 238-39; map, vii; monuments to forced labor ers and concentration camp victims in, 248; number of female forced laborers at, 33; Shoah Foundation archive of survivor testimonies from, 10; as textile center, 1; train station, 1, 19-20, 99,143,164; as work camp, 37; Zaks postcards sent to, 198. See also forced labor at Trautenau; Gentile population in Trautenau; liberation of Trautenau Trautenau Kommando, 139,158-59, 287184 Treuhandler organization, 31, 65, 91 Trutnov. See Trautenau tuberculosis (ТВ), 133, 250 Tuwim, Julian, 202 typhus, 115,125,129,131,132,184, 242 United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) Central Tracing archives, 216 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 14,139,198 University of Michigan-Dearborn, 14 Usborne, Cornelie, 210, 212 US Joint Distribution Committee, 59 van Pelt, Robert Jan, 28,139 Veprinska, Anna, 231 Visual History Archive (VHA), Shoah Foundation, 3,136 Volksdeutsche lists, 51, 276149 Wachsmann, Nikolaus, 154 Wagner, Richard, 90-91 Watbrzych, 156 Walzel, Oskar, 310П10 Walzel Brothers, 33; Allied advance and closure of, 225; in forced labor system, 85-87, 89, 94-95; postwar experiences, 248, 310П10; prisoners, 344 formalization oflaborers as, 155,157, 158; prisoners of war working for, 214; social relations, prisoner society, and ethics of care at, 100,107,121,127, 198; testimony-givers’ view of factory owners, 208-9 Wartheland work camps, 115 Waxman, Zoë, 7 West Upper Silesia: Jews expelled from, 2, 26714 Nazi plans for, 1-2 Wichrowska, Elzbieta, 200 Wiederman, Pawel, 47-48, 74-75,
275136 Wiener Library, 248 Wieviorka, Annette, 7 Wildt, Michael, 28 Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungshauptamt (WVHA), 29, 82, 93-94,152,154,156, 164, 287181 A Woman in Berlin (Hillers), 233 work camps, 84,113; acquiring, mak ing, and exchanging objects at, 5-6; barracks numbers, 114; concentration camps, conversion into, 2,32, 36, 37, 84,152-55,157-58, 200; crowd ing at, 95,154-55, 201; development of, 31-32; Gentile guards at, 82-83, 112-13; maP θί v^ marching back and forth from work sites to, 109-11; personal space, in barracks, 121,124; smaller work camps within Schmelt system, 136-37; social relations within barracks, 112-14,120-21; terms for, 84; transition from work sites with barracks to Zwangsarbeitslager, 36, 84,152; treatment of forced laborers at, 95-96. See also specific camps by name Woyrsch, Udo von, 49, 276139 Wulc, Pola, 61 Yad Vashem World Holocaust Remembrance Center, 202-4, 248 Yao, Xine, 13, 269136
INDEX Yetta F., 47, 70, 73,105-6,110,129 Zaglçbie region: impact of Nazi occu Yetta P., 23,114,117, 208, 212, 240-41, 244 pation on, 30-31; Jewish population of, 2, 267m; liberation of Trautenau, returning home after, 16, 39, 242-46; mass deportations to AuschwitzBirkenau from, 59, 77-79, 94,122, 195-96; Trautenau, importation of Jewish girls and women as forced labor to, 1-6. See also Gentile pop ulation in Zaglçbie region; German ethnicity in East Upper Silesia/Zaglçbie; Jewish girlhood in Zaglçbie Yiddish, 1, 9,14, 22, 41, 59-61,108,165, 167, 202-3, 218, 235, 236, 270154 youth of testimony-givers: effects of, 6, 14-24, 253; escape, prospects of, 164, 165; Gentile co-workers and, 108; German invasion and occupation, memories of, 45-48, 52, 58; girls under official age in work camps, 75; “Hungarian girls” from Auschwitz, 167,168,174,175; interest in men/ sexuality and, 205-6, 208, 212; at liberation of Trautenau, 238-40; pride in work felt by survivors and, 101; prisoners, formalization of labor ers as, 155; self-awareness of survivors as young, 135; separation from family and, 141-42; sexual naïveté and, 15, 23, 231-32; Soviet Union, memory of fleeing to, 46; toilet-cleaning assignments and, 114; vulnerability to sexualized violence and, 51 Zahra, Tara, 88, 269—70143 Zaks family postcards, 197-99 Zalmanovich, Dov, 286167 (Nie)Zapomniani (documentary film), 34 Zawiercie, 2, 34, 48,146,189 Zegota, 30 Zimmermann, Volker, 29, 87, 88, 304—5135 Ziôlkowska, Anna, 115 Zwangsarbeitslager (forced labor camps), 36, 84,152 Zwieberge, 132 345 Bayariache Staatsbibllothek München |
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| author | Holc, Janine |
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| author_facet | Holc, Janine |
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| bvnumber | BV049309849 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1416410899 (DE-599)BVBBV049309849 |
| era | Geschichte 1940-1945 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1940-1945 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Trutnov (DE-588)1038329-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Trutnov |
| id | DE-604.BV049309849 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:40:38Z |
| indexdate | 2024-09-30T18:01:12Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781684581696 9781684581702 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034570980 |
| oclc_num | 1416410899 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M352 DE-29 DE-12 DE-11 DE-Bo133 |
| owner_facet | DE-M352 DE-29 DE-12 DE-11 DE-Bo133 |
| physical | xiii, 345 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20240308 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Brandeis University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | HBI series on Jewish women |
| spelling | Holc, Janine Verfasser (DE-588)1140154664 aut The weavers of Trautenau Jewish female forced labor in the Holocaust Janine P. Holc Waltham, Massachusetts Brandeis University Press [2023] xiii, 345 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier HBI series on Jewish women Geschichte 1940-1945 gnd rswk-swf Textilindustrie (DE-588)4059618-7 gnd rswk-swf Jüdin (DE-588)4286934-1 gnd rswk-swf Zwangsarbeit (DE-588)4139439-2 gnd rswk-swf Trutnov (DE-588)1038329-3 gnd rswk-swf Trutnov (DE-588)1038329-3 g Jüdin (DE-588)4286934-1 s Zwangsarbeit (DE-588)4139439-2 s Textilindustrie (DE-588)4059618-7 s Geschichte 1940-1945 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-68458-171-9 (DE-604)BV049409519 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034570980&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034570980&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034570980&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Holc, Janine The weavers of Trautenau Jewish female forced labor in the Holocaust Textilindustrie (DE-588)4059618-7 gnd Jüdin (DE-588)4286934-1 gnd Zwangsarbeit (DE-588)4139439-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4059618-7 (DE-588)4286934-1 (DE-588)4139439-2 (DE-588)1038329-3 |
| title | The weavers of Trautenau Jewish female forced labor in the Holocaust |
| title_auth | The weavers of Trautenau Jewish female forced labor in the Holocaust |
| title_exact_search | The weavers of Trautenau Jewish female forced labor in the Holocaust |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The weavers of Trautenau Jewish female forced labor in the Holocaust |
| title_full | The weavers of Trautenau Jewish female forced labor in the Holocaust Janine P. Holc |
| title_fullStr | The weavers of Trautenau Jewish female forced labor in the Holocaust Janine P. Holc |
| title_full_unstemmed | The weavers of Trautenau Jewish female forced labor in the Holocaust Janine P. Holc |
| title_short | The weavers of Trautenau |
| title_sort | the weavers of trautenau jewish female forced labor in the holocaust |
| title_sub | Jewish female forced labor in the Holocaust |
| topic | Textilindustrie (DE-588)4059618-7 gnd Jüdin (DE-588)4286934-1 gnd Zwangsarbeit (DE-588)4139439-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Textilindustrie Jüdin Zwangsarbeit Trutnov |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034570980&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034570980&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034570980&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT holcjanine theweaversoftrautenaujewishfemaleforcedlaborintheholocaust |