Exports to Improve Labor Markets in the Middle East and North Africa:
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Electronic eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Washington, D. C.
World Bank Publications
2023
|
| Edition: | 1st ed |
| Series: | MENA Development Report
|
| Online Access: | FWS01 FWS02 HWR01 |
| Item Description: | Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources |
| Physical Description: | 1 Online-Ressource (191 Seiten) |
| ISBN: | 9781464819735 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Lopez-Acevedo, Gladys |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Exports to Improve Labor Markets in the Middle East and North Africa |c Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Raymond Robertson |
| 250 | |a 1st ed | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Washington, D. C. |b World Bank Publications |c 2023 | |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Editors and Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Introduction -- Message 1: Liberalized Trade Policy Boosts Trade Flows, with Big Benefits -- Message 2: Trade Benefits Have Not Improved Labor Outcomes -- Message 3: Trade Benefits Are Not Equally Shared -- Message 4: Market Segmentation by Gender Impedes Better Labor Market Outcomes -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 1. Setting the Stage -- Key Messages -- Motivation -- Understanding the Region's Labor Markets -- Major Labor Market Challenges -- From Trade Policy to Trade Flows -- From Trade Policy to Labor Market Outcomes -- A Road Map for the Report -- Annex 1A. Methodology -- Annex 1B. Firm-Level Analysis -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2. Trade Agreements and Trade Flows in the Middle East and North Africa -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Understanding Gravity: Theory and Empirics -- Under the Hood: The Gravity Regressions -- Do Trade Agreements Boost Bilateral Trade Flows? -- Conclusion -- Annex 2A. Theoretical Derivation of the Gravity Model -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3. Morocco Case Study: Trade Expansion with Mixed Results -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Morocco's Trade Flows and Labor Markets: A Snapshot -- How Trade Affects Local Labor Markets -- The Role of Firms -- Conclusion -- Annex 3A. Supplemental Figures -- Annex 3B. Extended Firm-Level Analysis -- Annex 3C. Supplemental Firm-Level Results -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4. Tunisia Case Study: How Gender Segmentation Shapes Local Effects of Trade -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- A Profile of Tunisia's Trade Flows and Labor Markets -- Gender-Segmented Labor Markets and Trade -- Conclusion -- Annex 4A. Supplementary Data -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5. Egypt Case Study: Exploring the Link between Trade and Labor -- Key Messages | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Introduction -- Egypt's Trade Flows and Labor Markets: A Snapshot -- How Trade Affects Local Labor Market Outcomes -- Role of Firms in the Broken Link -- How to Fix a Broken Link -- Annex 5A. Free Trade Agreements -- Annex 5B. Mincerian Wage Regression -- Annex 5C. Subnational Labor Market Trends -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box O.1 Methodological Approach -- Box O.2 Morocco: Positive Trade Shocks Reduce Both Informality and FLFP -- Box O.3 Egypt: A "Broken Link" between Trade Flows and Labor Outcomes? -- Box O.4 Tunisia: Trade Shocks and Labor Markets "Segmented" by Gender -- Box 1.1 Labor Market Concerns before and after the Arab Spring -- Box 1.2 Higher Exports in Morocco and Tunisia: Effects on the Female- and Male-Intensive Employment Sectors -- Box 1A.1 Alternative Approaches -- Box 1A.2 Modeling the Labor Market Impact of Imports -- Box 3.1 Empirical Estimation -- Box 3.2 Finding a Way to Boost Both Exports and FLFP -- Box 5.1 How a Trade Exposure Index Affects Local Labor Market Outcomes -- Box 5.2 How to Determine the Employment-Export Elasticity -- Figures -- Figure O.1 Trends in Tariff Liberalization and Trade Flows, Middle East and North Africa, 2000-19 -- Figure BO.1.1 Approach to Examining the Link between Trade Policy and Labor Market Outcomes -- Figure O.2 Cumulative Regional Trade Agreements, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 1970-2020 -- Figure O.3 Tariff Rates on All Products, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-19 -- Figure O.4 Treatment Effects of Trade Agreements in Morocco, Tunisia, and Egypt -- Figure O.5 Average Unemployment Rates in Relation to Trade in the Middle East and North Africa, Regionwide and Selected Countries and Economic Peers Elsewhere, 2015-19 -- Figure O.6 Employment-to-Population Ratios in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, by Region, 2000-19 | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Figure O.7 Unemployment Rates, by Gender and Region, 2019 -- Figure O.8 Female and Male Labor Force Participation, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, Compared with Selected Countries in Other Regions, 2019 -- Figure 1.1 Employment-to-Population Ratios in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, by Region, 2000-19 -- Figure 1.2 Labor Market Outcomes in the Middle East and North Africa -- Figure 1.3 Export and Import Trends, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-19 -- Figure 1.4 Average Unemployment Rates in Relation to Trade, Middle East and North Africa, Regionwide and Selected Countries and Economic Peers Elsewhere, 2015-19 -- Figure 1.5 Approach to Examining the Link between Trade Policy and Labor Market Outcomes -- Figure 1A.1 Two-Stage Econometric Analysis of US and EU Import Demand Effects on Middle East and North Africa Local Labor Markets -- Figure 1B.1 Theoretical Outcome Model in the Style of Melitz (1993) -- Figure 2.1 Cumulative Regional Trade Agreements, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 1970-2020 -- Figure 2.2 Gravity Model of Trade: An Inverse Relationship between Distance and Trade Flows -- Figure 2.3 Treatment Effects of Recent Trade Agreements Relative to Global Average Agreement Effects, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia -- Figure 2.4 Treatment Effects of Trade Agreements, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia -- Figure 2.5 Distribution of Trade Agreements' Treatment Effects, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2010 -- Figure 3.1 Key Trade Trends, Morocco, 1993-2020 -- Figure 3.2 Shares of Exports, by Industry, Morocco, 2000-20 -- Figure 3.3 Working-Age and Employed Populations, by Gender and by Urban or Rural Location, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 3.4 Unemployment Rates, by Gender, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 3.5 Labor Force Participation Rates, by Gender, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 3.6 Decomposition of Female Employment, by Sector, Morocco, 2000-14 | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Figure 3.7 Informality Rates and Female Shares of Employment in Morocco, Nationally and by Selected Sector, 2000-18 -- Figure 3.8 Sectoral Decomposition of Employment across Morocco, by Region, 2014 -- Figure 3.9 Kernel Density Functions of Employment among Moroccan Exporting and Nonexporting Firms, 2013 and 2019 -- Figure 3.10 Relationship between Export Sales and Size of Exporting Firms, Morocco, 2019 -- Figure 3.11 Employment and Export Indicators in Female-Intensive and Male-Intensive Firms, Morocco, 2019 -- Figure 3.12 Employment Kernel Density Functions of Moroccan Firms, by Female and Male Labor Intensity, 2019 -- Figure 3.13 Employment Kernel Density Functions of Moroccan Exporters and Nonexporters, 2013 and 2019 -- Figure 3.14 Employment Kernel Density Functions of Moroccan Firms, by Exporting Status, 2019 -- Figure 3A.1 Informality Rates, by Region, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 3A.2 Female Labor Force Participation Rates, by Region, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 4.1 Trends in Income and Export Growth, Tunisia, 1990-2020 -- Figure 4.2 Trends in Tariffs and Trade Flows, Tunisia, 1990-2020 -- Figure 4.3 Decomposition of the Tunisian Labor Force, by Industry, 2006-16 -- Figure 4.4 Decomposition of Tunisian Exports, by Industry, 2006-16 -- Figure 4.5 Female Labor Force Participation and Comparator Country Groups, Tunisia, 2005-17 -- Figure 4.6 Unemployment Rates, Total and by Gender, Tunisia, 2006-16 -- Figure 4.7 Share of Female Employment, by Industry, Tunisia, 2016 -- Figure 4.8 Relationship between Export Growth Contribution and Initial Female Labor Intensity, by Industry, Tunisia -- Figure 4.9 Employment Kernel Density Functions of Exporters and Nonexporters, Tunisia, 2013 and 2020 -- Figure 4.10 Relationship between Rising Export Sales and Employment in Tunisian Firms | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Figure 4.11 Relationship between Shares of Exports and Shares of Female Workers in Tunisian Firms, 2020 -- Figure 4A.1 Decomposition of Sectoral Workforce, by Region, 2016 -- Figure 4A.2 Decomposition of Male and Female Workforce, by Region, Tunisia, 2016 -- Figure 4A.3 Female Labor Force Participation Rates, by Region, Tunisia, 2006-16 -- Figure 4A.4 Unemployment Rates, by Region, Tunisia, 2006-16 -- Figure 5.1 Mean Applied Tariff on All Products, Egypt, 1995-2019 -- Figure 5.2 Exports and Imports of Goods and Services, Egypt, 1980-2020 -- Figure 5.3 Decomposition of Export Value, by Industry, Egypt, 2013, 2016, and 2020 -- Figure 5.4 Shares of Import Value, by Industry, Egypt, 2005-19 -- Figure 5.5 Unemployment Rate, Aggregate and by Gender, Egypt, 2004-20 -- Figure 5.6 Labor Force Participation Rate, Aggregate and by Gender, Egypt, 2004-19 -- Figure 5.7 Employment Share in Selected Industries, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5.8 Share of Female Employment, by Industry, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5.9 Informality Rates, by Gender, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5.10 Real Average Monthly Wages, by Gender, and the Gender Wage Gap, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5.11 Sectoral Decomposition of Employment by Governorate, Egypt, 2017 -- Figure 5.12 Correlation of Firm Size and Export Activity, Egypt, 2020 -- Figure 5C.1 Average Real Monthly Wages, by Governorate, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5C.2 Informality Rate, by Governorate, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5C.3 Female Labor Force Participation, by Governorate, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Maps -- Map 3.1 Informality Rates, by Region, Morocco, 2018 -- Map 4.1 Exposure to Exports, by Governorate, Tunisia, 2016 (in US, billions) -- Map 5.1 Concentrations of Jobs and Exporting Firms, by Governorate, Egypt, 2017 -- Tables | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Table O.1 Estimated Short- and Long-Run Effects of Increased Export Exposure in Morocco, Tunisia, and Arab Republic of Egypt | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Robertson, Raymond |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Druck-Ausgabe |a Lopez-Acevedo, Gladys |t Exports to Improve Labor Markets in the Middle East and North Africa |d Washington, D. C. : World Bank Publications,c2023 |z 978-1-4648-1972-8 |
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| contents | Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Editors and Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Introduction -- Message 1: Liberalized Trade Policy Boosts Trade Flows, with Big Benefits -- Message 2: Trade Benefits Have Not Improved Labor Outcomes -- Message 3: Trade Benefits Are Not Equally Shared -- Message 4: Market Segmentation by Gender Impedes Better Labor Market Outcomes -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 1. Setting the Stage -- Key Messages -- Motivation -- Understanding the Region's Labor Markets -- Major Labor Market Challenges -- From Trade Policy to Trade Flows -- From Trade Policy to Labor Market Outcomes -- A Road Map for the Report -- Annex 1A. Methodology -- Annex 1B. Firm-Level Analysis -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2. Trade Agreements and Trade Flows in the Middle East and North Africa -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Understanding Gravity: Theory and Empirics -- Under the Hood: The Gravity Regressions -- Do Trade Agreements Boost Bilateral Trade Flows? -- Conclusion -- Annex 2A. Theoretical Derivation of the Gravity Model -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3. Morocco Case Study: Trade Expansion with Mixed Results -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Morocco's Trade Flows and Labor Markets: A Snapshot -- How Trade Affects Local Labor Markets -- The Role of Firms -- Conclusion -- Annex 3A. Supplemental Figures -- Annex 3B. Extended Firm-Level Analysis -- Annex 3C. Supplemental Firm-Level Results -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4. Tunisia Case Study: How Gender Segmentation Shapes Local Effects of Trade -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- A Profile of Tunisia's Trade Flows and Labor Markets -- Gender-Segmented Labor Markets and Trade -- Conclusion -- Annex 4A. Supplementary Data -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5. Egypt Case Study: Exploring the Link between Trade and Labor -- Key Messages Introduction -- Egypt's Trade Flows and Labor Markets: A Snapshot -- How Trade Affects Local Labor Market Outcomes -- Role of Firms in the Broken Link -- How to Fix a Broken Link -- Annex 5A. Free Trade Agreements -- Annex 5B. Mincerian Wage Regression -- Annex 5C. Subnational Labor Market Trends -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box O.1 Methodological Approach -- Box O.2 Morocco: Positive Trade Shocks Reduce Both Informality and FLFP -- Box O.3 Egypt: A "Broken Link" between Trade Flows and Labor Outcomes? -- Box O.4 Tunisia: Trade Shocks and Labor Markets "Segmented" by Gender -- Box 1.1 Labor Market Concerns before and after the Arab Spring -- Box 1.2 Higher Exports in Morocco and Tunisia: Effects on the Female- and Male-Intensive Employment Sectors -- Box 1A.1 Alternative Approaches -- Box 1A.2 Modeling the Labor Market Impact of Imports -- Box 3.1 Empirical Estimation -- Box 3.2 Finding a Way to Boost Both Exports and FLFP -- Box 5.1 How a Trade Exposure Index Affects Local Labor Market Outcomes -- Box 5.2 How to Determine the Employment-Export Elasticity -- Figures -- Figure O.1 Trends in Tariff Liberalization and Trade Flows, Middle East and North Africa, 2000-19 -- Figure BO.1.1 Approach to Examining the Link between Trade Policy and Labor Market Outcomes -- Figure O.2 Cumulative Regional Trade Agreements, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 1970-2020 -- Figure O.3 Tariff Rates on All Products, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-19 -- Figure O.4 Treatment Effects of Trade Agreements in Morocco, Tunisia, and Egypt -- Figure O.5 Average Unemployment Rates in Relation to Trade in the Middle East and North Africa, Regionwide and Selected Countries and Economic Peers Elsewhere, 2015-19 -- Figure O.6 Employment-to-Population Ratios in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, by Region, 2000-19 Figure O.7 Unemployment Rates, by Gender and Region, 2019 -- Figure O.8 Female and Male Labor Force Participation, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, Compared with Selected Countries in Other Regions, 2019 -- Figure 1.1 Employment-to-Population Ratios in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, by Region, 2000-19 -- Figure 1.2 Labor Market Outcomes in the Middle East and North Africa -- Figure 1.3 Export and Import Trends, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-19 -- Figure 1.4 Average Unemployment Rates in Relation to Trade, Middle East and North Africa, Regionwide and Selected Countries and Economic Peers Elsewhere, 2015-19 -- Figure 1.5 Approach to Examining the Link between Trade Policy and Labor Market Outcomes -- Figure 1A.1 Two-Stage Econometric Analysis of US and EU Import Demand Effects on Middle East and North Africa Local Labor Markets -- Figure 1B.1 Theoretical Outcome Model in the Style of Melitz (1993) -- Figure 2.1 Cumulative Regional Trade Agreements, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 1970-2020 -- Figure 2.2 Gravity Model of Trade: An Inverse Relationship between Distance and Trade Flows -- Figure 2.3 Treatment Effects of Recent Trade Agreements Relative to Global Average Agreement Effects, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia -- Figure 2.4 Treatment Effects of Trade Agreements, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia -- Figure 2.5 Distribution of Trade Agreements' Treatment Effects, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2010 -- Figure 3.1 Key Trade Trends, Morocco, 1993-2020 -- Figure 3.2 Shares of Exports, by Industry, Morocco, 2000-20 -- Figure 3.3 Working-Age and Employed Populations, by Gender and by Urban or Rural Location, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 3.4 Unemployment Rates, by Gender, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 3.5 Labor Force Participation Rates, by Gender, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 3.6 Decomposition of Female Employment, by Sector, Morocco, 2000-14 Figure 3.7 Informality Rates and Female Shares of Employment in Morocco, Nationally and by Selected Sector, 2000-18 -- Figure 3.8 Sectoral Decomposition of Employment across Morocco, by Region, 2014 -- Figure 3.9 Kernel Density Functions of Employment among Moroccan Exporting and Nonexporting Firms, 2013 and 2019 -- Figure 3.10 Relationship between Export Sales and Size of Exporting Firms, Morocco, 2019 -- Figure 3.11 Employment and Export Indicators in Female-Intensive and Male-Intensive Firms, Morocco, 2019 -- Figure 3.12 Employment Kernel Density Functions of Moroccan Firms, by Female and Male Labor Intensity, 2019 -- Figure 3.13 Employment Kernel Density Functions of Moroccan Exporters and Nonexporters, 2013 and 2019 -- Figure 3.14 Employment Kernel Density Functions of Moroccan Firms, by Exporting Status, 2019 -- Figure 3A.1 Informality Rates, by Region, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 3A.2 Female Labor Force Participation Rates, by Region, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 4.1 Trends in Income and Export Growth, Tunisia, 1990-2020 -- Figure 4.2 Trends in Tariffs and Trade Flows, Tunisia, 1990-2020 -- Figure 4.3 Decomposition of the Tunisian Labor Force, by Industry, 2006-16 -- Figure 4.4 Decomposition of Tunisian Exports, by Industry, 2006-16 -- Figure 4.5 Female Labor Force Participation and Comparator Country Groups, Tunisia, 2005-17 -- Figure 4.6 Unemployment Rates, Total and by Gender, Tunisia, 2006-16 -- Figure 4.7 Share of Female Employment, by Industry, Tunisia, 2016 -- Figure 4.8 Relationship between Export Growth Contribution and Initial Female Labor Intensity, by Industry, Tunisia -- Figure 4.9 Employment Kernel Density Functions of Exporters and Nonexporters, Tunisia, 2013 and 2020 -- Figure 4.10 Relationship between Rising Export Sales and Employment in Tunisian Firms Figure 4.11 Relationship between Shares of Exports and Shares of Female Workers in Tunisian Firms, 2020 -- Figure 4A.1 Decomposition of Sectoral Workforce, by Region, 2016 -- Figure 4A.2 Decomposition of Male and Female Workforce, by Region, Tunisia, 2016 -- Figure 4A.3 Female Labor Force Participation Rates, by Region, Tunisia, 2006-16 -- Figure 4A.4 Unemployment Rates, by Region, Tunisia, 2006-16 -- Figure 5.1 Mean Applied Tariff on All Products, Egypt, 1995-2019 -- Figure 5.2 Exports and Imports of Goods and Services, Egypt, 1980-2020 -- Figure 5.3 Decomposition of Export Value, by Industry, Egypt, 2013, 2016, and 2020 -- Figure 5.4 Shares of Import Value, by Industry, Egypt, 2005-19 -- Figure 5.5 Unemployment Rate, Aggregate and by Gender, Egypt, 2004-20 -- Figure 5.6 Labor Force Participation Rate, Aggregate and by Gender, Egypt, 2004-19 -- Figure 5.7 Employment Share in Selected Industries, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5.8 Share of Female Employment, by Industry, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5.9 Informality Rates, by Gender, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5.10 Real Average Monthly Wages, by Gender, and the Gender Wage Gap, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5.11 Sectoral Decomposition of Employment by Governorate, Egypt, 2017 -- Figure 5.12 Correlation of Firm Size and Export Activity, Egypt, 2020 -- Figure 5C.1 Average Real Monthly Wages, by Governorate, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5C.2 Informality Rate, by Governorate, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5C.3 Female Labor Force Participation, by Governorate, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Maps -- Map 3.1 Informality Rates, by Region, Morocco, 2018 -- Map 4.1 Exposure to Exports, by Governorate, Tunisia, 2016 (in US, billions) -- Map 5.1 Concentrations of Jobs and Exporting Firms, by Governorate, Egypt, 2017 -- Tables Table O.1 Estimated Short- and Long-Run Effects of Increased Export Exposure in Morocco, Tunisia, and Arab Republic of Egypt |
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| edition | 1st ed |
| format | Electronic eBook |
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Subnational Labor Market Trends -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box O.1 Methodological Approach -- Box O.2 Morocco: Positive Trade Shocks Reduce Both Informality and FLFP -- Box O.3 Egypt: A "Broken Link" between Trade Flows and Labor Outcomes? -- Box O.4 Tunisia: Trade Shocks and Labor Markets "Segmented" by Gender -- Box 1.1 Labor Market Concerns before and after the Arab Spring -- Box 1.2 Higher Exports in Morocco and Tunisia: Effects on the Female- and Male-Intensive Employment Sectors -- Box 1A.1 Alternative Approaches -- Box 1A.2 Modeling the Labor Market Impact of Imports -- Box 3.1 Empirical Estimation -- Box 3.2 Finding a Way to Boost Both Exports and FLFP -- Box 5.1 How a Trade Exposure Index Affects Local Labor Market Outcomes -- Box 5.2 How to Determine the Employment-Export Elasticity -- Figures -- Figure O.1 Trends in Tariff Liberalization and Trade Flows, Middle East and North Africa, 2000-19 -- Figure BO.1.1 Approach to Examining the Link between Trade Policy and Labor Market Outcomes -- Figure O.2 Cumulative Regional Trade Agreements, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 1970-2020 -- Figure O.3 Tariff Rates on All Products, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-19 -- Figure O.4 Treatment Effects of Trade Agreements in Morocco, Tunisia, and Egypt -- Figure O.5 Average Unemployment Rates in Relation to Trade in the Middle East and North Africa, Regionwide and Selected Countries and Economic Peers Elsewhere, 2015-19 -- Figure O.6 Employment-to-Population Ratios in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, by Region, 2000-19</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Figure O.7 Unemployment Rates, by Gender and Region, 2019 -- Figure O.8 Female and Male Labor Force Participation, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, Compared with Selected Countries in Other Regions, 2019 -- Figure 1.1 Employment-to-Population Ratios in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, by Region, 2000-19 -- Figure 1.2 Labor Market Outcomes in the Middle East and North Africa -- Figure 1.3 Export and Import Trends, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-19 -- Figure 1.4 Average Unemployment Rates in Relation to Trade, Middle East and North Africa, Regionwide and Selected Countries and Economic Peers Elsewhere, 2015-19 -- Figure 1.5 Approach to Examining the Link between Trade Policy and Labor Market Outcomes -- Figure 1A.1 Two-Stage Econometric Analysis of US and EU Import Demand Effects on Middle East and North Africa Local Labor Markets -- Figure 1B.1 Theoretical Outcome Model in the Style of Melitz (1993) -- Figure 2.1 Cumulative Regional Trade Agreements, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 1970-2020 -- Figure 2.2 Gravity Model of Trade: An Inverse Relationship between Distance and Trade Flows -- Figure 2.3 Treatment Effects of Recent Trade Agreements Relative to Global Average Agreement Effects, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia -- Figure 2.4 Treatment Effects of Trade Agreements, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia -- Figure 2.5 Distribution of Trade Agreements' Treatment Effects, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2010 -- Figure 3.1 Key Trade Trends, Morocco, 1993-2020 -- Figure 3.2 Shares of Exports, by Industry, Morocco, 2000-20 -- Figure 3.3 Working-Age and Employed Populations, by Gender and by Urban or Rural Location, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 3.4 Unemployment Rates, by Gender, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 3.5 Labor Force Participation Rates, by Gender, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 3.6 Decomposition of Female Employment, by Sector, Morocco, 2000-14</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Figure 3.7 Informality Rates and Female Shares of Employment in Morocco, Nationally and by Selected Sector, 2000-18 -- Figure 3.8 Sectoral Decomposition of Employment across Morocco, by Region, 2014 -- Figure 3.9 Kernel Density Functions of Employment among Moroccan Exporting and Nonexporting Firms, 2013 and 2019 -- Figure 3.10 Relationship between Export Sales and Size of Exporting Firms, Morocco, 2019 -- Figure 3.11 Employment and Export Indicators in Female-Intensive and Male-Intensive Firms, Morocco, 2019 -- Figure 3.12 Employment Kernel Density Functions of Moroccan Firms, by Female and Male Labor Intensity, 2019 -- Figure 3.13 Employment Kernel Density Functions of Moroccan Exporters and Nonexporters, 2013 and 2019 -- Figure 3.14 Employment Kernel Density Functions of Moroccan Firms, by Exporting Status, 2019 -- Figure 3A.1 Informality Rates, by Region, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 3A.2 Female Labor Force Participation Rates, by Region, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 4.1 Trends in Income and Export Growth, Tunisia, 1990-2020 -- Figure 4.2 Trends in Tariffs and Trade Flows, Tunisia, 1990-2020 -- Figure 4.3 Decomposition of the Tunisian Labor Force, by Industry, 2006-16 -- Figure 4.4 Decomposition of Tunisian Exports, by Industry, 2006-16 -- Figure 4.5 Female Labor Force Participation and Comparator Country Groups, Tunisia, 2005-17 -- Figure 4.6 Unemployment Rates, Total and by Gender, Tunisia, 2006-16 -- Figure 4.7 Share of Female Employment, by Industry, Tunisia, 2016 -- Figure 4.8 Relationship between Export Growth Contribution and Initial Female Labor Intensity, by Industry, Tunisia -- Figure 4.9 Employment Kernel Density Functions of Exporters and Nonexporters, Tunisia, 2013 and 2020 -- Figure 4.10 Relationship between Rising Export Sales and Employment in Tunisian Firms</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Figure 4.11 Relationship between Shares of Exports and Shares of Female Workers in Tunisian Firms, 2020 -- Figure 4A.1 Decomposition of Sectoral Workforce, by Region, 2016 -- Figure 4A.2 Decomposition of Male and Female Workforce, by Region, Tunisia, 2016 -- Figure 4A.3 Female Labor Force Participation Rates, by Region, Tunisia, 2006-16 -- Figure 4A.4 Unemployment Rates, by Region, Tunisia, 2006-16 -- Figure 5.1 Mean Applied Tariff on All Products, Egypt, 1995-2019 -- Figure 5.2 Exports and Imports of Goods and Services, Egypt, 1980-2020 -- Figure 5.3 Decomposition of Export Value, by Industry, Egypt, 2013, 2016, and 2020 -- Figure 5.4 Shares of Import Value, by Industry, Egypt, 2005-19 -- Figure 5.5 Unemployment Rate, Aggregate and by Gender, Egypt, 2004-20 -- Figure 5.6 Labor Force Participation Rate, Aggregate and by Gender, Egypt, 2004-19 -- Figure 5.7 Employment Share in Selected Industries, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5.8 Share of Female Employment, by Industry, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5.9 Informality Rates, by Gender, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5.10 Real Average Monthly Wages, by Gender, and the Gender Wage Gap, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5.11 Sectoral Decomposition of Employment by Governorate, Egypt, 2017 -- Figure 5.12 Correlation of Firm Size and Export Activity, Egypt, 2020 -- Figure 5C.1 Average Real Monthly Wages, by Governorate, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5C.2 Informality Rate, by Governorate, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5C.3 Female Labor Force Participation, by Governorate, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Maps -- Map 3.1 Informality Rates, by Region, Morocco, 2018 -- Map 4.1 Exposure to Exports, by Governorate, Tunisia, 2016 (in US, billions) -- Map 5.1 Concentrations of Jobs and Exporting Firms, by Governorate, Egypt, 2017 -- Tables</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Table O.1 Estimated Short- and Long-Run Effects of Increased Export Exposure in Morocco, Tunisia, and Arab Republic of Egypt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Robertson, Raymond</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Druck-Ausgabe</subfield><subfield code="a">Lopez-Acevedo, Gladys</subfield><subfield code="t">Exports to Improve Labor Markets in the Middle East and North Africa</subfield><subfield code="d">Washington, D. 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| id | DE-604.BV049294069 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:37:48Z |
| indexdate | 2025-02-20T06:40:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781464819735 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034555420 |
| oclc_num | 1390559529 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-2070s DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-862 DE-BY-FWS |
| owner_facet | DE-2070s DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-862 DE-BY-FWS |
| physical | 1 Online-Ressource (191 Seiten) |
| psigel | ZDB-30-PQE ZDB-1-WBA ZDB-30-PQE HWR_PDA_PQE |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | World Bank Publications |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | MENA Development Report |
| spellingShingle | Lopez-Acevedo, Gladys Robertson, Raymond Exports to Improve Labor Markets in the Middle East and North Africa Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Editors and Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Introduction -- Message 1: Liberalized Trade Policy Boosts Trade Flows, with Big Benefits -- Message 2: Trade Benefits Have Not Improved Labor Outcomes -- Message 3: Trade Benefits Are Not Equally Shared -- Message 4: Market Segmentation by Gender Impedes Better Labor Market Outcomes -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 1. Setting the Stage -- Key Messages -- Motivation -- Understanding the Region's Labor Markets -- Major Labor Market Challenges -- From Trade Policy to Trade Flows -- From Trade Policy to Labor Market Outcomes -- A Road Map for the Report -- Annex 1A. Methodology -- Annex 1B. Firm-Level Analysis -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2. Trade Agreements and Trade Flows in the Middle East and North Africa -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Understanding Gravity: Theory and Empirics -- Under the Hood: The Gravity Regressions -- Do Trade Agreements Boost Bilateral Trade Flows? -- Conclusion -- Annex 2A. Theoretical Derivation of the Gravity Model -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3. Morocco Case Study: Trade Expansion with Mixed Results -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Morocco's Trade Flows and Labor Markets: A Snapshot -- How Trade Affects Local Labor Markets -- The Role of Firms -- Conclusion -- Annex 3A. Supplemental Figures -- Annex 3B. Extended Firm-Level Analysis -- Annex 3C. Supplemental Firm-Level Results -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4. Tunisia Case Study: How Gender Segmentation Shapes Local Effects of Trade -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- A Profile of Tunisia's Trade Flows and Labor Markets -- Gender-Segmented Labor Markets and Trade -- Conclusion -- Annex 4A. Supplementary Data -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5. Egypt Case Study: Exploring the Link between Trade and Labor -- Key Messages Introduction -- Egypt's Trade Flows and Labor Markets: A Snapshot -- How Trade Affects Local Labor Market Outcomes -- Role of Firms in the Broken Link -- How to Fix a Broken Link -- Annex 5A. Free Trade Agreements -- Annex 5B. Mincerian Wage Regression -- Annex 5C. Subnational Labor Market Trends -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box O.1 Methodological Approach -- Box O.2 Morocco: Positive Trade Shocks Reduce Both Informality and FLFP -- Box O.3 Egypt: A "Broken Link" between Trade Flows and Labor Outcomes? -- Box O.4 Tunisia: Trade Shocks and Labor Markets "Segmented" by Gender -- Box 1.1 Labor Market Concerns before and after the Arab Spring -- Box 1.2 Higher Exports in Morocco and Tunisia: Effects on the Female- and Male-Intensive Employment Sectors -- Box 1A.1 Alternative Approaches -- Box 1A.2 Modeling the Labor Market Impact of Imports -- Box 3.1 Empirical Estimation -- Box 3.2 Finding a Way to Boost Both Exports and FLFP -- Box 5.1 How a Trade Exposure Index Affects Local Labor Market Outcomes -- Box 5.2 How to Determine the Employment-Export Elasticity -- Figures -- Figure O.1 Trends in Tariff Liberalization and Trade Flows, Middle East and North Africa, 2000-19 -- Figure BO.1.1 Approach to Examining the Link between Trade Policy and Labor Market Outcomes -- Figure O.2 Cumulative Regional Trade Agreements, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 1970-2020 -- Figure O.3 Tariff Rates on All Products, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-19 -- Figure O.4 Treatment Effects of Trade Agreements in Morocco, Tunisia, and Egypt -- Figure O.5 Average Unemployment Rates in Relation to Trade in the Middle East and North Africa, Regionwide and Selected Countries and Economic Peers Elsewhere, 2015-19 -- Figure O.6 Employment-to-Population Ratios in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, by Region, 2000-19 Figure O.7 Unemployment Rates, by Gender and Region, 2019 -- Figure O.8 Female and Male Labor Force Participation, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, Compared with Selected Countries in Other Regions, 2019 -- Figure 1.1 Employment-to-Population Ratios in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, by Region, 2000-19 -- Figure 1.2 Labor Market Outcomes in the Middle East and North Africa -- Figure 1.3 Export and Import Trends, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-19 -- Figure 1.4 Average Unemployment Rates in Relation to Trade, Middle East and North Africa, Regionwide and Selected Countries and Economic Peers Elsewhere, 2015-19 -- Figure 1.5 Approach to Examining the Link between Trade Policy and Labor Market Outcomes -- Figure 1A.1 Two-Stage Econometric Analysis of US and EU Import Demand Effects on Middle East and North Africa Local Labor Markets -- Figure 1B.1 Theoretical Outcome Model in the Style of Melitz (1993) -- Figure 2.1 Cumulative Regional Trade Agreements, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 1970-2020 -- Figure 2.2 Gravity Model of Trade: An Inverse Relationship between Distance and Trade Flows -- Figure 2.3 Treatment Effects of Recent Trade Agreements Relative to Global Average Agreement Effects, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia -- Figure 2.4 Treatment Effects of Trade Agreements, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia -- Figure 2.5 Distribution of Trade Agreements' Treatment Effects, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2010 -- Figure 3.1 Key Trade Trends, Morocco, 1993-2020 -- Figure 3.2 Shares of Exports, by Industry, Morocco, 2000-20 -- Figure 3.3 Working-Age and Employed Populations, by Gender and by Urban or Rural Location, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 3.4 Unemployment Rates, by Gender, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 3.5 Labor Force Participation Rates, by Gender, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 3.6 Decomposition of Female Employment, by Sector, Morocco, 2000-14 Figure 3.7 Informality Rates and Female Shares of Employment in Morocco, Nationally and by Selected Sector, 2000-18 -- Figure 3.8 Sectoral Decomposition of Employment across Morocco, by Region, 2014 -- Figure 3.9 Kernel Density Functions of Employment among Moroccan Exporting and Nonexporting Firms, 2013 and 2019 -- Figure 3.10 Relationship between Export Sales and Size of Exporting Firms, Morocco, 2019 -- Figure 3.11 Employment and Export Indicators in Female-Intensive and Male-Intensive Firms, Morocco, 2019 -- Figure 3.12 Employment Kernel Density Functions of Moroccan Firms, by Female and Male Labor Intensity, 2019 -- Figure 3.13 Employment Kernel Density Functions of Moroccan Exporters and Nonexporters, 2013 and 2019 -- Figure 3.14 Employment Kernel Density Functions of Moroccan Firms, by Exporting Status, 2019 -- Figure 3A.1 Informality Rates, by Region, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 3A.2 Female Labor Force Participation Rates, by Region, Morocco, 2000-18 -- Figure 4.1 Trends in Income and Export Growth, Tunisia, 1990-2020 -- Figure 4.2 Trends in Tariffs and Trade Flows, Tunisia, 1990-2020 -- Figure 4.3 Decomposition of the Tunisian Labor Force, by Industry, 2006-16 -- Figure 4.4 Decomposition of Tunisian Exports, by Industry, 2006-16 -- Figure 4.5 Female Labor Force Participation and Comparator Country Groups, Tunisia, 2005-17 -- Figure 4.6 Unemployment Rates, Total and by Gender, Tunisia, 2006-16 -- Figure 4.7 Share of Female Employment, by Industry, Tunisia, 2016 -- Figure 4.8 Relationship between Export Growth Contribution and Initial Female Labor Intensity, by Industry, Tunisia -- Figure 4.9 Employment Kernel Density Functions of Exporters and Nonexporters, Tunisia, 2013 and 2020 -- Figure 4.10 Relationship between Rising Export Sales and Employment in Tunisian Firms Figure 4.11 Relationship between Shares of Exports and Shares of Female Workers in Tunisian Firms, 2020 -- Figure 4A.1 Decomposition of Sectoral Workforce, by Region, 2016 -- Figure 4A.2 Decomposition of Male and Female Workforce, by Region, Tunisia, 2016 -- Figure 4A.3 Female Labor Force Participation Rates, by Region, Tunisia, 2006-16 -- Figure 4A.4 Unemployment Rates, by Region, Tunisia, 2006-16 -- Figure 5.1 Mean Applied Tariff on All Products, Egypt, 1995-2019 -- Figure 5.2 Exports and Imports of Goods and Services, Egypt, 1980-2020 -- Figure 5.3 Decomposition of Export Value, by Industry, Egypt, 2013, 2016, and 2020 -- Figure 5.4 Shares of Import Value, by Industry, Egypt, 2005-19 -- Figure 5.5 Unemployment Rate, Aggregate and by Gender, Egypt, 2004-20 -- Figure 5.6 Labor Force Participation Rate, Aggregate and by Gender, Egypt, 2004-19 -- Figure 5.7 Employment Share in Selected Industries, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5.8 Share of Female Employment, by Industry, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5.9 Informality Rates, by Gender, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5.10 Real Average Monthly Wages, by Gender, and the Gender Wage Gap, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5.11 Sectoral Decomposition of Employment by Governorate, Egypt, 2017 -- Figure 5.12 Correlation of Firm Size and Export Activity, Egypt, 2020 -- Figure 5C.1 Average Real Monthly Wages, by Governorate, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5C.2 Informality Rate, by Governorate, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Figure 5C.3 Female Labor Force Participation, by Governorate, Egypt, 2008-17 -- Maps -- Map 3.1 Informality Rates, by Region, Morocco, 2018 -- Map 4.1 Exposure to Exports, by Governorate, Tunisia, 2016 (in US, billions) -- Map 5.1 Concentrations of Jobs and Exporting Firms, by Governorate, Egypt, 2017 -- Tables Table O.1 Estimated Short- and Long-Run Effects of Increased Export Exposure in Morocco, Tunisia, and Arab Republic of Egypt |
| title | Exports to Improve Labor Markets in the Middle East and North Africa |
| title_auth | Exports to Improve Labor Markets in the Middle East and North Africa |
| title_exact_search | Exports to Improve Labor Markets in the Middle East and North Africa |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Exports to Improve Labor Markets in the Middle East and North Africa |
| title_full | Exports to Improve Labor Markets in the Middle East and North Africa Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Raymond Robertson |
| title_fullStr | Exports to Improve Labor Markets in the Middle East and North Africa Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Raymond Robertson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exports to Improve Labor Markets in the Middle East and North Africa Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Raymond Robertson |
| title_short | Exports to Improve Labor Markets in the Middle East and North Africa |
| title_sort | exports to improve labor markets in the middle east and north africa |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lopezacevedogladys exportstoimprovelabormarketsinthemiddleeastandnorthafrica AT robertsonraymond exportstoimprovelabormarketsinthemiddleeastandnorthafrica |