Engineering economics of life cycle cost analysis:
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| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton ; London ; New York
CRC Press
2023
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| Ausgabe: | second edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xxii, 389 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781032184869 9781032184876 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Engineering economics of life cycle cost analysis |c John Vail Farr, Isaac J. Faber |
| 250 | |a second edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton ; London ; New York |b CRC Press |c 2023 | |
| 300 | |a xxii, 389 Seiten | ||
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| 653 | 0 | |a Life cycle costing | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Engineering economy | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Systems engineering / Cost effectiveness | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Faber, Isaac |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe |z 978-1-003-25478-2 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents List of Abbreviations.......................................................................................................xi Preface............................................................................................................................. xv Acknowledgments.........................................................................................................xix About the Authors.........................................................................................................xxi SECTION I Chapter 1 The Mathematicsof Engineering Economy Overview ofSystems Life Cycle Costing............................................... 3 Overview of Engineering Economic Analysis............................. 3 1.1.1 Business Operations......................................................... 4 1.1.2 Customer Relationships................................................... 6 1.1.3 Engineering Services....................................................... 7 1.1.4 Product and Process Realization..................................... 7 1.2 Engineering Challenges for the 21st Century............................... 8 1.3 Introduction to Systems Life Cycle Costing................................ 13 1.3.1 Systems Life Cycle Costing........................................... 14 1.4 Cost Analysis, Estimation, and Management..............................16 1.4.1 Cost Analysis................................................................... 16 1.4.2 Cost Estimation............................................................... 17 1.4.2.1 Parametric Cost
Estimation.......................... 18 1.4.2.2 Analogy Cost EstimatingMethodology...... 18 1.4.2.3 Engineering Build-Up Methodology........... 18 1.4.3 Cost Management............................................................18 1.5 Summary....................................................................................... 20 References.............................................................................................. 21 1.1 Chapter 2 The Science of Engineering Economics: Understanding the Time Value of Money..................................................... 23 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Introduction and the Time Value of Money............................... 23 The Capital Budgeting Decision.................................................24 2.2.1 Basic Concepts in Capital Budgeting........................... 24 2.2.2 Benefit and Cost Development...................................... 25 Time Value of Money................................................................... 26 2.3.1 Cash Flow Diagram Rules............................................. 28 Interest............................................................................................28 2.4.1 Simple Interest................................................................ 29 2.4.2 Compounded Interest.................................................... 30
Contents vi 2.4.3 The Rule of 72”.......................................................... 32 2.4.4 Compound Interest Notation and Interest Tables..... 33 2.4.5 Interest Compounded Other Than Yearly.................. 35 2.5 Common Cash Flow Series......................................................... 37 2.5.1 Single Period Cash Flow............................................... 37 2.5.2 Uniform Cash Flow Series............................................39 2.5.3 Linear Gradient Cash Flow Series.............................. 40 2.5.4 Irregular Cash Flow Series............................................42 2.6 Concept of Economic Equivalence............................................ 42 2.7 Amortization Schedules.............................................................. 45 2.8 Summary....................................................................................... 48 Bibliography............................................................................................ 48 References............................................................................................... 48 Chapter 3 Advanced Economic Analysis of Alternatives..................................... 65 Introduction...................................................................................65 Net Present Value......................................................................... 65 3.2.1 NPV in Excel.................................................................. 66 3.3 Annual Equivalent Worth............................................................ 67 3.3.1
Introduction.....................................................................67 3.3.2 Unequal ServiceLives Using AEW.............................. 68 3.4 Capital Budgeting: Selection of Multiple Projects.................... 69 3.5 After-Tax Cash Flow Analysis.................................................... 70 3.5.1 Depreciation....................................................................71 3.5.2 Corporate Income Taxes............................................... 75 3.6 Income and Cash Flow Statements.............................................76 3.7 Summary....................................................................................... 79 Bibliography............................................................................................ 80 References................................................................................................80 3.1 3.2 Chapter 4 The Basic Theory of Interest................................................................... 87 Introduction...................................................................................87 Interest as Time Valueof Money.................................................. 87 Inflation......................................................................................... 89 4.3.1 Determining Inflation and Deflation............................ 92 4.4 Disinflation. Deflation, andStagflation...................................... 94 4.5 Market Interest Rates.................................................................... 95 4.5.1 United States Treasury
Debt......................................... 95 4.5.2 Debt................................................................................. 96 4.5.3 Equity.............................................................................. 99 4.5.4 Minimum Attractive Rate of Return........................... 101 4.6 Summary..................................................................................... 104 Bibliography........................................................................................... 105 References.............................................................................................. 105 4.1 4.2 4.3
Contents Chapter 5 vii Simulation-Based Costing................................................................... 109 Introduction................................................................................. 109 5.1.1 Ways to Study a System............................................. 111 5.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Simulations........ Ill 5.2 Review of Probability and Statistics........................................ 113 5.2.1 Introduction....................................................................113 5.2.2 Random Variables....................................................... 114 5.2.3 Probability Density Functions...................................... 115 5.2.4 Cumulative Distribution Functions............................ 117 5.3 Discrete Process Generators..................................................... 119 5.4 Continuous Process Generators................................................. 123 5.5 Probability and Statistics Summary......................................... 127 5.6 Simulation in Practice................................................................127 5.6.1 Introduction Io Simulation in Practice........................ 127 5.6.2 Building Complex Simulations.................................... 128 5.7 Using Readiness Levels for ModelInput....................................130 5.8 Simulation Using Spreadsheets................................................. 134 5.8.1 Introduction....................................................................134 5.9 Building Systems
Simulations................................................... 135 5.9.1 Introduction.................................................................... 135 5.9.2 Using Expert Elicitation for DataDevelopment......... 137 5.9.3 Adjusting for Bias.......................................................... 138 5.10 Sensitivity Analysis.................................................................... 138 5.11 Summary..................................................................................... 138 References.............................................................................................. 139 5.1 SECTION 2 Chapter 6 Cost Estimation of Complex Systems Life Cycle Framework and Techniques............................................... 163 6.1 6.2 6.3 Introduction to DevelopingLife Cycle Models......................... 163 Developing LCC Models............................................................ 163 Life Cycle Costs Categories.......................................................165 6.3.1 Industrial Base and Suppl ier/Vendor Relationships........ 165 6.3.2 Research. Development. Testing, and Evaluation.......... 166 6.3.3 Acquisition................................................................... 166 6.3.4 Operations and Support............................................... 167 6.3.5 Disposal or Retirement............................................... 167 6.3.6 Summary of Life Cycle Categories............................ 168 6.4 Billable Rates............................................................................... 172 6.5 Costing
Labor..............................................................................173 6.6 Summary.................................................................................... 174 Bibliography......................................................................................... 175 References.............................................................................................176
Contents viii Chapter 7 Costing of Complex Systems............................................................... 187 Introduction................................................................................. 187 Issues Surrounding Complex Systems......................................187 Systems Engineering and Management Costs.......................... 190 7.3.1 Hardware....................................................................... 190 7.3.2 Software........................................................................ 192 7.3.3 Interfaces and Integration at the Component and System Level.................................................. 192 7.3.4 Systems Engineering and Project Management Costs................................................................ 192 7.4 From Requirements to Architectures to Costs......................... 194 7.5 Summary..................................................................................... 195 References.............................................................................................. 198 7.1 7.2 7.3 Chapter 8 Software-Intensive Systems.................................................................201 8.1 8.2 Introduction............................................................................... 201 Software Estimating Techniques..............................................203 8.2.1 Overview....................................................................... 203 8.2.2 Expertise-Based and Hybrid Models......................... 204 8.2.3 Algorithmic
Models..................................................... 205 8.2.3.1 Original or Basic COCOMO Model......... 206 8.2.3.2 Phase Distribution of Effort and Schedule for Organic Mode....... 208 8.2.3.3 Intermediate COCOMO............................. 211 8.2.3.4 Advanced COCOMO.................................. 212 8.2.4 Function Points.............................................................. 212 8.2.5 Costing Software with Agile Development................ 216 8.3 Summary.................................................................................... 219 Bibliography.......................................................................................... 219 References............................................................................................. 220 Appendix 8.A Effort Multiplier for the Intermediate COCOMO Model (from Boehmet al., 2000).221 Chapter 9 Cost Estimating Techniques................................................................. 231 9.1 9.2 9.3 Estimating Life Cycle Costs Throughout the Product Development Cycle.................................................................... 231 Analogy....................................................................................... 231 Parametric Cost Estimating....................................................... 233 9.3.1 The Role of Statistics.................................................... 238 9.3.2 Some CERs of Interest................................................. 240 9.3.2.1 Wright’s Method......................................... 241 9.3.3 Summary and
Conclusions........................................... 243
Contents ix 9.4 Detailed Engineering Builds.................................................... 243 9.5 Summary.................................................................................... 245 References............................................................................................. 245 Chapter 10 The Role of Risk. Value, and Cost in Making Decisions.................. 251 10.1 Introduction................................................................................ 251 10.2 Common Decision Analysis Tools........................................... 253 10.2.1 Decision Trees............................................................ 253 10.2.2 Decision-Making Based upon Value Analysis....... 257 10.2.3 Pugh Matrix................................................................261 10.2.4 Summary..................................................................... 262 10.3 Risk.............................................................................................. 262 10.3.1 Overview..................................................................... 262 10.3.2 Risk Buffers................................................................ 265 10.4 Integrating Risk, Value,and Costs for Decision Analysis ....265 10.5 Making Defensible andTransparent Decisions..................... 265 10.5.1 Bias.............................................................................. 265 10.6 Summary....................................................................................268
Bibliography.......................................................................................... 269 References............................................................................................. 269 Chapter 11 Costing the Cloud, Data, and Machine Learning..............................275 Introduction............................................................................... 275 The Role of (he Cloud............................................................... 277 Costing Data.............................................................................. 281 Cost Considerations for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning.....................................................................285 11.5 Conclusion................................................................................. 287 Bibliography.......................................................................................... 287 References............................................................................................. 287 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 SECTION 3 Chapter 12 Cost Management Costing and Managing Off-the-Shelf Systems................................ 297 12.1 12.2 12.3 Introduction...............................................................................297 Commercial Off-the-Shelf Systems....................................... 301 12.2.1 Hardware-centric COTS............................................ 304 12.2.2 Software-centric COTS.............................................. 307 12.2.3 Integration
Costs..........................................................311 Gots............................................................................................. 311
Contents x 12.4 Software Reuse...........................................................................311 12.4.1 Cost Reductions Achieved with Software Reuse.... 313 12.5 Open Source............................................................................... 314 12.6 Summary.................................................................................... 315 Bibliography...........................................................................................316 References.............................................................................................. 316 Chapter 13 Project Management’s Role in Life Cycle Costing............................ 321 13.1 Introduction............................................................................... 321 13.2 Basics of Networks....................................................................322 13.3 Work Breakdown Structure......................................................323 13.4 Progress Measurement............................................................. 325 13.5 Calculating Earned Value......................................................... 326 13.6 Monte Carlo Simulation of Networks...................................... 329 13.7 Summary................................................................................... 330 Bibliography.......................................................................................... 330 References............................................................................................. 330 Chapter 14 Use of Cost Metrics and
Ratios............................................................341 Introduction............................................................................... 341 Benefit-Cost Ratio..................................................................... 341 Return on Investment............................................................... 342 Cost-Benefit Analysis............................................................... 345 Expected Value.......................................................................... 345 Sensitivity Analysis.................................................................. 347 Breakeven Analysis.................................................................. 348 14.7.1 Breakeven Quantity..................................................... 350 14.7.2 Conventional Payback Period..................................... 350 14.7.3 Discounted Payback Period......................................... 351 14.7.4 Breakeven Charts.........................................................352 14.8 Internal Rate of Return............................................................. 353 14.8.1 The Compounding Equation...................................... 353 14.8.2 The Quadratic Equation.............................................. 354 14.8.3 Trial-and-Error Method............................................... 355 14.8.4 IRR in Excel................................................................. 356 14.8.5 Incremental IRR...........................................................356 14.9
Summary................................................................................... 357 References............................................................................................. 358 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 Appendix A................................................................................................................. 367 Appendix В................................................................................................................. 379 Index............................................................................................................................. 385
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Contents List of Abbreviations.xi Preface. xv Acknowledgments.xix About the Authors.xxi SECTION I Chapter 1 The Mathematicsof Engineering Economy Overview ofSystems Life Cycle Costing. 3 Overview of Engineering Economic Analysis. 3 1.1.1 Business Operations. 4 1.1.2 Customer Relationships. 6 1.1.3 Engineering Services. 7 1.1.4 Product and Process Realization. 7 1.2 Engineering Challenges for the 21st Century. 8 1.3 Introduction to Systems Life Cycle Costing. 13 1.3.1 Systems Life Cycle Costing. 14 1.4 Cost Analysis, Estimation, and Management.16 1.4.1 Cost Analysis. 16 1.4.2 Cost Estimation. 17 1.4.2.1 Parametric Cost
Estimation. 18 1.4.2.2 Analogy Cost EstimatingMethodology. 18 1.4.2.3 Engineering Build-Up Methodology. 18 1.4.3 Cost Management.18 1.5 Summary. 20 References. 21 1.1 Chapter 2 The Science of Engineering Economics: Understanding the Time Value of Money. 23 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Introduction and the Time Value of Money. 23 The Capital Budgeting Decision.24 2.2.1 Basic Concepts in Capital Budgeting. 24 2.2.2 Benefit and Cost Development. 25 Time Value of Money. 26 2.3.1 Cash Flow Diagram Rules. 28 Interest.28 2.4.1 Simple Interest. 29 2.4.2 Compounded Interest. 30
Contents vi 2.4.3 The "Rule of 72”. 32 2.4.4 Compound Interest Notation and Interest Tables. 33 2.4.5 Interest Compounded Other Than Yearly. 35 2.5 Common Cash Flow Series. 37 2.5.1 Single Period Cash Flow. 37 2.5.2 Uniform Cash Flow Series.39 2.5.3 Linear Gradient Cash Flow Series. 40 2.5.4 Irregular Cash Flow Series.42 2.6 Concept of Economic Equivalence. 42 2.7 Amortization Schedules. 45 2.8 Summary. 48 Bibliography. 48 References. 48 Chapter 3 Advanced Economic Analysis of Alternatives. 65 Introduction.65 Net Present Value. 65 3.2.1 NPV in Excel. 66 3.3 Annual Equivalent Worth. 67 3.3.1
Introduction.67 3.3.2 Unequal ServiceLives Using AEW. 68 3.4 Capital Budgeting: Selection of Multiple Projects. 69 3.5 After-Tax Cash Flow Analysis. 70 3.5.1 Depreciation.71 3.5.2 Corporate Income Taxes. 75 3.6 Income and Cash Flow Statements.76 3.7 Summary. 79 Bibliography. 80 References.80 3.1 3.2 Chapter 4 The Basic Theory of Interest. 87 Introduction.87 Interest as Time Valueof Money. 87 Inflation. 89 4.3.1 Determining Inflation and Deflation. 92 4.4 Disinflation. Deflation, andStagflation. 94 4.5 Market Interest Rates. 95 4.5.1 United States Treasury
Debt. 95 4.5.2 Debt. 96 4.5.3 Equity. 99 4.5.4 Minimum Attractive Rate of Return. 101 4.6 Summary. 104 Bibliography. 105 References. 105 4.1 4.2 4.3
Contents Chapter 5 vii Simulation-Based Costing. 109 Introduction. 109 5.1.1 Ways to Study a System. 111 5.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Simulations. Ill 5.2 Review of Probability and Statistics. 113 5.2.1 Introduction.113 5.2.2 Random Variables. 114 5.2.3 Probability Density Functions. 115 5.2.4 Cumulative Distribution Functions. 117 5.3 Discrete Process Generators. 119 5.4 Continuous Process Generators. 123 5.5 Probability and Statistics Summary. 127 5.6 Simulation in Practice.127 5.6.1 Introduction Io Simulation in Practice. 127 5.6.2 Building Complex Simulations. 128 5.7 Using Readiness Levels for ModelInput.130 5.8 Simulation Using Spreadsheets. 134 5.8.1 Introduction.134 5.9 Building Systems
Simulations. 135 5.9.1 Introduction. 135 5.9.2 Using Expert Elicitation for DataDevelopment. 137 5.9.3 Adjusting for Bias. 138 5.10 Sensitivity Analysis. 138 5.11 Summary. 138 References. 139 5.1 SECTION 2 Chapter 6 Cost Estimation of Complex Systems Life Cycle Framework and Techniques. 163 6.1 6.2 6.3 Introduction to DevelopingLife Cycle Models. 163 Developing LCC Models. 163 Life Cycle Costs Categories.165 6.3.1 Industrial Base and Suppl ier/Vendor Relationships. 165 6.3.2 Research. Development. Testing, and Evaluation. 166 6.3.3 Acquisition. 166 6.3.4 Operations and Support. 167 6.3.5 Disposal or Retirement. 167 6.3.6 Summary of Life Cycle Categories. 168 6.4 Billable Rates. 172 6.5 Costing
Labor.173 6.6 Summary. 174 Bibliography. 175 References.176
Contents viii Chapter 7 Costing of Complex Systems. 187 Introduction. 187 Issues Surrounding Complex Systems.187 Systems Engineering and Management Costs. 190 7.3.1 Hardware. 190 7.3.2 Software. 192 7.3.3 Interfaces and Integration at the Component and System Level. 192 7.3.4 Systems Engineering and Project Management Costs. 192 7.4 From Requirements to Architectures to Costs. 194 7.5 Summary. 195 References. 198 7.1 7.2 7.3 Chapter 8 Software-Intensive Systems.201 8.1 8.2 Introduction. 201 Software Estimating Techniques.203 8.2.1 Overview. 203 8.2.2 Expertise-Based and Hybrid Models. 204 8.2.3 Algorithmic
Models. 205 8.2.3.1 Original or Basic COCOMO Model. 206 8.2.3.2 Phase Distribution of Effort and Schedule for Organic Mode. 208 8.2.3.3 Intermediate COCOMO. 211 8.2.3.4 Advanced COCOMO. 212 8.2.4 Function Points. 212 8.2.5 Costing Software with Agile Development. 216 8.3 Summary. 219 Bibliography. 219 References. 220 Appendix 8.A Effort Multiplier for the Intermediate COCOMO Model (from Boehmet al., 2000).221 Chapter 9 Cost Estimating Techniques. 231 9.1 9.2 9.3 Estimating Life Cycle Costs Throughout the Product Development Cycle. 231 Analogy. 231 Parametric Cost Estimating. 233 9.3.1 The Role of Statistics. 238 9.3.2 Some CERs of Interest. 240 9.3.2.1 Wright’s Method. 241 9.3.3 Summary and
Conclusions. 243
Contents ix 9.4 Detailed Engineering Builds. 243 9.5 Summary. 245 References. 245 Chapter 10 The Role of Risk. Value, and Cost in Making Decisions. 251 10.1 Introduction. 251 10.2 Common Decision Analysis Tools. 253 10.2.1 Decision Trees. 253 10.2.2 Decision-Making Based upon Value Analysis. 257 10.2.3 Pugh Matrix.261 10.2.4 Summary. 262 10.3 Risk. 262 10.3.1 Overview. 262 10.3.2 Risk Buffers. 265 10.4 Integrating Risk, Value,and Costs for Decision Analysis .265 10.5 Making Defensible andTransparent Decisions. 265 10.5.1 Bias. 265 10.6 Summary.268
Bibliography. 269 References. 269 Chapter 11 Costing the Cloud, Data, and Machine Learning.275 Introduction. 275 The Role of (he Cloud. 277 Costing Data. 281 Cost Considerations for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning.285 11.5 Conclusion. 287 Bibliography. 287 References. 287 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 SECTION 3 Chapter 12 Cost Management Costing and Managing Off-the-Shelf Systems. 297 12.1 12.2 12.3 Introduction.297 Commercial Off-the-Shelf Systems. 301 12.2.1 Hardware-centric COTS. 304 12.2.2 Software-centric COTS. 307 12.2.3 Integration
Costs.311 Gots. 311
Contents x 12.4 Software Reuse.311 12.4.1 Cost Reductions Achieved with Software Reuse. 313 12.5 Open Source. 314 12.6 Summary. 315 Bibliography.316 References. 316 Chapter 13 Project Management’s Role in Life Cycle Costing. 321 13.1 Introduction. 321 13.2 Basics of Networks.322 13.3 Work Breakdown Structure.323 13.4 Progress Measurement. 325 13.5 Calculating Earned Value. 326 13.6 Monte Carlo Simulation of Networks. 329 13.7 Summary. 330 Bibliography. 330 References. 330 Chapter 14 Use of Cost Metrics and
Ratios.341 Introduction. 341 Benefit-Cost Ratio. 341 Return on Investment. 342 Cost-Benefit Analysis. 345 Expected Value. 345 Sensitivity Analysis. 347 Breakeven Analysis. 348 14.7.1 Breakeven Quantity. 350 14.7.2 Conventional Payback Period. 350 14.7.3 Discounted Payback Period. 351 14.7.4 Breakeven Charts.352 14.8 Internal Rate of Return. 353 14.8.1 The Compounding Equation. 353 14.8.2 The Quadratic Equation. 354 14.8.3 Trial-and-Error Method. 355 14.8.4 IRR in Excel. 356 14.8.5 Incremental IRR.356 14.9
Summary. 357 References. 358 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 Appendix A. 367 Appendix В. 379 Index. 385 |
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| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:26:57Z |
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| isbn | 9781032184869 9781032184876 |
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| spelling | Farr, John Vail Verfasser (DE-588)1015945678 aut Engineering economics of life cycle cost analysis John Vail Farr, Isaac J. Faber second edition Boca Raton ; London ; New York CRC Press 2023 xxii, 389 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Life cycle costing Engineering economy Systems engineering / Cost effectiveness Faber, Isaac Verfasser aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-003-25478-2 Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034332410&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Farr, John Vail Faber, Isaac Engineering economics of life cycle cost analysis |
| title | Engineering economics of life cycle cost analysis |
| title_auth | Engineering economics of life cycle cost analysis |
| title_exact_search | Engineering economics of life cycle cost analysis |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Engineering economics of life cycle cost analysis |
| title_full | Engineering economics of life cycle cost analysis John Vail Farr, Isaac J. Faber |
| title_fullStr | Engineering economics of life cycle cost analysis John Vail Farr, Isaac J. Faber |
| title_full_unstemmed | Engineering economics of life cycle cost analysis John Vail Farr, Isaac J. Faber |
| title_short | Engineering economics of life cycle cost analysis |
| title_sort | engineering economics of life cycle cost analysis |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034332410&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT farrjohnvail engineeringeconomicsoflifecyclecostanalysis AT faberisaac engineeringeconomicsoflifecyclecostanalysis |