Geoinformatics in theory and practice: an integrated approach to geoinformation systems, remote sensing and digital image processing
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Berlin
Springer
[2023]
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xvi, 519 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 3662657570 9783662657577 |
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| 003 | DE-604 | ||
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| 008 | 230719s2023 gw a||| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 015 | |a 22,N25 |2 dnb | ||
| 016 | 7 | |a 1259990443 |2 DE-101 | |
| 020 | |a 3662657570 |9 3-662-65757-0 | ||
| 020 | |a 9783662657577 |c Festeinband : circa EUR 106.99 (DE) (freier Preis), circa EUR 109.99 (AT) (freier Preis), circa CHF 118.00 (freier Preis), circa EUR 99.99 |9 978-3-662-65757-7 | ||
| 024 | 3 | |a 9783662657577 | |
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)1401214068 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)DNB1259990443 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 044 | |a gw |c XA-DE-BE | ||
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| 084 | |8 1\p |a 910 |2 23sdnb | ||
| 084 | |a RB 10238 |2 sdnb | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Lange, Norbert de |d 1953- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)109419855 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Geoinformatics in theory and practice |b an integrated approach to geoinformation systems, remote sensing and digital image processing |c Norbert de Lange |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin |b Springer |c [2023] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2023 | |
| 300 | |a xvi, 519 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Geoinformatik |0 (DE-588)7571300-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 653 | |a Cartography | ||
| 653 | |a Computer Science | ||
| 653 | |a Earth Sciences | ||
| 653 | |a GIS | ||
| 653 | |a Geoinformationsystems | ||
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Geoinformatik |0 (DE-588)7571300-7 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe |z 978-3-662-65758-4 |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m DNB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034320345&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 883 | 1 | |8 1\p |a vlb |d 20220616 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#vlb | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1805080196813946880 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
1
INTRODUCTION
.
1
1.1
GEOINFORMATICS:
APPROACH
AND
TASKS
.
1
1.2
COMPUTER
SCIENCE
AND
GEOINFORMATICS:
ETHICAL
CHALLENGES
.
9
REFERENCES
.
11
2
INFORMATION
PROCESSING:
BASIC
CONCEPTS
.
15
2.1
INFORMATION,
MESSAGE,
SIGNALS,
DATA
.
15
2.2
MACHINE,
COMPUTER,
PROGRAM,
HARDWARE,
SOFTWARE
.
17
2.3
INFORMATION
PROCESSING:
IPO
PRINCIPLE
.
19
2.4
COMPUTER
SYSTEMS:
ALGORITHMS
AND
PROGRAMS
.
20
2.4.1
ALGORITHM
CONCEPT
.
20
2.4.2
PROGRAM
FLOW-CHARTS
AND
STRUCTURE
DIAGRAMS
.
21
2.4.3
LEVELS
OF
ALGORITHM
EXECUTION
IN
A
COMPUTER
SYSTEM
.
23
2.5
COMPUTER
SYSTEM:
PRESENTATION
OF
INFORMATION
BY
BIT
SEQUENCES
.
24
2.5.1
DIGITAL
WORLD,
DIGITALISATION
.
24
2.5.2
BIT
AND
BIT
SEQUENCES
.
24
2.5.3
LOGICAL
VALUES
.
26
2.5.4
NUMBERS
.
26
2.5.5
TEXT
.
28
2.5.6
SPATIAL
INFORMATION
.
29
2.5.7
COLOR
INFORMATION
.
31
2.5.8
SENSOR
DATA
.
33
2.5.9
DUAL
NUMBERS
ARITHMETIC
.
33
2.6
STRUCTURE
OF
A
COMPUTER
SYSTEM:
HARDWARE
.
36
2.7
STRUCTURE
OF
A
COMPUTER
SYSTEM:
SOFTWARE
.
37
2.7.1
SYSTEM
SOFTWARE
AND
SYSTEM-RELATED
SOFTWARE
.
37
2.7.2
BUSINESS,
INDIVIDUAL
AND
STANDARD
SOFTWARE,
APPS
.
38
2.7.3
APPLICATION
SOFTWARE
IN
GEOINFORMATICS
.
39
2.7.4
PROPRIETARY,
OPEN
SOURCE
AND
FREE
SOFTWARE
.
40
VII
VIII
CONTENTS
2.8
NETWORKS
AND
CONNECTIVITY
.
42
2.8.1
DEFINITION
AND
DISTINGUISHING
FEATURES
.
42
2.8.2
INTERNET
.
45
2.8.3
WEB
TECHNOLOGIES
.
46
2.8.4
WEB
2.0
.
50
2.8.5
CLOUD
COMPUTING
.
51
REFERENCES
.
53
3
BASIC
CONCEPTS
OF
COMPUTER
SCIENCE
.
55
3.1
PROGRAMMING
COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
.
55
3.1.1
PROGRAMMING
LEVELS
.
55
3.1.2
CREATING
AND
EXECUTING
PROGRAMS
.
57
3.1.3
PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES
.
60
3.1.4
PROGRAMMING
:
CONCEPTS
.
64
3.1.5
PROGRAMMING
WITH
PYTHON
IN
GEOINFORMATION
SYSTEMS
. 76
3.1.6
GRAPHICS
LANGUAGES
AND
LIBRARIES
.
78
3.1.7
PROGRAMMING
APPLICATIONS
FOR
BROWSERS
.
82
3.1.8
PROGRAMMING
APPLICATIONS
FOR
MOBILE
DEVICES
.
84
3.2
DATA
AND
DATA
TYPES
.
87
3.2.1
SCALE
LEVELS
.
87
3.2.2
STANDARD
DATA
TYPES
.
88
3.2.3
STRUCTURED
DATA
TYPES
.
92
3.2.4
ABSTRACT
DATA
TYPES
.
94
3.2.5
FILES
.
96
3.3
ALGORITHMS
.
97
3.3.1
DEFINITION
AND
CHARACTERISTICS
.
97
3.3.2
SEQUENTIAL
AND
PARALLEL
ALGORITHMS
.
99
3.3.3
ITERATIONS
AND
RECURSIONS
.
101
3.3.4
ALGORITHM
COMPLEXITY
.
105
3.4
BASIC
ALGORITHMS
OF
GEOINFORMATICS
.
107
3.4.1
ALGORITHMS
OF
COORDINATE
GEOMETRY
.
107
3.4.2
GRAPHS
AND
SELECTED
PATH
ALGORITHMS
.
113
3.4.3
ALGORITHMS
FOR
RASTER
DATA
.
118
3.4.4
ADVANCED
ALGORITHMS
.
120
3.5
SOFTWARE
ENGINEERING
.
121
3.5.1
SOFTWARE
ENGINEERING:
TASKS
AND
GOALS
.
121
3.5.2
SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENT
TOOLS
.
122
3.5.3
TRADITIONAL
MODELS
OF
SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENT
AND
ENGINEERING
.
123
3.5.4
OBJECT-ORIENTED
SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENT
.
125
3.5.5
V
MODELS
AND
FURTHER
DEVELOPMENTS
.
126
REFERENCES
.
128
CONTENTS
IX
4
GEOOBJECTS
AND
REFERENCE
SYSTEMS
.
131
4.1
GEOOBJECTS
.
131
4.1.1
GEOOBJECT:
CONCEPT
.
131
4.1.2
GEOOBJECTS:
GEOMETRY
.
132
4.1.3
GEOOBJECTS:
TOPOLOGY
.
135
4.1.4
GEOOBJECTS:
THEMATIC
INFORMATION
.
136
4.1.5
GEOOBJECTS:
DYNAMICS
.
137
4.1.6
GEOOBJECTS:
DIMENSIONS
.
138
4.2
COORDINATE
SYSTEMS
.
138
4.2.1
METRIC
SPACES
AND
CARTESIAN
COORDINATES
.
138
4.2.2
HOMOGENEOUS
COORDINATES
.
139
4.2.3
POLAR
COORDINATES
AND
GEOGRAPHIC
COORDINATES
ON
THE
SPHERE
.
140
4.2.4
GEODETIC
COORDINATES
ON
AN
ELLIPSOID
.
143
4.2.5
PLANE
COORDINATE
TRANSFORMATIONS
.
144
4.3
MAP
PROJECTIONS
.
153
4.3.1
PRESENTING
GEOOBJECTS:
GENERAL
ISSUES
.
153
4.3.2
PROJECTION
PROPERTIES
.
156
4.3.3
TYPES
OF
MAP
PROJECTIONS
.
156
4.4
COORDINATE
REFERENCE
SYSTEMS
.
160
4.4.1
OVERVIEW
.
160
4.4.2
APPROXIMATION
OF
THE
EARTH
BY
ELLIPSOIDS
.
162
4.4.3
TRADITIONAL
COORDINATE
REFERENCE
SYSTEMS
IN
GERMANY
AND
GEODETIC
DATUM
.
163
4.4.4
NEW
REFERENCE
FRAMES:
ITRF,
ETRF
AND
ETRS89
.
165
4.4.5
DATUM
TRANSFORMATION
.
.
166
4.4.6
HEIGHT
REFERENCE
SURFACES
IN
GERMANY
UNTIL
2016
.
169
4.4.7
THE
INTEGRATED
(GEODETIC)
SPATIAL
REFERENCE
2016
.
171
4.5
GEODETIC
PROJECTION
.
172
4.5.1
GEODETIC
PROJECTION:
USE
.
172
4.5.2
THE
GAUSS-KRUGER
COORDINATE
SYSTEM
IN
GERMANY
.
174
4.5.3
THE
UTM
COORDINATE
SYSTEM
.
176
4.5.4
UTM
COORDINATES:
COMPUTATION
.
178
4.5.5
EPSG
CODES
.
181
4.6
GEOREFERENCING
IN
A
GEOINFORMATION
SYSTEM:
EXAMPLE
.
182
4.6.1
GEOREFERENCING
BASED
ON
GEODETIC
COORDINATES
.
182
4.6.2
DEFINITION
OF
THE
SPATIAL
REFERENCE
AFTER
GEOREFERENCING
.
.
.
185
4.6.3
MULTIPLE
REFERENCE
SYSTEMS
AND
DATUM
TRANSFORMATION
.
186
REFERENCES
.
186
X
CONTENTS
5
DIGITAL
GEODATA:
DATA
MINING,
OFFICIAL
BASIC
GEODATA
AND
VGI
.
191
5.1
BASIC
TERMS
.
191
5.1.1
PRIMARY
AND
SECONDARY
DATA
RECORDING,
PRIMARY
AND
SECONDARY
DATA
.
191
5.1.2
DISCRETISATION
.
193
5.2
DIGITAL
RECORDING
OF
GEOMETRY
DATA
USING
SECONDARY
TECHNIQUES
.
.
.
194
5.2.1
DIGITAL
RECORDING
OF
GEOMETRY
DATA
IN
VECTOR
FORMAT
.
195
5.2.2
DIGITAL
RECORDING
OF
GEOMETRY
DATA
IN
RASTER
FORMAT
.
198
5.2.3
CONVERSION
BETWEEN
RASTER
AND
VECTOR
DATA
.
198
5.3
SATELLITE-BASED
POSITIONING
AND
RECORDING
OF
3D
POSITION
COORDINATES
.
201
5.3.1
GPS
AND
GNSS
.
201
5.3.2
NAVSTAR/GPS:
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
BEFORE
MODERNISATION
.
.
.
202
5.3.3
DISTANCE
DETERMINATION:
PRINCIPLE
.
207
5.3.4
ERROR
INFLUENCES
AND
ACCURACIES
OF
A
GPS
LOCATION
DETERMINATION
.
209
5.3.5
DIFFERENTIAL
GPS
(DGPS)
.
210
5.3.6
NAVSTAR/GPS:
MODERNISATION
.
212
5.3.7
GLONASS
.
213
5.3.8
GALILEO
.
213
5.3.9
BEIDOU
.
214
5.3.10
GNSS
DATA
.
215
5.3.11
EVALUATION
OF
POSITIONING
SYSTEMS
AND
FURTHER
DEVELOPMENT
OF
GNSS
.
216
5.4
AIRBORNE
LASER
SCANNING
.
218
5.5
OFFICIAL
BASIC
GEODATA
.
220
5.5.1
OFFICIAL
BASIC
GEODATA:
TASKS
AND
CHALLENGES
FOR
THE
SURVEYING
AUTHORITIES
.
220
5.5.2
FORMER
ALK
.
222
5.5.3
FORMER
ATKIS
.
223
5.5.4
AFIS
-
ALKIS
-
ATKIS
.
225
5.6
VOLUNTEERED
GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION
(VGI)
.
234
5.6.1
DATA
IN
THE
GEOWEB
2.0
.
234
5.6.2
OPEN
STREET
MAP
(OSM)
PROJECT
.
234
5.6.3
OSM
DATA
QUALITY
.
235
REFERENCES
.
236
6
STANDARDS
AND
INTEROPERABILITY
OF
GEODATA
.
241
6.1
STANDARDISATION
AND
INTEROPERABILITY
.
241
6.1.1
MULTIPLE
USE
THROUGH
STANDARDISATION
.
241
6.1.2
SYNTACTIC
AND
SEMANTIC
INTEROPERABILITY
.
242
6.2
STANDARDISATION
.
244
CONTENTS
XI
6.2.1
STANDARD
AND
NORM
.
244
6.2.2
STANDARDISATION
INSTITUTIONS
.
244
6.2.3
INTERNATIONAL
ORGANISATION
FOR
STANDARDISATION
(ISO)
.
245
6.2.4
OPEN
GEOSPATIAL
CONSORTIUM
.
246
6.3
STANDARDS
FOR
MODELING
GEODATA
.
247
6.3.1
FEATURE
GEOMETRY
MODEL
OF
THE
OGC
.
247
6.3.2
SIMPLE
FEATURE
GEOMETRY
OBJECT
MODEL
OF
THE
OGC
.
248
6.3.3
GEOGRAPHY
MARKUP
LANGUAGE
.
249
6.3.4
GEOPACKAGE
.
251
6.4
GEODATA
SERVICES
.
252
6.4.1
INTEROPERABILITY
THROUGH
STANDARDISED
GEODATA
SERVICES
.
.
.
252
6.4.2
OGC-COMPLIANT
GEODATA
SERVICES
.
253
6.4.3
FUNCTIONALITY
OF
AN
OGC-COMPLIANT
WMS
USING
THE
EXAMPLE
OF
THE
UMN-MAPSERVER
.
253
6.4.4
ACCESS
TO
GEODATA
VIA
A
WEB
MAP
SERVICE
.
255
6.4.5
ACCESS
TO
GEODATA
VIA
A
WEB
FEATURE
SERVICE
.
257
6.4.6
ACCESS
TO
GEODATA
VIA
OTHER
WEB
SERVICES
.
258
6.4.7
PROCESSING
GEODATA
BY
STANDARDISED
WEB
PROCESSING
SERVICES
.
258
6.4.8
PROCESSING
GEODATA
BY
A
WEB
MAP
SERVICE
IN
A
GEOINFORMATION
SYSTEM
.
260
6.5
METADATA
.
261
6.5.1
FROM
DATA
TO
INFORMATION
THROUGH
METADATA
.
261
6.5.2
STANDARDS
FOR
SPATIAL
METADATA
.
263
6.6
DATA
AND
GEODATA
QUALITY
.
266
6.6.1
QUALITY
FEATURES
.
266
6.6.2
SPATIAL
RESOLUTION,
GENERALISATION
AND
POSITIONAL
ACCURACY
.
267
6.7
SPATIAL
DATA
INFRASTRUCTURES
.
268
6.7.1
SPATIAL
DATA
INFRASTRUCTURES:
CONCEPT
AND
OBJECTIVES
.
268
6.7.2
INSPIRE
.
269
6.7.3
SPATIAL
DATA
INFRASTRUCTURE
IN
GERMANY:
A
TREND
SETTING
EXAMPLE
.
271
6.7.4
NATIONAL
GEOINFORMATION
STRATEGY
(NGIS)
IN
GERMANY
.
273
6.7.5
SPATIAL
DATA
INFRASTRUCTURE
WITHIN
THE
FEDERAL
STATES
IN
GERMANY
.
273
REFERENCES
.
274
7
SPATIAL
INFORMATION:
VISUALISATION
.
279
7.1
INTERDISCIPLINARY
VIEW
OF
CARTOGRAPHY
.
279
7.1.1
DIGITAL
GRAPHIC
PRESENTATION
OF
INFORMATION
.
279
XII
CONTENTS
7.1.2
COMPUTER-ASSISTED
SCIENTIFIC
VISUALISATION
.
279
7.1.3
GEOVISUALISATION
.
282
7.1.4
DIGITAL
GRAPHIC
PRESENTATION
OF
GEOOBJECTS:
PARADIGM
SHIFT
WITHIN
CARTOGRAPHY
.
283
7.1.5
GEOINFORMATICS:
PRESENTATION
.
286
7.1.6
AUGMENTED
REALITY:
VIRTUAL
REALITY
.
290
7.1.7
VIRTUAL
REALITY
IN
GEOINFORMATICS:
3D
CITY
MODELS
.
292
7.2
GRAPHIC
PRESENTATIONS
ON
THE
WWW
.
292
7.2.1
WEB
MAPPING
.
292
7.2.2
MAPSERVER:
USE
CASE
.
293
7.2.3
MAPPING
SOFTWARE:
EXAMPLE
.
294
7.2.4
GRAPHIC
PRESENTATIONS
IN
APPLICATIONS
.
295
7.2.5
CARTOGRAPHY
ON
THE
WEB
2.0:
WEB
MAPPING
2.0
.
296
7.3
VISUAL
COMMUNICATION
.
297
7.4
GRAPHIC
SEMIOLOGY
.
301
7.4.1
GRAPHIC
SEMIOLOGY:
ACCORDING
TO
BERTIN
.
301
7.4.2
DESIGN
RULES
BASED
ON
BERTIN
'
S
GRAPHIC
SEMIOLOGY
.
304
7.4.3
FURTHER
DEVELOPMENT
AND
DIGITAL
IMPLEMENTATIONS
.
307
7.5
'
GRAPHIC
DESIGN
ELEMENTS
.
308
7.5.1
MAP
OR
CARTOGRAPHIC
SYMBOLS
.
308
7.5.2
REPRESENTATION
OF
QUALITATIVE
FEATURES
.
310
7.5.3
REPRESENTATION
OF
QUANTITATIVE
FEATURES
.
311
7.5.4
CLASSIFICATION
.
313
7.5.5
DIAGRAMS
.
316
7.5.6
CARTOGRAMS
.
316
7.6
PRINTED
MAPS
AND
POSTERS:
DESIGN
FEATURES
.
317
7.6.1
PRINTED
MAPS
AND
POSTERS:
FORMAL
DESIGN
.
317
7.6.2
PRINTED
MAPS
AND
POSTERS:
TEXTS
AND
LABELS
.
318
7.7
USE
OF
COLOR
.
319
7.7.1
COLOR
AS
A
SIMPLE
BUT
ALSO
DISPUTABLE
TOOL
FOR
PRESENTATIONS
.
319
7.7.2
COLOR
EFFECT
AND
COLOR
PERCEPTION
.
320
7.7.3
COLOR
GRADINGS
.
321
7.7.4
COLOR
MIXING
AND
COLOR
MODELS
.
321
REFERENCES
.
325
8
DATA
ORGANISATION
AND
DATABASE
SYSTEMS
.
329
8.1
DATA
ORGANISATION
.
329
8.1.1
DATA
ORGANISATION:
BASIC
CONCEPTS
.
329
8.1.2
FILESYSTEMS
.
331
8.1.3
DATABASE
SYSTEMS
.
334
CONTENTS
XIII
8.1.4
DATA
VIEWS
IN
A
DATABASE
SYSTEM
.
336
8.1.5
DATA
MODELS
.
337
8.2
DATABASE
DESIGN
WITH
ER-MODELING
.
338
8.2.1
MODELING
CONCEPTS
.
338
8.2.2
ENTITY
AND
ATTRIBUTE
.
338
8.2.3
RELATIONSHIP
.
339
8.2.4
ENTITY
RELATIONSHIP
MODELS
.
341
8.2.5
CONCEPTUAL
DATABASE
DESIGN:
A
CASE
STUDY
.
342
8.3
RELATIONAL
DATA
MODEL
.
344
8.3.1
RELATIONAL
DATABASE:
STRUCTURE
.
344
8.3.2
DATABASE
NORMALISATION
.
346
8.3.3
TRANSFORMATION
OF
AN
ER-MODEL
INTO
A
RELATION
MODEL
.
349
8.4
RELATIONAL
DATABASE
SYSTEMS:
APPLICATIONS
.
353
8.4.1
DATA
DEFINITION
AND
MANAGEMENT
FUNCTIONS
.
353
8.4.2
DATA
MANIPULATION
AND
DATA
ANALYSIS
.
353
8.4.3
THE
SQL
LANGUAGE
STANDARD
OF
A
DATA
MANIPULATION
LANGUAGE
FOR
RELATIONAL
DATABASE
SYSTEMS
.
354
8.4.4
ANALYSIS
OF
A
DATABASE
WITH
SQL
.
355
8.4.5
RELATIONAL
DATA
STRUCTURES
IN
A
GEOINFORMATION
SYSTEMS
.
.
.
357
8.5
DATA
CONSISTENCY
.
361
8.5.1
DATA
CONSISTENCY:
CONCEPT
AND
MEANING
.
361
8.5.2
REFERENTIAL
INTEGRITY
.
362
8.5.3
TRIGGER
.
363
8.5.4
TRANSACTIONS
.
363
8.6
EXTENSION
.
364
8.6.1
DEPENDENT
ENTITY
TYPES
.
364
8.6.2
THE
IS-A
RELATIONSHIP
.
364
8.6.3
EER
MODEL
.
365
8.6.4
OBJECT-ORIENTED
AND
OBJECT-RELATIONAL
DATABASE
SYSTEMS
.
.
.
366
8.7
SPATIAL
DATABASE
.
367
8.7.1
MANAGING
AND
PROCESSING
GEODATA
IN
RELATIONAL
DATABASES
.
.
367
8.7.2
SPATIAL
DATABASE:
OPERATING
PRINCIPLE
.
368
8.7.3
POSTGRESQL/POSTGIS
.
369
8.7.4
POSTGRESQL/POSTGIS:
A
SAMPLE
APPLICATION
.
370
REFERENCES
.
373
9
GEOINFORMATION
SYSTEMS
.
375
9.1
CONCEPTS
OF
DIGITAL
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
AND
GEOINFORMATION
SYSTEMS
.
375
9.1.1
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
.
375
9.1.2
FOUR-COMPONENT
MODELS
OF
AN
INFORMATION
SYSTEM
.
376
9.1.3
GEOINFORMATION
SYSTEM:
NOTION
.
377
9.1.4
FOUR
COMPONENT
MODELS
OF
A
GEOINFORMATION
SYSTEM
.
378
XIV
CONTENTS
9.1.5
GIS
SOFTWARE
.
380
9.1.6
GEOINFORMATION
SYSTEMS
AND
SIMILAR
SYSTEMS
.
382
9.2
WEB-GIS
.
383
9.2.1
WEB-GIS:
CONCEPT
AND
FUNCTIONALITY
.
383
9.2.2
WEB-GIS
IN
PRACTICE
.
384
9.2.3
WEB
MAPPING
AS
A
SUBSTITUTE
FOR
A
WEB-GIS?
.
385
9.3
MODELING
GEOOBJECTS
IN
A
GEOINFORMATION
SYSTEM
.
386
9.3.1
GEOINFORMATION
SYSTEM
AS
A
MODEL
OF
THE
REAL
WORLD
.
386
9.3.2
GEOMETRIC-TOPOLOGICAL
MODELING
OF
GEOOBJECTS
IN
THE
VECTOR
MODEL
.
387
9.3.3
GEOMETRIC-TOPOLOGICAL
MODELING
IN
THE
VECTOR
MODEL:
APPLICATION
.
392
9.3.4
GEOMETRIC-TOPOLOGICAL
MODELING
OF
GEOOBJECTS
IN
THE
RASTER
MODEL
.
394
9.3.5
STORING
GEOMETRIES
IN
THE
RASTER
MODEL
.
395
9.3.6
TOPIC
OF
GEOOBJECTS
.
397
9.3.7
VECTOR
AND
RASTER
MODEL:
COMPARISON
.
398
9.4
VECTOR
MODEL:
SPATIAL
ANALYSIS
OF
GEOOBJECTS
.
399
'
9.4.1
VECTOR
MODEL:
RECORDING
AND
EDITING
GEOOBJECTS
.
399
9.4.2
MANAGING
GEOOBJECTS
IN
THE
VECTOR
MODEL:
DATA
QUERIES
.
.
.
401
9.4.3
UPDATING
GEOOBJECTS
IN
THE
VECTOR
MODEL
.
401
9.4.4
SPATIAL
ANALYSES
OF
VECTOR
DATA
.
403
9.4.5
SPATIAL
ANALYSES
OF
VECTOR
DATA
IN
PLANNING:
AN
EXAMPLE
.
.
406
9.5
RASTER
MODEL:
SPATIAL
ANALYSIS
OF
GEOOBJECTS
.
409
9.5.1
RASTER
MODEL:
RECORDING
AND
EDITING
GEOOBJECTS
.
409
9.5.2
EXCHANGE
THEMATIC
DATA
BETWEEN
VECTOR
AND
RASTER
MODEL
.
411
9.5.3
SPATIAL
ANALYSES
OF
RASTER
DATA
.
412
9.5.4
MAP
ALGEBRA
.
415
9.6
NETWORK
ANALYSES
.
417
9.6.1
NETWORK
DATA
MODEL
.
417
9.6.2
ANALYSIS
OF
OPTIMAL
PATHS
IN
A
NETWORK
.
418
9.6.3
GENERATING
SERVICE
AREAS
.
419
9.6.4
FURTHER
ANALYSIS
OPTIONS
IN
A
NETWORK
.
420
9.7
SPATIAL
INTERPOLATION
AND
MODELING
OF
SURFACES
.
421
9.7.1
INITIAL
ISSUES
.
421
9.7.2
SPATIAL
APPROXIMATION
AND
TREND
SURFACE
ANALYSIS
.
422
9.7.3
SPATIAL
INTERPOLATION:
WEIGHTED
AVERAGE
.
423
9.7.4
THIESSEN
POLYGONS
.
425
9.7.5
TRIANGULATED
IRREGULAR
NETWORK
.
426
9.7.6
PARAMETERISATION
OF
SURFACES
.
430
REFERENCES
.
432
CONTENTS
XV
10
REMOTE
SENSING
AND
DIGITAL
IMAGE
PROCESSING
.
435
10.1
REMOTE
SENSING:
DEFINITION
AND
USE
.
435
10.2
REMOTE
SENSING
AND
DIGITAL
IMAGE
PROCESSING:
GENERAL
APPROACH
.
.
.
437
10.2.1
REMOTE
SENSING:
PRINCIPLES
.
437
10.2.2
SENSOR
SYSTEMS
AND
PLATFORMS
.
439
10.2.3
DIGITAL
IMAGE
PROCESSING
.
440
10.2.4
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
.
441
10.3
ELECTROMAGNETIC
RADIATION
PRINCIPLES
.
442
10.3.1
THE
ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM
.
442
10.3.2
SOLAR
RADIATION
AND
ATMOSPHERIC
INFLUENCES
.
442
10.3.3
REFLECTION
OF
THE
EARTH
'
S
SURFACE
.
445
10.4
MAJOR
SATELLITE-BASED
IMAGING
SYSTEMS
.
447
10.4.1
REMOTE
SENSING
INSTRUMENTS:
CHARACTERISTICS
.
447
10.4.2
ORBIT
PARAMETERS
OF
REMOTE
SENSING
SATELLITES
.
447
10.4.3
RECORDING
PRINCIPLES
OF
SCANNERS
ON
SATELLITE
SYSTEMS
.
449
10.4.4
RECORDING
SYSTEMS
WITH
RADAR
.
450
10.4.5
WEATHER
SATELLITES
.
453
10.4.6
LANDSAT
.
454
10.4.7
SPOT
AND
PLEIADES
.
459
10.4.8
ASTER
ON
TERRA
.
461
10.4.9
COPERNICUS
AND
SENTINEL
.
461
10.4.10
RECENT
COMMERCIAL
HIGH-RESOLUTION
SENSORS
.
463
10.5
DIGITAL
IMAGES
.
464
10.5.1
RECORDING
DIGITAL
IMAGES
IN
REMOTE
SENSING
.
464
10.5.2
VISUALISING
DIGITAL
IMAGES
IN
REMOTE
SENSING
.
464
10.5.3
REMOTE
SENSING
DATA:
ACQUISITION
.
465
10.6
DIGITAL
IMAGE
PROCESSING
.
466
10.6.1
IMAGE
PRE-PROCESSING
.
466
10.6.2
IMAGE
ENHANCEMENT:
CONTRAST
ENHANCEMENT
.
474
10.6.3
IMAGE
ENHANCEMENT:
IMAGE
TRANSFORMATION
IN
THE
SPECTRAL
DOMAIN
.
476
10.6.4
IMAGE
ENHANCEMENT:
SPATIAL
FILTERING
.
478
10.6.5
MERGING
MULTIPLE
REMOTE
SENSING
IMAGES
.
481
10.7
CLASSIFICATION
.
484
10.7.1
PIXEL-BASED
CLASSIFICATION
METHODS:
PRINCIPLE
.
484
10.7.2
PIXEL-BASED
CLASSIFICATION
METHODS:
IMPLICIT
ASSUMPTIONS
.
.
485
10.7.3
UNSUPERVISED
CLASSIFICATION
.
487
10.7.4
DETERMINING
TRAINING
AREAS
IN
THE
SUPERVISED
CLASSIFICATION
.
489
10.7.5
CLASSIFICATION
BASED
ON
STATISTICAL
PARAMETERS
.
490
10.7.6
CLASSIFICATION
ACCURACY
.
493
XVI
CONTENTS
10.7.7
PIXEL-BASED
CLASSIFICATION
METHODS:
PROBLEMS
.
495
10.7.8
OBJECT-ORIENTED
IMAGE
SEGMENTATION
AND
CLASSIFICATION
.
496
10.7.9
MODERN
ADVANCED
CLASSIFICATION
APPROACHES
.
497
REFERENCES
.
505
INDEX
.
511 |
| adam_txt |
1
INTRODUCTION
.
1
1.1
GEOINFORMATICS:
APPROACH
AND
TASKS
.
1
1.2
COMPUTER
SCIENCE
AND
GEOINFORMATICS:
ETHICAL
CHALLENGES
.
9
REFERENCES
.
11
2
INFORMATION
PROCESSING:
BASIC
CONCEPTS
.
15
2.1
INFORMATION,
MESSAGE,
SIGNALS,
DATA
.
15
2.2
MACHINE,
COMPUTER,
PROGRAM,
HARDWARE,
SOFTWARE
.
17
2.3
INFORMATION
PROCESSING:
IPO
PRINCIPLE
.
19
2.4
COMPUTER
SYSTEMS:
ALGORITHMS
AND
PROGRAMS
.
20
2.4.1
ALGORITHM
CONCEPT
.
20
2.4.2
PROGRAM
FLOW-CHARTS
AND
STRUCTURE
DIAGRAMS
.
21
2.4.3
LEVELS
OF
ALGORITHM
EXECUTION
IN
A
COMPUTER
SYSTEM
.
23
2.5
COMPUTER
SYSTEM:
PRESENTATION
OF
INFORMATION
BY
BIT
SEQUENCES
.
24
2.5.1
DIGITAL
WORLD,
DIGITALISATION
.
24
2.5.2
BIT
AND
BIT
SEQUENCES
.
24
2.5.3
LOGICAL
VALUES
.
26
2.5.4
NUMBERS
.
26
2.5.5
TEXT
.
28
2.5.6
SPATIAL
INFORMATION
.
29
2.5.7
COLOR
INFORMATION
.
31
2.5.8
SENSOR
DATA
.
33
2.5.9
DUAL
NUMBERS
ARITHMETIC
.
33
2.6
STRUCTURE
OF
A
COMPUTER
SYSTEM:
HARDWARE
.
36
2.7
STRUCTURE
OF
A
COMPUTER
SYSTEM:
SOFTWARE
.
37
2.7.1
SYSTEM
SOFTWARE
AND
SYSTEM-RELATED
SOFTWARE
.
37
2.7.2
BUSINESS,
INDIVIDUAL
AND
STANDARD
SOFTWARE,
APPS
.
38
2.7.3
APPLICATION
SOFTWARE
IN
GEOINFORMATICS
.
39
2.7.4
PROPRIETARY,
OPEN
SOURCE
AND
FREE
SOFTWARE
.
40
VII
VIII
CONTENTS
2.8
NETWORKS
AND
CONNECTIVITY
.
42
2.8.1
DEFINITION
AND
DISTINGUISHING
FEATURES
.
42
2.8.2
INTERNET
.
45
2.8.3
WEB
TECHNOLOGIES
.
46
2.8.4
WEB
2.0
.
50
2.8.5
CLOUD
COMPUTING
.
51
REFERENCES
.
53
3
BASIC
CONCEPTS
OF
COMPUTER
SCIENCE
.
55
3.1
PROGRAMMING
COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
.
55
3.1.1
PROGRAMMING
LEVELS
.
55
3.1.2
CREATING
AND
EXECUTING
PROGRAMS
.
57
3.1.3
PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES
.
60
3.1.4
PROGRAMMING
:
CONCEPTS
.
64
3.1.5
PROGRAMMING
WITH
PYTHON
IN
GEOINFORMATION
SYSTEMS
. 76
3.1.6
GRAPHICS
LANGUAGES
AND
LIBRARIES
.
78
3.1.7
PROGRAMMING
APPLICATIONS
FOR
BROWSERS
.
82
3.1.8
PROGRAMMING
APPLICATIONS
FOR
MOBILE
DEVICES
.
84
3.2
DATA
AND
DATA
TYPES
.
87
3.2.1
SCALE
LEVELS
.
87
3.2.2
STANDARD
DATA
TYPES
.
88
3.2.3
STRUCTURED
DATA
TYPES
.
92
3.2.4
ABSTRACT
DATA
TYPES
.
94
3.2.5
FILES
.
96
3.3
ALGORITHMS
.
97
3.3.1
DEFINITION
AND
CHARACTERISTICS
.
97
3.3.2
SEQUENTIAL
AND
PARALLEL
ALGORITHMS
.
99
3.3.3
ITERATIONS
AND
RECURSIONS
.
101
3.3.4
ALGORITHM
COMPLEXITY
.
105
3.4
BASIC
ALGORITHMS
OF
GEOINFORMATICS
.
107
3.4.1
ALGORITHMS
OF
COORDINATE
GEOMETRY
.
107
3.4.2
GRAPHS
AND
SELECTED
PATH
ALGORITHMS
.
113
3.4.3
ALGORITHMS
FOR
RASTER
DATA
.
118
3.4.4
ADVANCED
ALGORITHMS
.
120
3.5
SOFTWARE
ENGINEERING
.
121
3.5.1
SOFTWARE
ENGINEERING:
TASKS
AND
GOALS
.
121
3.5.2
SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENT
TOOLS
.
122
3.5.3
TRADITIONAL
MODELS
OF
SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENT
AND
ENGINEERING
.
123
3.5.4
OBJECT-ORIENTED
SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENT
.
125
3.5.5
V
MODELS
AND
FURTHER
DEVELOPMENTS
.
126
REFERENCES
.
128
CONTENTS
IX
4
GEOOBJECTS
AND
REFERENCE
SYSTEMS
.
131
4.1
GEOOBJECTS
.
131
4.1.1
GEOOBJECT:
CONCEPT
.
131
4.1.2
GEOOBJECTS:
GEOMETRY
.
132
4.1.3
GEOOBJECTS:
TOPOLOGY
.
135
4.1.4
GEOOBJECTS:
THEMATIC
INFORMATION
.
136
4.1.5
GEOOBJECTS:
DYNAMICS
.
137
4.1.6
GEOOBJECTS:
DIMENSIONS
.
138
4.2
COORDINATE
SYSTEMS
.
138
4.2.1
METRIC
SPACES
AND
CARTESIAN
COORDINATES
.
138
4.2.2
HOMOGENEOUS
COORDINATES
.
139
4.2.3
POLAR
COORDINATES
AND
GEOGRAPHIC
COORDINATES
ON
THE
SPHERE
.
140
4.2.4
GEODETIC
COORDINATES
ON
AN
ELLIPSOID
.
143
4.2.5
PLANE
COORDINATE
TRANSFORMATIONS
.
144
4.3
MAP
PROJECTIONS
.
153
4.3.1
PRESENTING
GEOOBJECTS:
GENERAL
ISSUES
.
153
4.3.2
PROJECTION
PROPERTIES
.
156
4.3.3
TYPES
OF
MAP
PROJECTIONS
.
156
4.4
COORDINATE
REFERENCE
SYSTEMS
.
160
4.4.1
OVERVIEW
.
160
4.4.2
APPROXIMATION
OF
THE
EARTH
BY
ELLIPSOIDS
.
162
4.4.3
TRADITIONAL
COORDINATE
REFERENCE
SYSTEMS
IN
GERMANY
AND
GEODETIC
DATUM
.
163
4.4.4
NEW
REFERENCE
FRAMES:
ITRF,
ETRF
AND
ETRS89
.
165
4.4.5
DATUM
TRANSFORMATION
.
.
166
4.4.6
HEIGHT
REFERENCE
SURFACES
IN
GERMANY
UNTIL
2016
.
169
4.4.7
THE
INTEGRATED
(GEODETIC)
SPATIAL
REFERENCE
2016
.
171
4.5
GEODETIC
PROJECTION
.
172
4.5.1
GEODETIC
PROJECTION:
USE
.
172
4.5.2
THE
GAUSS-KRUGER
COORDINATE
SYSTEM
IN
GERMANY
.
174
4.5.3
THE
UTM
COORDINATE
SYSTEM
.
176
4.5.4
UTM
COORDINATES:
COMPUTATION
.
178
4.5.5
EPSG
CODES
.
181
4.6
GEOREFERENCING
IN
A
GEOINFORMATION
SYSTEM:
EXAMPLE
.
182
4.6.1
GEOREFERENCING
BASED
ON
GEODETIC
COORDINATES
.
182
4.6.2
DEFINITION
OF
THE
SPATIAL
REFERENCE
AFTER
GEOREFERENCING
.
.
.
185
4.6.3
MULTIPLE
REFERENCE
SYSTEMS
AND
DATUM
TRANSFORMATION
.
186
REFERENCES
.
186
X
CONTENTS
5
DIGITAL
GEODATA:
DATA
MINING,
OFFICIAL
BASIC
GEODATA
AND
VGI
.
191
5.1
BASIC
TERMS
.
191
5.1.1
PRIMARY
AND
SECONDARY
DATA
RECORDING,
PRIMARY
AND
SECONDARY
DATA
.
191
5.1.2
DISCRETISATION
.
193
5.2
DIGITAL
RECORDING
OF
GEOMETRY
DATA
USING
SECONDARY
TECHNIQUES
.
.
.
194
5.2.1
DIGITAL
RECORDING
OF
GEOMETRY
DATA
IN
VECTOR
FORMAT
.
195
5.2.2
DIGITAL
RECORDING
OF
GEOMETRY
DATA
IN
RASTER
FORMAT
.
198
5.2.3
CONVERSION
BETWEEN
RASTER
AND
VECTOR
DATA
.
198
5.3
SATELLITE-BASED
POSITIONING
AND
RECORDING
OF
3D
POSITION
COORDINATES
.
201
5.3.1
GPS
AND
GNSS
.
201
5.3.2
NAVSTAR/GPS:
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
BEFORE
MODERNISATION
.
.
.
202
5.3.3
DISTANCE
DETERMINATION:
PRINCIPLE
.
207
5.3.4
ERROR
INFLUENCES
AND
ACCURACIES
OF
A
GPS
LOCATION
DETERMINATION
.
209
5.3.5
DIFFERENTIAL
GPS
(DGPS)
.
210
5.3.6
NAVSTAR/GPS:
MODERNISATION
.
212
5.3.7
GLONASS
.
213
5.3.8
GALILEO
.
213
5.3.9
BEIDOU
.
214
5.3.10
GNSS
DATA
.
215
5.3.11
EVALUATION
OF
POSITIONING
SYSTEMS
AND
FURTHER
DEVELOPMENT
OF
GNSS
.
216
5.4
AIRBORNE
LASER
SCANNING
.
218
5.5
OFFICIAL
BASIC
GEODATA
.
220
5.5.1
OFFICIAL
BASIC
GEODATA:
TASKS
AND
CHALLENGES
FOR
THE
SURVEYING
AUTHORITIES
.
220
5.5.2
FORMER
ALK
.
222
5.5.3
FORMER
ATKIS
.
223
5.5.4
AFIS
-
ALKIS
-
ATKIS
.
225
5.6
VOLUNTEERED
GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION
(VGI)
.
234
5.6.1
DATA
IN
THE
GEOWEB
2.0
.
234
5.6.2
OPEN
STREET
MAP
(OSM)
PROJECT
.
234
5.6.3
OSM
DATA
QUALITY
.
235
REFERENCES
.
236
6
STANDARDS
AND
INTEROPERABILITY
OF
GEODATA
.
241
6.1
STANDARDISATION
AND
INTEROPERABILITY
.
241
6.1.1
MULTIPLE
USE
THROUGH
STANDARDISATION
.
241
6.1.2
SYNTACTIC
AND
SEMANTIC
INTEROPERABILITY
.
242
6.2
STANDARDISATION
.
244
CONTENTS
XI
6.2.1
STANDARD
AND
NORM
.
244
6.2.2
STANDARDISATION
INSTITUTIONS
.
244
6.2.3
INTERNATIONAL
ORGANISATION
FOR
STANDARDISATION
(ISO)
.
245
6.2.4
OPEN
GEOSPATIAL
CONSORTIUM
.
246
6.3
STANDARDS
FOR
MODELING
GEODATA
.
247
6.3.1
FEATURE
GEOMETRY
MODEL
OF
THE
OGC
.
247
6.3.2
SIMPLE
FEATURE
GEOMETRY
OBJECT
MODEL
OF
THE
OGC
.
248
6.3.3
GEOGRAPHY
MARKUP
LANGUAGE
.
249
6.3.4
GEOPACKAGE
.
251
6.4
GEODATA
SERVICES
.
252
6.4.1
INTEROPERABILITY
THROUGH
STANDARDISED
GEODATA
SERVICES
.
.
.
252
6.4.2
OGC-COMPLIANT
GEODATA
SERVICES
.
253
6.4.3
FUNCTIONALITY
OF
AN
OGC-COMPLIANT
WMS
USING
THE
EXAMPLE
OF
THE
UMN-MAPSERVER
.
253
6.4.4
ACCESS
TO
GEODATA
VIA
A
WEB
MAP
SERVICE
.
255
6.4.5
ACCESS
TO
GEODATA
VIA
A
WEB
FEATURE
SERVICE
.
257
6.4.6
ACCESS
TO
GEODATA
VIA
OTHER
WEB
SERVICES
.
258
6.4.7
PROCESSING
GEODATA
BY
STANDARDISED
WEB
PROCESSING
SERVICES
.
258
6.4.8
PROCESSING
GEODATA
BY
A
WEB
MAP
SERVICE
IN
A
GEOINFORMATION
SYSTEM
.
260
6.5
METADATA
.
261
6.5.1
FROM
DATA
TO
INFORMATION
THROUGH
METADATA
.
261
6.5.2
STANDARDS
FOR
SPATIAL
METADATA
.
263
6.6
DATA
AND
GEODATA
QUALITY
.
266
6.6.1
QUALITY
FEATURES
.
266
6.6.2
SPATIAL
RESOLUTION,
GENERALISATION
AND
POSITIONAL
ACCURACY
.
267
6.7
SPATIAL
DATA
INFRASTRUCTURES
.
268
6.7.1
SPATIAL
DATA
INFRASTRUCTURES:
CONCEPT
AND
OBJECTIVES
.
268
6.7.2
INSPIRE
.
269
6.7.3
SPATIAL
DATA
INFRASTRUCTURE
IN
GERMANY:
A
TREND
SETTING
EXAMPLE
.
271
6.7.4
NATIONAL
GEOINFORMATION
STRATEGY
(NGIS)
IN
GERMANY
.
273
6.7.5
SPATIAL
DATA
INFRASTRUCTURE
WITHIN
THE
FEDERAL
STATES
IN
GERMANY
.
273
REFERENCES
.
274
7
SPATIAL
INFORMATION:
VISUALISATION
.
279
7.1
INTERDISCIPLINARY
VIEW
OF
CARTOGRAPHY
.
279
7.1.1
DIGITAL
GRAPHIC
PRESENTATION
OF
INFORMATION
.
279
XII
CONTENTS
7.1.2
COMPUTER-ASSISTED
SCIENTIFIC
VISUALISATION
.
279
7.1.3
GEOVISUALISATION
.
282
7.1.4
DIGITAL
GRAPHIC
PRESENTATION
OF
GEOOBJECTS:
PARADIGM
SHIFT
WITHIN
CARTOGRAPHY
.
283
7.1.5
GEOINFORMATICS:
PRESENTATION
.
286
7.1.6
AUGMENTED
REALITY:
VIRTUAL
REALITY
.
290
7.1.7
VIRTUAL
REALITY
IN
GEOINFORMATICS:
3D
CITY
MODELS
.
292
7.2
GRAPHIC
PRESENTATIONS
ON
THE
WWW
.
292
7.2.1
WEB
MAPPING
.
292
7.2.2
MAPSERVER:
USE
CASE
.
293
7.2.3
MAPPING
SOFTWARE:
EXAMPLE
.
294
7.2.4
GRAPHIC
PRESENTATIONS
IN
APPLICATIONS
.
295
7.2.5
CARTOGRAPHY
ON
THE
WEB
2.0:
WEB
MAPPING
2.0
.
296
7.3
VISUAL
COMMUNICATION
.
297
7.4
GRAPHIC
SEMIOLOGY
.
301
7.4.1
GRAPHIC
SEMIOLOGY:
ACCORDING
TO
BERTIN
.
301
7.4.2
DESIGN
RULES
BASED
ON
BERTIN
'
S
GRAPHIC
SEMIOLOGY
.
304
7.4.3
FURTHER
DEVELOPMENT
AND
DIGITAL
IMPLEMENTATIONS
.
307
7.5
'
GRAPHIC
DESIGN
ELEMENTS
.
308
7.5.1
MAP
OR
CARTOGRAPHIC
SYMBOLS
.
308
7.5.2
REPRESENTATION
OF
QUALITATIVE
FEATURES
.
310
7.5.3
REPRESENTATION
OF
QUANTITATIVE
FEATURES
.
311
7.5.4
CLASSIFICATION
.
313
7.5.5
DIAGRAMS
.
316
7.5.6
CARTOGRAMS
.
316
7.6
PRINTED
MAPS
AND
POSTERS:
DESIGN
FEATURES
.
317
7.6.1
PRINTED
MAPS
AND
POSTERS:
FORMAL
DESIGN
.
317
7.6.2
PRINTED
MAPS
AND
POSTERS:
TEXTS
AND
LABELS
.
318
7.7
USE
OF
COLOR
.
319
7.7.1
COLOR
AS
A
SIMPLE
BUT
ALSO
DISPUTABLE
TOOL
FOR
PRESENTATIONS
.
319
7.7.2
COLOR
EFFECT
AND
COLOR
PERCEPTION
.
320
7.7.3
COLOR
GRADINGS
.
321
7.7.4
COLOR
MIXING
AND
COLOR
MODELS
.
321
REFERENCES
.
325
8
DATA
ORGANISATION
AND
DATABASE
SYSTEMS
.
329
8.1
DATA
ORGANISATION
.
329
8.1.1
DATA
ORGANISATION:
BASIC
CONCEPTS
.
329
8.1.2
FILESYSTEMS
.
331
8.1.3
DATABASE
SYSTEMS
.
334
CONTENTS
XIII
8.1.4
DATA
VIEWS
IN
A
DATABASE
SYSTEM
.
336
8.1.5
DATA
MODELS
.
337
8.2
DATABASE
DESIGN
WITH
ER-MODELING
.
338
8.2.1
MODELING
CONCEPTS
.
338
8.2.2
ENTITY
AND
ATTRIBUTE
.
338
8.2.3
RELATIONSHIP
.
339
8.2.4
ENTITY
RELATIONSHIP
MODELS
.
341
8.2.5
CONCEPTUAL
DATABASE
DESIGN:
A
CASE
STUDY
.
342
8.3
RELATIONAL
DATA
MODEL
.
344
8.3.1
RELATIONAL
DATABASE:
STRUCTURE
.
344
8.3.2
DATABASE
NORMALISATION
.
346
8.3.3
TRANSFORMATION
OF
AN
ER-MODEL
INTO
A
RELATION
MODEL
.
349
8.4
RELATIONAL
DATABASE
SYSTEMS:
APPLICATIONS
.
353
8.4.1
DATA
DEFINITION
AND
MANAGEMENT
FUNCTIONS
.
353
8.4.2
DATA
MANIPULATION
AND
DATA
ANALYSIS
.
353
8.4.3
THE
SQL
LANGUAGE
STANDARD
OF
A
DATA
MANIPULATION
LANGUAGE
FOR
RELATIONAL
DATABASE
SYSTEMS
.
354
8.4.4
ANALYSIS
OF
A
DATABASE
WITH
SQL
.
355
8.4.5
RELATIONAL
DATA
STRUCTURES
IN
A
GEOINFORMATION
SYSTEMS
.
.
.
357
8.5
DATA
CONSISTENCY
.
361
8.5.1
DATA
CONSISTENCY:
CONCEPT
AND
MEANING
.
361
8.5.2
REFERENTIAL
INTEGRITY
.
362
8.5.3
TRIGGER
.
363
8.5.4
TRANSACTIONS
.
363
8.6
EXTENSION
.
364
8.6.1
DEPENDENT
ENTITY
TYPES
.
364
8.6.2
THE
IS-A
RELATIONSHIP
.
364
8.6.3
EER
MODEL
.
365
8.6.4
OBJECT-ORIENTED
AND
OBJECT-RELATIONAL
DATABASE
SYSTEMS
.
.
.
366
8.7
SPATIAL
DATABASE
.
367
8.7.1
MANAGING
AND
PROCESSING
GEODATA
IN
RELATIONAL
DATABASES
.
.
367
8.7.2
SPATIAL
DATABASE:
OPERATING
PRINCIPLE
.
368
8.7.3
POSTGRESQL/POSTGIS
.
369
8.7.4
POSTGRESQL/POSTGIS:
A
SAMPLE
APPLICATION
.
370
REFERENCES
.
373
9
GEOINFORMATION
SYSTEMS
.
375
9.1
CONCEPTS
OF
DIGITAL
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
AND
GEOINFORMATION
SYSTEMS
.
375
9.1.1
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
.
375
9.1.2
FOUR-COMPONENT
MODELS
OF
AN
INFORMATION
SYSTEM
.
376
9.1.3
GEOINFORMATION
SYSTEM:
NOTION
.
377
9.1.4
FOUR
COMPONENT
MODELS
OF
A
GEOINFORMATION
SYSTEM
.
378
XIV
CONTENTS
9.1.5
GIS
SOFTWARE
.
380
9.1.6
GEOINFORMATION
SYSTEMS
AND
SIMILAR
SYSTEMS
.
382
9.2
WEB-GIS
.
383
9.2.1
WEB-GIS:
CONCEPT
AND
FUNCTIONALITY
.
383
9.2.2
WEB-GIS
IN
PRACTICE
.
384
9.2.3
WEB
MAPPING
AS
A
SUBSTITUTE
FOR
A
WEB-GIS?
.
385
9.3
MODELING
GEOOBJECTS
IN
A
GEOINFORMATION
SYSTEM
.
386
9.3.1
GEOINFORMATION
SYSTEM
AS
A
MODEL
OF
THE
REAL
WORLD
.
386
9.3.2
GEOMETRIC-TOPOLOGICAL
MODELING
OF
GEOOBJECTS
IN
THE
VECTOR
MODEL
.
387
9.3.3
GEOMETRIC-TOPOLOGICAL
MODELING
IN
THE
VECTOR
MODEL:
APPLICATION
.
392
9.3.4
GEOMETRIC-TOPOLOGICAL
MODELING
OF
GEOOBJECTS
IN
THE
RASTER
MODEL
.
394
9.3.5
STORING
GEOMETRIES
IN
THE
RASTER
MODEL
.
395
9.3.6
TOPIC
OF
GEOOBJECTS
.
397
9.3.7
VECTOR
AND
RASTER
MODEL:
COMPARISON
.
398
9.4
VECTOR
MODEL:
SPATIAL
ANALYSIS
OF
GEOOBJECTS
.
399
'
9.4.1
VECTOR
MODEL:
RECORDING
AND
EDITING
GEOOBJECTS
.
399
9.4.2
MANAGING
GEOOBJECTS
IN
THE
VECTOR
MODEL:
DATA
QUERIES
.
.
.
401
9.4.3
UPDATING
GEOOBJECTS
IN
THE
VECTOR
MODEL
.
401
9.4.4
SPATIAL
ANALYSES
OF
VECTOR
DATA
.
403
9.4.5
SPATIAL
ANALYSES
OF
VECTOR
DATA
IN
PLANNING:
AN
EXAMPLE
.
.
406
9.5
RASTER
MODEL:
SPATIAL
ANALYSIS
OF
GEOOBJECTS
.
409
9.5.1
RASTER
MODEL:
RECORDING
AND
EDITING
GEOOBJECTS
.
409
9.5.2
EXCHANGE
THEMATIC
DATA
BETWEEN
VECTOR
AND
RASTER
MODEL
.
411
9.5.3
SPATIAL
ANALYSES
OF
RASTER
DATA
.
412
9.5.4
MAP
ALGEBRA
.
415
9.6
NETWORK
ANALYSES
.
417
9.6.1
NETWORK
DATA
MODEL
.
417
9.6.2
ANALYSIS
OF
OPTIMAL
PATHS
IN
A
NETWORK
.
418
9.6.3
GENERATING
SERVICE
AREAS
.
419
9.6.4
FURTHER
ANALYSIS
OPTIONS
IN
A
NETWORK
.
420
9.7
SPATIAL
INTERPOLATION
AND
MODELING
OF
SURFACES
.
421
9.7.1
INITIAL
ISSUES
.
421
9.7.2
SPATIAL
APPROXIMATION
AND
TREND
SURFACE
ANALYSIS
.
422
9.7.3
SPATIAL
INTERPOLATION:
WEIGHTED
AVERAGE
.
423
9.7.4
THIESSEN
POLYGONS
.
425
9.7.5
TRIANGULATED
IRREGULAR
NETWORK
.
426
9.7.6
PARAMETERISATION
OF
SURFACES
.
430
REFERENCES
.
432
CONTENTS
XV
10
REMOTE
SENSING
AND
DIGITAL
IMAGE
PROCESSING
.
435
10.1
REMOTE
SENSING:
DEFINITION
AND
USE
.
435
10.2
REMOTE
SENSING
AND
DIGITAL
IMAGE
PROCESSING:
GENERAL
APPROACH
.
.
.
437
10.2.1
REMOTE
SENSING:
PRINCIPLES
.
437
10.2.2
SENSOR
SYSTEMS
AND
PLATFORMS
.
439
10.2.3
DIGITAL
IMAGE
PROCESSING
.
440
10.2.4
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
.
441
10.3
ELECTROMAGNETIC
RADIATION
PRINCIPLES
.
442
10.3.1
THE
ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM
.
442
10.3.2
SOLAR
RADIATION
AND
ATMOSPHERIC
INFLUENCES
.
442
10.3.3
REFLECTION
OF
THE
EARTH
'
S
SURFACE
.
445
10.4
MAJOR
SATELLITE-BASED
IMAGING
SYSTEMS
.
447
10.4.1
REMOTE
SENSING
INSTRUMENTS:
CHARACTERISTICS
.
447
10.4.2
ORBIT
PARAMETERS
OF
REMOTE
SENSING
SATELLITES
.
447
10.4.3
RECORDING
PRINCIPLES
OF
SCANNERS
ON
SATELLITE
SYSTEMS
.
449
10.4.4
RECORDING
SYSTEMS
WITH
RADAR
.
450
10.4.5
WEATHER
SATELLITES
.
453
10.4.6
LANDSAT
.
454
10.4.7
SPOT
AND
PLEIADES
.
459
10.4.8
ASTER
ON
TERRA
.
461
10.4.9
COPERNICUS
AND
SENTINEL
.
461
10.4.10
RECENT
COMMERCIAL
HIGH-RESOLUTION
SENSORS
.
463
10.5
DIGITAL
IMAGES
.
464
10.5.1
RECORDING
DIGITAL
IMAGES
IN
REMOTE
SENSING
.
464
10.5.2
VISUALISING
DIGITAL
IMAGES
IN
REMOTE
SENSING
.
464
10.5.3
REMOTE
SENSING
DATA:
ACQUISITION
.
465
10.6
DIGITAL
IMAGE
PROCESSING
.
466
10.6.1
IMAGE
PRE-PROCESSING
.
466
10.6.2
IMAGE
ENHANCEMENT:
CONTRAST
ENHANCEMENT
.
474
10.6.3
IMAGE
ENHANCEMENT:
IMAGE
TRANSFORMATION
IN
THE
SPECTRAL
DOMAIN
.
476
10.6.4
IMAGE
ENHANCEMENT:
SPATIAL
FILTERING
.
478
10.6.5
MERGING
MULTIPLE
REMOTE
SENSING
IMAGES
.
481
10.7
CLASSIFICATION
.
484
10.7.1
PIXEL-BASED
CLASSIFICATION
METHODS:
PRINCIPLE
.
484
10.7.2
PIXEL-BASED
CLASSIFICATION
METHODS:
IMPLICIT
ASSUMPTIONS
.
.
485
10.7.3
UNSUPERVISED
CLASSIFICATION
.
487
10.7.4
DETERMINING
TRAINING
AREAS
IN
THE
SUPERVISED
CLASSIFICATION
.
489
10.7.5
CLASSIFICATION
BASED
ON
STATISTICAL
PARAMETERS
.
490
10.7.6
CLASSIFICATION
ACCURACY
.
493
XVI
CONTENTS
10.7.7
PIXEL-BASED
CLASSIFICATION
METHODS:
PROBLEMS
.
495
10.7.8
OBJECT-ORIENTED
IMAGE
SEGMENTATION
AND
CLASSIFICATION
.
496
10.7.9
MODERN
ADVANCED
CLASSIFICATION
APPROACHES
.
497
REFERENCES
.
505
INDEX
.
511 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Lange, Norbert de 1953- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)109419855 |
| author_facet | Lange, Norbert de 1953- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Lange, Norbert de 1953- |
| author_variant | n d l nd ndl |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049058146 |
| classification_rvk | RB 10104 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1401214068 (DE-599)DNB1259990443 |
| discipline | Geographie |
| discipline_str_mv | Geographie |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV049058146 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:23:23Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T06:57:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1065168780 |
| isbn | 3662657570 9783662657577 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034320345 |
| oclc_num | 1401214068 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-12 DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-12 DE-703 |
| physical | xvi, 519 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Lange, Norbert de 1953- Verfasser (DE-588)109419855 aut Geoinformatics in theory and practice an integrated approach to geoinformation systems, remote sensing and digital image processing Norbert de Lange Berlin Springer [2023] © 2023 xvi, 519 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geoinformatik (DE-588)7571300-7 gnd rswk-swf Cartography Computer Science Earth Sciences GIS Geoinformationsystems Geoinformatik (DE-588)7571300-7 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-662-65758-4 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034320345&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p vlb 20220616 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#vlb |
| spellingShingle | Lange, Norbert de 1953- Geoinformatics in theory and practice an integrated approach to geoinformation systems, remote sensing and digital image processing Geoinformatik (DE-588)7571300-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)7571300-7 |
| title | Geoinformatics in theory and practice an integrated approach to geoinformation systems, remote sensing and digital image processing |
| title_auth | Geoinformatics in theory and practice an integrated approach to geoinformation systems, remote sensing and digital image processing |
| title_exact_search | Geoinformatics in theory and practice an integrated approach to geoinformation systems, remote sensing and digital image processing |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Geoinformatics in Theory and Practice an integrated approach to Geoinformation Systems, Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing |
| title_full | Geoinformatics in theory and practice an integrated approach to geoinformation systems, remote sensing and digital image processing Norbert de Lange |
| title_fullStr | Geoinformatics in theory and practice an integrated approach to geoinformation systems, remote sensing and digital image processing Norbert de Lange |
| title_full_unstemmed | Geoinformatics in theory and practice an integrated approach to geoinformation systems, remote sensing and digital image processing Norbert de Lange |
| title_short | Geoinformatics in theory and practice |
| title_sort | geoinformatics in theory and practice an integrated approach to geoinformation systems remote sensing and digital image processing |
| title_sub | an integrated approach to geoinformation systems, remote sensing and digital image processing |
| topic | Geoinformatik (DE-588)7571300-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geoinformatik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034320345&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT langenorbertde geoinformaticsintheoryandpracticeanintegratedapproachtogeoinformationsystemsremotesensinganddigitalimageprocessing |