They all made peace - What is peace?: the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne and the New Imperial Order
The last of the post-World War One peace settlements, Lausanne was very different from Versailles. Like its German and Austro-Hungarian allies the defeated Ottoman Empire had initially been presented with a dictated peace, in 1920. In just two years, however, the Kemalist insurgency turned defeat in...
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| Summary: | The last of the post-World War One peace settlements, Lausanne was very different from Versailles. Like its German and Austro-Hungarian allies the defeated Ottoman Empire had initially been presented with a dictated peace, in 1920. In just two years, however, the Kemalist insurgency turned defeat into victory, enabling Turkey to claim its place as the first sovereign state in the Middle East. Meanwhile the Greeks, Armenians, Arabs, Egyptians, Kurds and other communities who had also populated the Ottoman Empire sought their own forms of sovereignty, jostled between the Soviet Union and the resurgence of empire in the guise of League of Nations mandates. Already disillusioned with the Versailles toolkit, recourse was had to a new peace-making initiative: a forced population exchange, affecting 1.5m people. They All Made Peace is the first publication to consider the Treaty and its legacy a century on. A stellar group of historians present a contrapuntal, multi-perspective analysis of 1923. Chapters consider British, Turkish and Soviet designs in the post-Ottoman world, situate the population exchanges relative to earlier and subsequent peacemaking efforts, and discuss the economic factors behind the reallocation of Ottoman debt as well as the management of refugee flows. Further chapters examine the?absent presences?, Kurdish, Arab, Iranian, Armenian, and other communities refused formal accreditation at Lausanne, but nonetheless forced to live with the consequences, which are still emerging, one hundred years on |
| Physical Description: | 474 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen (farbig) 24cm |
| ISBN: | 9781914983054 9781914983177 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a The last of the post-World War One peace settlements, Lausanne was very different from Versailles. Like its German and Austro-Hungarian allies the defeated Ottoman Empire had initially been presented with a dictated peace, in 1920. In just two years, however, the Kemalist insurgency turned defeat into victory, enabling Turkey to claim its place as the first sovereign state in the Middle East. Meanwhile the Greeks, Armenians, Arabs, Egyptians, Kurds and other communities who had also populated the Ottoman Empire sought their own forms of sovereignty, jostled between the Soviet Union and the resurgence of empire in the guise of League of Nations mandates. Already disillusioned with the Versailles toolkit, recourse was had to a new peace-making initiative: a forced population exchange, affecting 1.5m people. They All Made Peace is the first publication to consider the Treaty and its legacy a century on. A stellar group of historians present a contrapuntal, multi-perspective analysis of 1923. Chapters consider British, Turkish and Soviet designs in the post-Ottoman world, situate the population exchanges relative to earlier and subsequent peacemaking efforts, and discuss the economic factors behind the reallocation of Ottoman debt as well as the management of refugee flows. Further chapters examine the?absent presences?, Kurdish, Arab, Iranian, Armenian, and other communities refused formal accreditation at Lausanne, but nonetheless forced to live with the consequences, which are still emerging, one hundred years on | |
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Contents Introduction Jonathan Conlin and Ozan Ozavci 1 Part 1: From One Imperial Order to Another 1. From The Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic: International Law and Minority Rights before and after Lausanne 29 Aimee M. Geneli 2. Britain’s Plans for a New Eastern Mediterranean Empire, 1916-1923 53 Erik Goldstein 3. On the Margins of the Lausanne Conference: The Soviet Union and the Exclusions of the Post-World War I International Order 77 Samuel J. Hirst and Etienne Forestier-Peyrat 4. The Lausanne Treaty in the Contested Narratives of World Politics 97 Cemil Aydın Part 2: Absent Presences 5. Debates over an Armenian National Home at the Lausanne Conference and the Limits of Post-Genocide Co-Existence 119 Lerna Ekmekcioglu 6. Iranian Attempts to Participate in the Lausanne Conference 143 Leila Koochakzadeh 7. Arab Exclusion at Lausanne: A Critical Historical Juncture 163 Elizabeth F Thompson
Part 3: Making Concessions 8. Oil over Armenians: The 1920s ‘Lausanne Shift’ in US Relations with the Middle East 189 Andrew Patrick 9. The Mosul Question: Lausanne and After 213 Sarah Shields 10. Turkey and the Division of the Ottoman Debt at Lausanne 235 Patrick Schilling and Mustafa Aksakal Part 4: Moving the People 11. International Law and the Greek-Bulgarian and Greek-Turkish Population Exchanges 259 Leonard V. Smith 12. A Capitalist Peace? Money, Labour, and Refugee Resettlement in the Lausanne Accords 277 Laura Robson 13. At the Crossroads of History: Thanassis Aghnides, Ayrilios Spatharis and the Greek-Turkish Population Exchange 297 Haakon A. Ikonomou and Dimitris Kamouzis Part 5: Framing Lausanne 14. Framing Pasts and Futures at the Lausanne Conference 327 Hans-Lukas Kieser 15. Lausanne in Turkish Official and Popular Historiography: A ‘War of Identities’ in Turkey 357 Gokhan Çetinsaya 16. Diplomacy, Entertainment, Souvenir? Guignol à Lausanne (1923) and the Lausanne Conference in Caricature 381 Julia Secklehner List ofIllustrations Bibliography Contributors Index 406 407 463 468
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416 THEY ALL MADE PEACE ֊ WHAT IS PEACE? Ekmekcioglu, L. ‘Republic of Paradox: The League of Nations Minority Protection Regime and the New Turkey’s Step-Citizens’, International Journal ofMiddle East Studies, 2014,675-679. Eşrefoğlu, E. ‘Mümtaze Kalemi ve Bulgaristan Belgeleri’, Güneydoğu Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi 6—7, 1978, 189-203. Findley, C. Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, 1789-1922, Princeton, 1980. Findley, C. Ottoman Civil Officialdom: A Social History, Princeton, 1989. Fujinami, N. ‘Between Sovereignty and Suzerainty: History of the Ottoman Privileged Provinces’, in Okamoto, T. ed., A World History of Suzerainty: A Modern History ofEast and West Asia and Translated Concepts, Tokyo, 2019. Geneli, A.M. Ottoman Autonomous Provinces and the Problem of ‘Semi Sovereignty’ in International Law’, Journal ofBalkan and Near Eastern Studies 18, 2016, 533-549. Geneli, A.M. ‘The Well-defended Domains: Eurocentric International Law and the Making of the Ottoman Office of Legal Counsel’, Journal of Ottoman and Turkish Studies 3,2016, 255-275. Geneli, A.M. ‘The End of Egypt’s Occupation: Ottoman Sovereignty and the British Declaration of Protection’, in Pergher, R. et al. eds., Beyond Versailles: Sovereignty, Legitimacy, and the Formation ofNew Politics after the Great War, Bloomington, 2019. Hall, T.E. The European Concert in the Eastern Question: A Collection of Treaties and Other Public Acts, Oxford, 1885. Hanley, W. ‘When did Egyptians stop being Ottomans? An Imperial Citizenship Case Study’, in Maas, W. ed., Multilevel Citizenship,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 417 Kayah, H. Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1918, Berkeley, 1997. Kayaoğlu, T. Legal Imperialism: Sovereignty and Extraterritoriality in Japan, the Ottoman Empire, and China, Cambridge (UK), 2010. Kelen, E. Peace in their Time: Men Who Led Us In and Out of War, 1914—1945, New York, 1963. Kelen, E, and Derso, A. Guignol à Lausanne, Lausanne, 1923. Kieser, H-L. Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide. Princeton, 2018. Koloğlu, О. Osmanli ’da son Tartışmalar: Mondros ’tan Mudanya ’ya, İstanbul, 2008. Lausanne Conference on Near Eastern Affairs, 1922-1923: Records of Proceedings and Draft Terms ofPeace, London, 1923. Low, M.C. ‘Unfurling the Flag of Extraterritoriality: Autonomy, Foreign Muslims, and the Capitulations in the Ottoman Hijaz’, Journal ofthe Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association 3,2016, 299-323. Low, M.C. Imperial Mecca: Ottoman Arabia and the Indian Ocean Hajj, New York, 2020. Martens, F. Traité de droit international, Paris, 1883-1887. Noradungian, G. Recueil d’actes internationaux de l’empire ottoman, Paris, 1897-1903. Ozavci, O. Dangerous Gifts: Imperialism, Security, and Civil Wars in the Levant, 1798-1864, Oxford, 2021. Ozavci, O. ‘A Priceless Grace? The Congress of Vienna of 1815, the Ottoman Empire and Historicising the Eastern Question’, The English Historical Review 136/583, 2021, 1450-1476. Özsu, U. Formalizing Displacement: International Law and Population Transfers, Oxford, 2015. Özsu, U. ‘Ottoman Empire,’ in Fassbender, B. et al. eds., The Oxford Handbook of the
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418 THEY ALL MADE PEACE - WHAT IS PEACE? Palabıyık, M.S. ‘International Law for Survival: Teaching International Law in the Late Ottoman Empire (1859-1922)’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Languages 78, 2015, 271-291. Réchid, A. ‘Les droits minoritaires en Turquie dans le passé et le présent,’ Revue générale de droit international public, 1935,293—341. Réchid, A. ‘L’Islam et le droit des gens’, Collected Courses of the Hague Academy ofInternational Law/Recueil des Cours 60, 1937,371-506. Réchid, A. ‘Kapitülasyonlar’, Darülfünun Hukuk Fakültesi,emuasi 6/37, 1928, 1-38. Réchid, A. Hukuku Umumiyei Düvel, Istanbul, 1928. Reynolds, Μ. A. Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse ofthe Ottoman and Russian Empires 1908-1918, Cambridge (UK), 2011. Robson, L. ‘Capitulation Redux: The Imperial Genealogy of the Post-WWI ‘Minority’ Regime’, The American Historical Review 126/3,2021, 978-1000. Rodogno, D. Against Massacre: Humanitarian Intervention in the Ottoman Empire 1815—1914, Princeton, 2012. Rubin, A. Ottoman Nizamiye Courts: Law and Modernity, London, 2011. Rubin, A. ‘Modernity as Code: The Ottoman Empire and the Global Movement of Codification’, Journal ofEconomic and Social History of the Orient 59, 2016, 828-856. Sluga, G. The Invention ofInternational Order: Remaking Europe after Napoleon, Princeton, 2021. Şeref, A. ‘îmtiyazat-i Mezhebiye’, Sabah 9,1918. Şimşir, B.N. Lozan Telgrafları, Ankara, 1990. Temperley, H. W. V. A History of the Peace Conference ofParis, Vol. V, ‘Economic Reconstruction and Protection of Minorities’, London, 1920-1924. Union
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 429 CHAPTER 5 ‘Lozan Konferansı - husûsî muhabirlerimizin telgrafları, bizim de ellerimiz temizdir ve mukayeseye hâzırız! ‘ismet Paşa Kurzon’a hakîkaten bir ders teşkil eden bir cevâb vermiş ve hadid re’îs çok yumuşamışdır!’, Hâkimiyet-i Milliye 690,19 December 1922. ‘Lozan Konferansı müzâkerâtı hakkında Ra’ûf Bey’in nutkunun metni’ Vakit 64, 19 December 1922. ‘İcra Vekilleri Re’îs Ra’ûf Bey Efendi’nin mühim beyanâtı’, Tanın 67, 19 December 1922. ‘Amerikalıların ekalliyetleri himayeye hakkı var mı? Şarkdaki Hristiyanlardan evvel kendi memleketlerindeki zencileri, Katolik ve Musevileri kurtarsalar daha iyi olur!’, Tevhid-i Efkâr, 28 December 1922. ‘Swiss order Ahrens to leave’, New York Times, 12 May 1923. ‘Ismet Pasha’s Safety’, The Manchester Guardian, 12 May 1923. ‘Swiss isolate Ismet, shadow Venizelos. Guard Conference delegates against Vorovsky’s Fate - Turk leader no longer eats in public’, New York Times, 21 May 1923. ‘Ismet warned of murder plot; Swiss give him a Bodyguard’, New York Times, 22 May 1923. ‘Ismet in rage. Plot to assassinate. Lausanne Turks alarmed’, The Times ofIndia, taken from The Times (London), 23 May 1923. Aharonian, A. ‘Hay Bedutyun te HomeT, Saradarabadits Minchev Sevryev Lozan, Boston, 1943. Akçam A. and Kurt, Ü. Kanunların Ruhu: Emval-i Metruke Kanunlarında Soykırımın İzini Sürmek, İstanbul, 2012. Altuğ, S. ‘From refugees to decent Syrian citizens: Armenians in Syria under the French Mandate (1921-1939)’ in Dakessian, A. ed., Armenians in Syria, Beirut, 2018, 163-178. Brubaker, R. ‘Aftermaths of Empire and the Unmixing of Peoples:
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430 THEY ALL MADE PEACE ֊ WHAT IS PEACE? Ekmekcioglu, L. Recovering Armenia: The Limits ofBelonging in Post Genocide Turkey, Stanford, 2016. Emin, A. ‘Çivili sulh’, Vakit 1804, 20 December 1922. Hüseyin, C. ‘Lozan Konferansında Noel günleri kopan fırtına (Lozan Mektupları: 45)’, Tanın 79,31 December 1922. Khatissian, A. Hayastani Hanrabedutyan Dzakumn u Zarkatsume, Athens, 1930. Khatissian, A. Eclosion et Développement de la République Arménienne, Athens, 1989. Kieser, H-L. When Democracy Died: The Middle East ’s Enduring Peace of Lausanne, Cambridge (UK), 2023. Kieser, Η-L., Polatel, Μ., and Schmutz, T. ‘Reform or Cataclysm? The Agreement of 8 February 1914 regarding the Ottoman Eastern Provinces’, Journal of Genocide Research 14/ 3, 2015,285-304. Lausanne Conference on Near Eastern Affairs, 1922—1923: Records of Proceedings and Draft Terms ofPeace, London, 1923. Liebisch-Gümüş, C. ‘Embedded Turkification: Nation Building and Violence within the Framework of the League of Nations 1919-1937’, International Journal of Middle East Studies 52/ 2, 2020, 229-244. Marashlian, L. ‘The Armenian Question from Sèvres to Lausanne: Economics and Morality in American and British Politics, 1920-1923’, PhD dissertation, UCLA, Los Angeles, 1992. Marrus, M.R. The Unwanted — European Refugees in the Twentieth Century, Oxford, 1985. Meray, S.L. ed. ‘B. Azınlıklar Alt-Komisyonu’, Lozan Barış Konferansı: Tutanaklar Belgeler, Ankara, 1970, 151-292. Montgomery, G.R. ‘The Massacres of Armenians in 1915’, Current History (New York Times supplement) (1916-1940) 17/1, 1922,25-28. Nur, R. Lozan
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444 THEY ALL MADE PEACE - WHAT IS PEACE? CHAPTER 11 Primary Sources Published Documents ‘Convention Between Greece and Bulgaria Respecting Reciprocal Emigration, 27 November 1919’, American Journal ofInternational Law 14/4, 1920, Supplement: Official Documents, 356-360. ‘Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations, 30 January 1923’, American Journal ofInternational Law 18/2, 1924, Supplement: Official Documents, 84-90. Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations ofthe United States, 1919: The Paris Peace Conference, 13 Vols., Washington D.C., 1942-1947. Lausanne Conference on Near Eastern Affairs, 1922-1923: Records of Proceedings and Draft Terms ofPeace, London, 1923. Ministère des Affaires Étrangers. Conférence de Lausanne, 2 Vols., Paris, 1923. ‘Treaty of Peace Between the Allied Powers and Turkey, 10 August 1920’, American Journal ofInternational Law 15/3,1921, Supplement, Official Documents, 179-295. Secondary Sources Busch, B.C. Mudros to Lausanne: Britain’s Frontier in West Asia, 1918-1923, Albany, 1976. Clark, B. Twice a Stranger: The Mass Expulsions that Forged Modern Greece and Turkey, Cambridge (USA), 2006. Craig, G. and Gilbert, F. eds. The Diplomats, 1919—1939, Princeton, 1953. Dragostinova, T. Between Two Motherlands: Nationality and Emigration among the Greeks ofBulgaria, 1900-1949, Ithaca, 2011. Dragostinova, T. ‘Navigating Nationality in the Emigration of Minorities between Bulgaria and Greece, 1919-1941’, East European Politics and Societies 23/2, 2009, 185-212. Dragostinova, T. ‘Speaking National: Nationalizing
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Index Note: Page numbers in italic are illustrations. A Abdülhamid II, Sultan 236 Abdulmecid, Caliph 110 Abilov, Ibrahim 94 ACIA (American Committee for the Independence of Armenia) 199,202, 205, 210 Adıvar, Halide Edip 114 Afetinan, Ayşe 352 Aghnides, Thanassis 301 Anatolia College 306,319 elite Christian education 305-6 Greek backchannel 318-19 League of Nations Secretariat 297-8, 308, 317-18 preference for a greater Greece 307-8 promotion of League in Greece 320-22 Aharonian, Avedis 123-4, 131, 132-3, 134 Akbaba (Vulture) (magazine) 389-91, 390, 394 AKP (Justice and Development Party) 372, 375 Al Kashkul (The Begging Bowl) (magazine) 4, 387, 399 Allenby, General 60,68-9, 167 American Committee for the Independence of Armenia (ACIA) 199, 202, 205, 210 Anatolia, refugees 287-9 Anatolia College 306, 319 Anghie, Antony 180-81 Anglo-Iraq Treaty (1924) 186 Arab Revolt (1916) 166 Arab states disenchanted exiles 183-5 Treaty Articles of concern 178-9 Arens, Ivan 87 Arfa’od-Dowleh 150-51, 152 Arif Bey, Celattin 197 Armağan, Mustafa 366-72, 377 Armenia America Society 199, 202 Armenian Genocide 16, 125, 195-6, 350,392 Armenian National Home (ANH) Armenian demands 47-8,119,122-3,126-7, 130-31, 132-3,139 Armenian mission 122-4 Armenian-Turkish private talks 124-8 increasingly modest versions 123 Minorities Sub-commission 129-35,201 Turkish opposition 16, 120, 129-30, 133,377 UK support 16, 17, 50,120 US change of opinion 201-3 US support 123, 137-9, 191,194,200-201, 205,210,211 Armenian question assassinations 125 Cilician Armenia 200,201 delegation sidelined 15-16 international
negotiations 47-8 missionary support 191, 199,201,202-3,205, 212 population exchange 128-9, 132-3, 139-40 rights of minorities 207-8 Soviet Armenia 82, 94, 120,124, 129,130, 281-3 unsolved 353 Armenian Reform Agreement (1914) 36,41-2, 128 Armenian refugees 277-8, 281-3,293 Arslan, Shakib 87, 89, 90-91,93, 170, 173-4 al-Asil, Naji 87-8, 90, 174, 176, 177 al-Askari, Jafar Pasha 88 Assyrian refugees 283,292,294 Assyrian-Chaldeans 149, 150, 151, 285 Assyrians 87, 90, 134, 220, 334 Atabinen, Reşid Saffet 330, 352 al-Atassi, Hashim 184 Atatürk on an Arab state 173 Ankara Agreement (1921)12 biography 115 election (1923) 20 Greek-Turkish population exchange 14 Kurdish region 40 nationalists’goal 113-14 and Pan-Islamists 102, 108,110 praised in Tarih IV 362—4 Speech (Nutuk) (1927) 22-3,329, 358-60 Turkish nationalist revival 61, 67 Atilhan, Cevat Rıfat 366-71
INDEX Azerbaijan 82, 94 Azmi, Mahmud 4, 387,402 В Balfour, Arthur, Earl 65, 171, 172 Balfour Declaration (1917) 57, 67 Balkan Wars (1912-13) 103-1 Bank of England 288,289 al-Banna, Hasan 185 Barnes, George 65 Barrère, Camille 16-17,20, 135՝, 174, 241, 272 Barton, James 199,200, 201, 202-3, 210, 392 Bayur, Yusuf Hikmet 330 Bey, Hamid 248,249 Bey, Hasan 245-6, 246, 249, 254 Bey, Hüseyin 204, 330 Blunt, Wilfrid 60 Bompard, Maurice 17,18-19, 20, 247,249 Bonar Law, Andrew 72-3, 391 Bozkurt, Mahmut 354 Bryce, Lord 57 Bulgakov, Mikhail 92 Bulgaria Greek-Bulgarian population exchange 262-7 Treaty ofNeuilly (1919) 261, 262-3,264,265, 274-5 C Çanakkale (Chanak) 10, 71, 82 Capitulations 33-4, 35, 37-8,41, 50, 360, 377 cartoons see political cartoons Cavid, Mehmed 249,252,257 Cemal Paşa 108 Chanak (Çanakkale) 10, 71, 82 Chester, Colby Μ., Admiral 191, 206 Chester Concession 21, 191, 195, 206,206-7,209 Chicherin, Georgy and Arab nationalists 87-90, 91 and Çanakkale (Chanak) 82 delegation head 81 Genoa Conference 77, 84 and Iran 14,148 isolation 80-81 Turkish Straits 83—1, 85-6 Child, Richard Washburn 17,20, 138, 196, 197-8, 201-4 Churchill, Winston 64-5, 69-70, 71, 172 clash of civilisations 5, 99-100,117-18 Clemenceau, Georges 63 Colban, Erik 48 Comintern 83, 93—4, 95-6 Concert of Europe 23—4, 34 Congress of Vienna (1815)23 Constantine, King 70-71 Constantine V, Patriarch 312-13 Constantinople British objective 61 British withdrawal 73, 75 charter of rights forminorities 315-16 Ecumenical Patriarchate 298, 309-314, 324-6 469 and the French 63—1 Greek exemption from population exchange
309-310 Greek minorities’ problems 310-313, 323—4 Hagia Sophia 57-8 Permanent National Mixed Council (PNMC) 299,303—1, 309,311 pogrom (1955) 323,325 Convention on Greek-Bulgarian population exchange (1923) 262-3,265 Convention on Greek-Turkish population exchange(1923)267-8, 310 Coolidge, Calvin 209, 392 Couchepin, Pascal 1-2 Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard von 101-2 Cox, Percy 229 Crane, Charles, King-Crane report 168, 172 Crowe, Sir Eyre 58-9, 64, 72 Curzon, Lord Arab discussion and participation blocked snubbed 176,177 Armenian National Home, support for 16, 17, 50 cartoon depictions 4-5,20, 381, 394,398, 400-401,404 Constantinople objective 61 delegation leader and conference chair 10-11, 72-3 Eastern and Western Thrace 16 on France 62 Greek-Turkish population exchange 15, 272, 273 on Iranian participation 147 and İsmet 360 little hope of peace 13 Middle East objectives 68֊9 . minority protections 135-6 Mosul 19-20,217,219-22 Ottoman debt 241, 247 on Ottoman Turkey 64, 65 and Palestinian mandate 174 reparations 21 Soviet ultimatum 92 Turkish historians’ verdict 368, 370 ‘unmixing of peoples’ 259 and the US 206 D Daily Express (newspaper) 391 de Martino, Giacomo 265 Decree of Muharrem (1881) 236,251, 253 Demirci, Sevtap 7 Derso, Alois 4,43,382, 382-7, 385 Guignol à Lausanne 382, 395—405 Diyojen (Diogenes) (magazine) 388 Dorotheos (Mammelis) 303,304 Drummond, Eric 318,319 Dulles, Allen 205,265 Duranty, Walter 80
470 THEY ALL MADE PEACE ֊ WHAT IS PEACE? E Ebuzziya, Velid 255,257 Egypt, exclusion from Lausanne 174-5,177 Engert, Cornelius Van H. 205 Enver Pașa 41,63, 108 Erbakan, Necmettin 372 Ersoy, Mehmet Akif 97, 98 Exindaris, Georgios 312 F Facta, Luigi 2,384 Faisal, King/Emir (formerly Prince) 166,167-8, 174,216-17 Fanni, Mohammed 402 Firth, C.H. 55 Fonjallaz, Arthur, Colonel 351-2 France Alsace Lorraine 260 Anglo-French relations 62-3 Ankara Agreement (1921) 12,218, 270 Franchet d’Espèrey, Louis, General 63-4 Frashëri, Mehdi 242 Frunze, Mikhail 81 G Garroni, Camillo 17, 18,400 Gaselee, Stephen 58 Gates, Caleb 210, 392 Genoa Conference (1922) 7, 77, 84 Georgia 81-2, 85 Gerard, James 202,205 Germanos V, Patriarch 303 Gerwarth, Robert 8 Giannini, Amadeo 173 Gillespie, Julian 204 Gladstone, William 64 Gounaris, Dimitrios 12 Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922) 100,192, 214-15,287 Greece Catastrophe 12, 70-71 Great Idea (Megali Idea) 12, 304, 307-8 Greek-Bulgarian population exchange 262-7 Greek-Turkish population exchange 14-15, 17, 267-73,297,310,319-20 Hellenic University Group 321 promotion of League of Nations 320-22 refugees 287-90, 322 Gregorios, Patriarch 311,312 Grew, Joseph C. 14,115, 196, 203,204,206-9, 210, 392 Guignol à Lausanne (Derso and Kelen) 382, 395-405 H Haab, Robert 2 al-Hadi, Awni Abd 167-8, 183 Haidar, Rustum 167-8 Hakki, Ibrahim 39,42 Harding administration 190, 194-5 Harding, Warren 193,196,209,211 Hardinge, Lord 61,64,69, 71 Hayashi, Gonsuke, Baron 18,20,22,400 Haylal (Hello) (magazine) 388 Hemingway, Ernest 9, 387 Hilmi, Abbas 87, 174 Hirtzel, Arthur 60
historiography Atatürk’s Speech (Nutuk) (1927) 22-3,329, 358-60 Lausanne Conference 6-8 Nationalist-Conservative/Islamist 365-73 Neo-Kemalist 373-9 official histories 358-65 Houráni, Albert 181 Hourmouzi, Foteini 299 Hughes, Charles Evans 194, 196-7,201,205, 206-7,207-8, 281, 392 Hussein, Sharif, Emir (King of Hejaz) 59-60, 89, 90, 93, 166, 169,174, 176,177,182-3 I İnönü, İsmet and the Arabs 92, 178-9 Armenian question 16, 124-9,130, 131-2,202 Atatürk assessment of 359-60 Capitulations 360 cartoon depictions 400-401 criticism of 368 delaying strategies 17 delegation leader 9-10 Greek-Turkish population exchange 14,272 importance 364 and Iran 150 Lausanne analysis 360-62 minority protections 29-30,46, 135, 136-7, 208-9, 350 Mosul 217, 218-22 Mudanya ceasefire 9—10 oil concessions 207 Ottoman debt 235,240-41,246,252,254 Pan-Islamism and 102 and President Wilson 197 security issues 125-6 and Soviet delegation 91-2 on Turkish diplomacy 258 Turkish Straits 85-6 IntcmationalCommittee of the Red Cross 287 International Labour Organization (ILO) 280, 283-5, 287,290-93 Iran Allied concern over Soviet activities 153-4 common cause with Turkey 150-52 exclusion from Lausanne negotiations 144, 146-50, 151 exclusion from Paris Peace Conference 145 Iranian-Russian Friendship Treaty (1921) 155-6, 157 and Iraq 157-8 issues of concern 148, 149
INDEX Lausanne Conference representation 84 Pan-Islamism 151,152-3 and Russia 155-7 Soviet trade agreement tensions 157, 158 Turkish relations post-Lausanne 159-71 Iraq 69, 74-5, 163, 186,217, 294 Islam, Pan-Islamism 27, 59,97-8, 101-3, 106-113, 151,152-3 Italy, Libyan invasion 39-40,103 J al-Jabiri, Ihsan 91,183 Jessup, Henry W. 202 Jews 350-51, 369 see also Nahum, Haim, Chief Rabbi; Palestinians Jouhaux, Μ. 291-2 Justice and Development Party (AKP) 372, 375 К Karagöz (Black Eye) (magazine) 389—92 Karagül, Ibrahim 372-3 Karakhan, Lev 92-3 Kassab, Teodor 388 Kazim, Musa 176,182 Keishiro, Matsui 265 Kelen, Emery 4-5,43, 382, 382-7, 394 Guignol à Lausanne 382, 395-405 Kershaw, Louis 291 Keynes, John Maynard 278 Khakimov, Karim 93 Al-Khalesi, Ayatollah 158 Khatissian, Alexander 131-3 Khilafat Conference (1922) 110 Khilafat movement 27, 59, 106-7,109-110, 111 al-Khoury, Faris 183 King, Henry, King-Crane report 168,172 King, William H. 210 Kısakürek, Necip Fazıl 367-72 Kitchener, Herbert, 1st Earl 60 Kurdish issues autonomy 47 Bolshevik silence 95 and Iran 161 Iranian concerns 145-6 Sheikh Said rebellion 227 Kurds borderlander status 4,229—32,233-4 Dersim massacre (1938) 333, 349 ethnic identities 225-6 in Mosul Vilayet 220-21, 224,225-7 Turkish repression 220, 221, 228 L La Caricalure (magazine) 387 Landells, Ebenezer 388 Lapinskii, Pavel 79 Le Charivari (magazine) 387—8 Le Matin (newspaper) 139, 384, 398, 399 471 Le Rire/Le Rire Rouge (The Laugh/The Red Laugh) (magazine) 388 League of Nations Armenian refugees 277-8 Economic and Financial Organization (EFS) 286-7 Economic and
Financial Section (EFS) 279 Hellenic University Group 321 High Commissioner for Refugees 15, 271-2 mandates 70, 79 Minorities Section 317 Mosul Commission 222-7 Secretariat 297-8, 308, 317-18 Lebanon 89, 175 Leeper, Allen 66 Libya, Italian invasion 39-40, 103 Litvinov, Maxim 83^1, 86 Lloyd George, David 10, 58, 63, 66-7, 71-2,107, 173, 384, 393 Loraine, Sir Percy 157-8 Lotfallah, Habib 89 Lutfallah, Michel 170 Μ Macedonia 288-90 McMahon, Sir Henry, Lt. Col. 166 Mahmud, Sheikh 228 Mallet, Sir Louis 62 Mammelis, Dorotheos 303 Mantoux, Joseph 318 Mathews, Basil 5,114 Mayhew, Henry 388 Meinertzhagen, Richard, Colonel 55 Meletios Metaxakis, Patriarch 304 Metaxas, Ioannis, General 312—13 Meydan, Sinan 375-8 Michalakopoulos, Andreas 318 Millerand, Alexandre 12 Millioud, Maurice 351 Milne, General 56, 63 minority rights family law and personal status 314-15 League of Nations 317 Minorities Sub-commission 129-35,201, 349-51 Ottoman background 44-6 weakened 354 see also Armenian National Home (ANH); Armenian question; Assyrian refugees; Kurdish issues; Kurds Misirloglou, Anastasios 310-312 Misıroğlu, Kadir 367-72, 377 Mohammed VI, Sultan 60-61, 72 Money, Sir Alfred 68-9 Montagna, Giulio Cesare 17,17-18, 129, 133, 134,273 Montagu, Edward 27, 54 Montgomery, George R. 199,200,201, 202 Mostowfi ol-Mamalek 159
472 THEY ALL MADE PEACE ֊ WHAT IS PEACE? Mosul border areas 223 British claim 215-16 British Iraq mandate 179 decision deferred 217, 232 League of Nations Commission 222-7,232 negotiations 19, 177,178 oil 195,203^1 rumours 198 strategic importance 213-15 territorial claimants 214—16,217-22 Turkish claims 19, 215, 227-8 see also Kurdish issues Münir, Mehmed (Ertegiin) 26, 39,43^1,46-7, 49 Murray, Wallace 115-16 Mussolini, Benito 173, 174-5, 355, 387, 404 Nahum, Haim, Chief Rabbi 328, 338, 351, 369-70, 376 Nansen, Fridtjof 15,271, 273,280, 281-2, 287, 292,318-19 Nansen Passport 285-6 National Pact (1920) 10, 19, 173,176, 214, 241-2, 252,328,330-31,368 Near East Relief 199,203, 210, 287 Nicolson, Harold 67,307, 308 Noradungian, Gabriel Armenian negotiations 47-8, 123—4, 134 exile 40, 124 legal expertise 39 minority rights 48-9 Sub-commission negotiations 131—3 Nur, Rıza and Arab nationalists 91 Armenian question 125, 133-4 history writer 330 Ottoman debt 249 population exchange 15 and Syria 88, 89 ultranationalism 350-51 Nuri, Celai 104 Nutuk (Atatürk Speech) (1927) 22-3, 328-9, 358-60 О oil cartoon 391, 392 concession hunting 19-20,204 exploration rights 191,193-4,195, 207 Western oil cartel 209 see also Mosul; Standard Oil; Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC) Olmstead, Albert Ten Eyck 106 Onassis, Aristotle 285 OPDA (Ottoman Public Debt Administration) 34, 236-7,257 Orbay, Rauf 129,359 Ottoman debt agreement 21, 257-8 Albania position 242 currency of repayment 251-8 debt coupons {kuponlar meselesi) 251-8 from First World War 244-8 further reduction (1933) 258-9 Greek position
241-2 historical precedents 238—40 negotiations, first round 244-51 negotiations, second round 252-7 obligations of other Ottoman successor states 248-51 origins 236-8 paper bills (kaime) 237-8 Treaty of Sevres 245 Turkey accepts share 240—44 Turkish divisions 249 Yugoslav position 242 Ottoman Empire autonomous provinces 35-7, 38 dissolution 54-5, 72,109-110, 112, 114 Law regarding Churches (1910) 302, 303 legal reform 34-5 Office of Legal Counsel 37, 38-9,44 Office of Privileged Provinces 37 Ottoman Public Debt Administration (OPDA) 34, 236-7,257 Özakman, Turgut 375-6 Palestinians Balfour Declaration (1917) 57, 67, 176 British interest 67-9 British mandate 163, 186 exclusion from negotiations 174-5, 176 mandate challenges 170-72 Syrian-Palestinian Congress (SPC) 170-71 Pan-Islamism 27, 59, 97-8, 101-3,106-113, 151, 152-3 Papanastasiou, Alexandros 320-21 Paris Peace Conference (1919-20) Anatolia 65 Arab mandates 167-8 Iran’s exclusion 145 and Islamic world 58, 106 Ottoman memoranda 46 population exchange 264-5 rejected by Turkey 42-3 Turkish Straits 83 Partridge, Bernard 391 Pashalian, Levon 126 Pastukhov, Sergei 87 Paulis, Albert, Colonel 223-6 Peet, William W. 199,200,201 Pelle, Maurice, General 253,254 Petros, Agha 87, 149, 151 Philipon, Charles 387 Pittard, Eugène 351, 352 Poincaré, Raymond 20,21,404 political cartoons ‘An Evening at Tchitcherin’s’ 403
INDEX ‘Cercle de la Presse’ 403 of Curzon 4-5,20,381 Derso and Kelen 382-7 Guignol à Lausanne (Derso and Kelen) 382, 395-405 history 387-8 international press 387-94 ‘Masked Bail’ 400, 401 of Münir 43 ‘Plenary Session’ 381-2, 400 ‘The Apotheosis of Peace’ 404 ‘The Latest Discovery of Lord Carnarvon’ 401-2,402-3 Politis, Nikolaos 320-21 Polk, Frank 265 population exchange Armenian question 128-9, 132-3, 139-40 Greek backchannel 318-19 Greek-Bulgarian 262-7 Greek-Turkish 14-15, 17, 267-73,297, 310, 319-20 international law 260-62,274—6 Lausanne Emigrants Foundation 378-9 Mixed Commission 263, 264, 266, 268, 297, 312,317-18 statistics 266,274,297 ‘unmixing of peoples’ 259 versus expulsion 260 see also refugees Prévost, Fernand 146-7, 154 Prothero, G.W. 64 Punch (magazine) 388-9, 393, 394, 401-2 Q al-Qassab, Kamil 167 Qavam os-Saltaneh 159 al-Quwwatli, Shukri 184 R Radek, Karl 83-4 Rajchman, Ludwik 322 Rauf, Hüseyin 252 Raven-Hill, Leonard 391 Red Cross 280 Refugee Settlement Commission 288-90 refugees after Greek-Turkish population exchange 319-20 Armenian refugees 277-8, 281-3, 293 employment opportunities 283-6, 291-4 Nansen Passport 285-6 resettlement 281-3 resettlement funding 286-90, 318, 322 see also population exchange Rentis, Konstantinos 312 Reşid, Ahmed 50-51 Reynolds, Frank 391 Reza Khan 144, 151, 155, 156, 157 Rida, Rashid 169-71, 173^1, 184-5 Riza, Ahmed 100 473 Rockefeller Foundation 286, 322 Roussos, Georgios 321 Royal Dutch Shell 193, 195 Rumbold, Sir Horace Armenian question 133, 134 cartoon depiction 396 Chair of First Commission 17 Constantinople 61 on
Lausanne settlement 73 oil concessions 207 Ottoman debt 255,256 reparations 21 on Turkish delegation 73 S Sadik, Necmeddin 351 Said, Abdul Hamid 402 Sakellaropoulos, Konstantinos 316 Salter, Arthur 279 Samuel, Herbert 176 San Remo conference (1920) 163, 169, 192, 193 Şarivari (magazine) 388 Sauerwein, Jules 399 Sauser-Hall, Georges 354-5 al-Sayed, Ahmed Lutfi 88,90 Sèvres Syndrome 374, 376 see also Treaty of Sèvres (1920) Seyyed Ziya 155 Shahbandar, Abd al-Rahman 170, 172, 183 Sheean, Vincent 399 Sheridan, Clare 386,403 Sherrill, Charles 115 Sinapian, Krikor 125, 126-8 al-Solh, Riad 183 Soviet Armenia 82, 94, 120,124, 129, 130, 281-3 Soviet Georgia 81-2, 85 Soviet Russia, refugees 280, 281-3 Soviet Ukraine 81, 85 Soviet Union, refugees 281-3 Spatharis, Andreas 299 Spatharis, Ayrilios 300 draft charter of rights for minorities (1927) 315-16 Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople 298, 324-5 expatriate Constantinople Greek community 322-3 family background 299 Greek Orthodox rights champion 303^1, 310-314, 323—4 legal expertise 302 Stamboliyski, Aleksandar 11 Standard Oil 191, 193, 194, 195, 211, 286 Steiner, Zara 7 Strube, Sidney 391 Suez Canal, Convention of Constantinople (1888) 89 Şükrü, Ahmet 138-9, 350 Swiss Society ofFriends of Turkey 351
474 THEY ALL MADE PEACE ֊ WHAT IS PEACE? Syria Armenian refugees 293 British withdrawal 69 constitution (1920) 169-70 declaration of independence 168-9 disenchanted exiles 183-5 exclusion from negotiations 182 French mandate 163-4, 168, 186 mandate challenges 170-72 Syrian Congress (1919) 168 Syrian-Palestinian Congress (SPC) 170-71 T Talât Pașa 108, 125,350,351 Tarih IV (History IV) 362-4 Teleki, Paul, Count 222-6 Tevhid-i Ejkår (newspaper) 17, 139, 255 Thomas, Albert 280, 283,291 The Times (newspaper) 71, 172, 177, 182 Tooze, Adam 185-6 Toynbee, Arnold 58 Treaty ofAnkara (1921) 12,218, 270 Treaty of Berlin (1878) 25, 26,42,49 Treaty ofBrest-Litovsk(1918) 44, 77 Treaty of Lausanne (1923) British ratification 73, 371 Commissions 11 conference adjournment 11, 17,20, 73 Economic and Financial Commission (Third) 11, 18-20 Ismet’s analysis 360-62 Minorities Sub-commission 129-35,201, 349-51 Regime of Foreigners Commission (Second) 11, 17-18 signature 1-2, 21, 378,404 Territorial and Military Commission (First) 11-17 Turkish ratification 21 urban legends 357, 378 US ratification 209-210 Treaty of Neuilly (1919) 261,262-3, 264, 265, 274-5 Treaty of Paris (1856) 24, 26, 34,42, 100, 260 Treaty of Sèvres (1920) 42-3, 70, 73,97, 144, 145, 171, 194, 245,267, 332,368, 374 Trotsky, Leon 77, 78, 83—4, 86 Turkey, national anthem 97-8 Turkish Historical Society 6, 330 Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC) 195,203,204, 206-7 Turkish Straits British interests 56, 70 Convention 21 Iranian position 154-5 Montreux Convention (1936) 261 negotiations 11,13-14, 82-6 Soviet goals 78-9, 83-4 Soviet-
Turkish positions 85-6 Soviet-Turkish Treaty (1921) 82 U Ukraine 81, 85 United States foreign policy 189-90 Lausanne aims 197-8 missionaries 190-91 and Ottoman Empire 191 Turkey-US bilateral treaty 207,208-9,210 Uras, Ahmet Esat 330 urban legends, Lausanne Treaty 357, 378 V Vahdettin, Sultan 110 Vanderlip, Frank A. 384 Vansittart, Robert 60 Vasilios III, Patriarch 313 Vehbi, Mehmed, Efendi 240 Venizelos, Eleftherios Anatolia College relocation 319 British admiration for 66 delegation leader 11-12,269-70 government falls (1920) 70 Greek foreign policy 11-12 Greek-Turkish population exchange 15,273, 318-19 little hope of peace 12-13 Megali Ideal 2, 307-8 Ottoman debt 241-2,256 reparations 20-21 on Turkey and Europe 101-2 Vorovsky, Vatslav 87, 92, 125-6 W Webb, Richard, Admiral 59 Weitz, Eric 7 White, George E. 319 Wilson, Woodrow 45-6,69,107,168,172,184, 191-2, 197,265 Wirsén, Einar of222-6 Wright, Quincy 180 Y Yildirim, Onur 69-70 Young, Hubert 60-61 Z Zaka od-Dowleh 84, 149, 150 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>04186nam a2200505 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV049055936</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20230825 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">230718s2023 a||| b||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781914983054</subfield><subfield code="c">hardback</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-914983-05-4</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781914983177</subfield><subfield code="c">paperback</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-914983-17-7</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1401184647</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV049055936</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">HIST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">They all made peace - What is peace?</subfield><subfield code="b">the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne and the New Imperial Order</subfield><subfield code="c">edited by Ozan Ozavci and Jonathan Conlin</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">London</subfield><subfield code="b">Gingko Library</subfield><subfield code="c">2023</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">474 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen (farbig)</subfield><subfield code="c">24cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">The last of the post-World War One peace settlements, Lausanne was very different from Versailles. Like its German and Austro-Hungarian allies the defeated Ottoman Empire had initially been presented with a dictated peace, in 1920. In just two years, however, the Kemalist insurgency turned defeat into victory, enabling Turkey to claim its place as the first sovereign state in the Middle East. Meanwhile the Greeks, Armenians, Arabs, Egyptians, Kurds and other communities who had also populated the Ottoman Empire sought their own forms of sovereignty, jostled between the Soviet Union and the resurgence of empire in the guise of League of Nations mandates. Already disillusioned with the Versailles toolkit, recourse was had to a new peace-making initiative: a forced population exchange, affecting 1.5m people. They All Made Peace is the first publication to consider the Treaty and its legacy a century on. A stellar group of historians present a contrapuntal, multi-perspective analysis of 1923. Chapters consider British, Turkish and Soviet designs in the post-Ottoman world, situate the population exchanges relative to earlier and subsequent peacemaking efforts, and discuss the economic factors behind the reallocation of Ottoman debt as well as the management of refugee flows. 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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV049055936 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:22:52Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:53:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781914983054 9781914983177 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034318170 |
| oclc_num | 1401184647 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 474 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen (farbig) 24cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230825 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Gingko Library |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | They all made peace - What is peace? the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne and the New Imperial Order edited by Ozan Ozavci and Jonathan Conlin London Gingko Library 2023 474 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen (farbig) 24cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The last of the post-World War One peace settlements, Lausanne was very different from Versailles. Like its German and Austro-Hungarian allies the defeated Ottoman Empire had initially been presented with a dictated peace, in 1920. In just two years, however, the Kemalist insurgency turned defeat into victory, enabling Turkey to claim its place as the first sovereign state in the Middle East. Meanwhile the Greeks, Armenians, Arabs, Egyptians, Kurds and other communities who had also populated the Ottoman Empire sought their own forms of sovereignty, jostled between the Soviet Union and the resurgence of empire in the guise of League of Nations mandates. Already disillusioned with the Versailles toolkit, recourse was had to a new peace-making initiative: a forced population exchange, affecting 1.5m people. They All Made Peace is the first publication to consider the Treaty and its legacy a century on. A stellar group of historians present a contrapuntal, multi-perspective analysis of 1923. Chapters consider British, Turkish and Soviet designs in the post-Ottoman world, situate the population exchanges relative to earlier and subsequent peacemaking efforts, and discuss the economic factors behind the reallocation of Ottoman debt as well as the management of refugee flows. Further chapters examine the?absent presences?, Kurdish, Arab, Iranian, Armenian, and other communities refused formal accreditation at Lausanne, but nonetheless forced to live with the consequences, which are still emerging, one hundred years on Vertrag von Lausanne 1923 Juli 24 (DE-588)1256939064 gnd rswk-swf Conference on Near Eastern Affairs / (1922-1923 / Lausanne, Switzerland) Conference on Near Eastern Affairs (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Vertrag von Lausanne 1923 Juli 24 (DE-588)1256939064 u DE-604 Özavcı, Hilmi Ozan ca. 20./21. Jh. (DE-588)1077501854 edt Conlin, Jonathan (DE-588)132874318 edt Äquivalent Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 978-1-914983-17-7 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-914983-06-1 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034318170&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034318170&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034318170&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | They all made peace - What is peace? the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne and the New Imperial Order Vertrag von Lausanne 1923 Juli 24 (DE-588)1256939064 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1256939064 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | They all made peace - What is peace? the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne and the New Imperial Order |
| title_auth | They all made peace - What is peace? the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne and the New Imperial Order |
| title_exact_search | They all made peace - What is peace? the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne and the New Imperial Order |
| title_exact_search_txtP | They all made peace - What is peace? the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne and the New Imperial Order |
| title_full | They all made peace - What is peace? the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne and the New Imperial Order edited by Ozan Ozavci and Jonathan Conlin |
| title_fullStr | They all made peace - What is peace? the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne and the New Imperial Order edited by Ozan Ozavci and Jonathan Conlin |
| title_full_unstemmed | They all made peace - What is peace? the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne and the New Imperial Order edited by Ozan Ozavci and Jonathan Conlin |
| title_short | They all made peace - What is peace? |
| title_sort | they all made peace what is peace the 1923 treaty of lausanne and the new imperial order |
| title_sub | the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne and the New Imperial Order |
| topic | Vertrag von Lausanne 1923 Juli 24 (DE-588)1256939064 gnd |
| topic_facet | Vertrag von Lausanne 1923 Juli 24 Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034318170&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034318170&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034318170&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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