The sea in Russian strategy:
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Manchester
Manchester University Press
2023
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| Series: | Russian strategy and power
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Physical Description: | XXI, 250 Seiten Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781526168788 9781526168801 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents List of figures List of tables List of contributors Foreword by Eleanor Stack Acknowledgements Introduction: the fall and rise of Russia’s power at sea Andrew Monaghan vii x xii xiv xxi i Part I: Maritime strategies in historical context i Russia and some principles of maritime strategy — Andrew Lambert 33 2 Russia: a sea power of a sort? - Geoffrey Till 54 3 4 5 6 Part П; Russia’s maritime strategies and capabilities today and tomorrow Russian strategy and power at sea: should we care? CliveJohnstone 81 Evolution of Russian naval strategy - Michael Kofman 94 Russia as a maritime power: economic interests and capabilities - Richard Connolly J 24 Russia’s future naval capabilities ֊ Dmitry Gorenburg 168
Contents Part III: The challenge: the Russian Navy in practice 7 Toward an understanding of maritime conflict with Russia — Michael B. Petersen 205 Index 242 vi
Index Literary works can be found under authors’ names. Note: n. after a page reference indicates the number of a note on that page. Page numbers in italic refer to figures or tables. active defence 100-2, 106, 119-20 Admiral Bykov-class patrol ships 186 Admiral Gorshkov-class frigates 9, 149-50, 181-3, 190 Admiral Grigorovich-class frigates 149, 183 Admiral Kuznetsov 4, 90, 176-7 Admiral Lazarev 179 Admiral Nakhimov 12, 13, 154, 178 Admiralty Shipyard 142, 151-2, 152 Aerospace Forces 86 agriculture 127 aircraft carriers 4, 14, 19, 90, 176-8, 192-3, 227 air defence 91, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 185, 187,217 Ak Bars Shipyard 141, 156 Akula-class submarines (SSNs) 172, 189 Alexander 1 (of Russia) 46 Alexandrit-class minesweepers 152-3, 159 Alligator-class landing ships 187-8 amphibious ships 148, 187-9, 191-2,192 Amur Shipyard 147, 153, 154—5,156 Anglo-Russian conflict 40, 46 anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) 6-7, 206,212, 227-8 anti-ship missiles 7, 110, 117, 169, 213-14, 221, 231 Arctic 9, 57-8, 104, 112, 124-5, 127, 184 Arktika-class icebreakers 142, 160 Asia 56-8, 64, 125, 126-7, 161 Athens, Greece 33, 37, 42 Atlantic 6, 7, 8, 85, 98, 104, 214, 230, 231 autocracy 48, 60, 63 Aviano Air Force Base 228-9 Azov, Sea of 1, 7, 18, 41, 43-4, 47, 69, 72, 131 “balanced fleet” concept 18, 115-16, 119-20 Baltic 45, 46-7 Baltic Sea Fleet 4—5, 35, 67-8, 71, 175, 184, 187 Baltic Shipyard (Baltzavod) 142, 146, 149, 150 242
Index bastions 98-9, 205, 213, 221, 230 Battle of the Yellow Sea 61 Black Sea 1-2, 7, 16, 69, 82, 127 Black Sea Fleet 1,16, 47, 89, 175, 183, 187, 211 blockades 1-2, 22, 41, 46-9, 84, 92-3 Borei-class submarines (SSBN) 12, 111, 171, 174, 189 Brazil 126 Buyan-class small missile ships 70, 145, 186-7 capability development expeditionary 188 naval 5-8, 10, 22, 115-20, 125-6, 161-2, 168-71, 189-94, 230-2 Caspian Flotilla 9, 187, 211 Catherine II (of Russia) 46, 60 Catherine Il-class battleships 67-8 Centre for the Management of Shipbuilding Modernisation and Repair of Warships and Ships of the Russian Navy 148 China 5, 11, 104, 126, 158, 176 Chinese navy 5 choke points see maritime choke points climate change 57, 58, 88-9 coastal defence 6, 22, 49-50, 108, 109, 192,213-14 Cold War 8, 38-9, 57, 63, 99-100, 218 Colomb, Philip .Nasal Warfare 49 combat actions 96-7, 208-9 combat ships 169-71, 176-80, 189, 190,191, 192-3 combat stability 18, 98, 112 commercial fleets 128, 129 conflict analysis and planning 230-2 case studies 39-40 and geography 212-14 and military strategy 99-103 and naval wartime tasks 207-12 and OTH ISR 214—21 périodisation 207-12, 208 strategic dilemmas 228-9 an understanding of maritime 205-7 waging a maritime 221-8 “Continental System” 46 conventional deterrence 145, 181 Corbett, Julian 36, 39-41, 51, 54 Some Principles ofMaritime Strateg)/ 38, 39-40, 50-1 corvettes 19, 70, 91, 109, 111-12, 145, 151, 171, 184-7, 190, 213-14 cost imposition 115, 206-7, 212, 220, 225, 230 Crimea 45, 69, 72, 147, 156, 182 Crimean War (1854-56) 17, 39, 40, 46-8, 49-50 critical
infrastructure defence of 95, 213 destruction 102, 113, 172, 181,226 critically important targets defence of 213 destruction 95, 97, 102, 117-20, 210,212,222,223, 224, 228-9 cruise missiles 113, 168, 169-74, 170, 182, 193-4 cruisers 49, 109, 145, 176, 178-9, 190, 191 damage limitation strategy 95, 99, 108, 110, 116, 119, 206, 207, 213, 225 defence active 100-2, 106, 119-20 air 91, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 185, 187,217 bastion 98-9, 205 243
Index defence (cont.) coastal 6, 22, 49-50, 108, 109, 192,213-14 of critical infrastructure 95, 213 expenditure 129-37, 133, 135, 137,139 as percentage of GDP 132, 133 Soviet doctrine 99-100 strategy focus on 49-50, 90, 95 Delta-class submarines (SSBN) 171-2, 189 democracy 42-3, 60, 63 destroyers 91, 92, 176, 179-80, 190, 191, 193 deterrence concepts 102-3 conventional 145, 181 crisis 221-3 non-nuclear 102, 107, 117-18 nuclear 95-6, 102-3, 119 strategic 12, 95-6, 102-3, 105, 107-8, 110, 192, 209 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor 56 dry docks 4, 159-60, 176, 178 economic activity and Russia as a sea power 59-60, 62, 64 economy and exports 16 Russia as an open 126-8 and warfare 46-9 Euro-Atlantic community 2, 4—6, 14, 18, 20-1,81-4, 88-9, 205 exchange rates market 134—7, 135, 137, 140, 140 purchasing power parity (PPP) 136-7,137, 1657.8, 140-1, 140 Exercise Ocean Shield 9 exports 16, 48-9, 127, 161 Far Eastern Centre for Shipbuilding and Ship Repair 147, 154—6,156 far sea zone 10, 108-10, 111-12, 116, 231 “Fatherland Wars” 17 Federal Security Service (FSB) Border Service see FSB Border Service Federal Targeted Programmes (FTsPs) 131-2 financial resources military expenditure 129-37 naval expenditure 129-30, 138-41 strategy 128-9 Finland 45, 63 floating docks 4, 159-60, 176 Foggo, James 6, 225 foreign policy 83-4 “Fourth Battle of the Atlantic” 1, 6,8 France 34, 35, 41, 46-8 frigates 9, 19, 70,91, 109, 110, 149-50,151, 162, 171, 181-3, 190 FSB Border Service 7, 12, 13, 18, 131, 141 FTsPs (Federal Targeted Programmes) 131-2 Fundamentals of the State Policy of the Russian Federation in the
Field of Naval Operations 11, 68, 103-7, 144-6, 221-2 GDP (gross domestic product) defence as a percentage of 132, 133 trade as a percentage of 126 General Staff94, 97, 209, 223 geographical considerations and naval warfighting capacity 212-14 of Russia as a sea power 17, 55-9 244
Index Georgia 69, 85 Gerasimov, Valeriy 9, 71, 209 GIUK (Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom) Gap 206, 231 government and Russia as a sea power 60-1, 62-3 Global Ocean 9, 85, 192-3 global trade volume of seaborne 15 goods and services prices 134, 135-6, 165n.l 8 Gorbachev, Mikhail 51 Gorshkov, Sergei 45, 67, 68, 73, 108 Seapower of the State 68 GPV (2020) (state armament programme) 138, 144, 157-8 grain exports 49, 127 Great Britain 17, 51, 34, 35, 37, 41, 46-8, 49-50 Great Patriotic War 57, 61,71 Great Power Competition 5, 7, 20, 84-5 Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom (GIUK) Gap 206, 231 Gremyashchiy-class corvettes 70, 184-5 gross domestic product (GDP) see GDP (gross domestic product) High North 6, 16, 88-9 Hughes, Lindsey 43 hypersonic weapons 70, 91, 117-18, 169, 231 icebreakers 142, 149, 160 ice-class patrol ships 184 Improved Kilo-class submarines 91, 175-6, 190 India 126, 149, 172, 183 Indian Ocean 5, 9, 105 industrial technology 35-6 Initial Period of War 208-12, 208, 223-4 intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and targeting (ISR) see ISR/ISR-T (intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and targeting) Iskanders shore-based sensors 71 ISR/ISR-T (intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and targeting) 206, 212, 214-18, 222-3, 225, 230-1 counter-ISR-T 218-21, 222, 227, 231 Italy 48-9 Ivan Gren-class amphibious landing craft 148, 188 Ivan Papanin-class ice-class patrol ships 184 Ivan Rogov-class amphibious assault ships 188-9 Japan 40-1, 51, 56-7, 61,62 Joint Forces Command (JFC), Norfolk 7 Joint Strategic Commands 97 Kalibr cruise missiles 50, 70, 90-1, 169,
172-3, 211, 214, 225 “kalibrisation” process 12, 19, 27n.29, 116-17, 169-71,170 Kalina-class submarines 190 Karakurt-class corvettes 145, 153, 187 Kerch Strait 7, 45, 72, 131 Kinzhal hypersonic weapons 117, 118 Kirov-class cruisers 178, 190 Kofman, Michael 20, 230 Kolchak, Alexander 61 Korolyov, Vladimir 148 Kronstadt 35-6, 42, 45, 48, 50, 61 245
Index Kuropatkin, Aleksei 40, 65 Kursk 3-4, 24n.5 Lada-class submarines 152, 174—5, 190 Laika-class submarines 174 land attack 145-6, 211-12, 220-1, 225-7, 229 law 72 “lawfare” 45 “Liana” system of satellites 216 liberalism 51, 59-60, 64, 128 Lider-class destroyers 180 Long-Range Aviation (LRA) bombers 224—5 long-range precision weapons 19, 50, 68, 102, 112-13, 116-18, 145, 226, 229-30 Losharikb, 18 Mahan, Alfred Thayer 38, 51, 55, 68 Influence ofSea Power upon History, 1660-1783, The^-A maritime choke points 15, 16, 35, 225 maritime conflict see conflict Maritime Doctrine of the Russian Federation (2015) 11, 68, 103-7, 144-6 maritime interests 124—8, 144, 161-2 maritime patrol and reconnaissance aircraft 216-17 maritime power between attention and regret 59, 65 economic interests and capabilities 124-8 emphasis on 2—4, 6, 10-11, 21-2, 37, 45 financial basis of 128-9 industrial basis of 143-4 and policy 105-7 maritime states and sea power 33-9 maritime strategy failure to employ 50—2 importance of history to 44—50 principles of 33-9 use of 39-44 “maritime turn” in international affairs 14—16 Makarov, Stepan (“Little Uncle”) 60-1,70 market exchange rates and military expenditure 134—7, 135, 137 and naval expenditure 140, 140 Marshal Shaposhnikov 12 Marshal Ustinov 179 Mediterranean 6, 58, 69, 90, 104 Mercury-class corvettes 185—6 military districts 86, 96-7 military doctrine 11, 99-100, 208 military expenditure 129-39, 133, 135, 137 military modernisation 205 military strategy 95, 99-103, 106 military technology 67, 70-1, 75n.31,90-l minesweepers 111, 152-3, 159 mine warfare
35-6, 47, 110 Ministry of Defence 4, 10, 131, 139, 140, 147, 159, 177, 208-12 Main Directorate for Undersea Research 18 Ministry of Shipbuilding 63 mirror-imaging 7, 8, 54, 94 missiles 90-1, 97-8, 169-74, 170 anti-ship 7, 110, 117, 169, 213-14, 221,231 cruise 13, 168, 169-74, 170, 182, 193-4 hypersonic 70, 91, 117-18, 169, 231 246
Index long-range precision 19, 50, 68, 102, 112-13, 116-18, 145, 226,229-30 surface-to-air 180, 183, 186 torpedoes 70 Mistral ships 188 mock attacks 223 Morye Shipyard 156, 157 Moskva 1, 13, 16, 86, 179 ‘national defence’ expenditure 130, 132, 133 National Defence Management Centre 85 National Guard (Rosgvardiya) 86, 131 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 6-7, 12, 20, 37, 55, 83-4, 104, 224-6, 228-9, 231 near sea zone 97, 108-9, 110, 115, 116,213 neglect 60-1, 63, 65, 92 “New School” 66-8 Nicholas I (of Russia) 47-8, 51 Nicholas II (of Russia) 61 non-nuclear deterrence 102, 107, 117-18 North Atlantic 6, 85, 214 Northern Centre for Shipbuilding and Ship Repair 147, 153—1,155 Northern Fleet 3, 10, 58, 86, 171, 184, 214 Northern Machine-Building Enterprise see Sevmash Shipyard Northern Sea Route (NSR) 6-7, 16-17,57-8, 72, 127, 143 North Kuril Islands 70 Norway 223-4, 227 nuclear deterrence 95-6, 102-3, 119 nuclear use policy 103, 226, 229 oceanic theatres of military action (OTVDs) 96, 104, 119-20 oceanic zone 108-9, 115 October Revolution (1917) 61,64, 65-6 Okhotsk, Sea of 70, 110 “Old School” 66 Oscar-class submarines (SSGNs) 3, 173, 189, 225 OSK (United Shipbuilding Corporation) 129, 130, 140-3, 146-8, 156, 159, 160, 182 OTH ISR/ISR-T (over-thehorizon, intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance and targeting 214-21, 230 Pacific 9, 56-7, 68, 104 Pacific Fleet 10, 41, 104, 214 Paul 1 (of Russia) 45-6 Pella Shipyard 153, 154, 157 Peloponnesian War 37 Pericles 37, 42 Persian Empire 33 Peter the Great (of Russia) 42-4, 55 56, 60,61,62,67,94 Peter the Great 178-9 Port
Arthur 49-50, 60-1 Poseidon weapon 67, 70, 172 Pospelov, Vladimir 12, 14 protected maritime regions see bastions purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates 136-7, 137, 165n.l8, 140-1, 140 Putin, Vladimir 10, 20, 44, 55-6, 64, 127, 143 radiofrequency emissions control 218-19 reconnaissance forces and assets 116,216-17,220 247
Index RFN (Russian Federation Navy) see Russian Navy Ropucha-class landing ships 187 Rosatom 130, 142, 160 Rosatomflot 142 Rosneft 11, 129, 142, 143 Rubin Design Bureau 172 Russian Navy capability development 5-6, 115-20, 145-6, 162, 168-71 challenge of 1-2, 6-8 commanders 60-1 conceptions 65-9 crises 2-5, 13 division of 17 doctrine 181, 208-9, 210 dysfunctionality 4—5 exercises 9-10 expeditionary capabilities 192-3 expenditure 61-2, 115-16, 129-30, 138-41, 139, 140 failure to protect trade 48-9 funding 14, 128-9, 160 future of 89-90, 160-1, 189-94 and geography 58-9, 212-14 importance of understanding 82-93 kalibrisation of 12, 19, 27n.29, 116-17, 169-71, 170 levels of activity 6, 9-10 modernisation 5-6, 12-13, 70, 86-93, 169, 205 personnel 141 priorities 8-14 restructuring 86 role in disruption 50, 86-7, 90 role in invasion of Ukraine 1-2, 22 role in research 10-11 role in strategic deterrence 103, 107-8, 110 role in wartime 207-12 and small ships 180-7 strategy 49-50, 52, 94-6, 118-20, 125, 205-6 tasks and missions 9, 12, 90, 95-6, 98-9, 108-15, 114, 118-20, 144-6, 207-12, 208 threat of 81-93, 108-15, 114 under Peter the Great 42-4 Russo-Japanese War (1904) 17, 40-1 St Petersburg 42, 48, 142, 148 satellites electronic intelligence 216 Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs) 6, 8, 23 sea power between attention and neglect 59-65 geographical considerations 55-9 and government 60-1 and importance of history 44—50 and importance of understanding 81-93 and maritime states 33-9 Russia as a 8-14, 54 use of strategy 39-44 seapowers concept of 33, 54 snd democracy 42, 59-60 and
liberalism 59-60, 64 and naval power 34—6 Russia never a 37-9, 54, 60 Russian paths to 69-73 and trade 59-60 Semenov, Vladimir 60, 71 sensors 215-19 Sevastopol 45, 47, 49-50, 89 Severnaya Verf (Northern Shipyard) 149-51, 151 Severodvinsk Shipyard 63 Severodvinsk 70, 91, 174, 222 Sevmash Shipyard 153-4, 155 Shepovalenko, Maxim 158-9 248
Index shipbuilding amphibious 187-9 capacity 63, 91-2, 125, 143-4 demand for civilian 141-3 funding 128-9, 139-41, 144, 160 future of 89-90, 160-1 large combat ships 176-80 organisation of 146-8 problems in 156-60, 162 small ships 180-7 in the Soviet Union 63 strategy 146 ships amphibious 187-9, 191-2, 192 battleships 67-8 ice patrol 184 large combat 176-80, 190, 191, 193 ranking system 109 Russian 18-19 small 180-7, 190, 191, 193 shipyards capacity and production 142-4, 148-56, 160-2 expenditure 129 “Digital Shipyard” 153, 154, 159 organisation of 146-8 of Soviet Union 63, 66 Shkval torpedo 70 Sierra-class submarines (SSN) 189 Slava-class cruisers 179, 190 Snake Island 1 society and Russia as a sea power 61-2 sonar detection 174, 217, 219 Southern Centre for Shipbuilding and Ship Repair 147, 156 Sovcomflot 142, 143, 152 Soviet Ministry of Shipbuilding 63 Soviet Navy 8, 18, 38-9, 61-9, 96-9 108, 111 Soviet Union 62, 63, 98 Sovremenny-class destroyers 92, 179, 190 “Special Military Operation” 1, 83 Srednye Nevsky Shipyard 152-3, 153, 159 Stalin, Joseph 61, 68, 69 state defence order (GOZ) 131, 132, 133, 139 state guaranteed credits (SGCs) 131 State Naval Policy see Fundamentals of the State Policy of the Russian Federation in the Field of Naval Operations status projection 90, 95, 104, 107, 119 Stereguschchiy-class corvettes 70, 151, 184, 186 strategic deterrence 12, 95-6, 102-3, 105, 107-8, 110, 192, 207, 209 strategic operations 96-9, 100, 113, 118, 210-12, 223-4 strategic planning documentation 11-12, 125 strategic stability see also combat stability 104, 106 strategy
concept 21 dilemmas 228-9 focus on defence 49-50, 90, 95 maritime military 95, 99-103, 106 submarines and submersibles construction 116 conventional 174—6 cruise missile (SSGNs) 70, 173, 189, 192, 205, 214, 221-2, 225 diesel 174-6, 189,213-14, 221 fires on 5 future of 171-6, 189-90, 190 innovation in 19, 28n.49, 90—1 249
Index submarines and submersibles (cont.) nuclear-powered ballistic missile (SSBNs) 52, 111, 141, 189, 192, 205, 221 protection of 110-11 role 109 multipurpose nuclear powered attack submarines (SSNs) 111, 172-4, 189,214, 221 in the Russian Navy 170 of the Soviet Union 61, 98 strategic 171-2 and surveillance 98 and technology 219 types 70 Suez Canal 15, 17 surface-to-air missiles 180, 183, 186 Su-34 fighter bombers 117, 228 swarm attack 88, 89 Syria 4, 58, 70,90, 188,211,225 Udaloy-class destroyers 12, 148, 179, 190, 193 Ukraine 1-2, 22, 69, 83 4, 92, 182, 183 United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 138-9 United Shipbuilding Corporation (OSK) see OSK (United Shipbuilding Corporation) United States 7, 11, 38, 83, 112-13, 126, 158-9,214,226-9 US Navy 38, 113, 218-19, 222-3, 227 US Tri-Service Maritime Strategy 219 theatres of military operations (TVDs) 106, 206 oceanic (OTVDs) 96-7 “Third Battle of the Atlantic” 98 Threatening Period 208-9, 208, 221-3 Thucydides 33, 37, 42 torpedoes 70 trade failure to protect 48-9 global 15 importance of sea-based 126—8 importance to a seapower 59-60 Tsirkon hypersonic cruise missiles 91, 117, 118, 169, 221, 2411.82 Tu-22 bombers 112, 117, 228 Tu-142 anti-submarine warfare aircraft 13, 216—17 Turkey 14, 46-7 Vaiyag 179 Varshavyanka-class submarines 152 vertical launch systems 116-17, 169, 179, 181 Viktor Chernomrydin-class icebreakers 142 Vitgeft, Admiral Wilgelm 61, 75n.l6 VOSTOK exercises 9 Western Centre for Shipbuilding 146, 148-53, 149 World Ocean 66, 104, 105-7, 209 Yantar Shipyard 148-9, 149 Yasen-class submarines (SSGN) 70,
90-1, 173-4, 189, 222, 225 Zaliv Shipyard 156, 157, 188 Zelendolsk Shipyard and Design Bureau 146, 158 Zof, Vyacheslav 66 Zvezda Shipyard 92, 143, 146 250 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
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Contents List of figures List of tables List of contributors Foreword by Eleanor Stack Acknowledgements Introduction: the fall and rise of Russia’s power at sea Andrew Monaghan vii x xii xiv xxi i Part I: Maritime strategies in historical context i Russia and some principles of maritime strategy — Andrew Lambert 33 2 Russia: a sea power of a sort? - Geoffrey Till 54 3 4 5 6 Part П; Russia’s maritime strategies and capabilities today and tomorrow Russian strategy and power at sea: should we care? CliveJohnstone 81 Evolution of Russian naval strategy - Michael Kofman 94 Russia as a maritime power: economic interests and capabilities - Richard Connolly J 24 Russia’s future naval capabilities ֊ Dmitry Gorenburg 168
Contents Part III: The challenge: the Russian Navy in practice 7 Toward an understanding of maritime conflict with Russia — Michael B. Petersen 205 Index 242 vi
Index Literary works can be found under authors’ names. Note: 'n.' after a page reference indicates the number of a note on that page. Page numbers in italic refer to figures or tables. active defence 100-2, 106, 119-20 Admiral Bykov-class patrol ships 186 Admiral Gorshkov-class frigates 9, 149-50, 181-3, 190 Admiral Grigorovich-class frigates 149, 183 Admiral Kuznetsov 4, 90, 176-7 Admiral Lazarev 179 Admiral Nakhimov 12, 13, 154, 178 Admiralty Shipyard 142, 151-2, 152 Aerospace Forces 86 agriculture 127 aircraft carriers 4, 14, 19, 90, 176-8, 192-3, 227 air defence 91, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 185, 187,217 Ak Bars Shipyard 141, 156 Akula-class submarines (SSNs) 172, 189 Alexander 1 (of Russia) 46 Alexandrit-class minesweepers 152-3, 159 Alligator-class landing ships 187-8 amphibious ships 148, 187-9, 191-2,192 Amur Shipyard 147, 153, 154—5,156 Anglo-Russian conflict 40, 46 anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) 6-7, 206,212, 227-8 anti-ship missiles 7, 110, 117, 169, 213-14, 221, 231 Arctic 9, 57-8, 104, 112, 124-5, 127, 184 Arktika-class icebreakers 142, 160 Asia 56-8, 64, 125, 126-7, 161 Athens, Greece 33, 37, 42 Atlantic 6, 7, 8, 85, 98, 104, 214, 230, 231 autocracy 48, 60, 63 Aviano Air Force Base 228-9 Azov, Sea of 1, 7, 18, 41, 43-4, 47, 69, 72, 131 “balanced fleet” concept 18, 115-16, 119-20 Baltic 45, 46-7 Baltic Sea Fleet 4—5, 35, 67-8, 71, 175, 184, 187 Baltic Shipyard (Baltzavod) 142, 146, 149, 150 242
Index bastions 98-9, 205, 213, 221, 230 Battle of the Yellow Sea 61 Black Sea 1-2, 7, 16, 69, 82, 127 Black Sea Fleet 1,16, 47, 89, 175, 183, 187, 211 blockades 1-2, 22, 41, 46-9, 84, 92-3 Borei-class submarines (SSBN) 12, 111, 171, 174, 189 Brazil 126 Buyan-class small missile ships 70, 145, 186-7 capability development expeditionary 188 naval 5-8, 10, 22, 115-20, 125-6, 161-2, 168-71, 189-94, 230-2 Caspian Flotilla 9, 187, 211 Catherine II (of Russia) 46, 60 Catherine Il-class battleships 67-8 Centre for the Management of Shipbuilding Modernisation and Repair of Warships and Ships of the Russian Navy 148 China 5, 11, 104, 126, 158, 176 Chinese navy 5 choke points see maritime choke points climate change 57, 58, 88-9 coastal defence 6, 22, 49-50, 108, 109, 192,213-14 Cold War 8, 38-9, 57, 63, 99-100, 218 Colomb, Philip .Nasal Warfare 49 combat actions 96-7, 208-9 combat ships 169-71, 176-80, 189, 190,191, 192-3 combat stability 18, 98, 112 commercial fleets 128, 129 conflict analysis and planning 230-2 case studies 39-40 and geography 212-14 and military strategy 99-103 and naval wartime tasks 207-12 and OTH ISR 214—21 périodisation 207-12, 208 strategic dilemmas 228-9 an understanding of maritime 205-7 waging a maritime 221-8 “Continental System” 46 conventional deterrence 145, 181 Corbett, Julian 36, 39-41, 51, 54 Some Principles ofMaritime Strateg)/ 38, 39-40, 50-1 corvettes 19, 70, 91, 109, 111-12, 145, 151, 171, 184-7, 190, 213-14 cost imposition 115, 206-7, 212, 220, 225, 230 Crimea 45, 69, 72, 147, 156, 182 Crimean War (1854-56) 17, 39, 40, 46-8, 49-50 critical
infrastructure defence of 95, 213 destruction 102, 113, 172, 181,226 critically important targets defence of 213 destruction 95, 97, 102, 117-20, 210,212,222,223, 224, 228-9 cruise missiles 113, 168, 169-74, 170, 182, 193-4 cruisers 49, 109, 145, 176, 178-9, 190, 191 damage limitation strategy 95, 99, 108, 110, 116, 119, 206, 207, 213, 225 defence active 100-2, 106, 119-20 air 91, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 185, 187,217 bastion 98-9, 205 243
Index defence (cont.) coastal 6, 22, 49-50, 108, 109, 192,213-14 of critical infrastructure 95, 213 expenditure 129-37, 133, 135, 137,139 as percentage of GDP 132, 133 Soviet doctrine 99-100 strategy focus on 49-50, 90, 95 Delta-class submarines (SSBN) 171-2, 189 democracy 42-3, 60, 63 destroyers 91, 92, 176, 179-80, 190, 191, 193 deterrence concepts 102-3 conventional 145, 181 crisis 221-3 non-nuclear 102, 107, 117-18 nuclear 95-6, 102-3, 119 strategic 12, 95-6, 102-3, 105, 107-8, 110, 192, 209 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor 56 dry docks 4, 159-60, 176, 178 economic activity and Russia as a sea power 59-60, 62, 64 economy and exports 16 Russia as an open 126-8 and warfare 46-9 Euro-Atlantic community 2, 4—6, 14, 18, 20-1,81-4, 88-9, 205 exchange rates market 134—7, 135, 137, 140, 140 purchasing power parity (PPP) 136-7,137, 1657.8, 140-1, 140 Exercise Ocean Shield 9 exports 16, 48-9, 127, 161 Far Eastern Centre for Shipbuilding and Ship Repair 147, 154—6,156 far sea zone 10, 108-10, 111-12, 116, 231 “Fatherland Wars” 17 Federal Security Service (FSB) Border Service see FSB Border Service Federal Targeted Programmes (FTsPs) 131-2 financial resources military expenditure 129-37 naval expenditure 129-30, 138-41 strategy 128-9 Finland 45, 63 floating docks 4, 159-60, 176 Foggo, James 6, 225 foreign policy 83-4 “Fourth Battle of the Atlantic” 1, 6,8 France 34, 35, 41, 46-8 frigates 9, 19, 70,91, 109, 110, 149-50,151, 162, 171, 181-3, 190 FSB Border Service 7, 12, 13, 18, 131, 141 FTsPs (Federal Targeted Programmes) 131-2 Fundamentals of the State Policy of the Russian Federation in the
Field of Naval Operations 11, 68, 103-7, 144-6, 221-2 GDP (gross domestic product) defence as a percentage of 132, 133 trade as a percentage of 126 General Staff94, 97, 209, 223 geographical considerations and naval warfighting capacity 212-14 of Russia as a sea power 17, 55-9 244
Index Georgia 69, 85 Gerasimov, Valeriy 9, 71, 209 GIUK (Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom) Gap 206, 231 government and Russia as a sea power 60-1, 62-3 Global Ocean 9, 85, 192-3 global trade volume of seaborne 15 goods and services prices 134, 135-6, 165n.l 8 Gorbachev, Mikhail 51 Gorshkov, Sergei 45, 67, 68, 73, 108 Seapower of the State 68 GPV (2020) (state armament programme) 138, 144, 157-8 grain exports 49, 127 Great Britain 17, 51, 34, 35, 37, 41, 46-8, 49-50 Great Patriotic War 57, 61,71 Great Power Competition 5, 7, 20, 84-5 Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom (GIUK) Gap 206, 231 Gremyashchiy-class corvettes 70, 184-5 gross domestic product (GDP) see GDP (gross domestic product) High North 6, 16, 88-9 Hughes, Lindsey 43 hypersonic weapons 70, 91, 117-18, 169, 231 icebreakers 142, 149, 160 ice-class patrol ships 184 Improved Kilo-class submarines 91, 175-6, 190 India 126, 149, 172, 183 Indian Ocean 5, 9, 105 industrial technology 35-6 Initial Period of War 208-12, 208, 223-4 intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and targeting (ISR) see ISR/ISR-T (intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and targeting) Iskanders shore-based sensors 71 ISR/ISR-T (intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and targeting) 206, 212, 214-18, 222-3, 225, 230-1 counter-ISR-T 218-21, 222, 227, 231 Italy 48-9 Ivan Gren-class amphibious landing craft 148, 188 Ivan Papanin-class ice-class patrol ships 184 Ivan Rogov-class amphibious assault ships 188-9 Japan 40-1, 51, 56-7, 61,62 Joint Forces Command (JFC), Norfolk 7 Joint Strategic Commands 97 Kalibr cruise missiles 50, 70, 90-1, 169,
172-3, 211, 214, 225 “kalibrisation” process 12, 19, 27n.29, 116-17, 169-71,170 Kalina-class submarines 190 Karakurt-class corvettes 145, 153, 187 Kerch Strait 7, 45, 72, 131 Kinzhal hypersonic weapons 117, 118 Kirov-class cruisers 178, 190 Kofman, Michael 20, 230 Kolchak, Alexander 61 Korolyov, Vladimir 148 Kronstadt 35-6, 42, 45, 48, 50, 61 245
Index Kuropatkin, Aleksei 40, 65 Kursk 3-4, 24n.5 Lada-class submarines 152, 174—5, 190 Laika-class submarines 174 land attack 145-6, 211-12, 220-1, 225-7, 229 law 72 “lawfare” 45 “Liana” system of satellites 216 liberalism 51, 59-60, 64, 128 Lider-class destroyers 180 Long-Range Aviation (LRA) bombers 224—5 long-range precision weapons 19, 50, 68, 102, 112-13, 116-18, 145, 226, 229-30 Losharikb, 18 Mahan, Alfred Thayer 38, 51, 55, 68 Influence ofSea Power upon History, 1660-1783, The^-A maritime choke points 15, 16, 35, 225 maritime conflict see conflict Maritime Doctrine of the Russian Federation (2015) 11, 68, 103-7, 144-6 maritime interests 124—8, 144, 161-2 maritime patrol and reconnaissance aircraft 216-17 maritime power between attention and regret 59, 65 economic interests and capabilities 124-8 emphasis on 2—4, 6, 10-11, 21-2, 37, 45 financial basis of 128-9 industrial basis of 143-4 and policy 105-7 maritime states and sea power 33-9 maritime strategy failure to employ 50—2 importance of history to 44—50 principles of 33-9 use of 39-44 “maritime turn” in international affairs 14—16 Makarov, Stepan (“Little Uncle”) 60-1,70 market exchange rates and military expenditure 134—7, 135, 137 and naval expenditure 140, 140 Marshal Shaposhnikov 12 Marshal Ustinov 179 Mediterranean 6, 58, 69, 90, 104 Mercury-class corvettes 185—6 military districts 86, 96-7 military doctrine 11, 99-100, 208 military expenditure 129-39, 133, 135, 137 military modernisation 205 military strategy 95, 99-103, 106 military technology 67, 70-1, 75n.31,90-l minesweepers 111, 152-3, 159 mine warfare
35-6, 47, 110 Ministry of Defence 4, 10, 131, 139, 140, 147, 159, 177, 208-12 Main Directorate for Undersea Research 18 Ministry of Shipbuilding 63 mirror-imaging 7, 8, 54, 94 missiles 90-1, 97-8, 169-74, 170 anti-ship 7, 110, 117, 169, 213-14, 221,231 cruise 13, 168, 169-74, 170, 182, 193-4 hypersonic 70, 91, 117-18, 169, 231 246
Index long-range precision 19, 50, 68, 102, 112-13, 116-18, 145, 226,229-30 surface-to-air 180, 183, 186 torpedoes 70 Mistral ships 188 mock attacks 223 Morye Shipyard 156, 157 Moskva 1, 13, 16, 86, 179 ‘national defence’ expenditure 130, 132, 133 National Defence Management Centre 85 National Guard (Rosgvardiya) 86, 131 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 6-7, 12, 20, 37, 55, 83-4, 104, 224-6, 228-9, 231 near sea zone 97, 108-9, 110, 115, 116,213 neglect 60-1, 63, 65, 92 “New School” 66-8 Nicholas I (of Russia) 47-8, 51 Nicholas II (of Russia) 61 non-nuclear deterrence 102, 107, 117-18 North Atlantic 6, 85, 214 Northern Centre for Shipbuilding and Ship Repair 147, 153—1,155 Northern Fleet 3, 10, 58, 86, 171, 184, 214 Northern Machine-Building Enterprise see Sevmash Shipyard Northern Sea Route (NSR) 6-7, 16-17,57-8, 72, 127, 143 North Kuril Islands 70 Norway 223-4, 227 nuclear deterrence 95-6, 102-3, 119 nuclear use policy 103, 226, 229 oceanic theatres of military action (OTVDs) 96, 104, 119-20 oceanic zone 108-9, 115 October Revolution (1917) 61,64, 65-6 Okhotsk, Sea of 70, 110 “Old School” 66 Oscar-class submarines (SSGNs) 3, 173, 189, 225 OSK (United Shipbuilding Corporation) 129, 130, 140-3, 146-8, 156, 159, 160, 182 OTH ISR/ISR-T (over-thehorizon, intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance and targeting 214-21, 230 Pacific 9, 56-7, 68, 104 Pacific Fleet 10, 41, 104, 214 Paul 1 (of Russia) 45-6 Pella Shipyard 153, 154, 157 Peloponnesian War 37 Pericles 37, 42 Persian Empire 33 Peter the Great (of Russia) 42-4, 55 56, 60,61,62,67,94 Peter the Great 178-9 Port
Arthur 49-50, 60-1 Poseidon weapon 67, 70, 172 Pospelov, Vladimir 12, 14 protected maritime regions see bastions purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates 136-7, 137, 165n.l8, 140-1, 140 Putin, Vladimir 10, 20, 44, 55-6, 64, 127, 143 radiofrequency emissions control 218-19 reconnaissance forces and assets 116,216-17,220 247
Index RFN (Russian Federation Navy) see Russian Navy Ropucha-class landing ships 187 Rosatom 130, 142, 160 Rosatomflot 142 Rosneft 11, 129, 142, 143 Rubin Design Bureau 172 Russian Navy capability development 5-6, 115-20, 145-6, 162, 168-71 challenge of 1-2, 6-8 commanders 60-1 conceptions 65-9 crises 2-5, 13 division of 17 doctrine 181, 208-9, 210 dysfunctionality 4—5 exercises 9-10 expeditionary capabilities 192-3 expenditure 61-2, 115-16, 129-30, 138-41, 139, 140 failure to protect trade 48-9 funding 14, 128-9, 160 future of 89-90, 160-1, 189-94 and geography 58-9, 212-14 importance of understanding 82-93 kalibrisation of 12, 19, 27n.29, 116-17, 169-71, 170 levels of activity 6, 9-10 modernisation 5-6, 12-13, 70, 86-93, 169, 205 personnel 141 priorities 8-14 restructuring 86 role in disruption 50, 86-7, 90 role in invasion of Ukraine 1-2, 22 role in research 10-11 role in strategic deterrence 103, 107-8, 110 role in wartime 207-12 and small ships 180-7 strategy 49-50, 52, 94-6, 118-20, 125, 205-6 tasks and missions 9, 12, 90, 95-6, 98-9, 108-15, 114, 118-20, 144-6, 207-12, 208 threat of 81-93, 108-15, 114 under Peter the Great 42-4 Russo-Japanese War (1904) 17, 40-1 St Petersburg 42, 48, 142, 148 satellites electronic intelligence 216 Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs) 6, 8, 23 sea power between attention and neglect 59-65 geographical considerations 55-9 and government 60-1 and importance of history 44—50 and importance of understanding 81-93 and maritime states 33-9 Russia as a 8-14, 54 use of strategy 39-44 seapowers concept of 33, 54 snd democracy 42, 59-60 and
liberalism 59-60, 64 and naval power 34—6 Russia never a 37-9, 54, 60 Russian paths to 69-73 and trade 59-60 Semenov, Vladimir 60, 71 sensors 215-19 Sevastopol 45, 47, 49-50, 89 Severnaya Verf (Northern Shipyard) 149-51, 151 Severodvinsk Shipyard 63 Severodvinsk 70, 91, 174, 222 Sevmash Shipyard 153-4, 155 Shepovalenko, Maxim 158-9 248
Index shipbuilding amphibious 187-9 capacity 63, 91-2, 125, 143-4 demand for civilian 141-3 funding 128-9, 139-41, 144, 160 future of 89-90, 160-1 large combat ships 176-80 organisation of 146-8 problems in 156-60, 162 small ships 180-7 in the Soviet Union 63 strategy 146 ships amphibious 187-9, 191-2, 192 battleships 67-8 ice patrol 184 large combat 176-80, 190, 191, 193 ranking system 109 Russian 18-19 small 180-7, 190, 191, 193 shipyards capacity and production 142-4, 148-56, 160-2 expenditure 129 “Digital Shipyard” 153, 154, 159 organisation of 146-8 of Soviet Union 63, 66 Shkval torpedo 70 Sierra-class submarines (SSN) 189 Slava-class cruisers 179, 190 Snake Island 1 society and Russia as a sea power 61-2 sonar detection 174, 217, 219 Southern Centre for Shipbuilding and Ship Repair 147, 156 Sovcomflot 142, 143, 152 Soviet Ministry of Shipbuilding 63 Soviet Navy 8, 18, 38-9, 61-9, 96-9 108, 111 Soviet Union 62, 63, 98 Sovremenny-class destroyers 92, 179, 190 “Special Military Operation” 1, 83 Srednye Nevsky Shipyard 152-3, 153, 159 Stalin, Joseph 61, 68, 69 state defence order (GOZ) 131, 132, 133, 139 state guaranteed credits (SGCs) 131 State Naval Policy see Fundamentals of the State Policy of the Russian Federation in the Field of Naval Operations status projection 90, 95, 104, 107, 119 Stereguschchiy-class corvettes 70, 151, 184, 186 strategic deterrence 12, 95-6, 102-3, 105, 107-8, 110, 192, 207, 209 strategic operations 96-9, 100, 113, 118, 210-12, 223-4 strategic planning documentation 11-12, 125 strategic stability see also combat stability 104, 106 strategy
concept 21 dilemmas 228-9 focus on defence 49-50, 90, 95 maritime military 95, 99-103, 106 submarines and submersibles construction 116 conventional 174—6 cruise missile (SSGNs) 70, 173, 189, 192, 205, 214, 221-2, 225 diesel 174-6, 189,213-14, 221 fires on 5 future of 171-6, 189-90, 190 innovation in 19, 28n.49, 90—1 249
Index submarines and submersibles (cont.) nuclear-powered ballistic missile (SSBNs) 52, 111, 141, 189, 192, 205, 221 protection of 110-11 role 109 multipurpose nuclear powered attack submarines (SSNs) 111, 172-4, 189,214, 221 in the Russian Navy 170 of the Soviet Union 61, 98 strategic 171-2 and surveillance 98 and technology 219 types 70 Suez Canal 15, 17 surface-to-air missiles 180, 183, 186 Su-34 fighter bombers 117, 228 swarm attack 88, 89 Syria 4, 58, 70,90, 188,211,225 Udaloy-class destroyers 12, 148, 179, 190, 193 Ukraine 1-2, 22, 69, 83 4, 92, 182, 183 United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 138-9 United Shipbuilding Corporation (OSK) see OSK (United Shipbuilding Corporation) United States 7, 11, 38, 83, 112-13, 126, 158-9,214,226-9 US Navy 38, 113, 218-19, 222-3, 227 US Tri-Service Maritime Strategy 219 theatres of military operations (TVDs) 106, 206 oceanic (OTVDs) 96-7 “Third Battle of the Atlantic” 98 Threatening Period 208-9, 208, 221-3 Thucydides 33, 37, 42 torpedoes 70 trade failure to protect 48-9 global 15 importance of sea-based 126—8 importance to a seapower 59-60 Tsirkon hypersonic cruise missiles 91, 117, 118, 169, 221, 2411.82 Tu-22 bombers 112, 117, 228 Tu-142 anti-submarine warfare aircraft 13, 216—17 Turkey 14, 46-7 Vaiyag 179 Varshavyanka-class submarines 152 vertical launch systems 116-17, 169, 179, 181 Viktor Chernomrydin-class icebreakers 142 Vitgeft, Admiral Wilgelm 61, 75n.l6 VOSTOK exercises 9 Western Centre for Shipbuilding 146, 148-53, 149 World Ocean 66, 104, 105-7, 209 Yantar Shipyard 148-9, 149 Yasen-class submarines (SSGN) 70,
90-1, 173-4, 189, 222, 225 Zaliv Shipyard 156, 157, 188 Zelendolsk Shipyard and Design Bureau 146, 158 Zof, Vyacheslav 66 Zvezda Shipyard 92, 143, 146 250 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| discipline | Politologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:14:02Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:53:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781526168788 9781526168801 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034284697 |
| oclc_num | 1392154730 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-12 |
| physical | XXI, 250 Seiten Diagramme |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20231213 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Manchester University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Russian strategy and power |
| spelling | The sea in Russian strategy edited by Andrew Monaghan and Richard Connolly ; [Contributers]: Richard Connolly, Dmitry Gorenburg, Clive Johnstone [und weitere] Manchester Manchester University Press 2023 XXI, 250 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Russian strategy and power bicssc / Naval forces & warfare bisacsh / HISTORY / Military / Strategy bisacsh / HISTORY / Military / Naval Sea-power - Russia Federation Russia Federation - Military policy Russia Federation - History, Naval Strategie (DE-588)4057952-9 gnd rswk-swf Marine (DE-588)4074570-3 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Marine (DE-588)4074570-3 s Strategie (DE-588)4057952-9 s DE-604 Monaghan, Andrew 1974- (DE-588)115364570X edt aut Connolly, Richard 1979- (DE-588)1139175637 edt aut Gorenburg, Dmitry P. 1970- (DE-588)141779667 ctb Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ebook 9781526168771 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 9781526168795 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034284697&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034284697&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Monaghan, Andrew 1974- Connolly, Richard 1979- The sea in Russian strategy bicssc / Naval forces & warfare bisacsh / HISTORY / Military / Strategy bisacsh / HISTORY / Military / Naval Sea-power - Russia Federation Russia Federation - Military policy Russia Federation - History, Naval Strategie (DE-588)4057952-9 gnd Marine (DE-588)4074570-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4057952-9 (DE-588)4074570-3 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | The sea in Russian strategy |
| title_auth | The sea in Russian strategy |
| title_exact_search | The sea in Russian strategy |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The sea in Russian strategy |
| title_full | The sea in Russian strategy edited by Andrew Monaghan and Richard Connolly ; [Contributers]: Richard Connolly, Dmitry Gorenburg, Clive Johnstone [und weitere] |
| title_fullStr | The sea in Russian strategy edited by Andrew Monaghan and Richard Connolly ; [Contributers]: Richard Connolly, Dmitry Gorenburg, Clive Johnstone [und weitere] |
| title_full_unstemmed | The sea in Russian strategy edited by Andrew Monaghan and Richard Connolly ; [Contributers]: Richard Connolly, Dmitry Gorenburg, Clive Johnstone [und weitere] |
| title_short | The sea in Russian strategy |
| title_sort | the sea in russian strategy |
| topic | bicssc / Naval forces & warfare bisacsh / HISTORY / Military / Strategy bisacsh / HISTORY / Military / Naval Sea-power - Russia Federation Russia Federation - Military policy Russia Federation - History, Naval Strategie (DE-588)4057952-9 gnd Marine (DE-588)4074570-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | bicssc / Naval forces & warfare bisacsh / HISTORY / Military / Strategy bisacsh / HISTORY / Military / Naval Sea-power - Russia Federation Russia Federation - Military policy Russia Federation - History, Naval Strategie Marine Russland Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034284697&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034284697&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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