Macedonia's long transition: from independence to the Prespa Agreement and beyond
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Cham, Switzerland
Palgrave Macmillan
[2023]
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| Physical Description: | xxxvii, 248 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Macedonia's long transition |b from independence to the Prespa Agreement and beyond |c Robert Hudson, Ivan Dodovski (editors) |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Identity Politics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Migration Policy | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Europe—Politics and government | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Security, International | |
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Record in the Search Index
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Contents 1 Introduction Robert Hudson and Ivan Dodovski 2 Macedonia’s Long Transition: An Overview of the Key Issues Robert Hudson 17 Macedonia’s Revolving Security Threats: Perpetual Instability on the Edge of Europe Stevo Pendarovski 45 3 4 The Impossible Reconciliation of Historical Narratives: The Macedonian Name Dispute and Prospects for the Future Zhidas Daskalovski 5 The Economic Transition of Macedonia Marjan Petreski 6 Privatisation in Macedonia and Communities in Transition Hyrije Abazi-Alili 7 Political Parties and the Trials of Democracy Nenad Markovikj 1 61 77 95 111 xxv
xxvi CONTENTS 8 Macedonia’s Euro-Atlantic Integration Blerim Reka 9 Migration Movements and Their Implications for Macedonia Marina Andeva 163 The Identity Shift: Claims on Antiquity in Macedonian Fiction and Drama Ivan Dodovski 179 10 11 The Dissonant Narratives of the Skopje 2014 Project Loreta Georgievska-Jakovleva 12 An Analysis of Bulgaria’s Rejection of the Macedonian Ethno-Linguistic Identity and Its Implications Ognen Vangelov 13 And Beyond: An Afterword Robert Hudson and Ivan Dodovski Index 145 195 207 223 233
Index A Abazi-Alili, Hyrije, 7, 105, 108 Abkhazia, 36 absolute dominance, 105-108 accession negotiations, 2, 5, 9, 38, 145, 146, 153, 157, 174, 209, 224, 227 accession process, 6, 13, 73, 171, 173, 202, 210-212, 228 accession talks, 2, 3, 6, 9, 24, 35, 38, 62, 207-209, 211, 220, 224, 225, 228 acquis communautaire, 174 Adriatic Charter, 53 Adriatic Sea, 38 Aegean Macedonia, 27 Afghanistan, 31, 87, 167, 168, 170 Africa, 11, 114, 168 Agency for Public Housing, 102 Albanian nationalism, 72 Albanians, 4, 8, 10, 13, 17, 24-26, 39,46, 47, 49, 51-53, 55, 59, 62, 82, 83, 108, 114, 130, 148, 156, 158, 182, 184, 185, 201 Albanian separatists, 18 Alexander the Great\King Alexander \Alexander III, 12, 28, 181-188 Alliance for the Albanians (AA), 158 American, 16, 35, 54 American diplomacy, 4, 50 amnesty, 27, 33, 53, 127 ancestral homelands, 70 ancient heritage, 187 ancient Macedonians, 64, 73, 183, 184, 186, 188 Anderson, Benedict, 5, 69 Andeva, Marina, 11, 59, 172, 173, 175 Andonov-Chento, Metodija, 22 anticomania, 12, 13, 181, 182, 185 anti-communism, 114 Anti-fascist Assembly of the People’s Liberation of Macedonia (ÁSNOM), 22, 27, 183, 214 antiquisation, 12, 13, 182, 185, 189 Arachinovo, xiv, xv archbishop Stefan, 7, 229 Archideus, 186 Arifi, Teuta, 33 Aristotle, 186-188 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 R. Hudson and I. Dodovski (eds.), Macedonia’s Long Transition, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20773-0 233
234 INDEX armed conflict, 2, 5, 6, 18, 52, 61, 78, 182 Armenia, 37 Asia, 57, 114, 168, 188 associate member, 32 asylum, 11, 35, 164, 165, 167, 168, 170, 171, 173, 174 asylum seekers, 164, 165, 167, 168 Athens, 28, 47, 49, 72, 188 atomistic, 115 Australia, 87, 88, 114 Austria, 86, 167, 170 authoritarian rule, 56 autocephalous status, 7, 229 autochthonous, 180, 181 autocratic tendencies, 45 autonomous Macedonia, 4, 226 autonomous management, 57 Azerbaijan, 37 В Badinter Principle, 150 Badinteur Commission (Arbitrary Commission of the EC), x Bakoyannis, Dora, 64 Balkans Balkan Route, 1, 2, 11, 164, 168, 170, 223 Balkan Slavs, 180 Balkan Wars, 4, 15, 22, 27, 183, 213, 226 Baltic Way, 35 Baroque, 196 Battle of Kosovo, 4, 226 Beijing, 51 Belarus, 37 Belgium, 24, 165 Belgrade, 21, 22, 50, 52, 187, 212, 215, 217 Bender, Kristof, 6, 228 BESA, 25, 115 Biden, Joseph, 151, 156 Bieber, Florian, 3, 6, 32, 225, 228 bilateral border agreement, 52 bilateral dispute, 15 bilateral relations, 9, 64, 72, 145 Bitola, 7, 12, 37, 179, 229 Blace border crossing, xiii Black Monday, 138 Black Sea, 36 Blagoevgrad, 62 Bloody Thursday, 28 border fence, 169 Borisov, Boyko, 23, 62 Bosnia-Herzegovina Bosniaks, 17, 59 Bosnian crisis, 167 Bosphorus, 36 Bourdieu, Pierre, 5, 70 brain-drain, 7, 77 break-up of Yugoslavia, 20 British, 16 Brunnbauer, Ulf, 228 Brussels, 56, 57, 148, 156 Brussels Summit, xvi Bucharest Summit, 4, 9, 28, 31, 36, 54 Buchkovski, Vlado, xvi Bulgaria Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP), 215, 216 Bulgarian Declaration, 24 Bulgarian demands, 3, 6, 7, 23, 225, 228, 229 Bulgarian Empire, 3, 4,
226 Bulgarian Exarchate, 218, 219 Bulgarian fascist occupier, 210 bulgarianisation, 7, 229 Bulgarian occupation, 214 Bulgarian President, 208, 216 Bulgarian Principality, 218, 219 Bulgarians, 4, 5, 7, 24, 213, 216, 217, 219, 226, 227, 229
INDEX Byzantine Byzantine Commonwealth, 4, 226 C Canada, 87, 88 candidate country, 2, 26, 224 capital market, 98, 99, 108 carrot and stick politics, 129 casus belli, 52 Çelebi, Evliya, 217 Centtal European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA), 86 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 34 central planning economy, 6 Central Powers, 213 Central Securities Depository, 102 Centre for Crisis Management, 169, 174 China, 24, 51 Christian Democratic, 114 Christian faith, 183 Christian Orthodox, 185 Christians, 37 Christopoulos, Dimitris, 27, 28 clientelism clientelistic values, 125 Clinton, Hillary, 151, 158 Cold War, 36, 38 collateral damage, 57 collective identity, 6, 69, 73 Colourful Revolution, 1, 2, 13, 19, 32, 34, 37, 202, 203, 223 Comintern, 219 Commissioner for the European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations, 154 common border, 49, 51, 55 Common European Asylum System, 173 Communism Communist Party, 26, 125 235 concert of powers, 5, 227 Constantinople, 27 Constitution Constitutional change, 8, 30 constitutional name, 13, 28-30, 36, 48, 65, 67, 71, 147, 197, 209 constitutional reforms, 61 Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia, 23, 113, 149, 166 Contact Group document, 55 Copenhagen criteria, 23, 72, 150 Corridor 10, 83 corruption, 1-3, 6, 10, 18, 19, 31, 34, 35, 83, 84, 87, 88, 125, 153, 155, 202, 204, 223 Council of Europe, 24, 49, 64, 73, 151, 164 credit rating, 88 Croatia, 16, 20, 40, 46, 48, 50, 53, 180 Crveņkovski, Branko, xii, xv cultural wars, 70 Cyrillic alphabet, 15 Czech Republic Czech government, 6, 228 D Dardanelles, 36 Daskalovski, Zhidas, 5, 6, 26, 28,
39, 61, 69, 117, 118, 121, 122 Dayton Dayton Agreement, 36, 50, 51 decentralisation, 61, 152 decentralised socialist system, 95 decision-making process, 34, 117, 121 declaration of independence, 2, 5, 26, 224 degenerative factionalism, 119 Democratic Army of Greece, 26 democratic backsliding, 2, 224 democratic deficit, 46
236 INDEX Democratic Party of Albanians (DPA), 115, 132-136, 138-140, 148 Democratic Union for Integration (DUI), 33, 58, 114, 122, 132-136, 138, 140, 148, 149 démocratisation, 10, 32, 33, 153 Denmark, 2, 3, 168, 224 Destabilisation, 4, 7, 25, 33, 47, 54, 156, 229 Detrez, Raymond, 218, 219 developing democracy, 116 Development Funds, 96, 97 D’Hondt’s formula, 114 Diaspora, 87, 89, 111, 114 Dimitrov, Dimitar, 5, 185, 227 Dimitrov, Georgi, 214 Dimitrov, Nikola, 1, 5, 6, 28, 30, 153, 223, 227, 228 Dionysian principle, 187 diplomatic recognition, 51 diplomatic relations, 37, 50, 51, 55, 58 dispersed ownership, 100, 105-107 division of powers, 113 Divo Naselje, xix Dodovski, Ivan, 12, 13, 187, 188 Dollar (USD), 87 domain réservé, 68 domestic jurisdiction, 67, 92 domestic political forces, 46 downward pressure, 88 Dramski theatre, 187 Dublin Regulation Dublin System, 173 E Eastern Partnership, 37 economic embargos, 45, 91 economic indicators, 46 economic performance, 32 economic relations, 147 economic stress, 47 Electoral Authoritarianism electoral fraud, 124 electoral model electoral lists, 118 embargo, 6, 28, 49, 80, 82, 182 emigration emigration crisis, 77 employee buy-out (EBO), 102 equidistance, 48 Essential Harvest, 145 Estonia, 35 ethnic balance, 18 ethnic communities, 2, 53 ethnic identity, 3, 15, 212, 215, 216, 220 ethnic minority, 46 ethnic nationalism, 13, 68, 202 ethnogenesis, 12 ethno-national belongings, 66 ethno-religious claims, 15 European Union (EU) EU acquis, .12, 171, 172, 175 EU ambassador, 5, 228 EU Observer, 3, 225 EU politics, 7, 229 EU regulations, 32
Euro (EUR), 81 Euro-Atlantic integration, 5, 9, 57, 62, 70, 146-149, 156, 157 Euro-Atlantic project, 1, 2, 7, 19, 20, 28-31, 35, 223, 229 Eurodac Regulation, 173 Euronews, 170 European Agenda on Migration, 167 European Arbitrage Commission, 63 European Asylum Support Office, 167
INDEX European Commission (EC), 34, 146, 148, 150-154, 164, 165, 167, 171, 208, 209, 211 European Commission Directives, xiv European Common Market, 87 European Council, 2, 6, 23, 146, 150, 151, 156, 209, 224, 228 European Council Conclusions, 151,211 European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), 215 European Debt Crisis/European sovereign debt crisis, 7, 18, 89 European integration, 3, 18, 32, 146, 157, 201, 225 European Parliament, 164, 215 European Union Special Envoy to Macedonia, 187 European Union Special Representative (EUSR), 145 Europol, 167 Euroscepticism, 5, 227 Eurostat, 165 Eurozone, 89 explanatory memorandum, 211, 216 external resistance, 47 external stimulus, 4, 54 external threats, 4, 45, 48, 58 F factionalism, 115 Faculty of Dramatic Arts, 187 failed state, 4, 52 fascist, 4, 226 federalised Europe, 31 financial integration, 87 First Crusade, 4, 226 First World War, 15, 22, 211, 213, 214 fiscal policy, 81 flawed democracy, 32 237 forced voting, 124 Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), 33 foreign capital, 101 foreign debt, 88 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), 83, 85-89, 91, 108 foreign policy, 4, 26, 30, 35, 36, 48, 50, 68, 208, 213, 216 former-socialist bloc, 6, 7, 79 former socialist countries, 95 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), 15, 28, 31, 47, 62-64, 67, 71 Fouéré, Erwan, 5, 6, 228 fragmentation, 115 Framework Agreement, 52, 54, 58 Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, 215 Framework Position, 210, 211, 216 France, 3, 6, 86, 225, 228 Freedom House, 123, 124, 139 freedom of association, 113 freedom of expression, 67
freedom of press, 72 free movement of people, 11, 163, 164 French proposal, 3-7, 225-229 Friendly Relations Declaration, 73 Friendship Treaty (2017), 3, 14, 209, 225 Frontex, 165, 167, 170 Front for Democratic Macedonia (FRODEM), 115 G gas pipeline, 37 GDP (Gross domestic product), 78, 83, 85, 87, 89, 90, 168 Genchovska, Teodora, 7, 229
238 INDEX General Assembly Resolution, 63, 70, 71 Geneva Convention (1951), 171, 173 geopolitics, 2, 7, 10, 51, 158, 182, 229 Georgia, 35-37 Georgievska-Jakovleva, Loreta, 12, 13 Georgievski, Ljubčo, 185 Georgievski, Ljubisha, 13, 187, 188 German Mark, 6, 80, 81, 99 Germany, 4, 86, 87, 165, 168, 169, 226 Gevgelija, 168, 170 Glagolitic alphabet, 15 Gligorov, Kiro, 21, 49 Global Financial Crisis, 18, 89 globalisation, 183, 200, 201, 203 glorious past, 13, 197, 200 good governance, 32 good neighbourly relations, 23, 24, 149 government corruption, 1, 223 Great Britain, 86 Greater Bulgaria, 22, 36, 213 Greater Serbia, 36 Great Recession, 89, 91 Greece Greek Civil War, 26, 27 Greek Communist Party, 26 Greek crisis, 92 Greek embargo, 28, 49, 80, 82, 91, 182 Greek nationalism, 68, 184 Greek veto, 9, 36, 52, 146, 147, 182, 208 green-field investors, 101 grievance, 8, 14, 22, 61, 218 Gruevski, Nikola, xvi-xx, 13, 28, 29, 32-35, 154, 156, 159, 195-197, 201, 203 guerrilla war, 184 H Hague, xvii Hahn, Johannes, 154 hate speech, 4, 24, 226 Hellenic civilisation, 188 Hellenization, 217 Heraclea Lyncestis, 179 historical claims historical heritage, 64 historical myths, 184 historical rights, 69 Hitler, Adolf, 213 Holbrooke, Richard, 49 Holocaust, 4, 226 horizontal accountability, 116 Hudson, Robert, 3, 12, 18, 36, 37 humanitarian aid humanitarian assistance, 31 humanitarian protection, 172 human rights Human Rights Covenants, 73 human rights treaties, 67 Hungary, 35, 167, 170 hyperinflation, x, 79, 97 I Ibar river, 26 identity crisis, 13, 197 identity politics, 3, 12, 13, 23, 186, 188, 201
idiosyncratic form of democracy, 9 ilinden ilinden Uprising, 27 Illyrians, 25, 181, 185 imagined community, 70 impoverishment, 6, 79 income inequality, 79 independent judiciary, 154 India, 181 inflation, 6, 77, 80, 108 informal politics, 128
INDEX insider ownership, 102 institutional confidence institutional crisis, 33 institutional framework, 112 institutional trust, 112 insurance system, 86 intelligence services, 34 intense corruption, 6 interdisciplinary committee on historical and educational issues, 209 interest rates, 88 interethnic co-habitation interethnic relations, 48 interethnic structure, 46 interethnic tensions, 5, 45, 51 interfaith co-habitation, 55 interference, 2, 29, 34, 37, 67, 101, 224 intergovernmental conference, 210 Interim Accord, xi, xvii, 5, 49, 58, 64 internal affairs internal condition, 146, 153, 156 internal conflict, 46, 52, 115, 173 internal démocratisation, 153 internal destabilisation, 25, 33, 156 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity (VMRO-DPMNE), ix, xiii, xv-xx, xxii, 3, 6, 32-34, 114, 120, 132-138, 140, 148, 159, 184, 228 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation - People’s Party (VMRO-NP), 115 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (IMRO), 7, 27, 204, 229 international affirmation international attention, 46 international border, 49 239 international community, 9, 46, 48, 54, 68, 112,126, 127, 129, 131, 150, 156 international conflict, 46 international institutions, 30, 31, 63 international investors, 57 international isolation, 49 international law, 66-68, 183 international order, 66 international organisations, 2, 46, 49, 53, 64, 67, 70, 73, 80, 224 international political factors, 112 international protection, 12, 173 international recognition, 4, 19, 63, 72, 82 international security, 49 international
visibility, 46 International Court of Justice (ICJ), xvii, 64, 70, 71 International Monetary Fund, 80 International Organisation for Migration (IOM), 163, 170 International Republican Institute, 38 International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), 31 intervention, 9, 36, 51, 52, 96, 112, 220 intra-party democracy, 112, 115-120, 126, 127, 130 irredentism, 5, 27, 69, 227 irregular migration, 171, 172, 174 Italy, 86, 87, 170 Ivanov, Gjorge, xvii-xx, 13, 25, 33, 149, 169 J Janeva, Katica, xix, 33, 155 Jelavich, Barbara, 5, 27, 70 Jews, 4, 226 jihadist, 169
240 INDEX Jointly Controlling Minority, 106, 107 Judicial Council, 154 judicial reform, 31 juridical personality, 67 К KFOR (Kosovo Force), xiii, 31 Kichevo, xiv Kingdom of Yugoslavia, 4, 21, 226 king of Bulgaria, 7, 229 King Philip II of Macedon/Philip of Macedon, 28, 179, 180 Knaus, Gerald, 6, 228 Kofos, Evangelos, 28, 30, 64, 65 Koneski, Blazhe, xi, 215 Kosovo Kosovar Albanians, 10 Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), 26 Kosovo war, 167 Kostov, Hari, xvi Kotsias, Nikos, xx Kovachevski, Dimitar, xxiii, 3, 6, 35, 225, 228 Krchovski, Joakim, 217 Kremlin, 36, 37 Kumanovo, xv, xix, 18, 25, 37 Kumanovo Agreement, xiii L labour market, 90 Latvia, 35, 40 Lavrov, Sergei, 37 Laws Law on Asylum and Temporary Protection (LATP), 168, 171-173 Law on foreigners, 173 law on languages, 25 Law on Social Capital, 95 Law on the Transformation of Enterprises with Social Capital, 7, 97, 108 leaders’ meetings, 9, 112, 127, 129-131 leftist populist, 54 legal jurisdiction, 65 Levica (the Left), 115 liberal democracy, 5, 57 liberal-democratic ideas, 66 Liberal-democratic party (LDP), 115, 119, 120, 132-135, 138 liberal nationalism, 202 Liberal party (LP), 115 Lidington, David, 33 Lijphart, Arend, 150 limited liability companies, 97 Lisbon Declaration, x Lithuania, 35 Lucas, Edward, 36, 37, 40 Luxembourg, 32, 85, 165 Μ Macedonia Macedonian army, 18, 169 Macedonian Assembly, ix Macedonian denar, 81 Macedonian diplomacy, 5, 227 Macedonian economy, 6, 7, 77, 78, 82, 83, 85, 89, 91 Macedonian ethnic minority, 210 Macedonian folklore, 182 Macedonian government, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 20, 23, 27, 29, 32, 37, 39, 40,
48, 72, 145, 148, 195, 227 Macedonian historiography, 183 Macedonian history, 12, 19, 27, 180, 187, 196 Macedonian irredentism, 15, 27 Macedonian issue, 65
INDEX Macedonian language, 3, 14, 19, 21-23, 62, 73, 181, 188, 209-211, 214-216, 225 Macedonian literature, 188 Macedonian minority, 6, 24, 68, 215, 228 Macedonian national identity, 7, 12, 13, 70, 180, 181, 201, 229 Macedonian nationalism, 6, 72, 182 Macedonian Orthodox Church, 7, 19, 21, 37, 58, 62, 73, 156, 185, 229 Macedonian Parliament {Sobrante), ix Macedonian President, 49, 50, 169 Macedonian Prime Minister, 185 Macedonian Privatisation Agency, 99 Macedonian question, 208, 214, 220 Macedonian revolutionaries, 4, 226 Macedonians, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12-14, 17, 18, 22, 27, 39, 47, 51, 53, 55, 64, 66, 71, 82, 87, 88, 114, 130, 179, 180, 182-186, 188, 196, 201, 209, 214, 215, 229 Macedonian Young Lawyers Association (MYLA), 166 Macedonia Square, 29 macroeconomic stability, 6, 81 Macron, Emmanuel, 2-5, 224—227 majoritarian model, 8, 113, 114 Management buy-out (MBO), 102 Market socialism, 96 Markovié, Ante, 96 Markovic Law, 96, 97, 99 Markovik), Nenad, 9, 124 mass privatisation, 98, 102 May Agreement, 129, 136 media freedom, 57, 127 mediated agreement, 61 241 Mediation, 49, 72, 112, 127, 131 Mediterranean, 36, 170 Melbourne, 27 member of the European Parliament (MEPs), 208, 215 Membership Action Plan (MAP), 31, 52 membership negotiations, 3 Member States, 87, 164-167, 173, 174 Mickovikj, Slobodan, 13, 186 Middle East, 11, 168 migrant crisis, 169, 170, 174 Mihajlov, Ivan (Vancho), 7, 229 military crisis, 145 military interests, 36 Miloševič, Slobodan, 51 Minister for Europe (UK), 33 Minister of Culture (Macedonia), 187 Minister of Foreign Affairs (Macedonia), 184 Ministry of
Economy (Macedonia), 102 Ministry of Finance (Macedonia), 102 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Macedonia), 64, 65 Ministry of Interior (MOI) (Macedonia), 88, 166-169 minority groups, 105 Misirkov, Krste, 219 Mitrovica, 26 mixed majoritarian model, 8 Moldova, 37 monetary independence, 79 monetary policy, 80 Monetary targeting, 80 monetary union, 6, 77, 79 Monitored Dominance, 106, 107 Monitoring Mission, 48 Montenegro, 17, 20, 27, 38, 164, 181 multiculturalism, 183
242 INDEX multiparty democracy, 111 multiparty systems, 111, 130 Muslims, 55, 56 N name dispute, xvii, 1-5, 7, 9, 10, 14, 19, 20, 26-29, 39, 40, 47, 62, 64, 66, 69, 72, 82, 91, 146-148, 156, 157, 198, 223, 224 national awakening, 27, 70, 219 National bank of Macedonia, 92 national consciousness, 24, 216, 218 National Democratic Party (NDP), 115 national identification, 187 national identity, 7, 12, 13, 66, 70, 180, 181, 184, 200-202, 218, 219, 229 nationalising statehood, 47 nationalism, 5, 208, 227 nationalists, xx, 5 , 7, 25, 72, 227, 229 national legislation, 149, 171, 172 National Liberation Army (NLA), xiv, xv, xix, 18, 25, 52, 53, 83, 182 national minorities, 69 national narrative, 5, 12, 47, 69, 70, 182, 183, 189 National Strategy, 172 National Theatre, 196 nation-building, 69 nation-building processes, 47, 69, 70, 218, 220 NATO Parliamentary Assembly, 30 natural resources, 17, 83 Nazi collaborator, 7, 229 Nazi Germany, 4, 226 Negotiation Framework, 2, 3, 9, 211, 225 Negotiation Framework Agreement, 62 Negotino-Klechovce gas pipeline, 37 neoclassicism, 196 nepotism, 18, 125 Netherlands, 2, 3, 224 New Cold War, 7, 158, 229 New Social-democratic Party (NSDP), 115, 138 New York, xi, 64 Nimetz, Matthew, 30 non-governmental organisation (NGO), 215 Normative Power in Europe (NPE), 32 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), xi-xiii, xvi, xvii, xix-xxii, 2-6, 9, 10, 13, 19-21, 25, 26, 28-33, 35^0, 46, 48, 50-55, 58, 63, 64, 66, 72, 73, 83, 145-148, 150, 151, 156-158, 182, 196, 197, 202, 204, 208, 209, 224 North Macedonia, xxi-xxiii, 1-7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 19, 23, 24, 30, 35,
38—40, 62, 72, 73, 145, 146, 157, 158, 207-213, 216-220, 223-229 О oasis of peace, 2, 4, 21, 46, 224 Obolensky, Dimitri, 4, 226 official language, xv, 25, 210, 214 Ohrid, xv, xxiii, 7, 26, 187, 229 Ohrid Framework Agreement (OFA), xv, 3-5, 8, 9, 24, 26, 32, 35, 57, 61, 126, 129, 136, 146-152, 182, 186 Ohrid Summer Festival, 186 Old Church-Slavonic, 217 One-China policy, 51 open economy, 81, 82 Operation Concordia, 145 operation Horseshoe, 10 Organisation for Security’ and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE),
INDEX xii, 6, 34, 48, 49, 53, 64, 122, 123, 228 organised crime, 31, 153 Orthodox Christianity, 37 Orthodox Church, 7, 19, 27, 62, 156, 229 Orthodoxy, 36 Osmani, Bujar, 3, 225 Ottoman, 27, 183, 212, 213, 217, 218 Ottoman Empire, 4, 15, 22, 36, 69, 217, 218, 226 Ottoman suzerainty, 4, 226 outside ownership, 102 P paganism, 185 Pakistan, 167, 170 panhellenism, 184 panillyrism, 184 Pan-Slavism, 36 panslavonic unity, 180 panthracism, 184 Parliament, xx, 23, 30, 49, 58, 61, 113, 114, 126, 129, 130, 138, 139, 148-150, 154, 157, 159, 164, 187, 215 parliamentary boycott, 126 parliamentary crisis, 126, 129, 136 parliamentary elections, xvi, xxii, 111, 114, 122, 136, 140 parliamentary group, 117 particularistic societies, 128 parritocracy (partitocrazia), 112, 122 partization, 125 Partnership Action Plan on Terrorism, 31 Partnership for Peace (PfP), xi, xii, 4, 21, 31, 50, 64 partocratic, 112 Party for Democratic Prosperity (PDP), 39, 115, 136 243 party leaders, xxiii, 117, 118, 120-123, 129 party patronage, 32, 116 patriarch Porfirije, xxiii, 7, 229 patrimonial values, 125 peacekeeping operation, 50, 51 Pejchinovikj, Kiril, 217 Pendarovski, Stevo, xxi, xxiii, 1-4, 7, 15, 18, 20-25, 27, 30, 31, 223, 225, 230 People’s Republic of Macedonia, 68 Petkov, Kiril, 7, 229 Pettifer, James, 2 Phillips, David, 20, 52, 151 Phillips, John, 2 Pirin Macedonia, 6, 15, 22, 214, 215, 228 plebiscite, 66 Plevneliev, Rossen, 208 pluralism, 111, 113, 130 political asylum, 35 political autonomy, 47 political clientelism, 8, 112, 123, 124, 127 political corruption, 2, 10, 18, 34 political crisis, 28, 33,
45, 57, 114, 129, 145, 148, 150, 152, 153, 156, 208 political dialogue, 10, 57, 125-127, 129, 130, 147 political divide, 57 political independence, 68 political instability, 6, 83, 101 political Islam, 4, 55 political left, 114 political opposition, 48, 57, 124, 136 political parties, 8, 9, 25, 32, 40, 58, 98, 112-116, 118-127, 129, 130, 136, 148, 154, 155, 215 political patrimonialism, 131 political pluralism, 113, 130 political stability, 83, 84, 88, 151, 153
244 INDEX political stalemates, 57 political system, 8, 9, 69, 111, 115, 120, 122, 129, 130, 146 politicization, 34, 218 polytheism, 185 populism, 5, 227 Portugal, 4, 226 post-socialist transition, 16 Poulton, Hugh, 2 power sharing, xv, 61, 117 power-sharing mechanism, 4, 47, 52, 53 Prague, 53 president, 1, 4, 22, 40, 117, 119-123, 132, 187, 223 President of Macedonia, xvi, xvii, 33 Prespa Agreement, xxi, 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 14, 15, 19, 20, 23, 30, 38, 72, 157, 182, 209, 223, 224, 227 Priebe, Reinhard Priebe’s Report, 34, 148, 153, 154 prime minister, xii, xv-xx, xxii, xxiii, З, 6, 7, 32, 33, 149, 154, 156, 159, 195-197, 201, 225, 228, 229 Pristina, 55 privatisation processes, 6-8, 78, 79, 95, 97-101, 108, 109 privatisation, x, 6-8, 77, 79, 95-102, 108, 109 Progress Report, 146, 150-152 Prohor Pchinjski Monastery, 22 proportional electoral model, 111 prosperity, 32, 39, 50, 183, 196 provisional reference, 72 Przhino Agreement, xix, 4, 10, 32, 129, 146, 147, 153, 154, 156, 159 public finance, 88 public governance, 87 public opinion, 12, 27, 153, 216 Public Prosecutor’s Office, 155 Pulevski, Gjorgija/Pulevski, Georgi, 183, 219 Putin, Vladimir, 2, 5, 36, 224, 227 Pyramid scheme, xii Q Qualification Directive (2004), 171 quantitative model, 121 quasi-privatisation, 147 R Radev, Rumen, 5, 227 radical Islam, 45, 56 reconciliation, 9, 53, 146, 147, 149 Reding, Viviane, 165 referendum, 30, 39, 47, 54, 66, 111, 113, 136 Referendum on decentralisation, 54 . refugee crisis refugee management, 169, 170 refugees, 10, 11, 18, 25, 31, 45, 51, 56, 83, 167-171, 173, 174 refugee status, 12, 170,
173 regional cooperation, 22, 32 regional development, 87 regional security', 50 Reka, Blerim, 1, 9, 10, 40, 147, 149, 150, 153, 157, 223 remittances, 85, 87, 89, 109 Republic of Macedonia, 1, 5, 8, 11, 27, 28, 48, 50, 64-66, 70, 98, 113, 115, 118, 130, 136, 139, 145, 147, 150-152, 154, 156, 158, 164-167, 169, 171, 172, 174, 200, 208, 209 resource distribution, 116, 131 restructuring, 87 return of Antiquity', 180 revanchism, 15 revisionist discourse, 12, 185, 188
INDEX right to self-determination, 6, 7, 66, 73, 230 right-wing, 34, 54 Roma, 17, 59, 165, 166 Romania, 6, 40, 88, 213, 217 Romanticist anachronism, 183 Rose-Roth Seminar, 30 Rossos, Andrew, 2, 4, 19, 20, 25, 27, 39, 226 rule of law, 24, 32-34, 72, 113, 153 ruling coalition, 154 Russia, 2, 3, 5, 20, 24, 29, 35-37, 40, 98, 156, 159, 213, 224, 227 Russian dominance, 180 Russian Federation, 2, 36, 224 Russian Orthodox Church, 37 Russo-Turkish war, 213 S safe areas, 170 Sarajevo, 181, 217 Saudi Arabia, 55 Scandinavia, 88 Schengen Schengen Area, 165 Schengen visa restrictions, 56 Sea of Marmara, 36 secondary privatisation, 102 Second World War, 4, 21, 22, 27, 36, 210, 213, 214, 216-218, 226 Secretariat for Implementation (OFA), 152 Secretary-General, 49 Secretary of State, 151, 158 security security concerns, 49 Security Council, 21, 29, 49, 50, 71 Security Council Resolution, 71 security services, 34, 47 selectorate, 120-123, 130 245 self-determination, 66, 67, 73 self-employment, 89 self-management system, 96 separation of powers, 8, 124 Serbia, 3, 4, 10, 16, 19-22, 25, 27, 34, 47, 48, 52, 58, 62, 72, 78, 80, 83, 156, 164, 169, 170, 181, 213, 217, 226 Serbian Orthodox Church, 21, 22, 37 Serbs, 17, 21, 180,181, 189, 219 shared history, 13, 23, 208 skilled labour, 89 Skopje 2014, 12-14, 29, 33, 182, 185, 189, 195-199, 201-203 Slav-Macedonian minority, 26 Slavonic, 12, 13, 27, 71, 73, 180, 181, 183, 185, 189, 201 Slavonic population, 211 Slavophilism, 180 Slavophone, 25 Slavs, 15, 179-181, 183, 184 Slovakia, 40, 212 Slovenia, 4, 20, 40, 46, 78, 181, 226 Smilkovci, xviii Smilkovci
Lake massacre, xviii Smith, Anthony, 5, 70 Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (SDSM), 3, 25, 33, 34, 114, 120, 124, 132-139, 148, 149, 153, 158, 159 Social Democrats, 25 Socialism, 96 Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), 4, 19, 51, 113, 226 socialist monopartism, 113 Sodalist Party (SP), 115, 136 Socialist Republic of Macedonia, 12, 22, 28, 39, 68, 180 Socially owned enterprise (SOE), 7, 95 societal distrust, 131
246 INDEX Sofia, 14, 22, 62, 187, 209, 211, 216 soft power, 2, 37, 224 Somalia, 167 Soros, George, 34 South-eastern Europe, 17, 36, 189 South Ossetia, 36 South Slavonic Literature, 186 South Stream, 37 Soviet, 36 Soviet relations, 36 Soviet Union, 2, 36, 215, 224 Special Prosecutor, 10, 33, 148, 153-155, 159 Special Prosecutor’s Office, 127, 156, 185 Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA), 2, 85, 87, 145, 150, 224 Stabilisation and Association Council, 152 Stabilisation and Association Process (SAP), 85, 171 stabilisation package, 80 stability, 3, 5, 7, 21, 25, 26, 28, 29, 38, 48-51, 54-56, 62, 72, 151, 157, 158, 225, 229 stagnant economy, 6, 77 Stalin, Joseph, 36, 212, 215 state capture, 3, 6, 10, 18, 19, 34, 35, 116, 148, 152 State Pension Fund, 99 State Prosecutor, 156 state security, 47 state sovereignty, 67 Stoltenberg, Jens, 30 strategic interests, 36 Sts. Clement and Naum, 184 Sts. Cyril and Methodius, 14, 15, 184, 198 Sts. Cyril and Methodius University, 37 subsidiary protection, 171, 172 sub-state nationalism, 36 successor state, 7, 16, 19, 20, 36 sultanistic, 9, 112, 121, 130 superpower, 36 Supreme Court, 156 sustainable development, 32, 201 Sweden, 87, 165, 168 Switzerland, 87, 165 Synod (Macedonian Orthodox Church), 185 Syria, 168, 170 Syrian refugees, 56 T Taiwan, 51 Tanács, Gábor, 170 Tanushevci, xiv Tanushevci Incident, xiv tariffs, 87 TAT savings bank, xii technical government, 148, 153, 154 technological-industrial development zones, 89 territorial claims, 63 territorial demands, 52 territorial integrity, 39, 45, 57, 68 territorial organization, 129,
136 territorial sovereignty, 68 Terrorism, xix terrorist attack, 169 Tetovo, xi, xiv, xv, 25, 55, 58 Thessaloniki, 47, 64 Titoist, 15, 27 Tito, Josip Broz, 12, 22, 27, 180, 183, 187, 212, 214-216, 220 Toronto, 27 totalitarianism, 210 trade blockade, 47 trade embargo, 28 Trade Union, 99, 109 Trajkovski, Boris, xiii, xvi
INDEX transit country, 11 transition, 1-3, 7, 8, 10, 16, 18, 19, 28, 39, 45, 47, 48, 57, 77, 83, 86, 96, 101, 102, 125, 128, 197, 199, 224 transition period, 79, 88 transparency, 32, 35 Transparency Macedonia, 125 Treaty of Berlin, 22, 213 Treaty of San Stefano, 7, 14, 36, 213, 229 Treblinka concentration camp, 4, 226 trilateral status, 145 Tsar Boris III, 7, 229 Tsar Liberator-Alexander II, 36 Tsar Samuel, 217 Tsar Simeon, 217 Tsipras, Alexis, 5 Tupurkovski, Vasil, 12, 183 Turkey, 6, 9, 22, 37, 54, 72, 146, 167, 168, 170 Turks, 17, 59 U Ukraine, 2, 5, 35, 37, 227 unemployment, 8, 18, 83 unemployment rate, 7, 79, 90, 91, 168 United Kingdom (UK), 33, 34 United Nations (UN) UNESCO, 24, 73 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 167, 174 United Nations Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP), xi, 2, 21, 50, 51, 224 United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), x, xi, 2, 21, 48, 50, 224 247 United Nations Security Council (UNSC), x, xi, xiii, 21, 29, 50 UN protectorate, 52 UN sanctions, 83 United States (US) US Liaison Office, xi US Vice-President, 151, 156 universal education, 218 University of Graz, 6, 228 University of Regensburg, 6, 228 University of Skopje, 12 unskilled workers, 88 unstable region, 46 V Vance, Cyrus, 49 Vangelov, Ognen, 3, 14, 15, 185, 225 Vardar Macedonia, 22 Vardar River, 30 Venetological theory, 181, 189 Vergina Sun/Star of Vergina, xii, 28, 73 veto, x, xiii, xxi-xxiii, 2-6, 9, 15, 31, 46, 51, 52, 55, 62, 146, 147, 182, 207-209, 211, 212, 216, 220, 224, 225, 227, 228 Vienna, 170 Vienna Convention, 67 Vienna summit, 170 Vinojug, 168 Visa
liberalization, 164, 165, 171 Vlach(s), 17, 185 vote buying, 116, 124 W wage control, 81 war war crimes, 53 Warsaw Summit, xix, 158 Wars of Yugoslav Secession, 2, 224 Washington DC, 50
248 INDEX Washington Summit, xiii Western Balkans, xix, 1, 2, 19, 24, 29, 36-38, 86, 149, 164, 165, 171, 174 Western Europe, 120, 168 Western intervention, 51 Western orientation, 49 wiretapped materials, 32, 33, 124, 129 Wiretapping scandal/wiretapping affair/tapes/bombs, xix, 1, 2, 8, 14, 28, 32, 33, 35, 127, 129, 153, 202, 223 workers’ councils, 96 workers’ self-management, 96 workforce, 7, 77 working class, 6, 79 World Bank, 17, 83, 88 World Media rankings, 127 World Trade Organisation (WTO), 87 X Xhaferri, Talat, 149 Y Yeltsin, Boris, 36 Yotova, Iliyana, 7, 229 Yugoslavia Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia, 22 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), xiii, 4, 31, 39, 48, 50, 51, 83 Yugoslav-Bulgarian (neighbourly) relations, 214 Yugoslav dinar, x Yugoslav leaders, 95 Yugoslav People’s Army (JNA), 21 Z Zaev, Zoran, xviii, xx, xxii, xxiii, 2, 3, 5, 23, 25, 28-30, 32, 34, 35, 138, 149, 156 Zagreb, 50 Zagreb Summit, xiv Zhivkov, Todor, 216 z------------------------Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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Contents 1 Introduction Robert Hudson and Ivan Dodovski 2 Macedonia’s Long Transition: An Overview of the Key Issues Robert Hudson 17 Macedonia’s Revolving Security Threats: Perpetual Instability on the Edge of Europe Stevo Pendarovski 45 3 4 The Impossible Reconciliation of Historical Narratives: The Macedonian Name Dispute and Prospects for the Future Zhidas Daskalovski 5 The Economic Transition of Macedonia Marjan Petreski 6 Privatisation in Macedonia and Communities in Transition Hyrije Abazi-Alili 7 Political Parties and the Trials of Democracy Nenad Markovikj 1 61 77 95 111 xxv
xxvi CONTENTS 8 Macedonia’s Euro-Atlantic Integration Blerim Reka 9 Migration Movements and Their Implications for Macedonia Marina Andeva 163 The Identity Shift: Claims on Antiquity in Macedonian Fiction and Drama Ivan Dodovski 179 10 11 The Dissonant Narratives of the Skopje 2014 Project Loreta Georgievska-Jakovleva 12 An Analysis of Bulgaria’s Rejection of the Macedonian Ethno-Linguistic Identity and Its Implications Ognen Vangelov 13 And Beyond: An Afterword Robert Hudson and Ivan Dodovski Index 145 195 207 223 233
Index A Abazi-Alili, Hyrije, 7, 105, 108 Abkhazia, 36 absolute dominance, 105-108 accession negotiations, 2, 5, 9, 38, 145, 146, 153, 157, 174, 209, 224, 227 accession process, 6, 13, 73, 171, 173, 202, 210-212, 228 accession talks, 2, 3, 6, 9, 24, 35, 38, 62, 207-209, 211, 220, 224, 225, 228 acquis communautaire, 174 Adriatic Charter, 53 Adriatic Sea, 38 Aegean Macedonia, 27 Afghanistan, 31, 87, 167, 168, 170 Africa, 11, 114, 168 Agency for Public Housing, 102 Albanian nationalism, 72 Albanians, 4, 8, 10, 13, 17, 24-26, 39,46, 47, 49, 51-53, 55, 59, 62, 82, 83, 108, 114, 130, 148, 156, 158, 182, 184, 185, 201 Albanian separatists, 18 Alexander the Great\King Alexander \Alexander III, 12, 28, 181-188 Alliance for the Albanians (AA), 158 American, 16, 35, 54 American diplomacy, 4, 50 amnesty, 27, 33, 53, 127 ancestral homelands, 70 ancient heritage, 187 ancient Macedonians, 64, 73, 183, 184, 186, 188 Anderson, Benedict, 5, 69 Andeva, Marina, 11, 59, 172, 173, 175 Andonov-Chento, Metodija, 22 anticomania, 12, 13, 181, 182, 185 anti-communism, 114 Anti-fascist Assembly of the People’s Liberation of Macedonia (ÁSNOM), 22, 27, 183, 214 antiquisation, 12, 13, 182, 185, 189 Arachinovo, xiv, xv archbishop Stefan, 7, 229 Archideus, 186 Arifi, Teuta, 33 Aristotle, 186-188 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 R. Hudson and I. Dodovski (eds.), Macedonia’s Long Transition, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20773-0 233
234 INDEX armed conflict, 2, 5, 6, 18, 52, 61, 78, 182 Armenia, 37 Asia, 57, 114, 168, 188 associate member, 32 asylum, 11, 35, 164, 165, 167, 168, 170, 171, 173, 174 asylum seekers, 164, 165, 167, 168 Athens, 28, 47, 49, 72, 188 atomistic, 115 Australia, 87, 88, 114 Austria, 86, 167, 170 authoritarian rule, 56 autocephalous status, 7, 229 autochthonous, 180, 181 autocratic tendencies, 45 autonomous Macedonia, 4, 226 autonomous management, 57 Azerbaijan, 37 В Badinter Principle, 150 Badinteur Commission (Arbitrary Commission of the EC), x Bakoyannis, Dora, 64 Balkans Balkan Route, 1, 2, 11, 164, 168, 170, 223 Balkan Slavs, 180 Balkan Wars, 4, 15, 22, 27, 183, 213, 226 Baltic Way, 35 Baroque, 196 Battle of Kosovo, 4, 226 Beijing, 51 Belarus, 37 Belgium, 24, 165 Belgrade, 21, 22, 50, 52, 187, 212, 215, 217 Bender, Kristof, 6, 228 BESA, 25, 115 Biden, Joseph, 151, 156 Bieber, Florian, 3, 6, 32, 225, 228 bilateral border agreement, 52 bilateral dispute, 15 bilateral relations, 9, 64, 72, 145 Bitola, 7, 12, 37, 179, 229 Blace border crossing, xiii Black Monday, 138 Black Sea, 36 Blagoevgrad, 62 Bloody Thursday, 28 border fence, 169 Borisov, Boyko, 23, 62 Bosnia-Herzegovina Bosniaks, 17, 59 Bosnian crisis, 167 Bosphorus, 36 Bourdieu, Pierre, 5, 70 brain-drain, 7, 77 break-up of Yugoslavia, 20 British, 16 Brunnbauer, Ulf, 228 Brussels, 56, 57, 148, 156 Brussels Summit, xvi Bucharest Summit, 4, 9, 28, 31, 36, 54 Buchkovski, Vlado, xvi Bulgaria Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP), 215, 216 Bulgarian Declaration, 24 Bulgarian demands, 3, 6, 7, 23, 225, 228, 229 Bulgarian Empire, 3, 4,
226 Bulgarian Exarchate, 218, 219 Bulgarian fascist occupier, 210 bulgarianisation, 7, 229 Bulgarian occupation, 214 Bulgarian President, 208, 216 Bulgarian Principality, 218, 219 Bulgarians, 4, 5, 7, 24, 213, 216, 217, 219, 226, 227, 229
INDEX Byzantine Byzantine Commonwealth, 4, 226 C Canada, 87, 88 candidate country, 2, 26, 224 capital market, 98, 99, 108 carrot and stick politics, 129 casus belli, 52 Çelebi, Evliya, 217 Centtal European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA), 86 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 34 central planning economy, 6 Central Powers, 213 Central Securities Depository, 102 Centre for Crisis Management, 169, 174 China, 24, 51 Christian Democratic, 114 Christian faith, 183 Christian Orthodox, 185 Christians, 37 Christopoulos, Dimitris, 27, 28 clientelism clientelistic values, 125 Clinton, Hillary, 151, 158 Cold War, 36, 38 collateral damage, 57 collective identity, 6, 69, 73 Colourful Revolution, 1, 2, 13, 19, 32, 34, 37, 202, 203, 223 Comintern, 219 Commissioner for the European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations, 154 common border, 49, 51, 55 Common European Asylum System, 173 Communism Communist Party, 26, 125 235 concert of powers, 5, 227 Constantinople, 27 Constitution Constitutional change, 8, 30 constitutional name, 13, 28-30, 36, 48, 65, 67, 71, 147, 197, 209 constitutional reforms, 61 Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia, 23, 113, 149, 166 Contact Group document, 55 Copenhagen criteria, 23, 72, 150 Corridor 10, 83 corruption, 1-3, 6, 10, 18, 19, 31, 34, 35, 83, 84, 87, 88, 125, 153, 155, 202, 204, 223 Council of Europe, 24, 49, 64, 73, 151, 164 credit rating, 88 Croatia, 16, 20, 40, 46, 48, 50, 53, 180 Crveņkovski, Branko, xii, xv cultural wars, 70 Cyrillic alphabet, 15 Czech Republic Czech government, 6, 228 D Dardanelles, 36 Daskalovski, Zhidas, 5, 6, 26, 28,
39, 61, 69, 117, 118, 121, 122 Dayton Dayton Agreement, 36, 50, 51 decentralisation, 61, 152 decentralised socialist system, 95 decision-making process, 34, 117, 121 declaration of independence, 2, 5, 26, 224 degenerative factionalism, 119 Democratic Army of Greece, 26 democratic backsliding, 2, 224 democratic deficit, 46
236 INDEX Democratic Party of Albanians (DPA), 115, 132-136, 138-140, 148 Democratic Union for Integration (DUI), 33, 58, 114, 122, 132-136, 138, 140, 148, 149 démocratisation, 10, 32, 33, 153 Denmark, 2, 3, 168, 224 Destabilisation, 4, 7, 25, 33, 47, 54, 156, 229 Detrez, Raymond, 218, 219 developing democracy, 116 Development Funds, 96, 97 D’Hondt’s formula, 114 Diaspora, 87, 89, 111, 114 Dimitrov, Dimitar, 5, 185, 227 Dimitrov, Georgi, 214 Dimitrov, Nikola, 1, 5, 6, 28, 30, 153, 223, 227, 228 Dionysian principle, 187 diplomatic recognition, 51 diplomatic relations, 37, 50, 51, 55, 58 dispersed ownership, 100, 105-107 division of powers, 113 Divo Naselje, xix Dodovski, Ivan, 12, 13, 187, 188 Dollar (USD), 87 domain réservé, 68 domestic jurisdiction, 67, 92 domestic political forces, 46 downward pressure, 88 Dramski theatre, 187 Dublin Regulation Dublin System, 173 E Eastern Partnership, 37 economic embargos, 45, 91 economic indicators, 46 economic performance, 32 economic relations, 147 economic stress, 47 Electoral Authoritarianism electoral fraud, 124 electoral model electoral lists, 118 embargo, 6, 28, 49, 80, 82, 182 emigration emigration crisis, 77 employee buy-out (EBO), 102 equidistance, 48 Essential Harvest, 145 Estonia, 35 ethnic balance, 18 ethnic communities, 2, 53 ethnic identity, 3, 15, 212, 215, 216, 220 ethnic minority, 46 ethnic nationalism, 13, 68, 202 ethnogenesis, 12 ethno-national belongings, 66 ethno-religious claims, 15 European Union (EU) EU acquis, .12, 171, 172, 175 EU ambassador, 5, 228 EU Observer, 3, 225 EU politics, 7, 229 EU regulations, 32
Euro (EUR), 81 Euro-Atlantic integration, 5, 9, 57, 62, 70, 146-149, 156, 157 Euro-Atlantic project, 1, 2, 7, 19, 20, 28-31, 35, 223, 229 Eurodac Regulation, 173 Euronews, 170 European Agenda on Migration, 167 European Arbitrage Commission, 63 European Asylum Support Office, 167
INDEX European Commission (EC), 34, 146, 148, 150-154, 164, 165, 167, 171, 208, 209, 211 European Commission Directives, xiv European Common Market, 87 European Council, 2, 6, 23, 146, 150, 151, 156, 209, 224, 228 European Council Conclusions, 151,211 European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), 215 European Debt Crisis/European sovereign debt crisis, 7, 18, 89 European integration, 3, 18, 32, 146, 157, 201, 225 European Parliament, 164, 215 European Union Special Envoy to Macedonia, 187 European Union Special Representative (EUSR), 145 Europol, 167 Euroscepticism, 5, 227 Eurostat, 165 Eurozone, 89 explanatory memorandum, 211, 216 external resistance, 47 external stimulus, 4, 54 external threats, 4, 45, 48, 58 F factionalism, 115 Faculty of Dramatic Arts, 187 failed state, 4, 52 fascist, 4, 226 federalised Europe, 31 financial integration, 87 First Crusade, 4, 226 First World War, 15, 22, 211, 213, 214 fiscal policy, 81 flawed democracy, 32 237 forced voting, 124 Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), 33 foreign capital, 101 foreign debt, 88 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), 83, 85-89, 91, 108 foreign policy, 4, 26, 30, 35, 36, 48, 50, 68, 208, 213, 216 former-socialist bloc, 6, 7, 79 former socialist countries, 95 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), 15, 28, 31, 47, 62-64, 67, 71 Fouéré, Erwan, 5, 6, 228 fragmentation, 115 Framework Agreement, 52, 54, 58 Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, 215 Framework Position, 210, 211, 216 France, 3, 6, 86, 225, 228 Freedom House, 123, 124, 139 freedom of association, 113 freedom of expression, 67
freedom of press, 72 free movement of people, 11, 163, 164 French proposal, 3-7, 225-229 Friendly Relations Declaration, 73 Friendship Treaty (2017), 3, 14, 209, 225 Frontex, 165, 167, 170 Front for Democratic Macedonia (FRODEM), 115 G gas pipeline, 37 GDP (Gross domestic product), 78, 83, 85, 87, 89, 90, 168 Genchovska, Teodora, 7, 229
238 INDEX General Assembly Resolution, 63, 70, 71 Geneva Convention (1951), 171, 173 geopolitics, 2, 7, 10, 51, 158, 182, 229 Georgia, 35-37 Georgievska-Jakovleva, Loreta, 12, 13 Georgievski, Ljubčo, 185 Georgievski, Ljubisha, 13, 187, 188 German Mark, 6, 80, 81, 99 Germany, 4, 86, 87, 165, 168, 169, 226 Gevgelija, 168, 170 Glagolitic alphabet, 15 Gligorov, Kiro, 21, 49 Global Financial Crisis, 18, 89 globalisation, 183, 200, 201, 203 glorious past, 13, 197, 200 good governance, 32 good neighbourly relations, 23, 24, 149 government corruption, 1, 223 Great Britain, 86 Greater Bulgaria, 22, 36, 213 Greater Serbia, 36 Great Recession, 89, 91 Greece Greek Civil War, 26, 27 Greek Communist Party, 26 Greek crisis, 92 Greek embargo, 28, 49, 80, 82, 91, 182 Greek nationalism, 68, 184 Greek veto, 9, 36, 52, 146, 147, 182, 208 green-field investors, 101 grievance, 8, 14, 22, 61, 218 Gruevski, Nikola, xvi-xx, 13, 28, 29, 32-35, 154, 156, 159, 195-197, 201, 203 guerrilla war, 184 H Hague, xvii Hahn, Johannes, 154 hate speech, 4, 24, 226 Hellenic civilisation, 188 Hellenization, 217 Heraclea Lyncestis, 179 historical claims historical heritage, 64 historical myths, 184 historical rights, 69 Hitler, Adolf, 213 Holbrooke, Richard, 49 Holocaust, 4, 226 horizontal accountability, 116 Hudson, Robert, 3, 12, 18, 36, 37 humanitarian aid humanitarian assistance, 31 humanitarian protection, 172 human rights Human Rights Covenants, 73 human rights treaties, 67 Hungary, 35, 167, 170 hyperinflation, x, 79, 97 I Ibar river, 26 identity crisis, 13, 197 identity politics, 3, 12, 13, 23, 186, 188, 201
idiosyncratic form of democracy, 9 ilinden ilinden Uprising, 27 Illyrians, 25, 181, 185 imagined community, 70 impoverishment, 6, 79 income inequality, 79 independent judiciary, 154 India, 181 inflation, 6, 77, 80, 108 informal politics, 128
INDEX insider ownership, 102 institutional confidence institutional crisis, 33 institutional framework, 112 institutional trust, 112 insurance system, 86 intelligence services, 34 intense corruption, 6 interdisciplinary committee on historical and educational issues, 209 interest rates, 88 interethnic co-habitation interethnic relations, 48 interethnic structure, 46 interethnic tensions, 5, 45, 51 interfaith co-habitation, 55 interference, 2, 29, 34, 37, 67, 101, 224 intergovernmental conference, 210 Interim Accord, xi, xvii, 5, 49, 58, 64 internal affairs internal condition, 146, 153, 156 internal conflict, 46, 52, 115, 173 internal démocratisation, 153 internal destabilisation, 25, 33, 156 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity (VMRO-DPMNE), ix, xiii, xv-xx, xxii, 3, 6, 32-34, 114, 120, 132-138, 140, 148, 159, 184, 228 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation - People’s Party (VMRO-NP), 115 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (IMRO), 7, 27, 204, 229 international affirmation international attention, 46 international border, 49 239 international community, 9, 46, 48, 54, 68, 112,126, 127, 129, 131, 150, 156 international conflict, 46 international institutions, 30, 31, 63 international investors, 57 international isolation, 49 international law, 66-68, 183 international order, 66 international organisations, 2, 46, 49, 53, 64, 67, 70, 73, 80, 224 international political factors, 112 international protection, 12, 173 international recognition, 4, 19, 63, 72, 82 international security, 49 international
visibility, 46 International Court of Justice (ICJ), xvii, 64, 70, 71 International Monetary Fund, 80 International Organisation for Migration (IOM), 163, 170 International Republican Institute, 38 International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), 31 intervention, 9, 36, 51, 52, 96, 112, 220 intra-party democracy, 112, 115-120, 126, 127, 130 irredentism, 5, 27, 69, 227 irregular migration, 171, 172, 174 Italy, 86, 87, 170 Ivanov, Gjorge, xvii-xx, 13, 25, 33, 149, 169 J Janeva, Katica, xix, 33, 155 Jelavich, Barbara, 5, 27, 70 Jews, 4, 226 jihadist, 169
240 INDEX Jointly Controlling Minority, 106, 107 Judicial Council, 154 judicial reform, 31 juridical personality, 67 К KFOR (Kosovo Force), xiii, 31 Kichevo, xiv Kingdom of Yugoslavia, 4, 21, 226 king of Bulgaria, 7, 229 King Philip II of Macedon/Philip of Macedon, 28, 179, 180 Knaus, Gerald, 6, 228 Kofos, Evangelos, 28, 30, 64, 65 Koneski, Blazhe, xi, 215 Kosovo Kosovar Albanians, 10 Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), 26 Kosovo war, 167 Kostov, Hari, xvi Kotsias, Nikos, xx Kovachevski, Dimitar, xxiii, 3, 6, 35, 225, 228 Krchovski, Joakim, 217 Kremlin, 36, 37 Kumanovo, xv, xix, 18, 25, 37 Kumanovo Agreement, xiii L labour market, 90 Latvia, 35, 40 Lavrov, Sergei, 37 Laws Law on Asylum and Temporary Protection (LATP), 168, 171-173 Law on foreigners, 173 law on languages, 25 Law on Social Capital, 95 Law on the Transformation of Enterprises with Social Capital, 7, 97, 108 leaders’ meetings, 9, 112, 127, 129-131 leftist populist, 54 legal jurisdiction, 65 Levica (the Left), 115 liberal democracy, 5, 57 liberal-democratic ideas, 66 Liberal-democratic party (LDP), 115, 119, 120, 132-135, 138 liberal nationalism, 202 Liberal party (LP), 115 Lidington, David, 33 Lijphart, Arend, 150 limited liability companies, 97 Lisbon Declaration, x Lithuania, 35 Lucas, Edward, 36, 37, 40 Luxembourg, 32, 85, 165 Μ Macedonia Macedonian army, 18, 169 Macedonian Assembly, ix Macedonian denar, 81 Macedonian diplomacy, 5, 227 Macedonian economy, 6, 7, 77, 78, 82, 83, 85, 89, 91 Macedonian ethnic minority, 210 Macedonian folklore, 182 Macedonian government, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 20, 23, 27, 29, 32, 37, 39, 40,
48, 72, 145, 148, 195, 227 Macedonian historiography, 183 Macedonian history, 12, 19, 27, 180, 187, 196 Macedonian irredentism, 15, 27 Macedonian issue, 65
INDEX Macedonian language, 3, 14, 19, 21-23, 62, 73, 181, 188, 209-211, 214-216, 225 Macedonian literature, 188 Macedonian minority, 6, 24, 68, 215, 228 Macedonian national identity, 7, 12, 13, 70, 180, 181, 201, 229 Macedonian nationalism, 6, 72, 182 Macedonian Orthodox Church, 7, 19, 21, 37, 58, 62, 73, 156, 185, 229 Macedonian Parliament {Sobrante), ix Macedonian President, 49, 50, 169 Macedonian Prime Minister, 185 Macedonian Privatisation Agency, 99 Macedonian question, 208, 214, 220 Macedonian revolutionaries, 4, 226 Macedonians, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12-14, 17, 18, 22, 27, 39, 47, 51, 53, 55, 64, 66, 71, 82, 87, 88, 114, 130, 179, 180, 182-186, 188, 196, 201, 209, 214, 215, 229 Macedonian Young Lawyers Association (MYLA), 166 Macedonia Square, 29 macroeconomic stability, 6, 81 Macron, Emmanuel, 2-5, 224—227 majoritarian model, 8, 113, 114 Management buy-out (MBO), 102 Market socialism, 96 Markovié, Ante, 96 Markovic Law, 96, 97, 99 Markovik), Nenad, 9, 124 mass privatisation, 98, 102 May Agreement, 129, 136 media freedom, 57, 127 mediated agreement, 61 241 Mediation, 49, 72, 112, 127, 131 Mediterranean, 36, 170 Melbourne, 27 member of the European Parliament (MEPs), 208, 215 Membership Action Plan (MAP), 31, 52 membership negotiations, 3 Member States, 87, 164-167, 173, 174 Mickovikj, Slobodan, 13, 186 Middle East, 11, 168 migrant crisis, 169, 170, 174 Mihajlov, Ivan (Vancho), 7, 229 military crisis, 145 military interests, 36 Miloševič, Slobodan, 51 Minister for Europe (UK), 33 Minister of Culture (Macedonia), 187 Minister of Foreign Affairs (Macedonia), 184 Ministry of
Economy (Macedonia), 102 Ministry of Finance (Macedonia), 102 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Macedonia), 64, 65 Ministry of Interior (MOI) (Macedonia), 88, 166-169 minority groups, 105 Misirkov, Krste, 219 Mitrovica, 26 mixed majoritarian model, 8 Moldova, 37 monetary independence, 79 monetary policy, 80 Monetary targeting, 80 monetary union, 6, 77, 79 Monitored Dominance, 106, 107 Monitoring Mission, 48 Montenegro, 17, 20, 27, 38, 164, 181 multiculturalism, 183
242 INDEX multiparty democracy, 111 multiparty systems, 111, 130 Muslims, 55, 56 N name dispute, xvii, 1-5, 7, 9, 10, 14, 19, 20, 26-29, 39, 40, 47, 62, 64, 66, 69, 72, 82, 91, 146-148, 156, 157, 198, 223, 224 national awakening, 27, 70, 219 National bank of Macedonia, 92 national consciousness, 24, 216, 218 National Democratic Party (NDP), 115 national identification, 187 national identity, 7, 12, 13, 66, 70, 180, 181, 184, 200-202, 218, 219, 229 nationalising statehood, 47 nationalism, 5, 208, 227 nationalists, xx, 5 , 7, 25, 72, 227, 229 national legislation, 149, 171, 172 National Liberation Army (NLA), xiv, xv, xix, 18, 25, 52, 53, 83, 182 national minorities, 69 national narrative, 5, 12, 47, 69, 70, 182, 183, 189 National Strategy, 172 National Theatre, 196 nation-building, 69 nation-building processes, 47, 69, 70, 218, 220 NATO Parliamentary Assembly, 30 natural resources, 17, 83 Nazi collaborator, 7, 229 Nazi Germany, 4, 226 Negotiation Framework, 2, 3, 9, 211, 225 Negotiation Framework Agreement, 62 Negotino-Klechovce gas pipeline, 37 neoclassicism, 196 nepotism, 18, 125 Netherlands, 2, 3, 224 New Cold War, 7, 158, 229 New Social-democratic Party (NSDP), 115, 138 New York, xi, 64 Nimetz, Matthew, 30 non-governmental organisation (NGO), 215 Normative Power in Europe (NPE), 32 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), xi-xiii, xvi, xvii, xix-xxii, 2-6, 9, 10, 13, 19-21, 25, 26, 28-33, 35^0, 46, 48, 50-55, 58, 63, 64, 66, 72, 73, 83, 145-148, 150, 151, 156-158, 182, 196, 197, 202, 204, 208, 209, 224 North Macedonia, xxi-xxiii, 1-7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 19, 23, 24, 30, 35,
38—40, 62, 72, 73, 145, 146, 157, 158, 207-213, 216-220, 223-229 О oasis of peace, 2, 4, 21, 46, 224 Obolensky, Dimitri, 4, 226 official language, xv, 25, 210, 214 Ohrid, xv, xxiii, 7, 26, 187, 229 Ohrid Framework Agreement (OFA), xv, 3-5, 8, 9, 24, 26, 32, 35, 57, 61, 126, 129, 136, 146-152, 182, 186 Ohrid Summer Festival, 186 Old Church-Slavonic, 217 One-China policy, 51 open economy, 81, 82 Operation Concordia, 145 operation Horseshoe, 10 Organisation for Security’ and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE),
INDEX xii, 6, 34, 48, 49, 53, 64, 122, 123, 228 organised crime, 31, 153 Orthodox Christianity, 37 Orthodox Church, 7, 19, 27, 62, 156, 229 Orthodoxy, 36 Osmani, Bujar, 3, 225 Ottoman, 27, 183, 212, 213, 217, 218 Ottoman Empire, 4, 15, 22, 36, 69, 217, 218, 226 Ottoman suzerainty, 4, 226 outside ownership, 102 P paganism, 185 Pakistan, 167, 170 panhellenism, 184 panillyrism, 184 Pan-Slavism, 36 panslavonic unity, 180 panthracism, 184 Parliament, xx, 23, 30, 49, 58, 61, 113, 114, 126, 129, 130, 138, 139, 148-150, 154, 157, 159, 164, 187, 215 parliamentary boycott, 126 parliamentary crisis, 126, 129, 136 parliamentary elections, xvi, xxii, 111, 114, 122, 136, 140 parliamentary group, 117 particularistic societies, 128 parritocracy (partitocrazia), 112, 122 partization, 125 Partnership Action Plan on Terrorism, 31 Partnership for Peace (PfP), xi, xii, 4, 21, 31, 50, 64 partocratic, 112 Party for Democratic Prosperity (PDP), 39, 115, 136 243 party leaders, xxiii, 117, 118, 120-123, 129 party patronage, 32, 116 patriarch Porfirije, xxiii, 7, 229 patrimonial values, 125 peacekeeping operation, 50, 51 Pejchinovikj, Kiril, 217 Pendarovski, Stevo, xxi, xxiii, 1-4, 7, 15, 18, 20-25, 27, 30, 31, 223, 225, 230 People’s Republic of Macedonia, 68 Petkov, Kiril, 7, 229 Pettifer, James, 2 Phillips, David, 20, 52, 151 Phillips, John, 2 Pirin Macedonia, 6, 15, 22, 214, 215, 228 plebiscite, 66 Plevneliev, Rossen, 208 pluralism, 111, 113, 130 political asylum, 35 political autonomy, 47 political clientelism, 8, 112, 123, 124, 127 political corruption, 2, 10, 18, 34 political crisis, 28, 33,
45, 57, 114, 129, 145, 148, 150, 152, 153, 156, 208 political dialogue, 10, 57, 125-127, 129, 130, 147 political divide, 57 political independence, 68 political instability, 6, 83, 101 political Islam, 4, 55 political left, 114 political opposition, 48, 57, 124, 136 political parties, 8, 9, 25, 32, 40, 58, 98, 112-116, 118-127, 129, 130, 136, 148, 154, 155, 215 political patrimonialism, 131 political pluralism, 113, 130 political stability, 83, 84, 88, 151, 153
244 INDEX political stalemates, 57 political system, 8, 9, 69, 111, 115, 120, 122, 129, 130, 146 politicization, 34, 218 polytheism, 185 populism, 5, 227 Portugal, 4, 226 post-socialist transition, 16 Poulton, Hugh, 2 power sharing, xv, 61, 117 power-sharing mechanism, 4, 47, 52, 53 Prague, 53 president, 1, 4, 22, 40, 117, 119-123, 132, 187, 223 President of Macedonia, xvi, xvii, 33 Prespa Agreement, xxi, 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 14, 15, 19, 20, 23, 30, 38, 72, 157, 182, 209, 223, 224, 227 Priebe, Reinhard Priebe’s Report, 34, 148, 153, 154 prime minister, xii, xv-xx, xxii, xxiii, З, 6, 7, 32, 33, 149, 154, 156, 159, 195-197, 201, 225, 228, 229 Pristina, 55 privatisation processes, 6-8, 78, 79, 95, 97-101, 108, 109 privatisation, x, 6-8, 77, 79, 95-102, 108, 109 Progress Report, 146, 150-152 Prohor Pchinjski Monastery, 22 proportional electoral model, 111 prosperity, 32, 39, 50, 183, 196 provisional reference, 72 Przhino Agreement, xix, 4, 10, 32, 129, 146, 147, 153, 154, 156, 159 public finance, 88 public governance, 87 public opinion, 12, 27, 153, 216 Public Prosecutor’s Office, 155 Pulevski, Gjorgija/Pulevski, Georgi, 183, 219 Putin, Vladimir, 2, 5, 36, 224, 227 Pyramid scheme, xii Q Qualification Directive (2004), 171 quantitative model, 121 quasi-privatisation, 147 R Radev, Rumen, 5, 227 radical Islam, 45, 56 reconciliation, 9, 53, 146, 147, 149 Reding, Viviane, 165 referendum, 30, 39, 47, 54, 66, 111, 113, 136 Referendum on decentralisation, 54 . refugee crisis refugee management, 169, 170 refugees, 10, 11, 18, 25, 31, 45, 51, 56, 83, 167-171, 173, 174 refugee status, 12, 170,
173 regional cooperation, 22, 32 regional development, 87 regional security', 50 Reka, Blerim, 1, 9, 10, 40, 147, 149, 150, 153, 157, 223 remittances, 85, 87, 89, 109 Republic of Macedonia, 1, 5, 8, 11, 27, 28, 48, 50, 64-66, 70, 98, 113, 115, 118, 130, 136, 139, 145, 147, 150-152, 154, 156, 158, 164-167, 169, 171, 172, 174, 200, 208, 209 resource distribution, 116, 131 restructuring, 87 return of Antiquity', 180 revanchism, 15 revisionist discourse, 12, 185, 188
INDEX right to self-determination, 6, 7, 66, 73, 230 right-wing, 34, 54 Roma, 17, 59, 165, 166 Romania, 6, 40, 88, 213, 217 Romanticist anachronism, 183 Rose-Roth Seminar, 30 Rossos, Andrew, 2, 4, 19, 20, 25, 27, 39, 226 rule of law, 24, 32-34, 72, 113, 153 ruling coalition, 154 Russia, 2, 3, 5, 20, 24, 29, 35-37, 40, 98, 156, 159, 213, 224, 227 Russian dominance, 180 Russian Federation, 2, 36, 224 Russian Orthodox Church, 37 Russo-Turkish war, 213 S safe areas, 170 Sarajevo, 181, 217 Saudi Arabia, 55 Scandinavia, 88 Schengen Schengen Area, 165 Schengen visa restrictions, 56 Sea of Marmara, 36 secondary privatisation, 102 Second World War, 4, 21, 22, 27, 36, 210, 213, 214, 216-218, 226 Secretariat for Implementation (OFA), 152 Secretary-General, 49 Secretary of State, 151, 158 security security concerns, 49 Security Council, 21, 29, 49, 50, 71 Security Council Resolution, 71 security services, 34, 47 selectorate, 120-123, 130 245 self-determination, 66, 67, 73 self-employment, 89 self-management system, 96 separation of powers, 8, 124 Serbia, 3, 4, 10, 16, 19-22, 25, 27, 34, 47, 48, 52, 58, 62, 72, 78, 80, 83, 156, 164, 169, 170, 181, 213, 217, 226 Serbian Orthodox Church, 21, 22, 37 Serbs, 17, 21, 180,181, 189, 219 shared history, 13, 23, 208 skilled labour, 89 Skopje 2014, 12-14, 29, 33, 182, 185, 189, 195-199, 201-203 Slav-Macedonian minority, 26 Slavonic, 12, 13, 27, 71, 73, 180, 181, 183, 185, 189, 201 Slavonic population, 211 Slavophilism, 180 Slavophone, 25 Slavs, 15, 179-181, 183, 184 Slovakia, 40, 212 Slovenia, 4, 20, 40, 46, 78, 181, 226 Smilkovci, xviii Smilkovci
Lake massacre, xviii Smith, Anthony, 5, 70 Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (SDSM), 3, 25, 33, 34, 114, 120, 124, 132-139, 148, 149, 153, 158, 159 Social Democrats, 25 Socialism, 96 Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), 4, 19, 51, 113, 226 socialist monopartism, 113 Sodalist Party (SP), 115, 136 Socialist Republic of Macedonia, 12, 22, 28, 39, 68, 180 Socially owned enterprise (SOE), 7, 95 societal distrust, 131
246 INDEX Sofia, 14, 22, 62, 187, 209, 211, 216 soft power, 2, 37, 224 Somalia, 167 Soros, George, 34 South-eastern Europe, 17, 36, 189 South Ossetia, 36 South Slavonic Literature, 186 South Stream, 37 Soviet, 36 Soviet relations, 36 Soviet Union, 2, 36, 215, 224 Special Prosecutor, 10, 33, 148, 153-155, 159 Special Prosecutor’s Office, 127, 156, 185 Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA), 2, 85, 87, 145, 150, 224 Stabilisation and Association Council, 152 Stabilisation and Association Process (SAP), 85, 171 stabilisation package, 80 stability, 3, 5, 7, 21, 25, 26, 28, 29, 38, 48-51, 54-56, 62, 72, 151, 157, 158, 225, 229 stagnant economy, 6, 77 Stalin, Joseph, 36, 212, 215 state capture, 3, 6, 10, 18, 19, 34, 35, 116, 148, 152 State Pension Fund, 99 State Prosecutor, 156 state security, 47 state sovereignty, 67 Stoltenberg, Jens, 30 strategic interests, 36 Sts. Clement and Naum, 184 Sts. Cyril and Methodius, 14, 15, 184, 198 Sts. Cyril and Methodius University, 37 subsidiary protection, 171, 172 sub-state nationalism, 36 successor state, 7, 16, 19, 20, 36 sultanistic, 9, 112, 121, 130 superpower, 36 Supreme Court, 156 sustainable development, 32, 201 Sweden, 87, 165, 168 Switzerland, 87, 165 Synod (Macedonian Orthodox Church), 185 Syria, 168, 170 Syrian refugees, 56 T Taiwan, 51 Tanács, Gábor, 170 Tanushevci, xiv Tanushevci Incident, xiv tariffs, 87 TAT savings bank, xii technical government, 148, 153, 154 technological-industrial development zones, 89 territorial claims, 63 territorial demands, 52 territorial integrity, 39, 45, 57, 68 territorial organization, 129,
136 territorial sovereignty, 68 Terrorism, xix terrorist attack, 169 Tetovo, xi, xiv, xv, 25, 55, 58 Thessaloniki, 47, 64 Titoist, 15, 27 Tito, Josip Broz, 12, 22, 27, 180, 183, 187, 212, 214-216, 220 Toronto, 27 totalitarianism, 210 trade blockade, 47 trade embargo, 28 Trade Union, 99, 109 Trajkovski, Boris, xiii, xvi
INDEX transit country, 11 transition, 1-3, 7, 8, 10, 16, 18, 19, 28, 39, 45, 47, 48, 57, 77, 83, 86, 96, 101, 102, 125, 128, 197, 199, 224 transition period, 79, 88 transparency, 32, 35 Transparency Macedonia, 125 Treaty of Berlin, 22, 213 Treaty of San Stefano, 7, 14, 36, 213, 229 Treblinka concentration camp, 4, 226 trilateral status, 145 Tsar Boris III, 7, 229 Tsar Liberator-Alexander II, 36 Tsar Samuel, 217 Tsar Simeon, 217 Tsipras, Alexis, 5 Tupurkovski, Vasil, 12, 183 Turkey, 6, 9, 22, 37, 54, 72, 146, 167, 168, 170 Turks, 17, 59 U Ukraine, 2, 5, 35, 37, 227 unemployment, 8, 18, 83 unemployment rate, 7, 79, 90, 91, 168 United Kingdom (UK), 33, 34 United Nations (UN) UNESCO, 24, 73 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 167, 174 United Nations Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP), xi, 2, 21, 50, 51, 224 United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), x, xi, 2, 21, 48, 50, 224 247 United Nations Security Council (UNSC), x, xi, xiii, 21, 29, 50 UN protectorate, 52 UN sanctions, 83 United States (US) US Liaison Office, xi US Vice-President, 151, 156 universal education, 218 University of Graz, 6, 228 University of Regensburg, 6, 228 University of Skopje, 12 unskilled workers, 88 unstable region, 46 V Vance, Cyrus, 49 Vangelov, Ognen, 3, 14, 15, 185, 225 Vardar Macedonia, 22 Vardar River, 30 Venetological theory, 181, 189 Vergina Sun/Star of Vergina, xii, 28, 73 veto, x, xiii, xxi-xxiii, 2-6, 9, 15, 31, 46, 51, 52, 55, 62, 146, 147, 182, 207-209, 211, 212, 216, 220, 224, 225, 227, 228 Vienna, 170 Vienna Convention, 67 Vienna summit, 170 Vinojug, 168 Visa
liberalization, 164, 165, 171 Vlach(s), 17, 185 vote buying, 116, 124 W wage control, 81 war war crimes, 53 Warsaw Summit, xix, 158 Wars of Yugoslav Secession, 2, 224 Washington DC, 50
248 INDEX Washington Summit, xiii Western Balkans, xix, 1, 2, 19, 24, 29, 36-38, 86, 149, 164, 165, 171, 174 Western Europe, 120, 168 Western intervention, 51 Western orientation, 49 wiretapped materials, 32, 33, 124, 129 Wiretapping scandal/wiretapping affair/tapes/bombs, xix, 1, 2, 8, 14, 28, 32, 33, 35, 127, 129, 153, 202, 223 workers’ councils, 96 workers’ self-management, 96 workforce, 7, 77 working class, 6, 79 World Bank, 17, 83, 88 World Media rankings, 127 World Trade Organisation (WTO), 87 X Xhaferri, Talat, 149 Y Yeltsin, Boris, 36 Yotova, Iliyana, 7, 229 Yugoslavia Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia, 22 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), xiii, 4, 31, 39, 48, 50, 51, 83 Yugoslav-Bulgarian (neighbourly) relations, 214 Yugoslav dinar, x Yugoslav leaders, 95 Yugoslav People’s Army (JNA), 21 Z Zaev, Zoran, xviii, xx, xxii, xxiii, 2, 3, 5, 23, 25, 28-30, 32, 34, 35, 138, 149, 156 Zagreb, 50 Zagreb Summit, xiv Zhivkov, Todor, 216 z------------------------Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| author2 | Hudson, Robert 1955- Dodovski, Ivan |
| author2_role | edt edt |
| author2_variant | r h rh i d id |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1029524629 (DE-588)1284329933 |
| author_facet | Hudson, Robert 1955- Dodovski, Ivan |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049001814 |
| classification_tum | POL 000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1401180986 (DE-599)BVBBV049001814 |
| dewey-full | 320.94 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 320 - Political science (Politics and government) |
| dewey-raw | 320.94 |
| dewey-search | 320.94 |
| dewey-sort | 3320.94 |
| dewey-tens | 320 - Political science (Politics and government) |
| discipline | Politologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie |
| era | Geschichte 1991-2022 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1991-2022 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Nordmazedonien |
| id | DE-604.BV049001814 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:09:36Z |
| indexdate | 2025-03-28T17:05:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783031207723 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034264979 |
| oclc_num | 1401180986 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xxxvii, 248 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230904 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Palgrave Macmillan |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Macedonia's long transition from independence to the Prespa Agreement and beyond Robert Hudson, Ivan Dodovski (editors) Cham, Switzerland Palgrave Macmillan [2023] © 2023 xxxvii, 248 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1991-2022 gnd rswk-swf European Politics International Security Studies Foreign Policy Identity Politics Migration Policy Europe—Politics and government Security, International International relations Identity politics Emigration and immigration—Government policy Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 g Geschichte 1991-2022 z DE-604 Hudson, Robert 1955- (DE-588)1029524629 edt Dodovski, Ivan (DE-588)1284329933 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-031-20773-0 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034264979&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034264979&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Macedonia's long transition from independence to the Prespa Agreement and beyond European Politics International Security Studies Foreign Policy Identity Politics Migration Policy Europe—Politics and government Security, International International relations Identity politics Emigration and immigration—Government policy |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1181214262 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Macedonia's long transition from independence to the Prespa Agreement and beyond |
| title_auth | Macedonia's long transition from independence to the Prespa Agreement and beyond |
| title_exact_search | Macedonia's long transition from independence to the Prespa Agreement and beyond |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Macedonia's long transition from independence to the Prespa Agreement and beyond |
| title_full | Macedonia's long transition from independence to the Prespa Agreement and beyond Robert Hudson, Ivan Dodovski (editors) |
| title_fullStr | Macedonia's long transition from independence to the Prespa Agreement and beyond Robert Hudson, Ivan Dodovski (editors) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Macedonia's long transition from independence to the Prespa Agreement and beyond Robert Hudson, Ivan Dodovski (editors) |
| title_short | Macedonia's long transition |
| title_sort | macedonia s long transition from independence to the prespa agreement and beyond |
| title_sub | from independence to the Prespa Agreement and beyond |
| topic | European Politics International Security Studies Foreign Policy Identity Politics Migration Policy Europe—Politics and government Security, International International relations Identity politics Emigration and immigration—Government policy |
| topic_facet | European Politics International Security Studies Foreign Policy Identity Politics Migration Policy Europe—Politics and government Security, International International relations Identity politics Emigration and immigration—Government policy Nordmazedonien Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034264979&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034264979&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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