A history of the Scots language:
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford
Oxford University Press
[2023]
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Physical Description: | viii, 196 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780198864004 9780198863991 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents Preface Acknowledgements List ofMaps, Figures, and Tables 1. What is Scots? 1.1 The daily linguistic‘commute’ 1.2 Attitudes and history 1.3 An interpretation of its nature 1.4 The sociology of language 1.4.1 What do we mean by language? 1.4.2 Ausbau revisited: Standardization 1.4.3 Is an adequate sociolinguistic definition for Scots possible? 1.5 The dialects of Scots 1.6 Historical periodization 1.7 The ecology 1.7.1 Northern Isles 1.7.2 Ulster 1.7.3 Urban and rural 1.8 The book to come 2. Historical and linguistic backgrounds: The Germanic languages, Old English, and the pre-Scots period 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Languages in prehistory 2.3 Indo-European and its descendants 2.3.1 The Germanic languages 2.4 Old English dialects 2.5 Middle English dialects 2.6 Conclusion 3. ‘Rise’: Scots in the Medieval and Early Modern periods 3.1 Scotland before Scots 3.2 Bernicia 3.3 A united kingdom 3.3.1 Gaelic and the Church 3.4 The creation and spread of Inglis 3.5 Formation of Inglis 3.6 The Wars of Independence and their aftermath 3.6.1 Scots and Gaelic in long-term cohabitation: The development of the Northern dialects 39 3.6.1.1 The Gaelic‘fringe’and the development of Scots: An excursus 3.7 Growth of writing in Inglis ix x xi 1 1 1 2 3 3 5 6 7 9 10 15 15 17 18 19 19 19 20 20 22 26 29 31 31 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 43
Vi CONTENTS 3.8 The literary road: The apex of Scottis 3.8.1 Scottis 3.9 Standardization and lexical change 3.10 Conclusion 44 47 48 51 4. Scots in decline? The Modern Age 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 ‘Decline and fall’? Sixteenth-century crisis Union Anglicization of writing ‘Improvement’ and Anglicization in writing and speech ‘Vernacular Revival’ The middle classes and language use in the eighteenth century Scottish Standard English 4.8.1 Language attitudes and the rise of Scottish Standard English A dialectalized language in an urbanized country Urban Scots Scotland: Language in the twentieth century 4.11.1 Lessening of speaker numbers 4.11.2 Literary use 4.11.3 Language activism Downfall? 4.12.1 A ‘between language’: Homogenization within colloquial English? Scots in Ulster Conclusion 52 52 52 55 56 57 58 62 63 66 69 71 73 73 74 76 78 79 80 82 5. Historical phonology of Scots 5.1 Introduction: How possible is it to produce a coherent historical phonology for Scots? 5.2 Problems of interpretation; resources to aid comprehension 5.2.1 Problems with comparing Scots and English historical phonology 5.2.2 Lexical sets 5.2.2.1 Competing systems?: Aitken vs Johnston-Millar 5.3 Historical changes best described as unitary processes 5.3.1 The Scottish Vowel Length Rule 5.3.2 Great Vowel Shift(s) 5.4 Scots vowels: An historical description 5.4.1 How far back should we trace the history of Scots phonology as an independent entity? 5.4.2 Changes in the vowel system of Old English 5.4.2.1 The Old English sound system: Germanic background and
dialectal diversity 5.4.2.2 Pre-Scots phonology and its Old English ancestry 84 84 84 85 86 88 89 89 90 94 94 95 95 97
contents 5.5 The development of the Scots vowel system: Word sets 5.5.1 Modern Scots front vowels 5.5.1.1 BUIT (Aitken vowel 7) 5.5.1.2 MEET (Aitken vowel 2) 5.5.1.3 BEAT (Aitken vowel 3) 5.5.1.4 MATE-HAME (Aitken vowel 4) 5.5.1.5 BAIT (Aitken vowel 8) 5.5.1.6 KIT (Aitken vowel 15) 5.5.1.7 DRESS (Aitken vowel 16) 5.5.1.8 TRAP (Aitken vowel 17) 5.5.2 Modern back or fronted from back vowels 5.5.2.1 OOT (Aitken vowel 6) 5.5.2.2 STRUT (Aitken vowel 19) 5.5.2.3 COAL (Aitken vowel 5) 5.5.2.4 CAUGHT and COT 5.5.3 Modern diphthongs 5.5.3.1 TRY and BITE (Aitken vowel 1) 5.5.3.2 OWER (Aitken vowel 13) 5.5.3.3 CHOICE/LOIN (Aitken vowels 9 and 10) 5.5.3.4 NEW (Aitken vowel 14ab) 5.6 The history and development of the consonants of Scots 5.6.1 Consonant clusters 5.7 Conclusion 6. Historical morphosyntax of Scots vii 98 98 98 100 101 101 103 104 105 106 107 107 109 110 110 112 112 113 114 115 115 121 122 123 6.1 ‘But Scots and English are the same language: They have the same grammar!’ 123 6.2 Morphosyntactic development in Old English and its Germanic ancestors 123 6.2.1 The Old English verb 124 6.2.2 Element order 125 6.3 Morphosyntactic ‘rationalization in the post-Old English period 125 6.4 The historical development of the morphosyntax of Scots in depth 126 6.4.1 The noun phrase 126 6.4.1.1 Article system 129 6.4.2 Pronouns 130 6.4.2.1 Personal pronouns 130 6.4.2.2 Demonstrative pronouns 134 6.4.2.3 Relative and interrogative pronouns 135 6.4.3 Adjectives 138 6.5 The verb 139 6.5.1 Verb inflections , 139 6.5.1.1 The Northern present tense rule 139 6.5.1.2 Past tense marking 142
6.5.1.3 Weak verb endings 144 6.5.2 Modality 145 6.5.2.1 Double modals 147
viii CONTENTS 6.6 Changes in expressing aspect 6.6.1 Present participle and the development of verbal expression of progressive aspect 6.6.1.1 be + and/in progressive 6.6.2 dae-periphrasis 6.7 Verb negation 6.8 Conclusion 7. Historical development of Scots lexis 7.1 Introduction 7.2 ‘Native’ and borrowed 7.2.1 ‘Native’lexis . 7.2.2 Non-native vocabulary 7.2.2.1 Borrowings from French 7^2.2 Latin and other classical languages 7.2.2.3 Other Romance languages 7.2.2.4 Borrowings from the North Germanic languages 7.2.2.5 Dutch and Low German 7.2.2.6 Gaelic 7.3 Semantic fields and change in Scottish lexis 7.4 Distribution of lexical material across space 7.5 Lexical attrition 7.6 Conclusion 8. Concluding remarks 8.1 What needs further research? Endnotes References Index 147 148 148 149 149 150 152 152 152 153 154 155 160 162 163 165 166 168 170 171 173 174 174 176 182 190
This book provides a thorough yet approachable history of the Scots language, a close relative of Standard English with around 1.5 million speakers in Scotland and several thousand in Ireland, according to the 2011 census. Despite the long history of Scots as a language of high literature, it has been somewhat neglected and has often been treated as a dialect of Standard English. In this book, Robert McColl Millar explores both sociolinguistic and structural developments in the history of Scots, bringing together these two threads of analysis to offer a better understanding of linguistic change. The first half of the book tracks the development of Scots from its beginnings to the modern period, while chapters in the second half offer detailed descriptions of Scots historical phonology and morphosyntax, and of the historical development of Scots lexis. A History ofthe Scots Language will be a valuable resource for undergraduate and graduate students of the modern and historical Scots language but will also be of interest to those studying the history of English and other Germanic languages.
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| adam_txt |
Contents Preface Acknowledgements List ofMaps, Figures, and Tables 1. What is Scots? 1.1 The daily linguistic‘commute’ 1.2 Attitudes and history 1.3 An interpretation of its nature 1.4 The sociology of language 1.4.1 What do we mean by language? 1.4.2 Ausbau revisited: Standardization 1.4.3 Is an adequate sociolinguistic definition for Scots possible? 1.5 The dialects of Scots 1.6 Historical periodization 1.7 The ecology 1.7.1 Northern Isles 1.7.2 Ulster 1.7.3 Urban and rural 1.8 The book to come 2. Historical and linguistic backgrounds: The Germanic languages, Old English, and the pre-Scots period 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Languages in prehistory 2.3 Indo-European and its descendants 2.3.1 The Germanic languages 2.4 Old English dialects 2.5 Middle English dialects 2.6 Conclusion 3. ‘Rise’: Scots in the Medieval and Early Modern periods 3.1 Scotland before Scots 3.2 Bernicia 3.3 A united kingdom 3.3.1 Gaelic and the Church 3.4 The creation and spread of Inglis 3.5 Formation of Inglis 3.6 The Wars of Independence and their aftermath 3.6.1 Scots and Gaelic in long-term cohabitation: The development of the Northern dialects 39 3.6.1.1 The Gaelic‘fringe’and the development of Scots: An excursus 3.7 Growth of writing in Inglis ix x xi 1 1 1 2 3 3 5 6 7 9 10 15 15 17 18 19 19 19 20 20 22 26 29 31 31 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 43
Vi CONTENTS 3.8 The literary road: The apex of Scottis 3.8.1 Scottis 3.9 Standardization and lexical change 3.10 Conclusion 44 47 48 51 4. Scots in decline? The Modern Age 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 ‘Decline and fall’? Sixteenth-century crisis Union Anglicization of writing ‘Improvement’ and Anglicization in writing and speech ‘Vernacular Revival’ The middle classes and language use in the eighteenth century Scottish Standard English 4.8.1 Language attitudes and the rise of Scottish Standard English A dialectalized language in an urbanized country Urban Scots Scotland: Language in the twentieth century 4.11.1 Lessening of speaker numbers 4.11.2 Literary use 4.11.3 Language activism Downfall? 4.12.1 A ‘between language’: Homogenization within colloquial English? Scots in Ulster Conclusion 52 52 52 55 56 57 58 62 63 66 69 71 73 73 74 76 78 79 80 82 5. Historical phonology of Scots 5.1 Introduction: How possible is it to produce a coherent historical phonology for Scots? 5.2 Problems of interpretation; resources to aid comprehension 5.2.1 Problems with comparing Scots and English historical phonology 5.2.2 Lexical sets 5.2.2.1 Competing systems?: Aitken vs Johnston-Millar 5.3 Historical changes best described as unitary processes 5.3.1 The Scottish Vowel Length Rule 5.3.2 Great Vowel Shift(s) 5.4 Scots vowels: An historical description 5.4.1 How far back should we trace the history of Scots phonology as an independent entity? 5.4.2 Changes in the vowel system of Old English 5.4.2.1 The Old English sound system: Germanic background and
dialectal diversity 5.4.2.2 Pre-Scots phonology and its Old English ancestry 84 84 84 85 86 88 89 89 90 94 94 95 95 97
contents 5.5 The development of the Scots vowel system: Word sets 5.5.1 Modern Scots front vowels 5.5.1.1 BUIT (Aitken vowel 7) 5.5.1.2 MEET (Aitken vowel 2) 5.5.1.3 BEAT (Aitken vowel 3) 5.5.1.4 MATE-HAME (Aitken vowel 4) 5.5.1.5 BAIT (Aitken vowel 8) 5.5.1.6 KIT (Aitken vowel 15) 5.5.1.7 DRESS (Aitken vowel 16) 5.5.1.8 TRAP (Aitken vowel 17) 5.5.2 Modern back or fronted from back vowels 5.5.2.1 OOT (Aitken vowel 6) 5.5.2.2 STRUT (Aitken vowel 19) 5.5.2.3 COAL (Aitken vowel 5) 5.5.2.4 CAUGHT and COT 5.5.3 Modern diphthongs 5.5.3.1 TRY and BITE (Aitken vowel 1) 5.5.3.2 OWER (Aitken vowel 13) 5.5.3.3 CHOICE/LOIN (Aitken vowels 9 and 10) 5.5.3.4 NEW (Aitken vowel 14ab) 5.6 The history and development of the consonants of Scots 5.6.1 Consonant clusters 5.7 Conclusion 6. Historical morphosyntax of Scots vii 98 98 98 100 101 101 103 104 105 106 107 107 109 110 110 112 112 113 114 115 115 121 122 123 6.1 ‘But Scots and English are the same language: They have the same grammar!’ 123 6.2 Morphosyntactic development in Old English and its Germanic ancestors 123 6.2.1 The Old English verb 124 6.2.2 Element order 125 6.3 Morphosyntactic ‘rationalization in the post-Old English period 125 6.4 The historical development of the morphosyntax of Scots in depth 126 6.4.1 The noun phrase 126 6.4.1.1 Article system 129 6.4.2 Pronouns 130 6.4.2.1 Personal pronouns 130 6.4.2.2 Demonstrative pronouns 134 6.4.2.3 Relative and interrogative pronouns 135 6.4.3 Adjectives 138 6.5 The verb 139 6.5.1 Verb inflections , 139 6.5.1.1 The Northern present tense rule 139 6.5.1.2 Past tense marking 142
6.5.1.3 Weak verb endings 144 6.5.2 Modality 145 6.5.2.1 Double modals 147
viii CONTENTS 6.6 Changes in expressing aspect 6.6.1 Present participle and the development of verbal expression of progressive aspect 6.6.1.1 be + and/in progressive 6.6.2 dae-periphrasis 6.7 Verb negation 6.8 Conclusion 7. Historical development of Scots lexis 7.1 Introduction 7.2 ‘Native’ and borrowed 7.2.1 ‘Native’lexis . 7.2.2 Non-native vocabulary 7.2.2.1 Borrowings from French 7^2.2 Latin and other classical languages 7.2.2.3 Other Romance languages 7.2.2.4 Borrowings from the North Germanic languages 7.2.2.5 Dutch and Low German 7.2.2.6 Gaelic 7.3 Semantic fields and change in Scottish lexis 7.4 Distribution of lexical material across space 7.5 Lexical attrition 7.6 Conclusion 8. Concluding remarks 8.1 What needs further research? Endnotes References Index 147 148 148 149 149 150 152 152 152 153 154 155 160 162 163 165 166 168 170 171 173 174 174 176 182 190
This book provides a thorough yet approachable history of the Scots language, a close relative of Standard English with around 1.5 million speakers in Scotland and several thousand in Ireland, according to the 2011 census. Despite the long history of Scots as a language of high literature, it has been somewhat neglected and has often been treated as a dialect of Standard English. In this book, Robert McColl Millar explores both sociolinguistic and structural developments in the history of Scots, bringing together these two threads of analysis to offer a better understanding of linguistic change. The first half of the book tracks the development of Scots from its beginnings to the modern period, while chapters in the second half offer detailed descriptions of Scots historical phonology and morphosyntax, and of the historical development of Scots lexis. A History ofthe Scots Language will be a valuable resource for undergraduate and graduate students of the modern and historical Scots language but will also be of interest to those studying the history of English and other Germanic languages. |
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| spelling | Millar, Robert McColl 1966- Verfasser (DE-588)131792695 aut A history of the Scots language Robert McColl Millar Oxford Oxford University Press [2023] © 2023 viii, 196 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Schottisch (DE-588)4127854-9 gnd rswk-swf Schottisch (DE-588)4127854-9 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-260945-8 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034241991&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034241991&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
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