Boom and Bust in Bronze Age Britain: the Great Orme Copper Mine and European Trade
The Great Orme copper mine in North Wales is one of the largest surviving Bronze Age mines in Europe. This book presents new interdisciplinary research to reveal a copper mine of European importance, dominating Britain's copper supply from c. 1600-1400 BC, with some metal reaching mainland Euro...
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| Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
| Sprache: | English |
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Oxford
Archaeopress
2023
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| Ausgabe: | 1st ed |
| Online-Zugang: | HWR01 |
| Zusammenfassung: | The Great Orme copper mine in North Wales is one of the largest surviving Bronze Age mines in Europe. This book presents new interdisciplinary research to reveal a copper mine of European importance, dominating Britain's copper supply from c. 1600-1400 BC, with some metal reaching mainland Europe - from Brittany to as far as the Baltic |
| Beschreibung: | Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources |
| Beschreibung: | 1 Online-Ressource (362 Seiten) |
| ISBN: | 9781803273792 |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright page -- Contents Page -- List of Figures -- Figure 1.1: General aerial views of the Great Orme mine looking SE (top) and SW (bottom)(Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 2.1: (a) Genetic data shown on a principal components graph. The grey dots are modern Europeans and the blue dots modern British individuals. Ancient individuals from Britain are highlighted (see key), including one from the Great Orme mine. Previ -- Figure 2.2: Bronze Age chronology and metalwork assemblages of Britain (after Rohl and Needham 1998, Roberts et al. 2013, Needham 1996). -- Figure 2.3: Dating of British Bronze Age metalwork assemblages after Needham (1996) based on radiocarbon data showing the overlaps and uncertainties along with the main pottery groups. -- Figure 2.4: Comparison of British Bronze Age chronologies (after Roberts et al. 2013) -- Figure 2.5: Comparison of European Bronze Age chronologies (after Roberts et al. 2013) -- Figure 2.6: Bronze Age cross-Channel material culture and settlement similarities and interactions around the mid-second millennium (after Marcigny et al. 2002) -- Figure 3.1: Bronze Age copper mines in Britain and Ireland (O'Brien 2015). South-west Ireland: 1 Ross Island -- 2 Mount Gabriel -- 3 Ballyrisode -- 4 Toormore -- 5 Boulysallagh -- 6 Callaros Oughter -- 7 Carrigacat -- 8 Derrycarhoon -- 9 Tooreen -- 10 Canshanavoe -- 11 Crump -- Figure 3.2: Simplified geological map of Britain and Ireland (Permit Number CP20/032 British Geological Survey © UKRI 2020. All rights reserved) -- Figure 3.3: British copper ore deposit genesis classification (Permit Number CP20/032 British Geological Survey © UKRI 2020. All rights reserved) -- Figure 3.4: Extract from a metallogenic map of Britain (Permit Number CP20/032 British Geological Survey © UKRI 2020. All rights reserved) | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Figure 3.5: Classic supergene weathering profile of a copper ore deposit (Robb 2005, Reproduced with permission of The Licensor through PLSclear) -- Figure 3.6: Stability field of copper minerals. Eh-pH diagram (Robb 2005, Reproduced with permission of The Licensor through PLSclear) -- Figure 3.7: Comparison of specific gravities of ore and waste minerals (data from Read 1971) -- Figure 3.8: Compositions of primary and secondary copper ores (data from www.webmineral.com) -- Figure 3.9: Periodic table highlighting impurity element classification (note the position of copper relative to nickel, cobalt, zinc, silver, arsenic, antimony, lead, bismuth) (sciencenotes.org) -- Figure 3.10: Periodic table highlighting chalcophillic impurity elements (underlined) (Robb 2005, Reproduced with permission of The Licensor through PLSclear) -- Figure 3.11: Similarity of atomic and ionic radii of impurity elements (Averil and Eldredge 2006) -- Figure 3.12: Chronology of British and Irish Bronze Age copper mines (data from Timberlake and Marshall 2013 and O'Brien 2015) -- Figure 3.13: The Great Orme mine site: Top left, prior to excavation in 1987 -- Middle left, during excavation -- Bottom left, as a site open to the public. Top/middle, right excavations in the large underground chamber and bottom right, founders of the Great -- Figure 3.14: Map of European Bronze Age copper mines (after O'Brien 2015) -- Figure 3.15: Timberlake's proposed development of European metallurgy (Timberlake 2014) -- Figure 3.16: Bronze Age copper mines in SW Ireland (O'Brien 2013a) -- Figure 3.17: Plan of Ross Island mine site (O'Brien 2007) -- Figure 3.18: Ross Island mine geological section (O'Brien 2004) -- Figure 3.19: The flow of Ross Island 'A' metal (Needham 2004) -- Figure 3.20: Section of a Mount Gabriel mine working (O'Brien 1994) | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Figure 3.21: Types of West Cork copper mineralisation (Wen et al. 1999) -- Figure 3.22: Bronze Age copper mining chronology in SW Ireland (O'Brien 2013a) -- Figure 3.23: Mortar stone (hollow on both sides) from Allihies, Dooneen mine, West Cork -- Figure 3.24: Mid Wales Bronze Age copper mines and vein systems (Timberlake and Marshall 2014 and EMRG) -- Figure 3.25: Cwmystwyth mine cross-section (Timberlake 2003b & -- EMRC) and surface view (Author) -- Figure 3.26: Mynydd Parys mine geological cross-section and open cast (after Pointon and Ixer 1980) -- Figure 3.27: Alderley Edge Engine Vein mine view and schematic development (Timberlake & -- Prag 2005 and EMRC) -- Figure 3.28: Ecton mine cross-section (Timberlake 2014a and EMRC) and photo of The Lumb (Author) -- Figure 4.1: Geographical setting of the Great Orme mine -- Figure 4.2: Location maps of the Great Orme mine and Pentrwyn smelting site. Other archaeological features are shown including wells, roundhouses, barrows and cairns. (Google Earth, Lewis 1996 and Smith et al. 2014) -- Figure 4.3: Aerial view of the Great Orme mine site and visitor centre (Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.4: Great Orme mine entrances in cliff face and 'opencast' beyond (Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.5: Great Orme mine 'opencast' area discovered buried under tens of thousands of tonnes of nineteenth century mine waste in 1987 (Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.6: Artist's impression of Bronze Age opencast workings assuming it was not formed by a later collapse or unroofing of underground workings (Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.7: Left: Extent of known Bronze Age workings (shaded) and later workings (outlined). Right: Lidar image of same area with 'opencast' and later lines of shafts (Lewis 1996 -- Ordnance Survey base map © Crown Copyright -- Lidar from Environmental Agenc | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Figure 4.8: Great Orme mine surface plan of main shafts and surface features (Dutton and Fasham 1994. Prehistoric Society) -- Figure 4.9: Schematic Great Orme mine section with Bronze Age workings area shaded (Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.10: Llety'r Filiast, Neolithic chambered cairn, about 200 m from the mine, visible in the background (Author) -- Figure 4.11: Bronze Age cairns and barrows in the regional surrounding the Great Orme mine (Smith et al. 2014) -- Figure 4.12: Map of Bronze Age and Roman metalwork finds in the Great Orme area. -- Figure 4.13: Bronze Age metalwork artefacts from Great Orme area (a. copper flat axe, near Deganwy -- b and c, unlooped shield-type (Group I) palstaves, Llandudno north beach and Little Orme -- d, small socketed axe, Mochdre and e, palstaves from Gloddaeth ho -- Figure 4.14: Great Orme Pigeon's Cave LBA hoard (looped late palstave, gold 'lock' rings and a socketed awl) (© National Museum of Wales) -- Figure 4.15: Quarter Roman copper ingot from Llandrillo-yn-Rhos (Lowe 1912 -- Collingwood and Wright 1990: 37 item 2403.11, now at the Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.16: Some archaeological finds from the Great Orme Bronze Age mine. Top left, worn bone tools, around 30,000 bone fragments have been found. Top right, hammerstones of many sizes, around 2,500 have been found. Bottom right, a large mortar stone fo -- Figure 4.17: Schematic of part of the Bronze Age workings (Lewis 1996). -- Figure 4.18: Great Orme mine section showing (shaded) marker beds (Lewis 1996) -- Figure 4.19: Great Orme mine. Geological section showing that the 'opencast' is underlain by the large stope/chamber (Lewis 1996) -- Figure 4.20: Comparative plot of Great Orme mine Bronze Age radiocarbon dates (OxCal v4.4.2, IntCal 20, Reimer et al. 2020 -- Ramsey 2009) | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Figure 4.21: Geological map of Great Orme headland (Permit Number CP20/032 British Geological Survey © UKRI 2020. All rights reserved) -- Figure 4.22: Great Orme mine geological map (Lewis 1996) -- Figure 4.23: Great Orme copper veins: Sections showing rich mineralisation (green areas) only in dolomite beds (top: Hunt 1884) and alteration of chalcopyrite to malachite-goethite (bottom: after Lewis 1996) -- Figure 4.24: Great Orme mine mineral deposition sequence (after Ixer and Davies 1996 -- Ixer 1999) -- Figure 4.25: Simplified section through the iron oxide- silica system with temperature. The ideal proportions of silica and iron oxide to achieve complete melting around 1200 C without inclusions are indicated by the stripped area (after Hauptmann 2007) -- Figure 4.26: Schematic of fully-slagging copper smelting process (Craddock 1995, Drawn by Brenda Craddock) -- Figure 4.27: Large volumes of black copper slags at Faynan in Jordan (Author 2013) -- Figure 4.28: Pentrwyn smelting site excavation 1998 (GAT) -- Figure 4.29: Pentrwyn 1998 excavation plan (Smith et al. 2014) -- Figure 4.30: Pentrwyn 2011 excavation: possible small smelting pits (Smith et al. 2014) -- Figure 4.31: Pentrwyn 2011 excavation plan and sections (Smith et al. 2014) -- Figure 5.1: Stuttgart SAM project (1960-1974) proposed this complex artefact-based metal group classification (Junghans et al 1968) -- Figure 5.2: Graphical representations of the artefact-based metal groups proposed by Waterbolk and Butler (1965) using eight elements and a logarithmic scale. -- Figure 5.3: Two examples of data display to indicate provenance. Top: Histogram comparing Austrian Mitterberg copper ores (blue shading) and the copper in the Nebra sky disc (triangles) and the associated metalwork hoard (green dots) (after Pernicka 2004 | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Figure 5.4: Changes in fahlore and chalcopyrite ore usage in the Eastern Alps over time (Lutz and Pernicka 2013) | |
| 520 | |a The Great Orme copper mine in North Wales is one of the largest surviving Bronze Age mines in Europe. This book presents new interdisciplinary research to reveal a copper mine of European importance, dominating Britain's copper supply from c. 1600-1400 BC, with some metal reaching mainland Europe - from Brittany to as far as the Baltic | ||
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Druck-Ausgabe |a Williams, R. Alan |t Boom and Bust in Bronze Age Britain: the Great Orme Copper Mine and European Trade |d Oxford : Archaeopress,c2023 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| author | Williams, R. Alan |
| author_facet | Williams, R. Alan |
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| author_sort | Williams, R. Alan |
| author_variant | r a w ra raw |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048922033 |
| collection | ZDB-30-PQE |
| contents | Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright page -- Contents Page -- List of Figures -- Figure 1.1: General aerial views of the Great Orme mine looking SE (top) and SW (bottom)(Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 2.1: (a) Genetic data shown on a principal components graph. The grey dots are modern Europeans and the blue dots modern British individuals. Ancient individuals from Britain are highlighted (see key), including one from the Great Orme mine. Previ -- Figure 2.2: Bronze Age chronology and metalwork assemblages of Britain (after Rohl and Needham 1998, Roberts et al. 2013, Needham 1996). -- Figure 2.3: Dating of British Bronze Age metalwork assemblages after Needham (1996) based on radiocarbon data showing the overlaps and uncertainties along with the main pottery groups. -- Figure 2.4: Comparison of British Bronze Age chronologies (after Roberts et al. 2013) -- Figure 2.5: Comparison of European Bronze Age chronologies (after Roberts et al. 2013) -- Figure 2.6: Bronze Age cross-Channel material culture and settlement similarities and interactions around the mid-second millennium (after Marcigny et al. 2002) -- Figure 3.1: Bronze Age copper mines in Britain and Ireland (O'Brien 2015). South-west Ireland: 1 Ross Island -- 2 Mount Gabriel -- 3 Ballyrisode -- 4 Toormore -- 5 Boulysallagh -- 6 Callaros Oughter -- 7 Carrigacat -- 8 Derrycarhoon -- 9 Tooreen -- 10 Canshanavoe -- 11 Crump -- Figure 3.2: Simplified geological map of Britain and Ireland (Permit Number CP20/032 British Geological Survey © UKRI 2020. All rights reserved) -- Figure 3.3: British copper ore deposit genesis classification (Permit Number CP20/032 British Geological Survey © UKRI 2020. All rights reserved) -- Figure 3.4: Extract from a metallogenic map of Britain (Permit Number CP20/032 British Geological Survey © UKRI 2020. All rights reserved) Figure 3.5: Classic supergene weathering profile of a copper ore deposit (Robb 2005, Reproduced with permission of The Licensor through PLSclear) -- Figure 3.6: Stability field of copper minerals. Eh-pH diagram (Robb 2005, Reproduced with permission of The Licensor through PLSclear) -- Figure 3.7: Comparison of specific gravities of ore and waste minerals (data from Read 1971) -- Figure 3.8: Compositions of primary and secondary copper ores (data from www.webmineral.com) -- Figure 3.9: Periodic table highlighting impurity element classification (note the position of copper relative to nickel, cobalt, zinc, silver, arsenic, antimony, lead, bismuth) (sciencenotes.org) -- Figure 3.10: Periodic table highlighting chalcophillic impurity elements (underlined) (Robb 2005, Reproduced with permission of The Licensor through PLSclear) -- Figure 3.11: Similarity of atomic and ionic radii of impurity elements (Averil and Eldredge 2006) -- Figure 3.12: Chronology of British and Irish Bronze Age copper mines (data from Timberlake and Marshall 2013 and O'Brien 2015) -- Figure 3.13: The Great Orme mine site: Top left, prior to excavation in 1987 -- Middle left, during excavation -- Bottom left, as a site open to the public. Top/middle, right excavations in the large underground chamber and bottom right, founders of the Great -- Figure 3.14: Map of European Bronze Age copper mines (after O'Brien 2015) -- Figure 3.15: Timberlake's proposed development of European metallurgy (Timberlake 2014) -- Figure 3.16: Bronze Age copper mines in SW Ireland (O'Brien 2013a) -- Figure 3.17: Plan of Ross Island mine site (O'Brien 2007) -- Figure 3.18: Ross Island mine geological section (O'Brien 2004) -- Figure 3.19: The flow of Ross Island 'A' metal (Needham 2004) -- Figure 3.20: Section of a Mount Gabriel mine working (O'Brien 1994) Figure 3.21: Types of West Cork copper mineralisation (Wen et al. 1999) -- Figure 3.22: Bronze Age copper mining chronology in SW Ireland (O'Brien 2013a) -- Figure 3.23: Mortar stone (hollow on both sides) from Allihies, Dooneen mine, West Cork -- Figure 3.24: Mid Wales Bronze Age copper mines and vein systems (Timberlake and Marshall 2014 and EMRG) -- Figure 3.25: Cwmystwyth mine cross-section (Timberlake 2003b & -- EMRC) and surface view (Author) -- Figure 3.26: Mynydd Parys mine geological cross-section and open cast (after Pointon and Ixer 1980) -- Figure 3.27: Alderley Edge Engine Vein mine view and schematic development (Timberlake & -- Prag 2005 and EMRC) -- Figure 3.28: Ecton mine cross-section (Timberlake 2014a and EMRC) and photo of The Lumb (Author) -- Figure 4.1: Geographical setting of the Great Orme mine -- Figure 4.2: Location maps of the Great Orme mine and Pentrwyn smelting site. Other archaeological features are shown including wells, roundhouses, barrows and cairns. (Google Earth, Lewis 1996 and Smith et al. 2014) -- Figure 4.3: Aerial view of the Great Orme mine site and visitor centre (Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.4: Great Orme mine entrances in cliff face and 'opencast' beyond (Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.5: Great Orme mine 'opencast' area discovered buried under tens of thousands of tonnes of nineteenth century mine waste in 1987 (Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.6: Artist's impression of Bronze Age opencast workings assuming it was not formed by a later collapse or unroofing of underground workings (Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.7: Left: Extent of known Bronze Age workings (shaded) and later workings (outlined). Right: Lidar image of same area with 'opencast' and later lines of shafts (Lewis 1996 -- Ordnance Survey base map © Crown Copyright -- Lidar from Environmental Agenc Figure 4.8: Great Orme mine surface plan of main shafts and surface features (Dutton and Fasham 1994. Prehistoric Society) -- Figure 4.9: Schematic Great Orme mine section with Bronze Age workings area shaded (Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.10: Llety'r Filiast, Neolithic chambered cairn, about 200 m from the mine, visible in the background (Author) -- Figure 4.11: Bronze Age cairns and barrows in the regional surrounding the Great Orme mine (Smith et al. 2014) -- Figure 4.12: Map of Bronze Age and Roman metalwork finds in the Great Orme area. -- Figure 4.13: Bronze Age metalwork artefacts from Great Orme area (a. copper flat axe, near Deganwy -- b and c, unlooped shield-type (Group I) palstaves, Llandudno north beach and Little Orme -- d, small socketed axe, Mochdre and e, palstaves from Gloddaeth ho -- Figure 4.14: Great Orme Pigeon's Cave LBA hoard (looped late palstave, gold 'lock' rings and a socketed awl) (© National Museum of Wales) -- Figure 4.15: Quarter Roman copper ingot from Llandrillo-yn-Rhos (Lowe 1912 -- Collingwood and Wright 1990: 37 item 2403.11, now at the Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.16: Some archaeological finds from the Great Orme Bronze Age mine. Top left, worn bone tools, around 30,000 bone fragments have been found. Top right, hammerstones of many sizes, around 2,500 have been found. Bottom right, a large mortar stone fo -- Figure 4.17: Schematic of part of the Bronze Age workings (Lewis 1996). -- Figure 4.18: Great Orme mine section showing (shaded) marker beds (Lewis 1996) -- Figure 4.19: Great Orme mine. Geological section showing that the 'opencast' is underlain by the large stope/chamber (Lewis 1996) -- Figure 4.20: Comparative plot of Great Orme mine Bronze Age radiocarbon dates (OxCal v4.4.2, IntCal 20, Reimer et al. 2020 -- Ramsey 2009) Figure 4.21: Geological map of Great Orme headland (Permit Number CP20/032 British Geological Survey © UKRI 2020. All rights reserved) -- Figure 4.22: Great Orme mine geological map (Lewis 1996) -- Figure 4.23: Great Orme copper veins: Sections showing rich mineralisation (green areas) only in dolomite beds (top: Hunt 1884) and alteration of chalcopyrite to malachite-goethite (bottom: after Lewis 1996) -- Figure 4.24: Great Orme mine mineral deposition sequence (after Ixer and Davies 1996 -- Ixer 1999) -- Figure 4.25: Simplified section through the iron oxide- silica system with temperature. The ideal proportions of silica and iron oxide to achieve complete melting around 1200 C without inclusions are indicated by the stripped area (after Hauptmann 2007) -- Figure 4.26: Schematic of fully-slagging copper smelting process (Craddock 1995, Drawn by Brenda Craddock) -- Figure 4.27: Large volumes of black copper slags at Faynan in Jordan (Author 2013) -- Figure 4.28: Pentrwyn smelting site excavation 1998 (GAT) -- Figure 4.29: Pentrwyn 1998 excavation plan (Smith et al. 2014) -- Figure 4.30: Pentrwyn 2011 excavation: possible small smelting pits (Smith et al. 2014) -- Figure 4.31: Pentrwyn 2011 excavation plan and sections (Smith et al. 2014) -- Figure 5.1: Stuttgart SAM project (1960-1974) proposed this complex artefact-based metal group classification (Junghans et al 1968) -- Figure 5.2: Graphical representations of the artefact-based metal groups proposed by Waterbolk and Butler (1965) using eight elements and a logarithmic scale. -- Figure 5.3: Two examples of data display to indicate provenance. Top: Histogram comparing Austrian Mitterberg copper ores (blue shading) and the copper in the Nebra sky disc (triangles) and the associated metalwork hoard (green dots) (after Pernicka 2004 Figure 5.4: Changes in fahlore and chalcopyrite ore usage in the Eastern Alps over time (Lutz and Pernicka 2013) |
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| edition | 1st ed |
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The grey dots are modern Europeans and the blue dots modern British individuals. Ancient individuals from Britain are highlighted (see key), including one from the Great Orme mine. Previ -- Figure 2.2: Bronze Age chronology and metalwork assemblages of Britain (after Rohl and Needham 1998, Roberts et al. 2013, Needham 1996). -- Figure 2.3: Dating of British Bronze Age metalwork assemblages after Needham (1996) based on radiocarbon data showing the overlaps and uncertainties along with the main pottery groups. -- Figure 2.4: Comparison of British Bronze Age chronologies (after Roberts et al. 2013) -- Figure 2.5: Comparison of European Bronze Age chronologies (after Roberts et al. 2013) -- Figure 2.6: Bronze Age cross-Channel material culture and settlement similarities and interactions around the mid-second millennium (after Marcigny et al. 2002) -- Figure 3.1: Bronze Age copper mines in Britain and Ireland (O'Brien 2015). South-west Ireland: 1 Ross Island -- 2 Mount Gabriel -- 3 Ballyrisode -- 4 Toormore -- 5 Boulysallagh -- 6 Callaros Oughter -- 7 Carrigacat -- 8 Derrycarhoon -- 9 Tooreen -- 10 Canshanavoe -- 11 Crump -- Figure 3.2: Simplified geological map of Britain and Ireland (Permit Number CP20/032 British Geological Survey © UKRI 2020. All rights reserved) -- Figure 3.3: British copper ore deposit genesis classification (Permit Number CP20/032 British Geological Survey © UKRI 2020. All rights reserved) -- Figure 3.4: Extract from a metallogenic map of Britain (Permit Number CP20/032 British Geological Survey © UKRI 2020. All rights reserved)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Figure 3.5: Classic supergene weathering profile of a copper ore deposit (Robb 2005, Reproduced with permission of The Licensor through PLSclear) -- Figure 3.6: Stability field of copper minerals. Eh-pH diagram (Robb 2005, Reproduced with permission of The Licensor through PLSclear) -- Figure 3.7: Comparison of specific gravities of ore and waste minerals (data from Read 1971) -- Figure 3.8: Compositions of primary and secondary copper ores (data from www.webmineral.com) -- Figure 3.9: Periodic table highlighting impurity element classification (note the position of copper relative to nickel, cobalt, zinc, silver, arsenic, antimony, lead, bismuth) (sciencenotes.org) -- Figure 3.10: Periodic table highlighting chalcophillic impurity elements (underlined) (Robb 2005, Reproduced with permission of The Licensor through PLSclear) -- Figure 3.11: Similarity of atomic and ionic radii of impurity elements (Averil and Eldredge 2006) -- Figure 3.12: Chronology of British and Irish Bronze Age copper mines (data from Timberlake and Marshall 2013 and O'Brien 2015) -- Figure 3.13: The Great Orme mine site: Top left, prior to excavation in 1987 -- Middle left, during excavation -- Bottom left, as a site open to the public. Top/middle, right excavations in the large underground chamber and bottom right, founders of the Great -- Figure 3.14: Map of European Bronze Age copper mines (after O'Brien 2015) -- Figure 3.15: Timberlake's proposed development of European metallurgy (Timberlake 2014) -- Figure 3.16: Bronze Age copper mines in SW Ireland (O'Brien 2013a) -- Figure 3.17: Plan of Ross Island mine site (O'Brien 2007) -- Figure 3.18: Ross Island mine geological section (O'Brien 2004) -- Figure 3.19: The flow of Ross Island 'A' metal (Needham 2004) -- Figure 3.20: Section of a Mount Gabriel mine working (O'Brien 1994)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Figure 3.21: Types of West Cork copper mineralisation (Wen et al. 1999) -- Figure 3.22: Bronze Age copper mining chronology in SW Ireland (O'Brien 2013a) -- Figure 3.23: Mortar stone (hollow on both sides) from Allihies, Dooneen mine, West Cork -- Figure 3.24: Mid Wales Bronze Age copper mines and vein systems (Timberlake and Marshall 2014 and EMRG) -- Figure 3.25: Cwmystwyth mine cross-section (Timberlake 2003b &amp -- EMRC) and surface view (Author) -- Figure 3.26: Mynydd Parys mine geological cross-section and open cast (after Pointon and Ixer 1980) -- Figure 3.27: Alderley Edge Engine Vein mine view and schematic development (Timberlake &amp -- Prag 2005 and EMRC) -- Figure 3.28: Ecton mine cross-section (Timberlake 2014a and EMRC) and photo of The Lumb (Author) -- Figure 4.1: Geographical setting of the Great Orme mine -- Figure 4.2: Location maps of the Great Orme mine and Pentrwyn smelting site. Other archaeological features are shown including wells, roundhouses, barrows and cairns. (Google Earth, Lewis 1996 and Smith et al. 2014) -- Figure 4.3: Aerial view of the Great Orme mine site and visitor centre (Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.4: Great Orme mine entrances in cliff face and 'opencast' beyond (Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.5: Great Orme mine 'opencast' area discovered buried under tens of thousands of tonnes of nineteenth century mine waste in 1987 (Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.6: Artist's impression of Bronze Age opencast workings assuming it was not formed by a later collapse or unroofing of underground workings (Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.7: Left: Extent of known Bronze Age workings (shaded) and later workings (outlined). Right: Lidar image of same area with 'opencast' and later lines of shafts (Lewis 1996 -- Ordnance Survey base map © Crown Copyright -- Lidar from Environmental Agenc</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Figure 4.8: Great Orme mine surface plan of main shafts and surface features (Dutton and Fasham 1994. Prehistoric Society) -- Figure 4.9: Schematic Great Orme mine section with Bronze Age workings area shaded (Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.10: Llety'r Filiast, Neolithic chambered cairn, about 200 m from the mine, visible in the background (Author) -- Figure 4.11: Bronze Age cairns and barrows in the regional surrounding the Great Orme mine (Smith et al. 2014) -- Figure 4.12: Map of Bronze Age and Roman metalwork finds in the Great Orme area. -- Figure 4.13: Bronze Age metalwork artefacts from Great Orme area (a. copper flat axe, near Deganwy -- b and c, unlooped shield-type (Group I) palstaves, Llandudno north beach and Little Orme -- d, small socketed axe, Mochdre and e, palstaves from Gloddaeth ho -- Figure 4.14: Great Orme Pigeon's Cave LBA hoard (looped late palstave, gold 'lock' rings and a socketed awl) (© National Museum of Wales) -- Figure 4.15: Quarter Roman copper ingot from Llandrillo-yn-Rhos (Lowe 1912 -- Collingwood and Wright 1990: 37 item 2403.11, now at the Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.16: Some archaeological finds from the Great Orme Bronze Age mine. Top left, worn bone tools, around 30,000 bone fragments have been found. Top right, hammerstones of many sizes, around 2,500 have been found. Bottom right, a large mortar stone fo -- Figure 4.17: Schematic of part of the Bronze Age workings (Lewis 1996). -- Figure 4.18: Great Orme mine section showing (shaded) marker beds (Lewis 1996) -- Figure 4.19: Great Orme mine. Geological section showing that the 'opencast' is underlain by the large stope/chamber (Lewis 1996) -- Figure 4.20: Comparative plot of Great Orme mine Bronze Age radiocarbon dates (OxCal v4.4.2, IntCal 20, Reimer et al. 2020 -- Ramsey 2009)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Figure 4.21: Geological map of Great Orme headland (Permit Number CP20/032 British Geological Survey © UKRI 2020. All rights reserved) -- Figure 4.22: Great Orme mine geological map (Lewis 1996) -- Figure 4.23: Great Orme copper veins: Sections showing rich mineralisation (green areas) only in dolomite beds (top: Hunt 1884) and alteration of chalcopyrite to malachite-goethite (bottom: after Lewis 1996) -- Figure 4.24: Great Orme mine mineral deposition sequence (after Ixer and Davies 1996 -- Ixer 1999) -- Figure 4.25: Simplified section through the iron oxide- silica system with temperature. The ideal proportions of silica and iron oxide to achieve complete melting around 1200 C without inclusions are indicated by the stripped area (after Hauptmann 2007) -- Figure 4.26: Schematic of fully-slagging copper smelting process (Craddock 1995, Drawn by Brenda Craddock) -- Figure 4.27: Large volumes of black copper slags at Faynan in Jordan (Author 2013) -- Figure 4.28: Pentrwyn smelting site excavation 1998 (GAT) -- Figure 4.29: Pentrwyn 1998 excavation plan (Smith et al. 2014) -- Figure 4.30: Pentrwyn 2011 excavation: possible small smelting pits (Smith et al. 2014) -- Figure 4.31: Pentrwyn 2011 excavation plan and sections (Smith et al. 2014) -- Figure 5.1: Stuttgart SAM project (1960-1974) proposed this complex artefact-based metal group classification (Junghans et al 1968) -- Figure 5.2: Graphical representations of the artefact-based metal groups proposed by Waterbolk and Butler (1965) using eight elements and a logarithmic scale. -- Figure 5.3: Two examples of data display to indicate provenance. Top: Histogram comparing Austrian Mitterberg copper ores (blue shading) and the copper in the Nebra sky disc (triangles) and the associated metalwork hoard (green dots) (after Pernicka 2004</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Figure 5.4: Changes in fahlore and chalcopyrite ore usage in the Eastern Alps over time (Lutz and Pernicka 2013)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">The Great Orme copper mine in North Wales is one of the largest surviving Bronze Age mines in Europe. This book presents new interdisciplinary research to reveal a copper mine of European importance, dominating Britain's copper supply from c. 1600-1400 BC, with some metal reaching mainland Europe - from Brittany to as far as the Baltic</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Druck-Ausgabe</subfield><subfield code="a">Williams, R. Alan</subfield><subfield code="t">Boom and Bust in Bronze Age Britain: the Great Orme Copper Mine and European Trade</subfield><subfield code="d">Oxford : Archaeopress,c2023</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZDB-30-PQE</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034186124</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/hwr/detail.action?docID=30407953</subfield><subfield code="l">HWR01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-30-PQE</subfield><subfield code="q">HWR_PDA_PQE</subfield><subfield code="x">Aggregator</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| id | DE-604.BV048922033 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:55:17Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:49:56Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781803273792 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034186124 |
| oclc_num | 1373345954 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-2070s |
| owner_facet | DE-2070s |
| physical | 1 Online-Ressource (362 Seiten) |
| psigel | ZDB-30-PQE ZDB-30-PQE HWR_PDA_PQE |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Archaeopress |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Williams, R. Alan Verfasser aut Boom and Bust in Bronze Age Britain the Great Orme Copper Mine and European Trade 1st ed Oxford Archaeopress 2023 ©2023 1 Online-Ressource (362 Seiten) txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright page -- Contents Page -- List of Figures -- Figure 1.1: General aerial views of the Great Orme mine looking SE (top) and SW (bottom)(Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 2.1: (a) Genetic data shown on a principal components graph. The grey dots are modern Europeans and the blue dots modern British individuals. Ancient individuals from Britain are highlighted (see key), including one from the Great Orme mine. Previ -- Figure 2.2: Bronze Age chronology and metalwork assemblages of Britain (after Rohl and Needham 1998, Roberts et al. 2013, Needham 1996). -- Figure 2.3: Dating of British Bronze Age metalwork assemblages after Needham (1996) based on radiocarbon data showing the overlaps and uncertainties along with the main pottery groups. -- Figure 2.4: Comparison of British Bronze Age chronologies (after Roberts et al. 2013) -- Figure 2.5: Comparison of European Bronze Age chronologies (after Roberts et al. 2013) -- Figure 2.6: Bronze Age cross-Channel material culture and settlement similarities and interactions around the mid-second millennium (after Marcigny et al. 2002) -- Figure 3.1: Bronze Age copper mines in Britain and Ireland (O'Brien 2015). South-west Ireland: 1 Ross Island -- 2 Mount Gabriel -- 3 Ballyrisode -- 4 Toormore -- 5 Boulysallagh -- 6 Callaros Oughter -- 7 Carrigacat -- 8 Derrycarhoon -- 9 Tooreen -- 10 Canshanavoe -- 11 Crump -- Figure 3.2: Simplified geological map of Britain and Ireland (Permit Number CP20/032 British Geological Survey © UKRI 2020. All rights reserved) -- Figure 3.3: British copper ore deposit genesis classification (Permit Number CP20/032 British Geological Survey © UKRI 2020. All rights reserved) -- Figure 3.4: Extract from a metallogenic map of Britain (Permit Number CP20/032 British Geological Survey © UKRI 2020. All rights reserved) Figure 3.5: Classic supergene weathering profile of a copper ore deposit (Robb 2005, Reproduced with permission of The Licensor through PLSclear) -- Figure 3.6: Stability field of copper minerals. Eh-pH diagram (Robb 2005, Reproduced with permission of The Licensor through PLSclear) -- Figure 3.7: Comparison of specific gravities of ore and waste minerals (data from Read 1971) -- Figure 3.8: Compositions of primary and secondary copper ores (data from www.webmineral.com) -- Figure 3.9: Periodic table highlighting impurity element classification (note the position of copper relative to nickel, cobalt, zinc, silver, arsenic, antimony, lead, bismuth) (sciencenotes.org) -- Figure 3.10: Periodic table highlighting chalcophillic impurity elements (underlined) (Robb 2005, Reproduced with permission of The Licensor through PLSclear) -- Figure 3.11: Similarity of atomic and ionic radii of impurity elements (Averil and Eldredge 2006) -- Figure 3.12: Chronology of British and Irish Bronze Age copper mines (data from Timberlake and Marshall 2013 and O'Brien 2015) -- Figure 3.13: The Great Orme mine site: Top left, prior to excavation in 1987 -- Middle left, during excavation -- Bottom left, as a site open to the public. Top/middle, right excavations in the large underground chamber and bottom right, founders of the Great -- Figure 3.14: Map of European Bronze Age copper mines (after O'Brien 2015) -- Figure 3.15: Timberlake's proposed development of European metallurgy (Timberlake 2014) -- Figure 3.16: Bronze Age copper mines in SW Ireland (O'Brien 2013a) -- Figure 3.17: Plan of Ross Island mine site (O'Brien 2007) -- Figure 3.18: Ross Island mine geological section (O'Brien 2004) -- Figure 3.19: The flow of Ross Island 'A' metal (Needham 2004) -- Figure 3.20: Section of a Mount Gabriel mine working (O'Brien 1994) Figure 3.21: Types of West Cork copper mineralisation (Wen et al. 1999) -- Figure 3.22: Bronze Age copper mining chronology in SW Ireland (O'Brien 2013a) -- Figure 3.23: Mortar stone (hollow on both sides) from Allihies, Dooneen mine, West Cork -- Figure 3.24: Mid Wales Bronze Age copper mines and vein systems (Timberlake and Marshall 2014 and EMRG) -- Figure 3.25: Cwmystwyth mine cross-section (Timberlake 2003b & -- EMRC) and surface view (Author) -- Figure 3.26: Mynydd Parys mine geological cross-section and open cast (after Pointon and Ixer 1980) -- Figure 3.27: Alderley Edge Engine Vein mine view and schematic development (Timberlake & -- Prag 2005 and EMRC) -- Figure 3.28: Ecton mine cross-section (Timberlake 2014a and EMRC) and photo of The Lumb (Author) -- Figure 4.1: Geographical setting of the Great Orme mine -- Figure 4.2: Location maps of the Great Orme mine and Pentrwyn smelting site. Other archaeological features are shown including wells, roundhouses, barrows and cairns. (Google Earth, Lewis 1996 and Smith et al. 2014) -- Figure 4.3: Aerial view of the Great Orme mine site and visitor centre (Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.4: Great Orme mine entrances in cliff face and 'opencast' beyond (Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.5: Great Orme mine 'opencast' area discovered buried under tens of thousands of tonnes of nineteenth century mine waste in 1987 (Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.6: Artist's impression of Bronze Age opencast workings assuming it was not formed by a later collapse or unroofing of underground workings (Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.7: Left: Extent of known Bronze Age workings (shaded) and later workings (outlined). Right: Lidar image of same area with 'opencast' and later lines of shafts (Lewis 1996 -- Ordnance Survey base map © Crown Copyright -- Lidar from Environmental Agenc Figure 4.8: Great Orme mine surface plan of main shafts and surface features (Dutton and Fasham 1994. Prehistoric Society) -- Figure 4.9: Schematic Great Orme mine section with Bronze Age workings area shaded (Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.10: Llety'r Filiast, Neolithic chambered cairn, about 200 m from the mine, visible in the background (Author) -- Figure 4.11: Bronze Age cairns and barrows in the regional surrounding the Great Orme mine (Smith et al. 2014) -- Figure 4.12: Map of Bronze Age and Roman metalwork finds in the Great Orme area. -- Figure 4.13: Bronze Age metalwork artefacts from Great Orme area (a. copper flat axe, near Deganwy -- b and c, unlooped shield-type (Group I) palstaves, Llandudno north beach and Little Orme -- d, small socketed axe, Mochdre and e, palstaves from Gloddaeth ho -- Figure 4.14: Great Orme Pigeon's Cave LBA hoard (looped late palstave, gold 'lock' rings and a socketed awl) (© National Museum of Wales) -- Figure 4.15: Quarter Roman copper ingot from Llandrillo-yn-Rhos (Lowe 1912 -- Collingwood and Wright 1990: 37 item 2403.11, now at the Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.16: Some archaeological finds from the Great Orme Bronze Age mine. Top left, worn bone tools, around 30,000 bone fragments have been found. Top right, hammerstones of many sizes, around 2,500 have been found. Bottom right, a large mortar stone fo -- Figure 4.17: Schematic of part of the Bronze Age workings (Lewis 1996). -- Figure 4.18: Great Orme mine section showing (shaded) marker beds (Lewis 1996) -- Figure 4.19: Great Orme mine. Geological section showing that the 'opencast' is underlain by the large stope/chamber (Lewis 1996) -- Figure 4.20: Comparative plot of Great Orme mine Bronze Age radiocarbon dates (OxCal v4.4.2, IntCal 20, Reimer et al. 2020 -- Ramsey 2009) Figure 4.21: Geological map of Great Orme headland (Permit Number CP20/032 British Geological Survey © UKRI 2020. All rights reserved) -- Figure 4.22: Great Orme mine geological map (Lewis 1996) -- Figure 4.23: Great Orme copper veins: Sections showing rich mineralisation (green areas) only in dolomite beds (top: Hunt 1884) and alteration of chalcopyrite to malachite-goethite (bottom: after Lewis 1996) -- Figure 4.24: Great Orme mine mineral deposition sequence (after Ixer and Davies 1996 -- Ixer 1999) -- Figure 4.25: Simplified section through the iron oxide- silica system with temperature. The ideal proportions of silica and iron oxide to achieve complete melting around 1200 C without inclusions are indicated by the stripped area (after Hauptmann 2007) -- Figure 4.26: Schematic of fully-slagging copper smelting process (Craddock 1995, Drawn by Brenda Craddock) -- Figure 4.27: Large volumes of black copper slags at Faynan in Jordan (Author 2013) -- Figure 4.28: Pentrwyn smelting site excavation 1998 (GAT) -- Figure 4.29: Pentrwyn 1998 excavation plan (Smith et al. 2014) -- Figure 4.30: Pentrwyn 2011 excavation: possible small smelting pits (Smith et al. 2014) -- Figure 4.31: Pentrwyn 2011 excavation plan and sections (Smith et al. 2014) -- Figure 5.1: Stuttgart SAM project (1960-1974) proposed this complex artefact-based metal group classification (Junghans et al 1968) -- Figure 5.2: Graphical representations of the artefact-based metal groups proposed by Waterbolk and Butler (1965) using eight elements and a logarithmic scale. -- Figure 5.3: Two examples of data display to indicate provenance. Top: Histogram comparing Austrian Mitterberg copper ores (blue shading) and the copper in the Nebra sky disc (triangles) and the associated metalwork hoard (green dots) (after Pernicka 2004 Figure 5.4: Changes in fahlore and chalcopyrite ore usage in the Eastern Alps over time (Lutz and Pernicka 2013) The Great Orme copper mine in North Wales is one of the largest surviving Bronze Age mines in Europe. This book presents new interdisciplinary research to reveal a copper mine of European importance, dominating Britain's copper supply from c. 1600-1400 BC, with some metal reaching mainland Europe - from Brittany to as far as the Baltic Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Williams, R. Alan Boom and Bust in Bronze Age Britain: the Great Orme Copper Mine and European Trade Oxford : Archaeopress,c2023 |
| spellingShingle | Williams, R. Alan Boom and Bust in Bronze Age Britain the Great Orme Copper Mine and European Trade Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright page -- Contents Page -- List of Figures -- Figure 1.1: General aerial views of the Great Orme mine looking SE (top) and SW (bottom)(Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 2.1: (a) Genetic data shown on a principal components graph. The grey dots are modern Europeans and the blue dots modern British individuals. Ancient individuals from Britain are highlighted (see key), including one from the Great Orme mine. Previ -- Figure 2.2: Bronze Age chronology and metalwork assemblages of Britain (after Rohl and Needham 1998, Roberts et al. 2013, Needham 1996). -- Figure 2.3: Dating of British Bronze Age metalwork assemblages after Needham (1996) based on radiocarbon data showing the overlaps and uncertainties along with the main pottery groups. -- Figure 2.4: Comparison of British Bronze Age chronologies (after Roberts et al. 2013) -- Figure 2.5: Comparison of European Bronze Age chronologies (after Roberts et al. 2013) -- Figure 2.6: Bronze Age cross-Channel material culture and settlement similarities and interactions around the mid-second millennium (after Marcigny et al. 2002) -- Figure 3.1: Bronze Age copper mines in Britain and Ireland (O'Brien 2015). South-west Ireland: 1 Ross Island -- 2 Mount Gabriel -- 3 Ballyrisode -- 4 Toormore -- 5 Boulysallagh -- 6 Callaros Oughter -- 7 Carrigacat -- 8 Derrycarhoon -- 9 Tooreen -- 10 Canshanavoe -- 11 Crump -- Figure 3.2: Simplified geological map of Britain and Ireland (Permit Number CP20/032 British Geological Survey © UKRI 2020. All rights reserved) -- Figure 3.3: British copper ore deposit genesis classification (Permit Number CP20/032 British Geological Survey © UKRI 2020. All rights reserved) -- Figure 3.4: Extract from a metallogenic map of Britain (Permit Number CP20/032 British Geological Survey © UKRI 2020. All rights reserved) Figure 3.5: Classic supergene weathering profile of a copper ore deposit (Robb 2005, Reproduced with permission of The Licensor through PLSclear) -- Figure 3.6: Stability field of copper minerals. Eh-pH diagram (Robb 2005, Reproduced with permission of The Licensor through PLSclear) -- Figure 3.7: Comparison of specific gravities of ore and waste minerals (data from Read 1971) -- Figure 3.8: Compositions of primary and secondary copper ores (data from www.webmineral.com) -- Figure 3.9: Periodic table highlighting impurity element classification (note the position of copper relative to nickel, cobalt, zinc, silver, arsenic, antimony, lead, bismuth) (sciencenotes.org) -- Figure 3.10: Periodic table highlighting chalcophillic impurity elements (underlined) (Robb 2005, Reproduced with permission of The Licensor through PLSclear) -- Figure 3.11: Similarity of atomic and ionic radii of impurity elements (Averil and Eldredge 2006) -- Figure 3.12: Chronology of British and Irish Bronze Age copper mines (data from Timberlake and Marshall 2013 and O'Brien 2015) -- Figure 3.13: The Great Orme mine site: Top left, prior to excavation in 1987 -- Middle left, during excavation -- Bottom left, as a site open to the public. Top/middle, right excavations in the large underground chamber and bottom right, founders of the Great -- Figure 3.14: Map of European Bronze Age copper mines (after O'Brien 2015) -- Figure 3.15: Timberlake's proposed development of European metallurgy (Timberlake 2014) -- Figure 3.16: Bronze Age copper mines in SW Ireland (O'Brien 2013a) -- Figure 3.17: Plan of Ross Island mine site (O'Brien 2007) -- Figure 3.18: Ross Island mine geological section (O'Brien 2004) -- Figure 3.19: The flow of Ross Island 'A' metal (Needham 2004) -- Figure 3.20: Section of a Mount Gabriel mine working (O'Brien 1994) Figure 3.21: Types of West Cork copper mineralisation (Wen et al. 1999) -- Figure 3.22: Bronze Age copper mining chronology in SW Ireland (O'Brien 2013a) -- Figure 3.23: Mortar stone (hollow on both sides) from Allihies, Dooneen mine, West Cork -- Figure 3.24: Mid Wales Bronze Age copper mines and vein systems (Timberlake and Marshall 2014 and EMRG) -- Figure 3.25: Cwmystwyth mine cross-section (Timberlake 2003b & -- EMRC) and surface view (Author) -- Figure 3.26: Mynydd Parys mine geological cross-section and open cast (after Pointon and Ixer 1980) -- Figure 3.27: Alderley Edge Engine Vein mine view and schematic development (Timberlake & -- Prag 2005 and EMRC) -- Figure 3.28: Ecton mine cross-section (Timberlake 2014a and EMRC) and photo of The Lumb (Author) -- Figure 4.1: Geographical setting of the Great Orme mine -- Figure 4.2: Location maps of the Great Orme mine and Pentrwyn smelting site. Other archaeological features are shown including wells, roundhouses, barrows and cairns. (Google Earth, Lewis 1996 and Smith et al. 2014) -- Figure 4.3: Aerial view of the Great Orme mine site and visitor centre (Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.4: Great Orme mine entrances in cliff face and 'opencast' beyond (Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.5: Great Orme mine 'opencast' area discovered buried under tens of thousands of tonnes of nineteenth century mine waste in 1987 (Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.6: Artist's impression of Bronze Age opencast workings assuming it was not formed by a later collapse or unroofing of underground workings (Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.7: Left: Extent of known Bronze Age workings (shaded) and later workings (outlined). Right: Lidar image of same area with 'opencast' and later lines of shafts (Lewis 1996 -- Ordnance Survey base map © Crown Copyright -- Lidar from Environmental Agenc Figure 4.8: Great Orme mine surface plan of main shafts and surface features (Dutton and Fasham 1994. Prehistoric Society) -- Figure 4.9: Schematic Great Orme mine section with Bronze Age workings area shaded (Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.10: Llety'r Filiast, Neolithic chambered cairn, about 200 m from the mine, visible in the background (Author) -- Figure 4.11: Bronze Age cairns and barrows in the regional surrounding the Great Orme mine (Smith et al. 2014) -- Figure 4.12: Map of Bronze Age and Roman metalwork finds in the Great Orme area. -- Figure 4.13: Bronze Age metalwork artefacts from Great Orme area (a. copper flat axe, near Deganwy -- b and c, unlooped shield-type (Group I) palstaves, Llandudno north beach and Little Orme -- d, small socketed axe, Mochdre and e, palstaves from Gloddaeth ho -- Figure 4.14: Great Orme Pigeon's Cave LBA hoard (looped late palstave, gold 'lock' rings and a socketed awl) (© National Museum of Wales) -- Figure 4.15: Quarter Roman copper ingot from Llandrillo-yn-Rhos (Lowe 1912 -- Collingwood and Wright 1990: 37 item 2403.11, now at the Great Orme Mines) -- Figure 4.16: Some archaeological finds from the Great Orme Bronze Age mine. Top left, worn bone tools, around 30,000 bone fragments have been found. Top right, hammerstones of many sizes, around 2,500 have been found. Bottom right, a large mortar stone fo -- Figure 4.17: Schematic of part of the Bronze Age workings (Lewis 1996). -- Figure 4.18: Great Orme mine section showing (shaded) marker beds (Lewis 1996) -- Figure 4.19: Great Orme mine. Geological section showing that the 'opencast' is underlain by the large stope/chamber (Lewis 1996) -- Figure 4.20: Comparative plot of Great Orme mine Bronze Age radiocarbon dates (OxCal v4.4.2, IntCal 20, Reimer et al. 2020 -- Ramsey 2009) Figure 4.21: Geological map of Great Orme headland (Permit Number CP20/032 British Geological Survey © UKRI 2020. All rights reserved) -- Figure 4.22: Great Orme mine geological map (Lewis 1996) -- Figure 4.23: Great Orme copper veins: Sections showing rich mineralisation (green areas) only in dolomite beds (top: Hunt 1884) and alteration of chalcopyrite to malachite-goethite (bottom: after Lewis 1996) -- Figure 4.24: Great Orme mine mineral deposition sequence (after Ixer and Davies 1996 -- Ixer 1999) -- Figure 4.25: Simplified section through the iron oxide- silica system with temperature. The ideal proportions of silica and iron oxide to achieve complete melting around 1200 C without inclusions are indicated by the stripped area (after Hauptmann 2007) -- Figure 4.26: Schematic of fully-slagging copper smelting process (Craddock 1995, Drawn by Brenda Craddock) -- Figure 4.27: Large volumes of black copper slags at Faynan in Jordan (Author 2013) -- Figure 4.28: Pentrwyn smelting site excavation 1998 (GAT) -- Figure 4.29: Pentrwyn 1998 excavation plan (Smith et al. 2014) -- Figure 4.30: Pentrwyn 2011 excavation: possible small smelting pits (Smith et al. 2014) -- Figure 4.31: Pentrwyn 2011 excavation plan and sections (Smith et al. 2014) -- Figure 5.1: Stuttgart SAM project (1960-1974) proposed this complex artefact-based metal group classification (Junghans et al 1968) -- Figure 5.2: Graphical representations of the artefact-based metal groups proposed by Waterbolk and Butler (1965) using eight elements and a logarithmic scale. -- Figure 5.3: Two examples of data display to indicate provenance. Top: Histogram comparing Austrian Mitterberg copper ores (blue shading) and the copper in the Nebra sky disc (triangles) and the associated metalwork hoard (green dots) (after Pernicka 2004 Figure 5.4: Changes in fahlore and chalcopyrite ore usage in the Eastern Alps over time (Lutz and Pernicka 2013) |
| title | Boom and Bust in Bronze Age Britain the Great Orme Copper Mine and European Trade |
| title_auth | Boom and Bust in Bronze Age Britain the Great Orme Copper Mine and European Trade |
| title_exact_search | Boom and Bust in Bronze Age Britain the Great Orme Copper Mine and European Trade |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Boom and Bust in Bronze Age Britain the Great Orme Copper Mine and European Trade |
| title_full | Boom and Bust in Bronze Age Britain the Great Orme Copper Mine and European Trade |
| title_fullStr | Boom and Bust in Bronze Age Britain the Great Orme Copper Mine and European Trade |
| title_full_unstemmed | Boom and Bust in Bronze Age Britain the Great Orme Copper Mine and European Trade |
| title_short | Boom and Bust in Bronze Age Britain |
| title_sort | boom and bust in bronze age britain the great orme copper mine and european trade |
| title_sub | the Great Orme Copper Mine and European Trade |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT williamsralan boomandbustinbronzeagebritainthegreatormecoppermineandeuropeantrade |