Secret Leviathan: secrecy and state capacity under Soviet communism
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Stanford, California
Hoover Institution
2023
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| Schriftenreihe: | Stanford-Hoover series on authoritarianism
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| Beschreibung: | Enthält Literatur- und Indexverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xxv, 341 Seiten Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781503628892 |
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| adam_text | Contents List of Figures List of Tables ix xi Preface xv Acknowledgments xxi Abbreviations and Russian Terms xxiii 1 Secret Leviathan 2 The Secrecy/Capacity Tradeoff 33 3 The Secrecy Tax 65 4 Secrecy and Fear 90 5 Secret Policing and Discrimination 120 6 Secret Policing and Mistrust 151 7 Secrecy and the Uninformed Elite 196 8 Secrecy and Twenty-First-Century Authoritarianism 233 Notes 261 Bibliography 303 Index 333 1 vii
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Index Abyzov, Mikhail, 242, 243 access to secrets: clearance for (dopusk), 4,13,15, 23, 26-27,122-123, 126-143, 148, 241; costs and benefits of, 76-77, 241-242; numbers with, 138-140; cases of persons with, de spite lack of clearance, 141; see also defense outlays agents, see informers airliner shootdowns (KAL007 and MH17), 248 Akerlof, George, 111 Akhromeev, Sergei, 213-218, 222-223, 230 Alexander I of Russia, 98 alphabet theory of economic develop ment, 312Ո58 Andropov, Yurii, xx, 315Ո27 Armed Forces: of Russia in World War I, 98; of the Soviet Union in World War II, 98,125,126, 241; size of com pared to United States, 202-204; role in military procurement, 222, 230; war losses memorialized, 241 arms control and disarmament, 30, 209,211-213,226 Arrow, Kenneth, 234 Article 58 (Soviet law on crimes against the state), 94,131 authoritarianism, xvii-xx, 16-20, 245-250 Babel, Isaak, 191 Babkin, Anatolii, 257 Babushkin, official of Soviet Moldavia, 101 Beliakov, Oleg, 212-213, 216-217, 220, 229 Beria, Lavrentii, 4, 97 Besley, Timothy, 38 Bobkov, Filipp, 217 Bolsheviks, see Communist Party of the Soviet Union Borychev (Gosbank official), 105 Brecht, Bertolt, 156 Breton, Albert, 156 Brezhnev, Leonid, xx, 265Ո53; time of, 20,107,197, 222, 231 Brus, Włodzimierz, 145,148 Bulanov (Gulag official), 103,104, 107 Burinskaitė, Kristina, 137 333
334 INDEX Butler Report (on intelligence con cerning weapons of mass destruc tion in Iraq), 229 Carr, Edward Hallett, 263Ո21 cartography, printed, 98 censorship, 2, 8-13,16-20,21, 22,31,35, 55, 97, 233, 234, 239, 246,247,248, 250, 251,256; in Imperial Russia; 12-13; in the United States, 21; self-censorship, 191; in the Russian Federation, 239; versus propaganda, 263Ո17 Central Committee (CPSU), 14; no menklatura of 26; decisions of, 212, 218-219, 227; officers of, 213,217,235 Chapman, Anna, 259 Chechnia, 245 Chernobyl nuclear power plant disas ter, 56-57, 212,239-241, 294Ո30 Chernyshov (MVD official), 103,104, 106 China, 30; measures of state capac ity in, 45-49,62-63; trust in 155; informers in, 162,168, 286Ո23, 288Ո36,289Ո41, 290Ո51, 291Ո56, 291Ո63; adaptation of communist rule in, 245,251,252,256 Chirkov (Gulag official), 102 Chișinău, 170 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency, United States), 206-210,217, 225, 227, 228; benchmark data of, 206207; building block methodology of, 206-207,209, 228, 293Ո17 civil society: coevolution with the state, 1,40,58, capacity for coopera tion in, 193; impaired intentionally or not, 194; depleted in modern Russia, 236, 251 closed cities, 4 codenames: of labor camps, 100; of KGB agents, 160; see also numbered factories Comecon (Council for Mutual Eco nomic Assistance), 44-45,46,59-64 commitment, in exchange for trust, 29, 123,163-166,168,169,175,188 Communist Party of the Soviet Union: leaders of, xx, 4,14,18,19,24, 30,34,121,148,151,156,158,190, 193; members of, 127,132-134,177, 180,184,185,264Ո39; members protected against
prosecution, 264Ո39; see also Central Committee; communist rule; conspirativeness; Politburo communist rule: goals of, 34-35,53-54, 266Ո4; and state-building, 39-40, 44-49, 250; culture of secrecy, 56-57; and trust, 154-156; use of informers, 157-158; and war prepa rations, 198; golden or leaden age of, 231; end of in the Soviet Union, 235, 238-239 compromising evidence: see kompromat Conquest, Robert, 145,148 conspirativeness, 3,4,5,13-15,17,28, 123; norms of, 13; violated egre giously, 19; explained, 37; of the underground party, 56, 264Ո26; as persistent culture, 56, 76,237,239, 241; in civil society, 157,191,194; and informers, 164,166; alternative translations of, 263Ո26 contracts, incomplete, 165 Cooper, Julian, 16,231, 242 cooperation: obstacles to, 3,28, 51; coerced, 137; and diversity, 146-147; and trust, 150,153-154,156,159; willing or not, 162-163,189, 286n8; economic and political, 193, 216; in hierarchies, 286Ո22 coronavirus pandemic, 238,250, гббпбі Council of Ministers (government of the Soviet Union), 18,22,97 Cuba, 47,63, 245
INDEX Danilov, Valentin, 257 Davies, Robert William, 3, 200 defense outlays of the Soviet Union, 30,196-232; grey zone in account ing for, 198, 227; compared to US defense outlays, 201-203; estimated by method of building blocks, 206-209; estimated by method of residuals, 209-210; real burden of, 224-225; secret or mystery, 228-229; not decisive in the Soviet collapse, 230 deficit commodities, 135-136; see also shortages under communism democracy: defined, xix-xx; and se crecy, 24,28,36, 51-52,118,124-125; and indecision, 111,118; and sur veillance, 157; and civil society, 236; and open government, 251-252; and disillusion, 261Ո4 DIA (Defense Intelligence Agency, United States), 207-211, 242, 259 dictator’s dilemma, 121-122 dictatorship, see authoritarianism Dincecco, Mark, 38 disarmament, see arms control and disarmament discrimination, 29; and secrecy, 122-123; statistical, 123-124; costs of, 125,143-150; positive, 146 disinformation, 155,198, 208, 234-235, 247-249, 251,256 Diukanov (MVD official), 109 diversity, 29,125; gains and losses from, 146-147, 284Ո58-59; fear of, 253, 256 Djilas, Milovan, 168 Dobrynin (Gulag official), 101-105 Dobrynin, Anatolil, 217 dopusk (clearance for access), see under access to secrets Dunskaya, Irina, 142 Dzerzhinskii, Feliks, memorialized, 174, 239, 241, 298Ո25 335 East Germany, measures of state ca pacity in, 61, 62; surveillance in, 185, ιθ7,192-19З Egorov, Georgy, 50, 55,144 elite, informed or not, 30,199, 231, 247-249 Espionage Act (United States), 21 espionage, 93, 95: use of trawlers for, 138; mass killing to assure suppres
sion of, 143; based on open-source intelligence, 242, 257-259; 188; total, 286Ո24; see also spies famine, 10,50,199 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation, United States), security vetting by, 26; documentation of, 74; informer network of, 158,161-162,195 fear: of penalization, 28,113-115; of strangers, 191-192; of diversity, 253, 256 Federal Employee Loyalty Program (United States), 26 Fedorchuk, Vitalii, 82 Filatkin (MVD official), 104-106 first departments, see secret departments Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 3 forced labor, Soviet system of, 4,10, 17,18,304Ո15; persons sentenced to terms of, 95,130,167,168,172; and secrecy, 96-99; and trust, 155; see also Gulag Frankland, Mark, 52 Freedom of Information Act (United States), 25 Fridkin, Vladimir, 7 FSB (Federal Security Service), see secret police (Russian Federation) Geddes, Barbara, 47 Geloso, Vincent, 43 Glavlit, 9-12,248; see also censorship
336 INDEX Glavpromstroi, Soviet nuclear con struction projects of, 103-104 Glubokov, Yevgenii, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227,228 Gobis (KGB agent), 169-171,175,177, 182,188 Golubev (Gulag official), 108 Gomes, Francisco J., 111 Gomyranov (KGB officer), 182,183 Google Books, 10, 280Ո2, 290ПН Gor’kii, Maksim, 69, 97 Gorbachev, Mikhail, xx, 11,30,56,57, 211-212,219-221, 223,231, 232,240, 294Ո30, 296Ո56 Gorlizki, Yoram, 18,156 Gornostaev (MVD official), 101-103,108 Gorshenin, Konstantin, 95 Gosbank (Soviet central bank), 101-108 Gosplan (Soviet economic planning commission), 213, 222, 223; Gosplan affair, 72-73,109 Grybkauskas, Saulius, 141 Gulag (chief administration of labor camps, Soviet Union), 4,17,67,69, 70,72,92,96-110,111; historical writing on, 276Ո15, 277Ո23 Gunther, John, 2 Guriev, Sergei, 50,55, 247-250 Hanson, Jonathan K., 38,39 Hatch Act (United States), 26 Hobbes, Thomas, 1 Hoover Institution, 66,78-79,85 Hosking, Geoffrey, 154 indecision, 92; see also procrastination information security oversight in the United States, 25,84, 220 information sharing, 30, 233, 246,247, 251-254, 256 informers, 22, 27, 29,76, in the work place, 137, and trust, 151-152, role of, 157-158, attributes and num bers of, 159-163, recruitment and management of, 163-189; fear of, 189-195 International Monetary Fund, 242-243 ISOO (Information Security Oversight Office, United States), see infor mation security oversight in the United States Johnson, Noel D., 38 Kataev, Vitalii, 212-213, 217,220-221 Katyn massacre of Polish officers, 10 KGB (Committee of State Security, Soviet Union), 22,25;
photocopy ing suppressed by, 4; and phone tapping, 7; and the regime of se crecy, 8,83,231, 239; and the secret departments, 15,239; and kompromat, 29; and informers, 31; of Soviet Lithuania, documentation, 66-67, 71, 78,85-89; lost document of, 69; audit role of, 74; burdened by secret paperwork, 77-84; archive of, 79, 82,87,120,241; uniform practices of, 82; and kompromat, 120-135; economic department and scarcity of loyal managers, 135-143,145-146; suppressing disruption, 147; as gate keeper to secrecy, 148; and inform ers’ recruitment and management, 151-195; officers and former officers of, 213, 217, 219, 231, 237,240,244, 245; split into domestic and foreign branches, 239 Khlevniuk, Oleg, 18 Khrushchev, Nikita, xx; and the Thaw, 16-20; secret speech of, 18,47; dis missal of, 67; time of, 231 Klaipėda (Lithuania), 161,168,179,180, 181 Kliueva, Nina, 93, 94,114
INDEX knowledge: compartmentalization of, 3,13,41,196-197,199, 231; as power, 149; uncertainty of, as disempower ment, 234, 251, 256 Komandulis (KGB agent), 178,182,187 kompromat (compromising evidence), 29,137, 280Ո2,280Ո5; for selection, 120-135,141,142,146-150; for co ercive control, 165,172,176, 28ՕՈ5, 288Ո36 Kopaev (Gulag official), 102,108 Korabel’nik (KGB agent), 178,182, 187 Korea, 18; North Korea, 47, 245, 247 Kotlikoff, Laurence J., 111 Koyama, Mark, 38 KPK (Party Control Commission, CPSU), 66,109 “KR” affair, 92-96,114-117 Krementsov, Nikolai, 95 Kruglov, Sergei, 104,105,106 Kurbatov (MVD official), 108 Kurenkov, Gennadii, 13 Lachapelle, Jean, 47 Laptev, Pavel, 235, 240 Lee, William T., 206-211 Lenin, Vladimir, xx; and telephony, 8; and censorship, 9; and avoidance of paper trails, 14; and the state, 35; and the single-party state, 57; and mass production, 245-246; and property rights, 267Ո5 Leviathan, metaphor for the state, 1; types of (Despotic, Shackled, etc.), 1; Leviathan of a Thousand Lies, 31, 234,25; Despotic Leviathan, 117; Shackled Leviathan, 267Ո206; see also Secret Leviathan Liamin (Gulag official), 101,109 Lichter, Andreas, 192 Lih, Lars, 33 List, Friedrich, 43 337 Lithuania, history of, 79-82, 87,122, 125-126; destruction or removal of KGB records from, 87,166,169; shortage of loyal managers in, 136; size and growth of secret sphere in, 138-140; history of discrimination in, 146; surveillance in, 160-161 Löffler, Max, 192 mailboxes, see secure facilities Mamulov (MVD official), 105 Marx, Karl, 35 Marxism-Leninism, 35, 249 Mashukov, Yurii, 213,
222-229 mass repressions, 10,24,116,125, 265Ո47, 287Ո24; declining fre quency of, 17-18, 247 Matevosov (Gulag official), 105,108 Medvedev, Dmitrii, 242 Metropolitan Police (London), secret paperwork costs of, 83 Milanovic, Branko, 46, 60, 63 minimal untruthfulness, 199 Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union), 197,198, 222, 240; current archive of, 241 Ministry of Finance (Soviet Union), 4 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union), 9, 213 Ministry of Health (Soviet Union), 240 Ministry of Justice (Soviet Union), 17, 97-98 mistrust, see trust Misztal, Barbara, 152 Miterev, Georgii, 93,94 Molotov, Viacheslav, 93,125 Moore’s Law, 246 Morozov, Pavlik, cult of, 190 Moscow, 8, 235,236; labor camps in, 96, 97; Radio Plant, 142; World Festival of Youth and Students in, 167,170; bombing of apartment building, 245
338 INDEX Moynihan Report (on government secrecy), 269Ո45 MVD (Soviet Ministry of Internal Af fairs), 4,69,72, 85, 88,100-109,143 national income accounts, alternative systems of, 59,64 Navalny, Aleksei, 243, 244 Neman (KGB agent), 167-168,179,182, 186 Nemtsov, Boris, 243 Neuendorf, Ulrike, 192 Nicholas II of Russia, 14 Nikitin, Aleksandr, 257 Nikulochkin (Gulag official), 103 NKVD (Soviet People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs), see MVD nomenklatura, 26,144, 236-237 North, Douglass C., 57 numbered factories, 16 Obruchnikov (MVD official), 101,102 Open Government Partnership, 242,243 open secrets, 27,29,159,190 Organization for Economic Coopera tion and Development, 42,44-46, 59-64 Orgburo (CPSU), 14 Panevėžys (Lithuania), 125-133 Parin, Vasilii, 93,94 Pasko, Grigorii, 257 Pasternak, Boris, 168 Pavlov, Ivan, 258 Persson, Torsten, 38 Petkevičius, Juozas, 67 Petrovskii, Vladimir, 212,219 photocopying, suppression of, 7-8; difficulty of obtaining photocopier, 263Ш5 police state, 29,34 Politburo (CPSU): decisions of, 13,14, 114,197,199,200,213; members of, 93, 217; information available to, 200,222,228,230,231,235 Politkovskaia, Anna, 243 Presidential Archive, 241 price reform, proposed, 215,219 procrastination, explanations of, 111-112,255 Prombank (Soviet bank for industry), 105 public choice, 54,269Ո43 Putin, Vladimir, 237,243-245,247,249, 250,253-254 Red Army, see under Armed Forces regime, xvii; of secrecy, see secrecy, regime of Reshetin, Igor, 258 Reykjavik conference, 212 Rid, Thomas, 235 Rigberg, Benjamin, 12 Rimkus (KGB agent), 168,169,175,180, 182,194 Rose-
Ackerman, Susan, 111 Rosefielde, Steven, 208-211 Roskin, Grigoril, 93, 94,114 Rubanov, Vladimir, 219 rule of law: condition of democracy, xix-xx; deficient under commu nism, 48; undermined by disinfor mation, 235; product of Shackled Leviathan, 236; in the Russian Federation, 238 Russia, Imperial, 6,12-13,57; Soviet Russia, 8-9,154; Russian Federa tion, 233-259 Ruta (KGB agent), 172-174,175,181, 182,183,186 Ryzhov, Yurii, 235, 240 Salter, Alexander, 43 secrecy (Imperial Russia), 12-13,57, 263Ո23 secrecy (Russian Federation), 233-259
INDEX secrecy (Soviet Russia), 8-9 secrecy (Soviet Union): character of, 2-5; four pillars of, 5-16, after the Thaw, 16-20; norms compared to the United States, 20-27; reflexive or not, 24,65-78,85; as a factor in state capacity, 49-54,113-117; ratio nality of, 54-58,59, 256; measured as a tax on government business, 78-89; over medical research, 92-96; over forced labor, 96-99; fear engendered by rules of, 99-113; over selection for employment and travel abroad, 120-150; over surveil lance, 151-195; over defense outlays, 196-232; spectacle of, 254 secrecy (United States), 20-27 secrecy as necessary evil, 24,36,52, 53,2·52 secrecy, benefits and costs of, 31, 44-49; procedural costs of, 74-78; leakage costs and fear costs of, 110-115; when used for discrimina tion, 143-149; when used to conceal surveillance, 189-194; when used to compartmentalize information, 229-232 secrecy, regime of, defined, 4; elements of, 5-16, 239; changes in, 16-20; 28, 96-99, 235-245; reflexive or not, 24,74-78; kompromat in, 122-123; rejected, 219-220; collapsed; 235; exposed, 240; term unknown until 1987, 262mi secrecy/capacity tradeoff, 49-54. 85, 113-117, ՍՏ՜ԱՑ, 194, 250-254, 256; as “toy” model, 269Ո38 secret (“first”) departments, 5, 71; 73, 74; role of, 15,72, 83, 90-91,136; status lost, 239; status regained, 242 secret documents, life course of, 66-74; destruction of, 13, 65-67,73, 339 75,81-82, 87, 91,166,169; see also access to secrets Secret Leviathan, 2, 36; evolution into Leviathan of а Thousand Lies, 31, 234, 247; frightening character of, 91; indecisive, 118; suspicious, 121;
operations abroad, 234; near death of, 235, 239; convalescent, 241, 243; living on elsewhere, 245, 256; capac ity less than appeared, 255 secret police (China), surveillance by, 162; practices of, 286Ո23, 288Ո36, 289Ո41,290Ո51,291Ո56, 291Ո63 secret police (East Germany), sur veillance by, 192,193; practices of, 288Ո36, 288Ո38, 289Ո44, 289Ո45, 290Ո52, 291Ո54, 291Ո55,292Ո65, 292Ո73-74 secret police (Romania), 161 secret police (Russian Federation), 237, 239, 241, 242, 245, 257,259 secret police (Soviet Russia and Soviet Union): Cheka and Chekists, 9,15, 173-174; 241; NKVD, 113,171; see also KGB secure facilities, 138-140; mailboxes of, 101-109,130 Securitate, see secret police (Romania) security classification (secret, top secret, etc.), principles of, 3, 20-26, 90,139-140, 240-244 security/usability tradeoff, see tradeoff Semichastnyi, Vladimir, 176 Serov, Ivan, 103,108 Shchurov, Vladimir, 258 Shleifer, Andrei, 238 shortages under communism, 135,136, 139,140,142,170,192; see also deficit commodities Šiauliai (Lithuania), 169,177,178,182 Siddiqi, Asif, 27 Siegloch, Sebastian, 192 Sigman, Rachel, 38-39
340 INDEX siloviki (strongmen), 236, 237 Skripal, Sergei, 259 Slobodkin (MVD official), 101,102 Smith, Hedrick, 151,191,192 Smyslov, Valentin, 213 Smyth Report on atomic bomb tech nology, 95 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 97 Sonin, Konstantin, 50,55,144 Soviet planned economy, stereotype of, 204 spies, hypothetical, 95; potential, 167-168,190; fictional, 171; actual, 259; see also espionage “spin” dictators, 247-249,251 Stalin, Joseph: contested or estab lished autocrat, xx; and the regime of secrecy, 17,28,117-119; ageing of, 18; and Voznesenskii, 72-73; and the KR affair, 92-96,114-115; death of, 97,109; psychopathology of, 115-117; and innocent victims, 143-144; and competence versus loyalty, 144; and cultural diversity, 147; and trust, 154,155; and defense outlays, 200,205,230; and mass production, 246; changing person ality of, 261П8; time of, 149,155,197, 289Ո42; conditions after death of, see the Thaw Stanislav (KGB agent), 171,172,175,181, 182,188 Stasi, see secret police (East Germany) state capacity, aspects of: coercive capacity, 1,41,44; human capacity, 29,148,150,39,41, 85,112,148,253; administrative capacity, 39,40,41; fiscal capacity, 39,44,45; productive capacity, 39,198; durability or lon gevity, 40,42,48; learning capacity, 40, 253; legal capacity, 41, 236 state capacity: descriptively or nor matively defined, 38-39,268Ո30; productive or wasteful, 42-43; notional or effective, 113-115 state capacity, measured: by tax shares, 45,59,60,64; by ownership shares, 59,60,64 Steinberg, Dmitri, 208,210,211,222 Stockholm International Peace Re search Institute
(SIPRI), 207, 208, 211 Sutiagin, Igor, 242, 259 Svolik, Milan, xx telephony: automated (use and sup pression of), 7-8,238; conspirative, 14-15; to avoid paperwork, 77; labor camp phone numbers, 96; cell phone registrations, 238,246 textual analysis, quantitative, 87 Thatcher, Margaret, 220 Thaw, the, 11,16,17,19,20,122,149,238 Tilly, Richard, 43 top secret: see security classification, principles of tradeoff: security/usability, 50,256; repression/cooption, 53; competence/ loyalty, 53,144,148; secrecy/capacity, see secrecy/capacity tradeoff travel abroad, permission to, 76; a privilege, 121-122; refusal of, 123, 126-128,130,131,133,135,141, 283Ո34 Treisman, Daniel, 238, 247, 248, 249, 250 trust: and mistrust, 27,37,53, 66, 71, 91,116,123,132,151,189-194,197, 255; external trust, 30, 222; and informers, 151-152,158-159,163-164, 165,167-176,188; generalized, inter personal, and measured by social surveys, 152-153, value of, 153-154; level of in Soviet society, 154-155; low by intention or not, 155-156; forced, 156; in hierarchies, vertical
INDEX and horizontal, 156-157, 286Ո22; and disinformation, 234-235; and information sharing, 250, 251 trusted persons, see informers trustworthiness, 26, 41-42 Tumantsev (KGB officer), 182,183 Vasilevskii, Aleksandr, 106 Vatulescu, Cristina, 254 Verdery, Katherine, 288Ո32 Viceira, Luis Μ., 111 Vietnam, 47, 63, 245 Vilnius: incidents in, 22,167,170; American tourists in, 132,133; KGB in, 136,138; surveillance in schools and colleges in, 161,167,170,171,178, 179,181; KGB staff in, 164; secure facilities in, 166; Vilnius-Kuznica (Poland) railroad, 171,181 Volkovyskii (Gulag official), 101 Voznesenskii, Nikolai, 72-73, 276Ո10 VPK (Soviet State Military Industrial Commission), 223 War Service Regulations (United States), 26 wars: Russian Civil War, 9,14,143; World War 1,12,33, 98; Soviet 341 occupation of Eastern Poland and Baltic Republics, 18,125-126,129, 130-132,158, World War II, 10,18, 142,177, 200-201, 283Ո46; Cold War, 20, 25, 26, 77,158,169,195, 197,198, 216, 229, 234, 235; Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, 47, 203, 245, 253; Russian war in Chechnia, 245; Russian occupation of Crimea and eastern Ukraine, 244; Russian full scale invasion of Ukraine, 250, 253-2.54 Wiles, Peter J. D., 199, 208, 210, 211 Wintrobe, Ronald, 121,156, 269 World Values Survey, 154-155 Yakovlev, Aleksandr, 217 Yeltsin, Boris, 236, 237, 240, 244, 245 Yemokhonov, Nikolai, 213 Yezhov, Nikolai, 143 Yurchak, Alexei, 48 Zaikov, Lev, 217 Zakharov, Aleksei, 144 Zakharova, Larissa, 14 Zhdanov, Andrei, 93,94,114 Zikeev (MVD official), 103 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
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Contents List of Figures List of Tables ix xi Preface xv Acknowledgments xxi Abbreviations and Russian Terms xxiii 1 Secret Leviathan 2 The Secrecy/Capacity Tradeoff 33 3 The Secrecy Tax 65 4 Secrecy and Fear 90 5 Secret Policing and Discrimination 120 6 Secret Policing and Mistrust 151 7 Secrecy and the Uninformed Elite 196 8 Secrecy and Twenty-First-Century Authoritarianism 233 Notes 261 Bibliography 303 Index 333 1 vii
Bibliography Archives Hoover/GARF: Archives of the Soviet Communist Party and Soviet State Mi crofilm Collection at the Hoover Institution Library Archives, Stanford University, California. Records of the State Archive of the Russian Federa tion (Moscow). The originals of these records are held by the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF, Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii), described at https://statearchive.ru/. Hoover/Kataev: Vitalii Leonidovich Kataev collection at the Hoover Insti tution Library Archives, Stanford University, California, described at https://0ac.cdlib.0rg/findaid/ark:/13030/kt900039p6/. Hoover/LYA: Lietuvos ypatingasis archyvas (Lithuanian Special Archives), Lietuvos SSR Valstybės Saugumo Komitetas (Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, Committee of State Security) at the Hoover Institution, selected records, 1940-1985. Stanford, California. The originals of these records are to be found in the Lithuanian Special Archives (LYA, Lietuvos ypatingasis archyvas) in Vilnius, described at http://www.archyvai.lt/en/archives/spe cialarchive s .html). Hoover/RG ANI: Archives of the Soviet Communist Party and Soviet State Mi crofilm Collection at the Hoover Institution. Records of the Russian State Archive of Recent History (Moscow). The originals of these records are held by the Russian State Archive of Recent History (RGANI, Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennoi Arkhiv Noveishei Istorii), described at һггр://ргани.рф. Hoover/Volkogonov: Dmitrii Antonovich Volkogonov papers at the Hoover In stitution Library Archives, Stanford University,
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Index Abyzov, Mikhail, 242, 243 access to secrets: clearance for (dopusk), 4,13,15, 23, 26-27,122-123, 126-143, 148, 241; costs and benefits of, 76-77, 241-242; numbers with, 138-140; cases of persons with, de spite lack of clearance, 141; see also defense outlays agents, see informers airliner shootdowns (KAL007 and MH17), 248 Akerlof, George, 111 Akhromeev, Sergei, 213-218, 222-223, 230 Alexander I of Russia, 98 alphabet theory of economic develop ment, 312Ո58 Andropov, Yurii, xx, 315Ո27 Armed Forces: of Russia in World War I, 98; of the Soviet Union in World War II, 98,125,126, 241; size of com pared to United States, 202-204; role in military procurement, 222, 230; war losses memorialized, 241 arms control and disarmament, 30, 209,211-213,226 Arrow, Kenneth, 234 Article 58 (Soviet law on crimes against the state), 94,131 authoritarianism, xvii-xx, 16-20, 245-250 Babel, Isaak, 191 Babkin, Anatolii, 257 Babushkin, official of Soviet Moldavia, 101 Beliakov, Oleg, 212-213, 216-217, 220, 229 Beria, Lavrentii, 4, 97 Besley, Timothy, 38 Bobkov, Filipp, 217 Bolsheviks, see Communist Party of the Soviet Union Borychev (Gosbank official), 105 Brecht, Bertolt, 156 Breton, Albert, 156 Brezhnev, Leonid, xx, 265Ո53; time of, 20,107,197, 222, 231 Brus, Włodzimierz, 145,148 Bulanov (Gulag official), 103,104, 107 Burinskaitė, Kristina, 137 333
334 INDEX Butler Report (on intelligence con cerning weapons of mass destruc tion in Iraq), 229 Carr, Edward Hallett, 263Ո21 cartography, printed, 98 censorship, 2, 8-13,16-20,21, 22,31,35, 55, 97, 233, 234, 239, 246,247,248, 250, 251,256; in Imperial Russia; 12-13; in the United States, 21; self-censorship, 191; in the Russian Federation, 239; versus propaganda, 263Ո17 Central Committee (CPSU), 14; no menklatura of 26; decisions of, 212, 218-219, 227; officers of, 213,217,235 Chapman, Anna, 259 Chechnia, 245 Chernobyl nuclear power plant disas ter, 56-57, 212,239-241, 294Ո30 Chernyshov (MVD official), 103,104, 106 China, 30; measures of state capac ity in, 45-49,62-63; trust in 155; informers in, 162,168, 286Ո23, 288Ո36,289Ո41, 290Ո51, 291Ո56, 291Ո63; adaptation of communist rule in, 245,251,252,256 Chirkov (Gulag official), 102 Chișinău, 170 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency, United States), 206-210,217, 225, 227, 228; benchmark data of, 206207; building block methodology of, 206-207,209, 228, 293Ո17 civil society: coevolution with the state, 1,40,58, capacity for coopera tion in, 193; impaired intentionally or not, 194; depleted in modern Russia, 236, 251 closed cities, 4 codenames: of labor camps, 100; of KGB agents, 160; see also numbered factories Comecon (Council for Mutual Eco nomic Assistance), 44-45,46,59-64 commitment, in exchange for trust, 29, 123,163-166,168,169,175,188 Communist Party of the Soviet Union: leaders of, xx, 4,14,18,19,24, 30,34,121,148,151,156,158,190, 193; members of, 127,132-134,177, 180,184,185,264Ո39; members protected against
prosecution, 264Ո39; see also Central Committee; communist rule; conspirativeness; Politburo communist rule: goals of, 34-35,53-54, 266Ո4; and state-building, 39-40, 44-49, 250; culture of secrecy, 56-57; and trust, 154-156; use of informers, 157-158; and war prepa rations, 198; golden or leaden age of, 231; end of in the Soviet Union, 235, 238-239 compromising evidence: see kompromat Conquest, Robert, 145,148 conspirativeness, 3,4,5,13-15,17,28, 123; norms of, 13; violated egre giously, 19; explained, 37; of the underground party, 56, 264Ո26; as persistent culture, 56, 76,237,239, 241; in civil society, 157,191,194; and informers, 164,166; alternative translations of, 263Ո26 contracts, incomplete, 165 Cooper, Julian, 16,231, 242 cooperation: obstacles to, 3,28, 51; coerced, 137; and diversity, 146-147; and trust, 150,153-154,156,159; willing or not, 162-163,189, 286n8; economic and political, 193, 216; in hierarchies, 286Ո22 coronavirus pandemic, 238,250, гббпбі Council of Ministers (government of the Soviet Union), 18,22,97 Cuba, 47,63, 245
INDEX Danilov, Valentin, 257 Davies, Robert William, 3, 200 defense outlays of the Soviet Union, 30,196-232; grey zone in account ing for, 198, 227; compared to US defense outlays, 201-203; estimated by method of building blocks, 206-209; estimated by method of residuals, 209-210; real burden of, 224-225; secret or mystery, 228-229; not decisive in the Soviet collapse, 230 deficit commodities, 135-136; see also shortages under communism democracy: defined, xix-xx; and se crecy, 24,28,36, 51-52,118,124-125; and indecision, 111,118; and sur veillance, 157; and civil society, 236; and open government, 251-252; and disillusion, 261Ո4 DIA (Defense Intelligence Agency, United States), 207-211, 242, 259 dictator’s dilemma, 121-122 dictatorship, see authoritarianism Dincecco, Mark, 38 disarmament, see arms control and disarmament discrimination, 29; and secrecy, 122-123; statistical, 123-124; costs of, 125,143-150; positive, 146 disinformation, 155,198, 208, 234-235, 247-249, 251,256 Diukanov (MVD official), 109 diversity, 29,125; gains and losses from, 146-147, 284Ո58-59; fear of, 253, 256 Djilas, Milovan, 168 Dobrynin (Gulag official), 101-105 Dobrynin, Anatolil, 217 dopusk (clearance for access), see under access to secrets Dunskaya, Irina, 142 Dzerzhinskii, Feliks, memorialized, 174, 239, 241, 298Ո25 335 East Germany, measures of state ca pacity in, 61, 62; surveillance in, 185, ιθ7,192-19З Egorov, Georgy, 50, 55,144 elite, informed or not, 30,199, 231, 247-249 Espionage Act (United States), 21 espionage, 93, 95: use of trawlers for, 138; mass killing to assure suppres
sion of, 143; based on open-source intelligence, 242, 257-259; 188; total, 286Ո24; see also spies famine, 10,50,199 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation, United States), security vetting by, 26; documentation of, 74; informer network of, 158,161-162,195 fear: of penalization, 28,113-115; of strangers, 191-192; of diversity, 253, 256 Federal Employee Loyalty Program (United States), 26 Fedorchuk, Vitalii, 82 Filatkin (MVD official), 104-106 first departments, see secret departments Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 3 forced labor, Soviet system of, 4,10, 17,18,304Ո15; persons sentenced to terms of, 95,130,167,168,172; and secrecy, 96-99; and trust, 155; see also Gulag Frankland, Mark, 52 Freedom of Information Act (United States), 25 Fridkin, Vladimir, 7 FSB (Federal Security Service), see secret police (Russian Federation) Geddes, Barbara, 47 Geloso, Vincent, 43 Glavlit, 9-12,248; see also censorship
336 INDEX Glavpromstroi, Soviet nuclear con struction projects of, 103-104 Glubokov, Yevgenii, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227,228 Gobis (KGB agent), 169-171,175,177, 182,188 Golubev (Gulag official), 108 Gomes, Francisco J., 111 Gomyranov (KGB officer), 182,183 Google Books, 10, 280Ո2, 290ПН Gor’kii, Maksim, 69, 97 Gorbachev, Mikhail, xx, 11,30,56,57, 211-212,219-221, 223,231, 232,240, 294Ո30, 296Ո56 Gorlizki, Yoram, 18,156 Gornostaev (MVD official), 101-103,108 Gorshenin, Konstantin, 95 Gosbank (Soviet central bank), 101-108 Gosplan (Soviet economic planning commission), 213, 222, 223; Gosplan affair, 72-73,109 Grybkauskas, Saulius, 141 Gulag (chief administration of labor camps, Soviet Union), 4,17,67,69, 70,72,92,96-110,111; historical writing on, 276Ո15, 277Ո23 Gunther, John, 2 Guriev, Sergei, 50,55, 247-250 Hanson, Jonathan K., 38,39 Hatch Act (United States), 26 Hobbes, Thomas, 1 Hoover Institution, 66,78-79,85 Hosking, Geoffrey, 154 indecision, 92; see also procrastination information security oversight in the United States, 25,84, 220 information sharing, 30, 233, 246,247, 251-254, 256 informers, 22, 27, 29,76, in the work place, 137, and trust, 151-152, role of, 157-158, attributes and num bers of, 159-163, recruitment and management of, 163-189; fear of, 189-195 International Monetary Fund, 242-243 ISOO (Information Security Oversight Office, United States), see infor mation security oversight in the United States Johnson, Noel D., 38 Kataev, Vitalii, 212-213, 217,220-221 Katyn massacre of Polish officers, 10 KGB (Committee of State Security, Soviet Union), 22,25;
photocopy ing suppressed by, 4; and phone tapping, 7; and the regime of se crecy, 8,83,231, 239; and the secret departments, 15,239; and kompromat, 29; and informers, 31; of Soviet Lithuania, documentation, 66-67, 71, 78,85-89; lost document of, 69; audit role of, 74; burdened by secret paperwork, 77-84; archive of, 79, 82,87,120,241; uniform practices of, 82; and kompromat, 120-135; economic department and scarcity of loyal managers, 135-143,145-146; suppressing disruption, 147; as gate keeper to secrecy, 148; and inform ers’ recruitment and management, 151-195; officers and former officers of, 213, 217, 219, 231, 237,240,244, 245; split into domestic and foreign branches, 239 Khlevniuk, Oleg, 18 Khrushchev, Nikita, xx; and the Thaw, 16-20; secret speech of, 18,47; dis missal of, 67; time of, 231 Klaipėda (Lithuania), 161,168,179,180, 181 Kliueva, Nina, 93, 94,114
INDEX knowledge: compartmentalization of, 3,13,41,196-197,199, 231; as power, 149; uncertainty of, as disempower ment, 234, 251, 256 Komandulis (KGB agent), 178,182,187 kompromat (compromising evidence), 29,137, 280Ո2,280Ո5; for selection, 120-135,141,142,146-150; for co ercive control, 165,172,176, 28ՕՈ5, 288Ո36 Kopaev (Gulag official), 102,108 Korabel’nik (KGB agent), 178,182, 187 Korea, 18; North Korea, 47, 245, 247 Kotlikoff, Laurence J., 111 Koyama, Mark, 38 KPK (Party Control Commission, CPSU), 66,109 “KR” affair, 92-96,114-117 Krementsov, Nikolai, 95 Kruglov, Sergei, 104,105,106 Kurbatov (MVD official), 108 Kurenkov, Gennadii, 13 Lachapelle, Jean, 47 Laptev, Pavel, 235, 240 Lee, William T., 206-211 Lenin, Vladimir, xx; and telephony, 8; and censorship, 9; and avoidance of paper trails, 14; and the state, 35; and the single-party state, 57; and mass production, 245-246; and property rights, 267Ո5 Leviathan, metaphor for the state, 1; types of (Despotic, Shackled, etc.), 1; Leviathan of a Thousand Lies, 31, 234,25; Despotic Leviathan, 117; Shackled Leviathan, 267Ո206; see also Secret Leviathan Liamin (Gulag official), 101,109 Lichter, Andreas, 192 Lih, Lars, 33 List, Friedrich, 43 337 Lithuania, history of, 79-82, 87,122, 125-126; destruction or removal of KGB records from, 87,166,169; shortage of loyal managers in, 136; size and growth of secret sphere in, 138-140; history of discrimination in, 146; surveillance in, 160-161 Löffler, Max, 192 mailboxes, see secure facilities Mamulov (MVD official), 105 Marx, Karl, 35 Marxism-Leninism, 35, 249 Mashukov, Yurii, 213,
222-229 mass repressions, 10,24,116,125, 265Ո47, 287Ո24; declining fre quency of, 17-18, 247 Matevosov (Gulag official), 105,108 Medvedev, Dmitrii, 242 Metropolitan Police (London), secret paperwork costs of, 83 Milanovic, Branko, 46, 60, 63 minimal untruthfulness, 199 Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union), 197,198, 222, 240; current archive of, 241 Ministry of Finance (Soviet Union), 4 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union), 9, 213 Ministry of Health (Soviet Union), 240 Ministry of Justice (Soviet Union), 17, 97-98 mistrust, see trust Misztal, Barbara, 152 Miterev, Georgii, 93,94 Molotov, Viacheslav, 93,125 Moore’s Law, 246 Morozov, Pavlik, cult of, 190 Moscow, 8, 235,236; labor camps in, 96, 97; Radio Plant, 142; World Festival of Youth and Students in, 167,170; bombing of apartment building, 245
338 INDEX Moynihan Report (on government secrecy), 269Ո45 MVD (Soviet Ministry of Internal Af fairs), 4,69,72, 85, 88,100-109,143 national income accounts, alternative systems of, 59,64 Navalny, Aleksei, 243, 244 Neman (KGB agent), 167-168,179,182, 186 Nemtsov, Boris, 243 Neuendorf, Ulrike, 192 Nicholas II of Russia, 14 Nikitin, Aleksandr, 257 Nikulochkin (Gulag official), 103 NKVD (Soviet People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs), see MVD nomenklatura, 26,144, 236-237 North, Douglass C., 57 numbered factories, 16 Obruchnikov (MVD official), 101,102 Open Government Partnership, 242,243 open secrets, 27,29,159,190 Organization for Economic Coopera tion and Development, 42,44-46, 59-64 Orgburo (CPSU), 14 Panevėžys (Lithuania), 125-133 Parin, Vasilii, 93,94 Pasko, Grigorii, 257 Pasternak, Boris, 168 Pavlov, Ivan, 258 Persson, Torsten, 38 Petkevičius, Juozas, 67 Petrovskii, Vladimir, 212,219 photocopying, suppression of, 7-8; difficulty of obtaining photocopier, 263Ш5 police state, 29,34 Politburo (CPSU): decisions of, 13,14, 114,197,199,200,213; members of, 93, 217; information available to, 200,222,228,230,231,235 Politkovskaia, Anna, 243 Presidential Archive, 241 price reform, proposed, 215,219 procrastination, explanations of, 111-112,255 Prombank (Soviet bank for industry), 105 public choice, 54,269Ո43 Putin, Vladimir, 237,243-245,247,249, 250,253-254 Red Army, see under Armed Forces regime, xvii; of secrecy, see secrecy, regime of Reshetin, Igor, 258 Reykjavik conference, 212 Rid, Thomas, 235 Rigberg, Benjamin, 12 Rimkus (KGB agent), 168,169,175,180, 182,194 Rose-
Ackerman, Susan, 111 Rosefielde, Steven, 208-211 Roskin, Grigoril, 93, 94,114 Rubanov, Vladimir, 219 rule of law: condition of democracy, xix-xx; deficient under commu nism, 48; undermined by disinfor mation, 235; product of Shackled Leviathan, 236; in the Russian Federation, 238 Russia, Imperial, 6,12-13,57; Soviet Russia, 8-9,154; Russian Federa tion, 233-259 Ruta (KGB agent), 172-174,175,181, 182,183,186 Ryzhov, Yurii, 235, 240 Salter, Alexander, 43 secrecy (Imperial Russia), 12-13,57, 263Ո23 secrecy (Russian Federation), 233-259
INDEX secrecy (Soviet Russia), 8-9 secrecy (Soviet Union): character of, 2-5; four pillars of, 5-16, after the Thaw, 16-20; norms compared to the United States, 20-27; reflexive or not, 24,65-78,85; as a factor in state capacity, 49-54,113-117; ratio nality of, 54-58,59, 256; measured as a tax on government business, 78-89; over medical research, 92-96; over forced labor, 96-99; fear engendered by rules of, 99-113; over selection for employment and travel abroad, 120-150; over surveil lance, 151-195; over defense outlays, 196-232; spectacle of, 254 secrecy (United States), 20-27 secrecy as necessary evil, 24,36,52, 53,2·52 secrecy, benefits and costs of, 31, 44-49; procedural costs of, 74-78; leakage costs and fear costs of, 110-115; when used for discrimina tion, 143-149; when used to conceal surveillance, 189-194; when used to compartmentalize information, 229-232 secrecy, regime of, defined, 4; elements of, 5-16, 239; changes in, 16-20; 28, 96-99, 235-245; reflexive or not, 24,74-78; kompromat in, 122-123; rejected, 219-220; collapsed; 235; exposed, 240; term unknown until 1987, 262mi secrecy/capacity tradeoff, 49-54. 85, 113-117, ՍՏ՜ԱՑ, 194, 250-254, 256; as “toy” model, 269Ո38 secret (“first”) departments, 5, 71; 73, 74; role of, 15,72, 83, 90-91,136; status lost, 239; status regained, 242 secret documents, life course of, 66-74; destruction of, 13, 65-67,73, 339 75,81-82, 87, 91,166,169; see also access to secrets Secret Leviathan, 2, 36; evolution into Leviathan of а Thousand Lies, 31, 234, 247; frightening character of, 91; indecisive, 118; suspicious, 121;
operations abroad, 234; near death of, 235, 239; convalescent, 241, 243; living on elsewhere, 245, 256; capac ity less than appeared, 255 secret police (China), surveillance by, 162; practices of, 286Ո23, 288Ո36, 289Ո41,290Ո51,291Ո56, 291Ո63 secret police (East Germany), sur veillance by, 192,193; practices of, 288Ո36, 288Ո38, 289Ո44, 289Ո45, 290Ո52, 291Ո54, 291Ո55,292Ո65, 292Ո73-74 secret police (Romania), 161 secret police (Russian Federation), 237, 239, 241, 242, 245, 257,259 secret police (Soviet Russia and Soviet Union): Cheka and Chekists, 9,15, 173-174; 241; NKVD, 113,171; see also KGB secure facilities, 138-140; mailboxes of, 101-109,130 Securitate, see secret police (Romania) security classification (secret, top secret, etc.), principles of, 3, 20-26, 90,139-140, 240-244 security/usability tradeoff, see tradeoff Semichastnyi, Vladimir, 176 Serov, Ivan, 103,108 Shchurov, Vladimir, 258 Shleifer, Andrei, 238 shortages under communism, 135,136, 139,140,142,170,192; see also deficit commodities Šiauliai (Lithuania), 169,177,178,182 Siddiqi, Asif, 27 Siegloch, Sebastian, 192 Sigman, Rachel, 38-39
340 INDEX siloviki (strongmen), 236, 237 Skripal, Sergei, 259 Slobodkin (MVD official), 101,102 Smith, Hedrick, 151,191,192 Smyslov, Valentin, 213 Smyth Report on atomic bomb tech nology, 95 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 97 Sonin, Konstantin, 50,55,144 Soviet planned economy, stereotype of, 204 spies, hypothetical, 95; potential, 167-168,190; fictional, 171; actual, 259; see also espionage “spin” dictators, 247-249,251 Stalin, Joseph: contested or estab lished autocrat, xx; and the regime of secrecy, 17,28,117-119; ageing of, 18; and Voznesenskii, 72-73; and the KR affair, 92-96,114-115; death of, 97,109; psychopathology of, 115-117; and innocent victims, 143-144; and competence versus loyalty, 144; and cultural diversity, 147; and trust, 154,155; and defense outlays, 200,205,230; and mass production, 246; changing person ality of, 261П8; time of, 149,155,197, 289Ո42; conditions after death of, see the Thaw Stanislav (KGB agent), 171,172,175,181, 182,188 Stasi, see secret police (East Germany) state capacity, aspects of: coercive capacity, 1,41,44; human capacity, 29,148,150,39,41, 85,112,148,253; administrative capacity, 39,40,41; fiscal capacity, 39,44,45; productive capacity, 39,198; durability or lon gevity, 40,42,48; learning capacity, 40, 253; legal capacity, 41, 236 state capacity: descriptively or nor matively defined, 38-39,268Ո30; productive or wasteful, 42-43; notional or effective, 113-115 state capacity, measured: by tax shares, 45,59,60,64; by ownership shares, 59,60,64 Steinberg, Dmitri, 208,210,211,222 Stockholm International Peace Re search Institute
(SIPRI), 207, 208, 211 Sutiagin, Igor, 242, 259 Svolik, Milan, xx telephony: automated (use and sup pression of), 7-8,238; conspirative, 14-15; to avoid paperwork, 77; labor camp phone numbers, 96; cell phone registrations, 238,246 textual analysis, quantitative, 87 Thatcher, Margaret, 220 Thaw, the, 11,16,17,19,20,122,149,238 Tilly, Richard, 43 top secret: see security classification, principles of tradeoff: security/usability, 50,256; repression/cooption, 53; competence/ loyalty, 53,144,148; secrecy/capacity, see secrecy/capacity tradeoff travel abroad, permission to, 76; a privilege, 121-122; refusal of, 123, 126-128,130,131,133,135,141, 283Ո34 Treisman, Daniel, 238, 247, 248, 249, 250 trust: and mistrust, 27,37,53, 66, 71, 91,116,123,132,151,189-194,197, 255; external trust, 30, 222; and informers, 151-152,158-159,163-164, 165,167-176,188; generalized, inter personal, and measured by social surveys, 152-153, value of, 153-154; level of in Soviet society, 154-155; low by intention or not, 155-156; forced, 156; in hierarchies, vertical
INDEX and horizontal, 156-157, 286Ո22; and disinformation, 234-235; and information sharing, 250, 251 trusted persons, see informers trustworthiness, 26, 41-42 Tumantsev (KGB officer), 182,183 Vasilevskii, Aleksandr, 106 Vatulescu, Cristina, 254 Verdery, Katherine, 288Ո32 Viceira, Luis Μ., 111 Vietnam, 47, 63, 245 Vilnius: incidents in, 22,167,170; American tourists in, 132,133; KGB in, 136,138; surveillance in schools and colleges in, 161,167,170,171,178, 179,181; KGB staff in, 164; secure facilities in, 166; Vilnius-Kuznica (Poland) railroad, 171,181 Volkovyskii (Gulag official), 101 Voznesenskii, Nikolai, 72-73, 276Ո10 VPK (Soviet State Military Industrial Commission), 223 War Service Regulations (United States), 26 wars: Russian Civil War, 9,14,143; World War 1,12,33, 98; Soviet 341 occupation of Eastern Poland and Baltic Republics, 18,125-126,129, 130-132,158, World War II, 10,18, 142,177, 200-201, 283Ո46; Cold War, 20, 25, 26, 77,158,169,195, 197,198, 216, 229, 234, 235; Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, 47, 203, 245, 253; Russian war in Chechnia, 245; Russian occupation of Crimea and eastern Ukraine, 244; Russian full scale invasion of Ukraine, 250, 253-2.54 Wiles, Peter J. D., 199, 208, 210, 211 Wintrobe, Ronald, 121,156, 269 World Values Survey, 154-155 Yakovlev, Aleksandr, 217 Yeltsin, Boris, 236, 237, 240, 244, 245 Yemokhonov, Nikolai, 213 Yezhov, Nikolai, 143 Yurchak, Alexei, 48 Zaikov, Lev, 217 Zakharov, Aleksei, 144 Zakharova, Larissa, 14 Zhdanov, Andrei, 93,94,114 Zikeev (MVD official), 103 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| discipline | Soziologie Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Soziologie Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:49:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781503628892 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034169146 |
| oclc_num | 1381147956 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-29 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-29 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | xxv, 341 Seiten Diagramme |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230825 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Hoover Institution |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Stanford-Hoover series on authoritarianism |
| spelling | Harrison, Mark 1949- Verfasser (DE-588)129246549 aut Secret Leviathan secrecy and state capacity under Soviet communism Mark Harrison Stanford, California Hoover Institution 2023 Stanford, California Stanford University Press 2023 xxv, 341 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Stanford-Hoover series on authoritarianism Enthält Literatur- und Indexverzeichnis Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Autoritärer Staat (DE-588)4256521-2 gnd rswk-swf Geheimhaltung (DE-588)4140232-7 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Geheimhaltung (DE-588)4140232-7 s Autoritärer Staat (DE-588)4256521-2 s Geschichte z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 9781503635845 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034169146&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034169146&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034169146&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Harrison, Mark 1949- Secret Leviathan secrecy and state capacity under Soviet communism Autoritärer Staat (DE-588)4256521-2 gnd Geheimhaltung (DE-588)4140232-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4256521-2 (DE-588)4140232-7 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | Secret Leviathan secrecy and state capacity under Soviet communism |
| title_auth | Secret Leviathan secrecy and state capacity under Soviet communism |
| title_exact_search | Secret Leviathan secrecy and state capacity under Soviet communism |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Secret Leviathan secrecy and state capacity under Soviet communism |
| title_full | Secret Leviathan secrecy and state capacity under Soviet communism Mark Harrison |
| title_fullStr | Secret Leviathan secrecy and state capacity under Soviet communism Mark Harrison |
| title_full_unstemmed | Secret Leviathan secrecy and state capacity under Soviet communism Mark Harrison |
| title_short | Secret Leviathan |
| title_sort | secret leviathan secrecy and state capacity under soviet communism |
| title_sub | secrecy and state capacity under Soviet communism |
| topic | Autoritärer Staat (DE-588)4256521-2 gnd Geheimhaltung (DE-588)4140232-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Autoritärer Staat Geheimhaltung Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034169146&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034169146&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034169146&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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