Galaxy Formation:
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin
Springer
[2023]
|
| Edition: | Third edition |
| Series: | Astronomy and Astrophysics Library
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltstext http://www.springer.com/ Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXV, 772 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 23.5 cm x 15.5 cm |
| ISBN: | 9783662658901 3662658909 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Longair, Malcolm |d 1941- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)120637561 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Galaxy Formation |c Malcolm S. Longair |
| 250 | |a Third edition | ||
| 263 | |a 202303 | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin |b Springer |c [2023] | |
| 300 | |a XXV, 772 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme |c 23.5 cm x 15.5 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Astronomy and Astrophysics Library | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Kosmologie |0 (DE-588)4114294-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Entstehung |0 (DE-588)4156614-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Astrophysik |0 (DE-588)4003326-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Galaxie |0 (DE-588)4057375-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 653 | |a graduate textbook cosmology | ||
| 653 | |a galaxy formation | ||
| 653 | |a development of structure in the Universe | ||
| 653 | |a cosmological models | ||
| 653 | |a contemporary observations of the Universe in all wavebands | ||
| 653 | |a the physics of cosmology and galaxy formation | ||
| 653 | |a great problems of cosmology | ||
| 653 | |a astrophysical cosmology textbook | ||
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| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Astrophysik |0 (DE-588)4003326-0 |D s |
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| _version_ | 1817968288394641408 |
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| adam_text |
CONTENTS
PART
I
PRELIMINARIES
1
A
VERY
BRIEF
HISTORY
OF
COSMOLOGY
AND
GALAXY
FORMATION
.
3
1.1
INTRODUCTION
.
3
1.2
EARLY
HISTORY
OF
COSMOLOGY
.
4
1.3
THE
GALAXIES
AND
THE
STRUCTURE
OF
OUR
GALAXY
.
5
1.4
THE
THEORY
OF
THE
EXPANDING
UNIVERSE
.
10
1.5
THE
BIG
BANG
.
14
1.6
GALAXY
AND
STRUCTURE
FORMATION
.
17
1.7
HOT
AND
COLD
DARK
MATTER
.
20
1.8
THE
VALUES
OF
THE
COSMOLOGICAL
PARAMETERS
.
21
1.9
THE
VERY
EARLY
UNIVERSE
.
24
1.10
THE
AGENDA
.
27
REFERENCES
.
27
2
THE
LARGE
SCALE
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
UNIVERSE
.
31
2.1
THE
ISOTROPY
AND
SPECTRUM
OF
THE
COSMIC
MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
.
31
2.1.1
THE
ISOTROPY
OF
THE
COSMIC
MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
.
32
2.1.2
THE
SPECTRUM
OF
THE
COSMIC
MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
.
37
2.2
THE
LARGE-SCALE
DISTRIBUTION
OF
GALAXIES
.
39
2.2.1
TWO-POINT
CORRELATION
FUNCTIONS
.
40
2.2.2
WALLS
AND
VOIDS
IN
THE
DISTRIBUTION
OF
GALAXIES
ON
LARGE
SCALES
.
43
2.2.3
THE
TOPOLOGY
OF
THE
GALAXY
DISTRIBUTION
ON
THE
LARGE
SCALE
.
46
2.3
HUBBLE
'
S
LAW
AND
THE EXPANSION
OF
THE
UNIVERSE
.
48
2.3.1
THE
VELOCITY-DISTANCE
RELATION
FOR
GALAXIES
AND
COUNTS
OF
GALAXIES
.
48
2.3.2
THE
EXPANSION
OF
THE
UNIVERSE
.
52
XV
XVI
CONTENTS
2.4
CONCLUSION
.
53
REFERENCES
.
54
3
GALAXIES
.
57
3.1
INTRODUCTION
.
57
3.2
THE
HUBBLE-DE
VAUCOULEURS
SEQUENCE
FOR
GALAXIES
.
58
3.3
PECULIAR,
INTERACTING,
STARBURST
AND
ACTIVE
GALAXIES
.
63
3.3.1
PECULIAR
AND
INTERACTING
GALAXIES
.
63
3.3.2
STARBURST
GALAXIES
.
67
3.3.3
ACTIVE
GALAXIES
.
67
3.4
CORRELATIONS
AMONG
THE
POPULATIONS
OF
GALAXIES:
BROADBAND
PROPERTIES
.
69
3.4.1
THE
RED
AND
BLUE
SEQUENCES
.
70
3.4.2
COLOUR
VERSUS
ABSOLUTE
MAGNITUDE
.
70
3.4.3
THE
LIGHT
DISTRIBUTION
IN
GALAXIES
AND
THE
SERSIC
INDEX
.
71
3.5
CORRELATIONS
AMONG
THE
POPULATIONS
OF
GALAXIES:
SPECTROSCOPIC
AND
GASEOUS
PROPERTIES
.
75
3.5.1
MEAN
STELLAR
AGE
AND
CONCENTRATION
C
.
76
3.5.2
THE
FABER-JACKSON
RELATION
AND
THE
FUNDAMENTAL
PLANE
.
78
3.5.3
LUMINOSITY-METALLICITY
RELATIONS
.
80
3.5.4
THE
TULLY-FISHER RELATION
FOR
SPIRAL
GALAXIES
.
82
3.5.5
NEUTRAL
AND
IONISED
GAS
ALONG
THE
HUBBLE
SEQUENCE
.
83
3.6
THE
MASSES
OF
GALAXIES
.
84
3.6.1
THE
VIRIAL
THEOREM
FOR
CLUSTERS
OF
STARS,
GALAXIES
AND
CLUSTERS
OF
GALAXIES
.
84
3.6.2
THE
ROTATION
CURVES
OF
SPIRAL
GALAXIES
.
87
3.6.3
THE
VELOCITY
DISPERSIONS
OF
ELLIPTICAL
GALAXIES
.
90
3.7
THE
LUMINOSITY
FUNCTION
OF
GALAXIES
.
91
3.7.1
IS
L*
A
STANDARD
CANDLE?
.
95
3.7.2
THE
BRIGHTEST
GALAXIES
IN
CLUSTERS
.
95
3.8
THE
EFFECT
OF
THE
GALAXY
ENVIRONMENT
.
96
3.9
THE
MEAN
MASS-TO-LUMINOSITY
RATIO
FOR
VISIBLE
MATTER
IN
THE
UNIVERSE
.
98
3.10
CONCLUDING
REMARK
.
100
REFERENCES
.
100
4
CLUSTERS
OF
GALAXIES
.
105
4.1
THE
DEMOGRAPHY
OF
CLUSTERS
OF
GALAXIES
.
106
4.1.1
THE
ABELL
CATALOGUES
OF
RICH
CLUSTERS
OF
GALAXIES
.
106
4.1.2 COMPARISON
WITH
CLUSTERS
SELECTED
FROM
THE
SLOAN
DIGITAL
SKY
SURVEY
.
108
4.1.3
SUPERCLUSTERING
AND
THE
LARGE-SCALE
DISTRIBUTION
OF
CLUSTERS
OF
GALAXIES
.
109
CONTENTS
XVII
4.2
THE
POPULATIONS
AND
SPATIAL
DISTRIBUTION
OF
GALAXIES
IN
CLUSTERS
.
112
4.3
ISOTHERMAL
GAS
SPHERES
.
113
4.3.1
THE
LUMINOSITY
FUNCTION
FOR
CLUSTER
GALAXIES
.
119
4.3.2
SUMMARY
OF
THE
PROPERTIES
OF
RICH
CLUSTERS
OF
GALAXIES
.
120
4.4
DYNAMICAL
ESTIMATES
OF
THE
MASSES
OF
CLUSTERS
OF
GALAXIES
.
121
4.5
X-RAY
OBSERVATIONS
OF
HOT
GAS
IN
CLUSTERS
OF
GALAXIES
.
124
4.5.1
DETERMINING
THE
GRAVITATIONAL
POTENTIAL
.
125
4.5.2
SCALING
RELATIONS
.
129
4.5.3
COOLING
FLOWS
.
131
4.6
THE
SUNYAEV-ZELDOVICH
EFFECT
IN
HOT
INTRACLUSTER
GAS
.
135
4.7
GRAVITATIONAL
LENSING
BY
GALAXIES
AND
CLUSTERS
OF
GALAXIES
.
141
4.7.1
BASIC
THEORY
OF
GRAVITATIONAL
DEFLECTIONS
.
142
4.7.2
MAGNIFICATION
OF
IMAGES
BY
GRAVITATIONAL
LENSING
.
144
4.7.3
EXTENDED
DEFLECTORS
.
147
4.7.4
GRAVITATIONAL
LENSING,
ASTROPHYSICS
AND
COSMOLOGY
.
150
4.8
FORMS
OF
DARK
MATTER
.
152
4.8.1
BARYONIC
DARK
MATTER
.
152
4.8.2
NEUTRINOS
WITH
FINITE
REST
MASS
.
155
4.8.3
ASTROPHYSICAL
CONSTRAINTS
.
156
4.9
REFLECTIONS
.
157
REFERENCES
.
158
PART
II
THE
BASIC
FRAMEWORK
5
THE
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
.
165
5.1
THE
COSMOLOGICAL
PRINCIPLE
.
165
5.2
ISOTROPIC
CURVED
SPACES
.
167
5.2.1
ISOTROPIC
2-DIMENSIONAL
SPHERICAL
GEOMETRIES
.
168
5.2.2
GENERAL
SOLUTION
FOR
ISOTROPIC
2-SPACES
.
169
5.3
THE
SPACE-TIME
METRIC
FOR
ISOTROPIC
CURVED
SPACES
.
172
5.4
THE
ROBERTSON-WALKER
METRIC
.
175
5.5
OBSERVATIONS
IN
COSMOLOGY
.
179
5.5.1
THE
COSMOLOGICAL
REDSHIFT
.
179
5.5.2
HUBBLE
'
S
LAW
.
184
5.5.3
ANGULAR
DIAMETERS
.
185
5.5.4
APPARENT
INTENSITIES
.
186
5.5.5
NUMBER
DENSITIES
.
189
5.5.6
THE
AGE
OF
THE
UNIVERSE
.
190
5.6
SUMMARY
.
190
REFERENCES
.
191
6
AN
INTRODUCTION
TO
RELATIVISTIC
GRAVITY
.
193
6.1
THE
PRINCIPLE
OF
EQUIVALENCE
.
194
6.2
THE
GRAVITATIONAL
REDSHIFT
.
197
XVIII
CONTENTS
6.3
THE
BENDING
OF
LIGHT
RAYS
.
200
6.4
FURTHER
COMPLICATIONS
.
202
6.5
THE
ROUTE
TO
GENERAL
RELATIVITY
.
205
6.5.1
FOUR-TENSORS
IN
RELATIVITY
.
206
6.5.2
WHAT
EINSTEIN
DID
.
208
6.6
EXPERIMENTAL
AND
OBSERVATIONAL
TESTS
OF
GENERAL
RELATIVITY
.
210
6.6.1
PARAMETERISED
POST-NEWTONIAN
MODELS
.
211
6.6.2
THE
FOUR
TESTS
OF
GENERAL
RELATIVITY
.
213
6.6.3
PULSARS
AND
GENERAL
RELATIVITY
.
217
6.6.4
VARIATION
OF
THE
GRAVITATIONAL
CONSTANT
WITH
COSMIC
EPOCH
.
222
6.7
SUMMARY
.
223
REFERENCES
.
224
7
THE
FRIEDMAN
WORLD
MODELS
.
227
7.1
EINSTEIN
'
S
FIELD
EQUATIONS
.
227
7.2
THE
STANDARD
FRIEDMAN
WORLD
MODELS
WITH
A
=
0
.
231
7.2.1
THE
NEWTONIAN
ANALOGUE
OF
THE
FRIEDMAN
WORLD
MODELS
.
231
7.2.2
THE
CRITICAL
DENSITY
AND
THE
DENSITY
PARAMETER
.
233
7.2.3
THE
DYNAMICS
OF
THE
FRIEDMAN
MODELS
WITH
A
=
0
.
234
7.2.4
PEDAGOGICAL
DIGRESSION:
THE
ROBERTSON-WALKER
METRIC
FOR
AN
EMPTY
UNIVERSE
.
237
7.3
FRIEDMAN
MODELS
WITH
NON-ZERO
COSMOLOGICAL
CONSTANT
.
240
7.3.1
THE
COSMOLOGICAL
CONSTANT
AND
THE
VACUUM
ENERGY
DENSITY
.
240
7.3.2
VARYING
THE
EQUATION
OF
STATE
OF
THE
VACUUM
ENERGY
.
243
7.3.3
THE
DYNAMICS
OF
WORLD
MODELS
WITH
A
#
0:
GENERAL
CONSIDERATIONS
.
244
7.4
OBSERVATIONS
IN
COSMOLOGY
.
249
7.4.1
THE
DECELERATION
PARAMETER
.
249
7.4.2
THE
COSMIC
TIME-REDSHIFT
RELATION
.
249
7.4.3
DISTANCE
MEASURES
AS
A
FUNCTION
OF
REDSHIFT
.
251
7.4.4
ANGULAR
DIAMETER-REDSHIFT
RELATIONS
.
255
7.4.5
FLUX
DENSITY-REDSHIFT
RELATIONS
.
255
7.4.6
THE
COMOVING
VOLUME
WITHIN
REDSHIFT
Z
.
259
7.5
ANGULAR
DIAMETER
DISTANCES
BETWEEN
ANY
TWO
REDSHIFTS
.
262
7.5.1
MODELS
WITH
92A
=
0
.
262
7.5.2
MODELS
WITH
Q
A
0
.
264
7.6
THE
FLATNESS
PROBLEM
.
264
7.7
INHOMOGENEOUS
WORLD
MODELS
.
265
REFERENCES
.
270
CONTENTS
XIX
8
THE
DETERMINATION
OF
COSMOLOGICAL
PARAMETERS
.
273
8.1
THE
COSMOLOGICAL
PARAMETERS
.
274
8.2
TESTING
THE
FRIEDMAN
MODELS
.
275
8.3
HUBBLE
'
S
CONSTANT
HO
.
279
8.4
THE
AGE
OF
THE
UNIVERSE
TO
.
283
8.5
THE
DECELERATION
PARAMETER
QO
.
286
8.5.1
THE
REDSHIFT-MAGNITUDE
RELATION
FOR
THE
BRIGHTEST
GALAXIES
IN
CLUSTERS
.
286
8.5.2
THE
REDSHIFT:
K
MAGNITUDE
RELATION
FOR
RADIO
GALAXIES
-
A
CAUTIONARY
TALE
.
288
8.5.3
THE
REDSHIFT-MAGNITUDE
RELATION
FOR
TYPE
LA
SUPERNOVAE
.
290
8.5.4
THE
NUMBER
COUNTS
OF
GALAXIES
.
292
8.5.5
THE
ANGULAR DIAMETER-REDSHIFT
TEST
.
294
8.6
Q
A
AND
THE
STATISTICS
OF
GRAVITATIONAL
LENSES
.
297
8.7
THE
DENSITY
PARAMETER
920
.
300
8.8
SUMMARY
.
303
REFERENCES
.
303
9
THE
THERMAL
HISTORY
OF
THE
UNIVERSE
.
307
9.1
RADIATION-DOMINATED
UNIVERSES
.
307
9.2
THE
MATTER
AND
RADIATION
CONTENT
OF
THE
UNIVERSE
.
310
9.3
THE
EPOCH
OF
RECOMBINATION
.
313
9.4
THE
RADIATION-DOMINATED
ERA
.
317
9.5
THE
SPEED
OF
SOUND
AS
A
FUNCTION
OF
COSMIC
EPOCH
.
321
9.6
EARLY
EPOCHS
.
322
REFERENCES
.
323
10
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
IN
THE
EARLY
UNIVERSE
.
325
10.1
EQUILIBRIUM
ABUNDANCES
IN
THE
EARLY
UNIVERSE
.
326
10.2
THE
DECOUPLING
OF
NEUTRINOS
AND
THE
NEUTRINO
BARRIER
.
327
10.3
THE
SYNTHESIS
OF
THE
LIGHT
ELEMENTS
.
328
10.4
THE
ABUNDANCES
OF
THE
LIGHT
ELEMENTS
.
331
10.4.1
DETERMINATIONS
OF
THE
OBSERVED
ABUNDANCES
OF
THE
LIGHT
ELEMENTS
.
333
10.4.2
COMPARISON
OF
THEORY
AND
OBSERVATIONS
.
337
10.5
THE
NEUTRINO
BACKGROUND
TEMPERATURE
AND
THE
VALUE
OF
X
.
339
10.6
BARYON-SYMMETRIC
UNIVERSES
.
341
REFERENCES
.
346
PART
III
THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF
PRIMORDIAL
FLUCTUATIONS
UNDER
GRAVITY
11
THE
EVOLUTION
OF
DENSITY
PERTURBATIONS
IN
THE
STANDARD
BIG
BANG
.
349
11.1
THE
OBJECT
OF
THE
EXERCISE
.
349
11.1.1
PRELIMINARY
CONSIDERATIONS
.
350
XX
CONTENTS
11.1.2
A
WARNING
.
351
11.2
THE
NON-RELATIVISTIC
WAVE
EQUATION
FOR
THE
GROWTH
OF
SMALL
PERTURBATIONS
IN
THE
EXPANDING
UNIVERSE
.
351
11.3
THE
JEANS
'
INSTABILITY
.
356
11.4
THE
JEANS
'
INSTABILITY
IN
AN
EXPANDING
MEDIUM
.
358
11.4.1
SMALL
PERTURBATION
ANALYSIS
.
358
11.4.2
PERTURBING
THE
FRIEDMAN
SOLUTIONS
.
360
11.4.3
FALLING
POLES
.
362
11.4.4
THE
GENERAL
SOLUTION
.
364
11.5
THE
EVOLUTION
OF
PECULIAR
VELOCITIES
IN
THE
EXPANDING
UNIVERSE
.
367
11.6
THE
RELATIVISTIC
CASE
.
369
11.7
THE
BASIC
PROBLEM
.
372
REFERENCES
.
373
12
MORE
TOOLS
AND
PROBLEMS
.
375
12.1
HORIZONS
AND
THE
HORIZON
PROBLEM
.
376
12.2
PEDAGOGICAL
INTERLUDE:
SPACE-TIME
DIAGRAMS
FOR
THE
STANDARD
WORLD
MODELS
.
379
12.2.1
DISTANCE
AND
TIMES
.
379
12.2.2
THE
PAST
LIGHT
CONE
.
381
12.2.3
THE
CRITICAL
WORLD
MODEL
920
=
1,
92A
=0
.
383
12.2.4
THE
REFERENCE
WORLD
MODEL
Q
Q
=
0.3,
92A
=0.7
.
386
12.3
SUPERHORIZON
SCALES
.
388
12.4
THE
ADIABATIC
BARYONIC
FLUCTUATIONS
IN
THE
STANDARD
BIG
BANG
.
392
12.4.1
THE
RADIATION-DOMINATED
ERA
.
393
12.4.2
THE
MATTER-DOMINATED
ERA
.
394
12.5
DISSIPATION
PROCESSES
IN
THE
PRE-RECOMBINATION
ERA
.
397
12.6
ISOTHERMAL
PERTURBATIONS
.
399
12.7
BARYONIC
THEORIES
OF
GALAXY
FORMATION
.
403
12.7.1
THE
ADIABATIC
SCENARIO
.
403
12.7.2
THE
ISOTHERMAL
SCENARIO
.
405
12.8
WHAT
WENT
WRONG?
.
406
REFERENCES
.
408
13
DARK MATTER
AND
GALAXY
FORMATION
.
411
13.1
INTRODUCTION
.
411
13.2
FORMS
OF
NON-BARYONIC
DARK
MATTER
.
413
13.2.1
AXIONS
.
414
13.2.2
NEUTRINOS
.
414
13.3
WIMPS
AS
DARK
MATTER
PARTICLES
.
415
13.3.1
SUPPRESSION
MECHANISM
FOR
WIMPS
.
415
13.3.2
EXPERIMENTAL
LIMITS
.
418
13.4
METRIC
PERTURBATIONS
AND
HOT
AND
COLD
DARK
MATTER
.
420
CONTENTS
XXI
13.5
FREE
STREAMING
AND
THE
DAMPING
OF
HOT
DARK
MATTER
PERTURBATIONS
.
421
13.6
GRAVITATIONAL
INSTABILITIES
IN
THE
PRESENCE
OF
DARK
MATTER
.
423
13.7
THE
EVOLUTION
OF
HOT
AND
COLD
DARK
MATTER
PERTURBATIONS
.
426
13.7.1
HOT
DARK
MATTER
SCENARIO
.
426
13.7.2
COLD
DARK
MATTER
SCENARIO
.
427
13.8
CONCLUSION
.
430
REFERENCES
.
430
14
CORRELATION
FUNCTIONS
AND
THE
SPECTRUM
OF
THE
INITIAL
FLUCTUATIONS
.
433
14.1
THE
TWO-POINT
CORRELATION FUNCTION
FOR
GALAXIES
.
434
14.2
THE
PERTURBATION
SPECTRUM
.
436
14.2.1
THE
RELATION
BETWEEN
^(R)
AND
THE
POWER
SPECTRUM
OF
THE
FLUCTUATIONS
.
437
14.2.2
POWER
SPECTRA
OF
POWER-LAW
FORM
.
439
14.2.3
THE
HARRISON-ZELDOVICH
POWER
SPECTRUM
.
440
14.3
THE
EVOLUTION
OF
THE
INITIAL
PERTURBATION
SPECTRUM:
TRANSFER
FUNCTIONS
.
442
14.3.1
ADIABATIC
COLD
DARK
MATTER
.
443
14.3.2
ADIABATIC
HOT
DARK
MATTER
.
446
14.3.3
ISOCURVATURE
COLD
DARK
MATTER
.
446
14.3.4
THE
SUBSEQUENT
EVOLUTION
.
449
14.4
BIASING
.
451
14.5
RECONSTRUCTING
THE
PROCESSED
INITIAL
POWER
SPECTRUM
.
455
14.5.1
REDSHIFT
BIASES
.
456
14.5.2
NON-LINEAR
DEVELOPMENT
OF
THE
DENSITY
PERTURBATIONS
.
457
14.5.3
THE
ROLE
OF
BARYON
PERTURBATIONS
.
459
14.6
BARYON
ACOUSTIC
OSCILLATIONS
IN
THE
POWER
SPECTRUM
OF
GALAXIES
.
461
14.6.1
THE
2DF
GALAXY
REDSHIFT
SURVEY
.
462
14.6.2
THE
SLOAN
DIGITAL
SKY
SURVEY
.
462
14.6.3
PUTTING
IT
ALL
TOGETHER
.
465
14.7
VARIATIONS
ON
A
THEME
OF
COLD
DARK
MATTER
.
465
REFERENCES
.
470
15
THE
COSMIC
MICRO
WAVE
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
.
473
15.1
THE
IONISATION
OF
THE
INTERGALACTIC
GAS
THROUGH
THE
EPOCH
OF
RECOMBINATION
.
474
15.2
THE
PHYSICAL
AND
ANGULAR
SCALES
OF
THE
FLUCTUATIONS
.
476
15.2.1
THE
LAST
SCATTERING
LAYER
.
477
15.2.2
THE
SILK
DAMPING
SCALE
.
478
15.2.3
PARTICLE
AND
SOUND
HORIZON
SCALES
ON
THE
LAST
SCATTERING
SURFACE
.
479
XXII
CONTENTS
15.2.4
THE
HORIZON
SCALE
AT
THE
EPOCH
OF
EQUALITY
OF
MATTER
AND
RADIATION
ENERGY
DENSITIES
.
483
15.2.5
SUMMARY
.
484
15.3
THE
POWER
SPECTRUM
OF
SPATIAL
FLUCTUATIONS
IN
THE
COSMIC
MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
.
485
15.3.1
THE
STATISTICAL
DESCRIPTION
OF
THE
TEMPERATURE
FLUCTUATIONS
.
485
15.3.2
THE
POWER-SPECTRUM
OF
FLUCTUATIONS
IN
THE
INTENSITY
OF
THE
COSMIC
MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
.
488
15.4
LARGE
ANGULAR
SCALES
.
490
15.4.1
THE
SACHS-WOLFE
EFFECT:
PHYSICAL
ARGUMENTS
.
491
15.4.2
THE
INTEGRATED
SACHS-WOLFE
AND
REES-SCIAMA
EFFECTS
.
494
15.4.3
PRIMORDIAL
GRAVITATIONAL
WAVES
.
496
15.5
INTERMEDIATE
ANGULAR
SCALES:
THE
ACOUSTIC
PEAKS
.
498
15.6
SMALL
ANGULAR
SCALES
.
505
15.6.1
STATISTICAL
AND
SILK
DAMPING
.
505
15.6.2
THE
SUNYAEV-ZELDOVICH
EFFECT
IN
CLUSTERS
OF
GALAXIES
.
505
15.6.3
CONFUSION
DUE
TO
DISCRETE
SOURCES
.
508
15.7
THE
REIONISED
INTERGALACTIC
GAS
.
509
15.8
THE
POLARISATION
OF
THE
COSMIC
MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
.
511
15.8.1
THE
POLARISATION
MECHANISM
FOR
THE
COSMIC
MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
.
511
15.8.2
POLARISATION
FROM
THE
LAST
SCATTERING
LAYER
AT
THE
EPOCH
OF
RECOMBINATION
.
512
15.8.3
POLARISATION
FROM
THE
EPOCH
OF
REIONISATION
.
516
15.8.4
PRIMORDIAL
GRAVITATIONAL
WAVES
.
517
15.8.5
WEAK
GRAVITATIONAL
LENSING
.
518
15.9
THE
DETERMINATION
OF
COSMOLOGICAL
PARAMETERS
.
523
15.10
DARK
ENERGY
SURVEY
.
526
15.11
OTHER
SOURCES
OF
PRIMORDIAL
FLUCTUATIONS
.
529
15.12
REFLECTIONS
.
531
REFERENCES
.
532
PART
IV
THE
POST-RECOMBINATION
UNIVERSE
16
THE
POST-RECOMBINATION
ERA
.
539
16.1
INTRODUCTION
.
539
16.2
THE
NON-LINEAR
COLLAPSE
OF
DENSITY
PERTURBATIONS
.
541
16.2.1
ISOTROPIC
TOP-HAT
COLLAPSE
.
541
16.2.2
THE
ZELDOVICH
APPROXIMATION
.
544
16.3
THE
ROLE
OF
DISSIPATION
.
546
CONTENTS
XXIII
16.4
THE
PRESS-SCHECHTER
MASS
FUNCTION
.
550
16.4.1
ELEMENTARY
THEORY
.
550
16.4.2
EVALUATION
.
553
REFERENCES
.
558
17
THE
EVOLUTION
OF
GALAXIES
AND
ACTIVE
GALAXIES
WITH
COSMIC
EPOCH
.
561
17.1
INTRODUCTION
.
561
17.2
COUNTS
OF
GALAXIES
AND
ACTIVE
GALAXIES
.
563
17.2.1
EUCLIDEAN
SOURCE
COUNTS
.
564
17.2.2
SOURCE
COUNTS
FOR
THE
STANDARD
WORLD
MODELS
.
565
17.2.3
SUBMILLIMETRE
COUNTS
OF
DUSTY
GALAXIES
.
571
17.2.4
NUMBER
COUNTS
IN
MODELS
WITH
FINITE
92A
.
573
17.2.5
FLUCTUATIONS
IN
THE
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
DUE
TO
DISCRETE
SOURCES
.
575
17.3
THE
V
/
VMAX
OR
LUMINOSITY-VOLUME
TEST
.
577
17.4
THE
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
.
580
17.4.1
THE
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
AND
THE
SOURCE
COUNTS
.
581
17.4.2
EVALUATING
THE
BACKGROUND
DUE
TO
DISCRETE
SOURCES.
.
581
17.4.3
THE
EFFECTS
OF
EVOLUTION:
THE
CASE
OF
THE
RADIO
BACKGROUND
EMISSION
.
583
17.5
THE
EVOLUTION
OF
ACTIVE
GALAXIES
WITH
COSMIC
EPOCH
.
585
17.5.1
NUMBER
COUNTS
AND
V/
VMAX
TESTS
FOR
EXTRAGALACTIC
RADIO
SOURCES
.
585
17.5.2
RADIO
QUIET
QUASARS
.
589
17.5.3
X-RAY
SOURCE
COUNTS
.
595
17.5.4
X-RAY
CLUSTERS
OF
GALAXIES
.
600
17.6
INFRARED
AND
SUBMILLIMETRE
NUMBER
COUNTS
.
603
17.7
COUNTS
OF
GALAXIES
.
608
17.8
CLUSTERS
OF
GALAXIES
.
613
REFERENCES
.
615
18
THE
INTERGALACTIC
MEDIUM
.
621
18.1
THE
BACKGROUND
EMISSION
AND
ABSORPTION
OF
THE
INTERGALACTIC
GAS
.
622
18.2
THE
GUNN-PETERSON
TEST
.
623
18.3
THE
LYMAN-O
ABSORPTION
CLOUDS
.
626
18.3.1
THE
PROPERTIES
OF
THE
LYMAN-A
ABSORPTION
CLOUDS
.
626
18.3.2
THE
NATURE
OF
THE
CLOUDS
IN
THE
LYMAN-A
FOREST
.
632
18.3.3
THE
EVOLUTION
OF
LYMAN-A
ABSORPTION
CLOUDS
WITH
COSMIC
EPOCH
.
633
18.3.4
THE
POWER-SPECTRUM
OF
THE
LYMAN-A
FOREST
.
634
18.4
THE
LUKE-WARM
INTERGALACTIC
GAS
.
636
18.4.1
A
SALUTARY
TALE:
THE
X-RAY
BACKGROUND
AS
A
COSMIC
CONSPIRACY
.
636
18.4.2
THE
COLLISIONAL
EXCITATION
OF
THE
INTERGALACTIC
GAS
.
637
XXIV
CONTENTS
18.4.3
THE
LYMAN
CONTINUUM
OPACITY
OF
THE
INTERGALACTIC
GAS
.
639
18.4.4
THE
PROXIMITY
EFFECT
AND
THE
DIFFUSE
ULTRAVIOLET
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
AT
LARGE
REDSHIFTS
.
644
18.5
THE
POST-REIONISATION
EVOLUTION
OF
THE
INTERGALACTIC
MEDIUM
.
647
18.6
THE
EPOCH
OF
REIONISATION
.
651
18.7
THE
ORIGIN
OF
MAGNETIC
FIELDS
.
655
18.7.1
THE
BIERMANN
BATTERY
.
657
18.7.2
TURBULENT
AMPLIFICATION
OF
MAGNETIC
FIELDS
.
658
18.7.3
LARGE-SCALE
MAGNETIC
FIELDS
FROM
EXTRAGALACTIC
RADIO
SOURCES
.
659
REFERENCES
.
660
19
MAKING
REAL
GALAXIES
.
665
19.1
STAR
AND
ELEMENT
FORMATION
IN
GALAXIES
.
666
19.1.1
THE
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
AND
ELEMENT
FORMATION
.
666
19.1.2
THE
GLOBAL
STAR
FORMATION
RATE
FROM
OPTICAL
AND
ULTRAVIOLET
OBSERVATIONS
OF
STAR-FORMING
GALAXIES
.
670
19.1.3
THE
LYMAN-BREAK
GALAXIES
.
673
19.1.4
THE
HUBBLE
DEEP
AND
ULTRA
DEEP
FIELDS
.
673
19.2
THE
COSMIC
STAR
FORMATION
RATE
.
679
19.3
THE
EQUATIONS
OF
COSMIC
CHEMICAL
EVOLUTION
.
686
19.4
THE
ABUNDANCES
OF
ELEMENTS
IN
LYMAN-A
ABSORPTION
SYSTEMS
.
688
19.5
THE
OLD
RED
GALAXIES
.
692
19.6
THE
ORIGIN
OF
ROTATION
.
696
19.7
PUTTING
IT
ALL
TOGETHER:
SEMI-ANALYTIC
MODELS
OF
GALAXY
FORMATION
.
699
REFERENCES
.
706
20
THE
VERY
EARLY
UNIVERSE
.
711
20.1
THE
BIG
PROBLEMS
.
711
20.1.1
THE
HORIZON
PROBLEM
.
712
20.1.2
THE
FLATNESS
PROBLEM
.
712
20.1.3
THE
BARYON-ASYMMETRY
PROBLEM
.
713
20.1.4
THE
PRIMORDIAL
FLUCTUATION
PROBLEM
.
713
20.1.5
THE
VALUES
OF
THE
COSMOLOGICAL
PARAMETERS
.
714
20.1.6
THE
WAY
AHEAD
.
714
20.2
THE
LIMITS
OF
OBSERVATION
.
715
20.3
THE
ANTHROPIC
COSMOLOGICAL
PRINCIPLE
.
716
20.4
THE
INFLATIONARY
PARADIGM:
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
.
717
20.5
THE
ORIGIN
OF
THE
SPECTRUM
OF
PRIMORDIAL
PERTURBATIONS
.
720
20.5.1
THE
EQUATION
OF
STATE
.
720
20.5.2
THE
DURATION
OF
THE
INFLATIONARY
PHASE
.
721
20.5.3
THE
SHRINKING
HUBBLE
SPHERE
.
721
CONTENTS
XXV
20.5.4
SCALAR
FIELDS
.
724
20.5.5
THE
QUANTISED
HARMONIC
OSCILLATOR
.
726
20.5.6
THE
SPECTRUM
OF
FLUCTUATIONS
IN
THE
SCALAR
FIELD
.
727
20.6
BARYOGENESIS
.
731
20.7
THE
PLANCK
ERA
.
732
REFERENCES
.
734
MAIN
INDEX
.
737
AUTHOR
INDEX
.
767 |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
PART
I
PRELIMINARIES
1
A
VERY
BRIEF
HISTORY
OF
COSMOLOGY
AND
GALAXY
FORMATION
.
3
1.1
INTRODUCTION
.
3
1.2
EARLY
HISTORY
OF
COSMOLOGY
.
4
1.3
THE
GALAXIES
AND
THE
STRUCTURE
OF
OUR
GALAXY
.
5
1.4
THE
THEORY
OF
THE
EXPANDING
UNIVERSE
.
10
1.5
THE
BIG
BANG
.
14
1.6
GALAXY
AND
STRUCTURE
FORMATION
.
17
1.7
HOT
AND
COLD
DARK
MATTER
.
20
1.8
THE
VALUES
OF
THE
COSMOLOGICAL
PARAMETERS
.
21
1.9
THE
VERY
EARLY
UNIVERSE
.
24
1.10
THE
AGENDA
.
27
REFERENCES
.
27
2
THE
LARGE
SCALE
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
UNIVERSE
.
31
2.1
THE
ISOTROPY
AND
SPECTRUM
OF
THE
COSMIC
MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
.
31
2.1.1
THE
ISOTROPY
OF
THE
COSMIC
MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
.
32
2.1.2
THE
SPECTRUM
OF
THE
COSMIC
MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
.
37
2.2
THE
LARGE-SCALE
DISTRIBUTION
OF
GALAXIES
.
39
2.2.1
TWO-POINT
CORRELATION
FUNCTIONS
.
40
2.2.2
WALLS
AND
VOIDS
IN
THE
DISTRIBUTION
OF
GALAXIES
ON
LARGE
SCALES
.
43
2.2.3
THE
TOPOLOGY
OF
THE
GALAXY
DISTRIBUTION
ON
THE
LARGE
SCALE
.
46
2.3
HUBBLE
'
S
LAW
AND
THE EXPANSION
OF
THE
UNIVERSE
.
48
2.3.1
THE
VELOCITY-DISTANCE
RELATION
FOR
GALAXIES
AND
COUNTS
OF
GALAXIES
.
48
2.3.2
THE
EXPANSION
OF
THE
UNIVERSE
.
52
XV
XVI
CONTENTS
2.4
CONCLUSION
.
53
REFERENCES
.
54
3
GALAXIES
.
57
3.1
INTRODUCTION
.
57
3.2
THE
HUBBLE-DE
VAUCOULEURS
SEQUENCE
FOR
GALAXIES
.
58
3.3
PECULIAR,
INTERACTING,
STARBURST
AND
ACTIVE
GALAXIES
.
63
3.3.1
PECULIAR
AND
INTERACTING
GALAXIES
.
63
3.3.2
STARBURST
GALAXIES
.
67
3.3.3
ACTIVE
GALAXIES
.
67
3.4
CORRELATIONS
AMONG
THE
POPULATIONS
OF
GALAXIES:
BROADBAND
PROPERTIES
.
69
3.4.1
THE
RED
AND
BLUE
SEQUENCES
.
70
3.4.2
COLOUR
VERSUS
ABSOLUTE
MAGNITUDE
.
70
3.4.3
THE
LIGHT
DISTRIBUTION
IN
GALAXIES
AND
THE
SERSIC
INDEX
.
71
3.5
CORRELATIONS
AMONG
THE
POPULATIONS
OF
GALAXIES:
SPECTROSCOPIC
AND
GASEOUS
PROPERTIES
.
75
3.5.1
MEAN
STELLAR
AGE
AND
CONCENTRATION
C
.
76
3.5.2
THE
FABER-JACKSON
RELATION
AND
THE
FUNDAMENTAL
PLANE
.
78
3.5.3
LUMINOSITY-METALLICITY
RELATIONS
.
80
3.5.4
THE
TULLY-FISHER RELATION
FOR
SPIRAL
GALAXIES
.
82
3.5.5
NEUTRAL
AND
IONISED
GAS
ALONG
THE
HUBBLE
SEQUENCE
.
83
3.6
THE
MASSES
OF
GALAXIES
.
84
3.6.1
THE
VIRIAL
THEOREM
FOR
CLUSTERS
OF
STARS,
GALAXIES
AND
CLUSTERS
OF
GALAXIES
.
84
3.6.2
THE
ROTATION
CURVES
OF
SPIRAL
GALAXIES
.
87
3.6.3
THE
VELOCITY
DISPERSIONS
OF
ELLIPTICAL
GALAXIES
.
90
3.7
THE
LUMINOSITY
FUNCTION
OF
GALAXIES
.
91
3.7.1
IS
L*
A
STANDARD
CANDLE?
.
95
3.7.2
THE
BRIGHTEST
GALAXIES
IN
CLUSTERS
.
95
3.8
THE
EFFECT
OF
THE
GALAXY
ENVIRONMENT
.
96
3.9
THE
MEAN
MASS-TO-LUMINOSITY
RATIO
FOR
VISIBLE
MATTER
IN
THE
UNIVERSE
.
98
3.10
CONCLUDING
REMARK
.
100
REFERENCES
.
100
4
CLUSTERS
OF
GALAXIES
.
105
4.1
THE
DEMOGRAPHY
OF
CLUSTERS
OF
GALAXIES
.
106
4.1.1
THE
ABELL
CATALOGUES
OF
RICH
CLUSTERS
OF
GALAXIES
.
106
4.1.2 COMPARISON
WITH
CLUSTERS
SELECTED
FROM
THE
SLOAN
DIGITAL
SKY
SURVEY
.
108
4.1.3
SUPERCLUSTERING
AND
THE
LARGE-SCALE
DISTRIBUTION
OF
CLUSTERS
OF
GALAXIES
.
109
CONTENTS
XVII
4.2
THE
POPULATIONS
AND
SPATIAL
DISTRIBUTION
OF
GALAXIES
IN
CLUSTERS
.
112
4.3
ISOTHERMAL
GAS
SPHERES
.
113
4.3.1
THE
LUMINOSITY
FUNCTION
FOR
CLUSTER
GALAXIES
.
119
4.3.2
SUMMARY
OF
THE
PROPERTIES
OF
RICH
CLUSTERS
OF
GALAXIES
.
120
4.4
DYNAMICAL
ESTIMATES
OF
THE
MASSES
OF
CLUSTERS
OF
GALAXIES
.
121
4.5
X-RAY
OBSERVATIONS
OF
HOT
GAS
IN
CLUSTERS
OF
GALAXIES
.
124
4.5.1
DETERMINING
THE
GRAVITATIONAL
POTENTIAL
.
125
4.5.2
SCALING
RELATIONS
.
129
4.5.3
COOLING
FLOWS
.
131
4.6
THE
SUNYAEV-ZELDOVICH
EFFECT
IN
HOT
INTRACLUSTER
GAS
.
135
4.7
GRAVITATIONAL
LENSING
BY
GALAXIES
AND
CLUSTERS
OF
GALAXIES
.
141
4.7.1
BASIC
THEORY
OF
GRAVITATIONAL
DEFLECTIONS
.
142
4.7.2
MAGNIFICATION
OF
IMAGES
BY
GRAVITATIONAL
LENSING
.
144
4.7.3
EXTENDED
DEFLECTORS
.
147
4.7.4
GRAVITATIONAL
LENSING,
ASTROPHYSICS
AND
COSMOLOGY
.
150
4.8
FORMS
OF
DARK
MATTER
.
152
4.8.1
BARYONIC
DARK
MATTER
.
152
4.8.2
NEUTRINOS
WITH
FINITE
REST
MASS
.
155
4.8.3
ASTROPHYSICAL
CONSTRAINTS
.
156
4.9
REFLECTIONS
.
157
REFERENCES
.
158
PART
II
THE
BASIC
FRAMEWORK
5
THE
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
.
165
5.1
THE
COSMOLOGICAL
PRINCIPLE
.
165
5.2
ISOTROPIC
CURVED
SPACES
.
167
5.2.1
ISOTROPIC
2-DIMENSIONAL
SPHERICAL
GEOMETRIES
.
168
5.2.2
GENERAL
SOLUTION
FOR
ISOTROPIC
2-SPACES
.
169
5.3
THE
SPACE-TIME
METRIC
FOR
ISOTROPIC
CURVED
SPACES
.
172
5.4
THE
ROBERTSON-WALKER
METRIC
.
175
5.5
OBSERVATIONS
IN
COSMOLOGY
.
179
5.5.1
THE
COSMOLOGICAL
REDSHIFT
.
179
5.5.2
HUBBLE
'
S
LAW
.
184
5.5.3
ANGULAR
DIAMETERS
.
185
5.5.4
APPARENT
INTENSITIES
.
186
5.5.5
NUMBER
DENSITIES
.
189
5.5.6
THE
AGE
OF
THE
UNIVERSE
.
190
5.6
SUMMARY
.
190
REFERENCES
.
191
6
AN
INTRODUCTION
TO
RELATIVISTIC
GRAVITY
.
193
6.1
THE
PRINCIPLE
OF
EQUIVALENCE
.
194
6.2
THE
GRAVITATIONAL
REDSHIFT
.
197
XVIII
CONTENTS
6.3
THE
BENDING
OF
LIGHT
RAYS
.
200
6.4
FURTHER
COMPLICATIONS
.
202
6.5
THE
ROUTE
TO
GENERAL
RELATIVITY
.
205
6.5.1
FOUR-TENSORS
IN
RELATIVITY
.
206
6.5.2
WHAT
EINSTEIN
DID
.
208
6.6
EXPERIMENTAL
AND
OBSERVATIONAL
TESTS
OF
GENERAL
RELATIVITY
.
210
6.6.1
PARAMETERISED
POST-NEWTONIAN
MODELS
.
211
6.6.2
THE
FOUR
TESTS
OF
GENERAL
RELATIVITY
.
213
6.6.3
PULSARS
AND
GENERAL
RELATIVITY
.
217
6.6.4
VARIATION
OF
THE
GRAVITATIONAL
CONSTANT
WITH
COSMIC
EPOCH
.
222
6.7
SUMMARY
.
223
REFERENCES
.
224
7
THE
FRIEDMAN
WORLD
MODELS
.
227
7.1
EINSTEIN
'
S
FIELD
EQUATIONS
.
227
7.2
THE
STANDARD
FRIEDMAN
WORLD
MODELS
WITH
A
=
0
.
231
7.2.1
THE
NEWTONIAN
ANALOGUE
OF
THE
FRIEDMAN
WORLD
MODELS
.
231
7.2.2
THE
CRITICAL
DENSITY
AND
THE
DENSITY
PARAMETER
.
233
7.2.3
THE
DYNAMICS
OF
THE
FRIEDMAN
MODELS
WITH
A
=
0
.
234
7.2.4
PEDAGOGICAL
DIGRESSION:
THE
ROBERTSON-WALKER
METRIC
FOR
AN
EMPTY
UNIVERSE
.
237
7.3
FRIEDMAN
MODELS
WITH
NON-ZERO
COSMOLOGICAL
CONSTANT
.
240
7.3.1
THE
COSMOLOGICAL
CONSTANT
AND
THE
VACUUM
ENERGY
DENSITY
.
240
7.3.2
VARYING
THE
EQUATION
OF
STATE
OF
THE
VACUUM
ENERGY
.
243
7.3.3
THE
DYNAMICS
OF
WORLD
MODELS
WITH
A
#
0:
GENERAL
CONSIDERATIONS
.
244
7.4
OBSERVATIONS
IN
COSMOLOGY
.
249
7.4.1
THE
DECELERATION
PARAMETER
.
249
7.4.2
THE
COSMIC
TIME-REDSHIFT
RELATION
.
249
7.4.3
DISTANCE
MEASURES
AS
A
FUNCTION
OF
REDSHIFT
.
251
7.4.4
ANGULAR
DIAMETER-REDSHIFT
RELATIONS
.
255
7.4.5
FLUX
DENSITY-REDSHIFT
RELATIONS
.
255
7.4.6
THE
COMOVING
VOLUME
WITHIN
REDSHIFT
Z
.
259
7.5
ANGULAR
DIAMETER
DISTANCES
BETWEEN
ANY
TWO
REDSHIFTS
.
262
7.5.1
MODELS
WITH
92A
=
0
.
262
7.5.2
MODELS
WITH
Q
A
0
.
264
7.6
THE
FLATNESS
PROBLEM
.
264
7.7
INHOMOGENEOUS
WORLD
MODELS
.
265
REFERENCES
.
270
CONTENTS
XIX
8
THE
DETERMINATION
OF
COSMOLOGICAL
PARAMETERS
.
273
8.1
THE
COSMOLOGICAL
PARAMETERS
.
274
8.2
TESTING
THE
FRIEDMAN
MODELS
.
275
8.3
HUBBLE
'
S
CONSTANT
HO
.
279
8.4
THE
AGE
OF
THE
UNIVERSE
TO
.
283
8.5
THE
DECELERATION
PARAMETER
QO
.
286
8.5.1
THE
REDSHIFT-MAGNITUDE
RELATION
FOR
THE
BRIGHTEST
GALAXIES
IN
CLUSTERS
.
286
8.5.2
THE
REDSHIFT:
K
MAGNITUDE
RELATION
FOR
RADIO
GALAXIES
-
A
CAUTIONARY
TALE
.
288
8.5.3
THE
REDSHIFT-MAGNITUDE
RELATION
FOR
TYPE
LA
SUPERNOVAE
.
290
8.5.4
THE
NUMBER
COUNTS
OF
GALAXIES
.
292
8.5.5
THE
ANGULAR DIAMETER-REDSHIFT
TEST
.
294
8.6
Q
A
AND
THE
STATISTICS
OF
GRAVITATIONAL
LENSES
.
297
8.7
THE
DENSITY
PARAMETER
920
.
300
8.8
SUMMARY
.
303
REFERENCES
.
303
9
THE
THERMAL
HISTORY
OF
THE
UNIVERSE
.
307
9.1
RADIATION-DOMINATED
UNIVERSES
.
307
9.2
THE
MATTER
AND
RADIATION
CONTENT
OF
THE
UNIVERSE
.
310
9.3
THE
EPOCH
OF
RECOMBINATION
.
313
9.4
THE
RADIATION-DOMINATED
ERA
.
317
9.5
THE
SPEED
OF
SOUND
AS
A
FUNCTION
OF
COSMIC
EPOCH
.
321
9.6
EARLY
EPOCHS
.
322
REFERENCES
.
323
10
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
IN
THE
EARLY
UNIVERSE
.
325
10.1
EQUILIBRIUM
ABUNDANCES
IN
THE
EARLY
UNIVERSE
.
326
10.2
THE
DECOUPLING
OF
NEUTRINOS
AND
THE
NEUTRINO
BARRIER
.
327
10.3
THE
SYNTHESIS
OF
THE
LIGHT
ELEMENTS
.
328
10.4
THE
ABUNDANCES
OF
THE
LIGHT
ELEMENTS
.
331
10.4.1
DETERMINATIONS
OF
THE
OBSERVED
ABUNDANCES
OF
THE
LIGHT
ELEMENTS
.
333
10.4.2
COMPARISON
OF
THEORY
AND
OBSERVATIONS
.
337
10.5
THE
NEUTRINO
BACKGROUND
TEMPERATURE
AND
THE
VALUE
OF
X
.
339
10.6
BARYON-SYMMETRIC
UNIVERSES
.
341
REFERENCES
.
346
PART
III
THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF
PRIMORDIAL
FLUCTUATIONS
UNDER
GRAVITY
11
THE
EVOLUTION
OF
DENSITY
PERTURBATIONS
IN
THE
STANDARD
BIG
BANG
.
349
11.1
THE
OBJECT
OF
THE
EXERCISE
.
349
11.1.1
PRELIMINARY
CONSIDERATIONS
.
350
XX
CONTENTS
11.1.2
A
WARNING
.
351
11.2
THE
NON-RELATIVISTIC
WAVE
EQUATION
FOR
THE
GROWTH
OF
SMALL
PERTURBATIONS
IN
THE
EXPANDING
UNIVERSE
.
351
11.3
THE
JEANS
'
INSTABILITY
.
356
11.4
THE
JEANS
'
INSTABILITY
IN
AN
EXPANDING
MEDIUM
.
358
11.4.1
SMALL
PERTURBATION
ANALYSIS
.
358
11.4.2
PERTURBING
THE
FRIEDMAN
SOLUTIONS
.
360
11.4.3
FALLING
POLES
.
362
11.4.4
THE
GENERAL
SOLUTION
.
364
11.5
THE
EVOLUTION
OF
PECULIAR
VELOCITIES
IN
THE
EXPANDING
UNIVERSE
.
367
11.6
THE
RELATIVISTIC
CASE
.
369
11.7
THE
BASIC
PROBLEM
.
372
REFERENCES
.
373
12
MORE
TOOLS
AND
PROBLEMS
.
375
12.1
HORIZONS
AND
THE
HORIZON
PROBLEM
.
376
12.2
PEDAGOGICAL
INTERLUDE:
SPACE-TIME
DIAGRAMS
FOR
THE
STANDARD
WORLD
MODELS
.
379
12.2.1
DISTANCE
AND
TIMES
.
379
12.2.2
THE
PAST
LIGHT
CONE
.
381
12.2.3
THE
CRITICAL
WORLD
MODEL
920
=
1,
92A
=0
.
383
12.2.4
THE
REFERENCE
WORLD
MODEL
Q
Q
=
0.3,
92A
=0.7
.
386
12.3
SUPERHORIZON
SCALES
.
388
12.4
THE
ADIABATIC
BARYONIC
FLUCTUATIONS
IN
THE
STANDARD
BIG
BANG
.
392
12.4.1
THE
RADIATION-DOMINATED
ERA
.
393
12.4.2
THE
MATTER-DOMINATED
ERA
.
394
12.5
DISSIPATION
PROCESSES
IN
THE
PRE-RECOMBINATION
ERA
.
397
12.6
ISOTHERMAL
PERTURBATIONS
.
399
12.7
BARYONIC
THEORIES
OF
GALAXY
FORMATION
.
403
12.7.1
THE
ADIABATIC
SCENARIO
.
403
12.7.2
THE
ISOTHERMAL
SCENARIO
.
405
12.8
WHAT
WENT
WRONG?
.
406
REFERENCES
.
408
13
DARK MATTER
AND
GALAXY
FORMATION
.
411
13.1
INTRODUCTION
.
411
13.2
FORMS
OF
NON-BARYONIC
DARK
MATTER
.
413
13.2.1
AXIONS
.
414
13.2.2
NEUTRINOS
.
414
13.3
WIMPS
AS
DARK
MATTER
PARTICLES
.
415
13.3.1
SUPPRESSION
MECHANISM
FOR
WIMPS
.
415
13.3.2
EXPERIMENTAL
LIMITS
.
418
13.4
METRIC
PERTURBATIONS
AND
HOT
AND
COLD
DARK
MATTER
.
420
CONTENTS
XXI
13.5
FREE
STREAMING
AND
THE
DAMPING
OF
HOT
DARK
MATTER
PERTURBATIONS
.
421
13.6
GRAVITATIONAL
INSTABILITIES
IN
THE
PRESENCE
OF
DARK
MATTER
.
423
13.7
THE
EVOLUTION
OF
HOT
AND
COLD
DARK
MATTER
PERTURBATIONS
.
426
13.7.1
HOT
DARK
MATTER
SCENARIO
.
426
13.7.2
COLD
DARK
MATTER
SCENARIO
.
427
13.8
CONCLUSION
.
430
REFERENCES
.
430
14
CORRELATION
FUNCTIONS
AND
THE
SPECTRUM
OF
THE
INITIAL
FLUCTUATIONS
.
433
14.1
THE
TWO-POINT
CORRELATION FUNCTION
FOR
GALAXIES
.
434
14.2
THE
PERTURBATION
SPECTRUM
.
436
14.2.1
THE
RELATION
BETWEEN
^(R)
AND
THE
POWER
SPECTRUM
OF
THE
FLUCTUATIONS
.
437
14.2.2
POWER
SPECTRA
OF
POWER-LAW
FORM
.
439
14.2.3
THE
HARRISON-ZELDOVICH
POWER
SPECTRUM
.
440
14.3
THE
EVOLUTION
OF
THE
INITIAL
PERTURBATION
SPECTRUM:
TRANSFER
FUNCTIONS
.
442
14.3.1
ADIABATIC
COLD
DARK
MATTER
.
443
14.3.2
ADIABATIC
HOT
DARK
MATTER
.
446
14.3.3
ISOCURVATURE
COLD
DARK
MATTER
.
446
14.3.4
THE
SUBSEQUENT
EVOLUTION
.
449
14.4
BIASING
.
451
14.5
RECONSTRUCTING
THE
PROCESSED
INITIAL
POWER
SPECTRUM
.
455
14.5.1
REDSHIFT
BIASES
.
456
14.5.2
NON-LINEAR
DEVELOPMENT
OF
THE
DENSITY
PERTURBATIONS
.
457
14.5.3
THE
ROLE
OF
BARYON
PERTURBATIONS
.
459
14.6
BARYON
ACOUSTIC
OSCILLATIONS
IN
THE
POWER
SPECTRUM
OF
GALAXIES
.
461
14.6.1
THE
2DF
GALAXY
REDSHIFT
SURVEY
.
462
14.6.2
THE
SLOAN
DIGITAL
SKY
SURVEY
.
462
14.6.3
PUTTING
IT
ALL
TOGETHER
.
465
14.7
VARIATIONS
ON
A
THEME
OF
COLD
DARK
MATTER
.
465
REFERENCES
.
470
15
THE
COSMIC
MICRO
WAVE
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
.
473
15.1
THE
IONISATION
OF
THE
INTERGALACTIC
GAS
THROUGH
THE
EPOCH
OF
RECOMBINATION
.
474
15.2
THE
PHYSICAL
AND
ANGULAR
SCALES
OF
THE
FLUCTUATIONS
.
476
15.2.1
THE
LAST
SCATTERING
LAYER
.
477
15.2.2
THE
SILK
DAMPING
SCALE
.
478
15.2.3
PARTICLE
AND
SOUND
HORIZON
SCALES
ON
THE
LAST
SCATTERING
SURFACE
.
479
XXII
CONTENTS
15.2.4
THE
HORIZON
SCALE
AT
THE
EPOCH
OF
EQUALITY
OF
MATTER
AND
RADIATION
ENERGY
DENSITIES
.
483
15.2.5
SUMMARY
.
484
15.3
THE
POWER
SPECTRUM
OF
SPATIAL
FLUCTUATIONS
IN
THE
COSMIC
MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
.
485
15.3.1
THE
STATISTICAL
DESCRIPTION
OF
THE
TEMPERATURE
FLUCTUATIONS
.
485
15.3.2
THE
POWER-SPECTRUM
OF
FLUCTUATIONS
IN
THE
INTENSITY
OF
THE
COSMIC
MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
.
488
15.4
LARGE
ANGULAR
SCALES
.
490
15.4.1
THE
SACHS-WOLFE
EFFECT:
PHYSICAL
ARGUMENTS
.
491
15.4.2
THE
INTEGRATED
SACHS-WOLFE
AND
REES-SCIAMA
EFFECTS
.
494
15.4.3
PRIMORDIAL
GRAVITATIONAL
WAVES
.
496
15.5
INTERMEDIATE
ANGULAR
SCALES:
THE
ACOUSTIC
PEAKS
.
498
15.6
SMALL
ANGULAR
SCALES
.
505
15.6.1
STATISTICAL
AND
SILK
DAMPING
.
505
15.6.2
THE
SUNYAEV-ZELDOVICH
EFFECT
IN
CLUSTERS
OF
GALAXIES
.
505
15.6.3
CONFUSION
DUE
TO
DISCRETE
SOURCES
.
508
15.7
THE
REIONISED
INTERGALACTIC
GAS
.
509
15.8
THE
POLARISATION
OF
THE
COSMIC
MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
.
511
15.8.1
THE
POLARISATION
MECHANISM
FOR
THE
COSMIC
MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
.
511
15.8.2
POLARISATION
FROM
THE
LAST
SCATTERING
LAYER
AT
THE
EPOCH
OF
RECOMBINATION
.
512
15.8.3
POLARISATION
FROM
THE
EPOCH
OF
REIONISATION
.
516
15.8.4
PRIMORDIAL
GRAVITATIONAL
WAVES
.
517
15.8.5
WEAK
GRAVITATIONAL
LENSING
.
518
15.9
THE
DETERMINATION
OF
COSMOLOGICAL
PARAMETERS
.
523
15.10
DARK
ENERGY
SURVEY
.
526
15.11
OTHER
SOURCES
OF
PRIMORDIAL
FLUCTUATIONS
.
529
15.12
REFLECTIONS
.
531
REFERENCES
.
532
PART
IV
THE
POST-RECOMBINATION
UNIVERSE
16
THE
POST-RECOMBINATION
ERA
.
539
16.1
INTRODUCTION
.
539
16.2
THE
NON-LINEAR
COLLAPSE
OF
DENSITY
PERTURBATIONS
.
541
16.2.1
ISOTROPIC
TOP-HAT
COLLAPSE
.
541
16.2.2
THE
ZELDOVICH
APPROXIMATION
.
544
16.3
THE
ROLE
OF
DISSIPATION
.
546
CONTENTS
XXIII
16.4
THE
PRESS-SCHECHTER
MASS
FUNCTION
.
550
16.4.1
ELEMENTARY
THEORY
.
550
16.4.2
EVALUATION
.
553
REFERENCES
.
558
17
THE
EVOLUTION
OF
GALAXIES
AND
ACTIVE
GALAXIES
WITH
COSMIC
EPOCH
.
561
17.1
INTRODUCTION
.
561
17.2
COUNTS
OF
GALAXIES
AND
ACTIVE
GALAXIES
.
563
17.2.1
EUCLIDEAN
SOURCE
COUNTS
.
564
17.2.2
SOURCE
COUNTS
FOR
THE
STANDARD
WORLD
MODELS
.
565
17.2.3
SUBMILLIMETRE
COUNTS
OF
DUSTY
GALAXIES
.
571
17.2.4
NUMBER
COUNTS
IN
MODELS
WITH
FINITE
92A
.
573
17.2.5
FLUCTUATIONS
IN
THE
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
DUE
TO
DISCRETE
SOURCES
.
575
17.3
THE
V
/
VMAX
OR
LUMINOSITY-VOLUME
TEST
.
577
17.4
THE
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
.
580
17.4.1
THE
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
AND
THE
SOURCE
COUNTS
.
581
17.4.2
EVALUATING
THE
BACKGROUND
DUE
TO
DISCRETE
SOURCES.
.
581
17.4.3
THE
EFFECTS
OF
EVOLUTION:
THE
CASE
OF
THE
RADIO
BACKGROUND
EMISSION
.
583
17.5
THE
EVOLUTION
OF
ACTIVE
GALAXIES
WITH
COSMIC
EPOCH
.
585
17.5.1
NUMBER
COUNTS
AND
V/
VMAX
TESTS
FOR
EXTRAGALACTIC
RADIO
SOURCES
.
585
17.5.2
RADIO
QUIET
QUASARS
.
589
17.5.3
X-RAY
SOURCE
COUNTS
.
595
17.5.4
X-RAY
CLUSTERS
OF
GALAXIES
.
600
17.6
INFRARED
AND
SUBMILLIMETRE
NUMBER
COUNTS
.
603
17.7
COUNTS
OF
GALAXIES
.
608
17.8
CLUSTERS
OF
GALAXIES
.
613
REFERENCES
.
615
18
THE
INTERGALACTIC
MEDIUM
.
621
18.1
THE
BACKGROUND
EMISSION
AND
ABSORPTION
OF
THE
INTERGALACTIC
GAS
.
622
18.2
THE
GUNN-PETERSON
TEST
.
623
18.3
THE
LYMAN-O
ABSORPTION
CLOUDS
.
626
18.3.1
THE
PROPERTIES
OF
THE
LYMAN-A
ABSORPTION
CLOUDS
.
626
18.3.2
THE
NATURE
OF
THE
CLOUDS
IN
THE
LYMAN-A
FOREST
.
632
18.3.3
THE
EVOLUTION
OF
LYMAN-A
ABSORPTION
CLOUDS
WITH
COSMIC
EPOCH
.
633
18.3.4
THE
POWER-SPECTRUM
OF
THE
LYMAN-A
FOREST
.
634
18.4
THE
LUKE-WARM
INTERGALACTIC
GAS
.
636
18.4.1
A
SALUTARY
TALE:
THE
X-RAY
BACKGROUND
AS
A
COSMIC
CONSPIRACY
.
636
18.4.2
THE
COLLISIONAL
EXCITATION
OF
THE
INTERGALACTIC
GAS
.
637
XXIV
CONTENTS
18.4.3
THE
LYMAN
CONTINUUM
OPACITY
OF
THE
INTERGALACTIC
GAS
.
639
18.4.4
THE
PROXIMITY
EFFECT
AND
THE
DIFFUSE
ULTRAVIOLET
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
AT
LARGE
REDSHIFTS
.
644
18.5
THE
POST-REIONISATION
EVOLUTION
OF
THE
INTERGALACTIC
MEDIUM
.
647
18.6
THE
EPOCH
OF
REIONISATION
.
651
18.7
THE
ORIGIN
OF
MAGNETIC
FIELDS
.
655
18.7.1
THE
BIERMANN
BATTERY
.
657
18.7.2
TURBULENT
AMPLIFICATION
OF
MAGNETIC
FIELDS
.
658
18.7.3
LARGE-SCALE
MAGNETIC
FIELDS
FROM
EXTRAGALACTIC
RADIO
SOURCES
.
659
REFERENCES
.
660
19
MAKING
REAL
GALAXIES
.
665
19.1
STAR
AND
ELEMENT
FORMATION
IN
GALAXIES
.
666
19.1.1
THE
BACKGROUND
RADIATION
AND
ELEMENT
FORMATION
.
666
19.1.2
THE
GLOBAL
STAR
FORMATION
RATE
FROM
OPTICAL
AND
ULTRAVIOLET
OBSERVATIONS
OF
STAR-FORMING
GALAXIES
.
670
19.1.3
THE
LYMAN-BREAK
GALAXIES
.
673
19.1.4
THE
HUBBLE
DEEP
AND
ULTRA
DEEP
FIELDS
.
673
19.2
THE
COSMIC
STAR
FORMATION
RATE
.
679
19.3
THE
EQUATIONS
OF
COSMIC
CHEMICAL
EVOLUTION
.
686
19.4
THE
ABUNDANCES
OF
ELEMENTS
IN
LYMAN-A
ABSORPTION
SYSTEMS
.
688
19.5
THE
OLD
RED
GALAXIES
.
692
19.6
THE
ORIGIN
OF
ROTATION
.
696
19.7
PUTTING
IT
ALL
TOGETHER:
SEMI-ANALYTIC
MODELS
OF
GALAXY
FORMATION
.
699
REFERENCES
.
706
20
THE
VERY
EARLY
UNIVERSE
.
711
20.1
THE
BIG
PROBLEMS
.
711
20.1.1
THE
HORIZON
PROBLEM
.
712
20.1.2
THE
FLATNESS
PROBLEM
.
712
20.1.3
THE
BARYON-ASYMMETRY
PROBLEM
.
713
20.1.4
THE
PRIMORDIAL
FLUCTUATION
PROBLEM
.
713
20.1.5
THE
VALUES
OF
THE
COSMOLOGICAL
PARAMETERS
.
714
20.1.6
THE
WAY
AHEAD
.
714
20.2
THE
LIMITS
OF
OBSERVATION
.
715
20.3
THE
ANTHROPIC
COSMOLOGICAL
PRINCIPLE
.
716
20.4
THE
INFLATIONARY
PARADIGM:
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
.
717
20.5
THE
ORIGIN
OF
THE
SPECTRUM
OF
PRIMORDIAL
PERTURBATIONS
.
720
20.5.1
THE
EQUATION
OF
STATE
.
720
20.5.2
THE
DURATION
OF
THE
INFLATIONARY
PHASE
.
721
20.5.3
THE
SHRINKING
HUBBLE
SPHERE
.
721
CONTENTS
XXV
20.5.4
SCALAR
FIELDS
.
724
20.5.5
THE
QUANTISED
HARMONIC
OSCILLATOR
.
726
20.5.6
THE
SPECTRUM
OF
FLUCTUATIONS
IN
THE
SCALAR
FIELD
.
727
20.6
BARYOGENESIS
.
731
20.7
THE
PLANCK
ERA
.
732
REFERENCES
.
734
MAIN
INDEX
.
737
AUTHOR
INDEX
.
767 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Longair, Malcolm 1941- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)120637561 |
| author_facet | Longair, Malcolm 1941- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Longair, Malcolm 1941- |
| author_variant | m l ml |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048820541 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1378490834 (DE-599)DNB1261827333 |
| edition | Third edition |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV048820541 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:33:00Z |
| indexdate | 2024-12-09T13:07:44Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1065168780 |
| isbn | 9783662658901 3662658909 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034086273 |
| oclc_num | 1378490834 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-20 DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-20 DE-83 |
| physical | XXV, 772 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 23.5 cm x 15.5 cm |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Astronomy and Astrophysics Library |
| spelling | Longair, Malcolm 1941- Verfasser (DE-588)120637561 aut Galaxy Formation Malcolm S. Longair Third edition 202303 Berlin Springer [2023] XXV, 772 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 23.5 cm x 15.5 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Astronomy and Astrophysics Library Kosmologie (DE-588)4114294-9 gnd rswk-swf Entstehung (DE-588)4156614-2 gnd rswk-swf Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 gnd rswk-swf Galaxie (DE-588)4057375-8 gnd rswk-swf graduate textbook cosmology galaxy formation development of structure in the Universe cosmological models contemporary observations of the Universe in all wavebands the physics of cosmology and galaxy formation great problems of cosmology astrophysical cosmology textbook Kosmologie (DE-588)4114294-9 s Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 s DE-604 Galaxie (DE-588)4057375-8 s Entstehung (DE-588)4156614-2 s Springer-Verlag GmbH (DE-588)1065168780 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-662-65891-8 Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe 9783662658932 Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe 9783662658925 Vorangegangen ist 9783540734772 X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=cde8d44d71ee4c8d85c3e60b1a8368f0&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext X:MVB http://www.springer.com/ DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034086273&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p vlb 20220705 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#vlb |
| spellingShingle | Longair, Malcolm 1941- Galaxy Formation Kosmologie (DE-588)4114294-9 gnd Entstehung (DE-588)4156614-2 gnd Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 gnd Galaxie (DE-588)4057375-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4114294-9 (DE-588)4156614-2 (DE-588)4003326-0 (DE-588)4057375-8 |
| title | Galaxy Formation |
| title_auth | Galaxy Formation |
| title_exact_search | Galaxy Formation |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Galaxy Formation |
| title_full | Galaxy Formation Malcolm S. Longair |
| title_fullStr | Galaxy Formation Malcolm S. Longair |
| title_full_unstemmed | Galaxy Formation Malcolm S. Longair |
| title_short | Galaxy Formation |
| title_sort | galaxy formation |
| topic | Kosmologie (DE-588)4114294-9 gnd Entstehung (DE-588)4156614-2 gnd Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 gnd Galaxie (DE-588)4057375-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kosmologie Entstehung Astrophysik Galaxie |
| url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=cde8d44d71ee4c8d85c3e60b1a8368f0&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://www.springer.com/ http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034086273&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT longairmalcolm galaxyformation AT springerverlaggmbh galaxyformation |