Winning women's hearts and minds: selling Cold War culture in the US and the USSR
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Toronto ; Buffalo ; London
University of Toronto Press
[2023]
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | xv, 317 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781487503772 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Bibliography Primary Sources Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library (DDE Library) Abbott Washburn Papers C.D. Jackson Papers Clarence Francis Papers James Μ. Lambie Jr. Papers Library Staff Files National Security Council Staff Papers Office of the Staff Secretary Records Operations Coordinating Board Central File Series Psychological Strategy Board Files US President s Committee on Information Activities Abroad (Sprague Committee) US President s Committee International Information Activities (Jackson Committee) Records White House Central Files, General File White House Staff Files White House Staff Research Board Records Harry S. Truman Presidential Library (HST Library) Charles S. Hulten Papers President s Secretary s Files National Archives at College Park (NACP) State Department Records United States Information Agency Records
288 Bibliography Magazines and Periodicals The American Foreign Service Journal Amerika Cleveland Plain Dealer Globe and Mail House Beautiful Ladies Home Journal Life Newsweek Saturday Evening Post Time Toronto Daily Star US News and World Report USSR The Washington Post Secondary Sources Adams, James Truslow. The Epic of America. Boston: Little Brown and Co., 1931. Anderson, Barbara A. The Life Course of Soviet Women Born 1905-1960. In Politics, Work and Daily Life in the USSR: A Survey of Former Soviet Citizens, edited by James R. Millar, 203-40. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. Anderson, Karen. Wartime Women: Sex Roles, Family Relations and the Status of Women During World War II. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press 1981. Apple, Rima Dobrev. Perfect Motherhood: Science and Childrearing. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2006. Atkinson, Dorothy, Alexander Dallin, and Gail Warshofsky Lapidus, eds. Women in Russia. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1977. Attwood, Lynne. Creating the New Soviet Woman: Women s Magazines as Engineers of Female Identity, 1922-1953. New York: St. Martin s Press, 1999. Attwood, Lynne. From the New Soviet Woman to the New Soviet Housewife : Women in Post-War Russia. In War-Torn Tales: Literature, Film and Gender in the Aftermath of World War II, edited by D. Hipkins and G. Plain, 143-62. Bern: Peter Lang, 2007. Baldwin, Kate A. Beyond the Color Line and the Iron Curtain: Reading Encounters between Black and Red, 1922-1963. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002. Baldwin, Kate A. The Racial Imaginary of the Cold War
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Index Adams, Clifford R., 37-9 advertising, 114,171,185,197; in Amerika, 15-16,118,122,129,217; gender norms and, 15-16,50-1, 167; in Ladies Home Journal, 50, 87-9; in Life magazine, 121; shifts in image use, 11,121,181; targeting women, 11,15,87,89,118,155 African Americans: artists, 128, 132-4,186; civil rights struggles and (see civil rights movement); drawn to Soviet Union, 93,132, 232n38,254nl54; lack of media representation, 12,106,181,186-7, 245n3; women, 12,93,106,128,204, 238n6; workers, 132,147,234n58 African nations, 44-5, 226 Alhoff, Mary Jo, 33-4,147-8 American Dream, 175; conceptu alizations of, 26,152,154,172, 238n8; pursuing the, 71, 95,127, 149-53; Yugoslav Dream versus, 166 American Institute of Family Relations (AIFR), 39-41 American National Exhibition, 129, 153,161-2; Amerika and, 6,161, 213,215,226; kitchen debate, 6, 163; Russian attendance, 6,169, 181,194,215; shopping and, 166, 169,215; USIA at, 166,189 Amerika, 53,166; African American representation in, 131-4,181, 187-9; article topics, 106, 132-6,138-42,146-7, 180-3; consumerism, coverage of, 120-3, 168-77,183-5,210,214-17; content of, 4,121-5,148,155,180,224-7; discontinuation of, 6,108-9,117; distribution of, 3,6,104,106,108, 118,212-13; family and children, focus on, 127-8,135,151-2,157-8, 177,191; fashion showcased in, 119-21,127,135-45,177,183; food, coverage of, 146,157,162-6,182-3, 210; gender equality, discussion of, 189,195,197-204,207; gender norms, reinforcement of, 10,129-32, 147,151,158,186,223-5; goals of, 3-4,21,107,122,146-7,214,224; homemaking, representation of,
135,146-7,154-61,180,191-2; housing, discussion of, 152-4, 159-60; launch and first run of, 96,104,106,126; marriage, representation of, 127,135,146, 149-50,167,181; middle-class focus of, 127-8,132,134,139-40,152,
304 Index 210; postwar women s magazines versus, 4,154-5,214,216; reception among Russian women, 134,136-7, 145-7,207,212-14; representations of women in, 16,50-1,127-35,13840,180,196,223; revitalization of, 112,116-19,223-4; Russian women, appeals to, 6,123-7,138-45,192, 210-12,226-7; shopping malls and department stores in, 128,168-77, 183,185,207; shifts in 1960s, 180-6, 193,207,226-7; Soviet regime versus, 117-18,122-4,129,161,214; special report of, 180,195,197-205, 209; USIA use of, 15-16,21,116-24, 146-7,161-2,223-6; USSR versus, 128-32,135,178,189-93,216,226; women s employment, discussion of, 120,135,138,166-7,177,185-6. See also Sanders, Marion K. anti-Americanism: claims of, 27,45; Soviet, 5-6,132 anti-communism, 13,43-4,50,112; Amerika on, 75-6,161,166,214; campaigns (see anti-communism campaigns); good housekeeping and, 14,35; Ladies Home Journal on, 53-4,61,75-6,90-3,199 anti-communism campaigns, 4-5,121, 143,187; domestic politics and, 14, 27,35,50; women s involvement in, 8,10,14-15,26-7,90 Armstrong, Louis, 9 Asian nations: Soviet Union and, 44, 189; United States and, 45,226 attitudes: capitalistic, 73, 99, 161,215,221; femininity and, 28-30; on propaganda, 7,99,102; Russian, 81,103,129,215,247n21; sexual, 199; shifts in, 102,199; on women s roles, 17,99,177,191 Attwood, Lynne, 17,131, 210 Bauer, Raymond, 56-8,200,210,219, 247nn21,23 Belmonte, Laura, 10,15,214 Benjamin, Louise Payne, 28-30, 240n23 Better Homes and Gardens, 27,124 Bolshevism, 17, 91. See also Revolution, Russian budgeting, 211; advice on, 36-8,161, 174; lack of, 36,164; Ladies Home
Journal on, 31-3,36, 71-2 Canner, Dorothy and Bill, 36-7 Can This Marriage Be Saved?, Ladies Home Journal, 39—40 Capa, Robert, 77, 79, 85,121,168, 248nn34, 36; photography of Russian women and children, 5970, 74-5,82,173,247n31; Russian authorities versus, 60,62 capitalism, 142,221,223; allegiance to, 16,44,94,207; Amerika, portrayal of, 4,51,114-15, 120,147-9,214-15; corporate promotion of, 169-72; criticism of, 41-2,92,129,161,172, 247n31; democracy and, 41,51-2,87,96; exposure to, 95,172,207,211, 271n48; happiness and, 3—4,10-12, 87,128-29,214-15,219; Ladies Home Journal, portrayal of, 41-3, 73,86-7,94-6; media portrayals of, 10-12, 86-7; US government selling of, 4,10,20,52,100,210-11; women s promotion of, 10,16,94 careers, women s: combining mothering with, 49,166-8,177, 195,199-204,207; homemaking versus, 35,38,41,167,203; lack of, 25-6,120; men s opinions on, 33-4; pursuit of, 58,100,128,180, 186,192-5
Index Carter, John Mack, 197-8 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 103,109,111 childcare, 36,155; Russian women and, 78,82,90-2,129-31,197, 218-19; women s time devoted to, 18,156,173,199-200,208-11 childrearing, 94,167; community involvement and, 46,100,200,207; feminist movement and, 201-3; patriotism and, 10,35,40; Russian women and, 12,54,59, 75,142, 178,193; women s careers and, 48-9, 78,115,120,166-8,186,191 children: advice on, 36-7,120,128, 151-3, 205-6,238n3; expected commitment to, 17,31-5,40-1, 63, 146-53,215; lack of desire for, 38, 58; maladjusted, 36-8; women s homemaking and, 26,37,115,120, 135,177,222 chores, household, 25,131,155-6; family sharing of, 36,194 churches: attendance at, 29,35,55, 149-50; communism versus, 43, 81, 115,136-7,251n97; women s roles in, 47,49, 63,200 citizens, 223; childrearing and, 10,35, 78,200; creating anti communist, 43,101,103; housewives as, 43,47,49; interacting with Russian, 6-9, 56-7, 76,104; notions of good, 10, 15-17,46-7, 78,191; patriotism and, 10,35,46,101; as purchasers, 15-16,225-7; Russian provision for, 56, 76,105,129,217-18; US influence of Russian, 5,101, 105,110,166,215-16; women s imperatives as, 48-9,101,130 civic politics, 41-2,172; women s involvement in, 14,44-9,115,191 305 civilization, 43,191,227; proper childrearing and, 11,35,40,242n69 civil rights movement: Amerika coverage and, 132,134,187-9,195, 279n64; international advocacy, 9,132; legislation, passage of, 9, 187; public struggles, 187-9,197, 238n8,257n33; women in, 180, 188,281Ո96 class, 40,100,262nll; capitalism and, 42,58; divisions between
Russian women, 76,84-5, 91, 247n21; middle (see middle-class women); working (see working class women) clothing: affordable, 65,136, 138-9; class divisions in, 84-5; handmade, 30,34,73,143; purchasing new, 30,32,36,125; worn-out, 56,215. See also fashion Cohen, Lizabeth, 15-16,172 Cold War: Amerika (see Amerika); definition of, 43; as ideological battle, 5, 8,43, 214; journalism during, 52,54, 74-6,91,214; Ladies Home Journal on (see Ladies Home Journal); propaganda (see propaganda); state-private network during, 8,112 communism: accusations of, 27; Amerika on, 75-6,161,166,214; anti- (see anti-communism); attempts to destabilize, 4-5,15,90, 121,143,187; capitalism versus, 12,52,93-6,129,161,195; civil liberties versus, 43^1,52; collapse of, 21,224-7; containment policy toward, 13-14,35,43-4,50,112; curiosity about, 54,58, 67, 111, 221, 245n3; Ladies Home Journal on, 54, 61,75-6,90-3,199; life under, 62, 75-6, 78-9,217,219; propaganda
306 Index explicitly against, 8,13,27,53, 121,143,166; Russian women in, 12,19,55, 78, 89,92-3,218; safety from, 10,26,43,45,94-5; support for, 56, 76,105,129-31,217-19, 254nl54; threat of (see communist threat); women s role against, 10, 26-7,43,223 Communist Party (CP), Soviet Union, 5,82,116-17,189,210,247n21 communist threat, 43-4,112; housewives countering, 26-8, 45-6; Ladies Home Journal on, 43, 52,94-5 Congress, United States, 109,122, 142, 280n77; funding for programs, 5, 7,44,102-3,119; women in, 48, 186,199,203-4,257n27 consumer culture, American: gender and, 9-10, 15-16, 74,83,212; government policy and, 5-6,16, 216-22,225; images of women, 4, 9-12, 74; Russian women and, 18, 81, 93,127,146-7,191-2; shifting media coverage of, 180,182-3; US government promotion of, 100, 116,163-4,178-9,223 consumer goods, 177; availability of, 84-6,128-9,212-14,226-7; benefits of, 19,90,96,118,122, 155,182; new markets for, 138, 169-70,210; Russian deprivation of, 13,53-4,91,105,168; Russian eagerness for, 9, 67, 77,86,131, 210-11 consumerism, 123,209,216; mass, 4, 9-11,26,52,177-8,214; US government selling of, 17-18,52, 80,120,134,215 consumer s republic, notion of, 15-16 consumption, American, 135,155; gender and, 8,26,51,125,143, 209,225; happiness and, 11-16,28, 87,169,185; images of, 4,10-12, 172-5; promotion of, 3-4,10,41-2, 185; women in narratives of, 10, 28-9,89,115,135,161 containment: domestic, 14,27,35,50; policy of, 13-14,112 cultural diplomacy: history of, 8-10, 18,225; notions of, 7-8,161,223; programs for, 8-9,223; Soviet, 8-9, 117,161,226; US government use of,
8,110,227; women and, 9-10. See also diplomacy Czechoslovakia: communist, 32,94-6; USIA publication for, 214,225 democracy, 91,103,221; anti communism and, 44,50,94-5; capitalist consumption and, 11, 41-2,87,115,120,172; racism and, 134,187,191; US government selling of, 6,45,52,96,100,127, 166; women s civic involvement and, 44-7,49-50 Democratic Party, 180; women s support for, 45,49,80,199,204 department stores, Russian, 192, 216; American versus, 168-73, 175,185; GUM, 67,86,215; lack of availability of items, 65,82,86 Diana and Guy, 40-1 Dickinson, LaFell, 55,58-9 Dickson, Mary and Lewis, 31-2,70-4 Dior, Christian, 30-1,240n29 diplomacy, 16,214; cultural (see cultural diplomacy); definitions of, 5, 7-8,102; golden age of, 3-4; public, 7-8,102; traditional, 5,102; Western, 79,84,89,103-4,109, 116-17 discourse on women, postwar, 10, 16; of domesticity, 25-6,43,49-50,
Index 227; magazines and, 26,49-50,53; Russian, 17-18,80-1 divorce: in Soviet Union, 54,90,92, 218; as undesirable, 39-40; for women, 203,207-9 domesticity, 199; anti-communism and, 9,43,50; discourse of (see discourse); emphasis on women s, 35,155, 218-19; Ladies Home Journal on, 29, 37,43-5, 50,68,100; masculine, 94,202; US norms of, 9, 27,49-50,227; wartime promotion of, 10,46 Dudziak, Mary, 9 Eastern Europe, 225; American focus on, 214,226; Russian influence in, 102-4 education, 33,134; American women s advocacy for, 46-7,93, 208; feminist movement and, 186,191,198-9; free Russian, 13, 19,54, 75,129-30,189; magazine messaging on, 13,26,29,43,53, 186; Russian women s, 18,58, 77,81,191,219; US government propaganda and, 7,102,115,118 Eisenhower, Dwight D.: Chance for Peace speech, 110-11; cultural diplomacy and (see cultural diplomacy); electoral politics and, 45,48-9; foreign policy approaches, 4-6,8,56,113-14,116,220,223; overseas information program, 4-8, 106,110-15,121-2. See also United States Information Agency (USIA) electoral politics, 122; Amerika and, 134,180; women s involvement in, 44-9,186,191 emancipation, women s: American, 197-202,204,209,242n69; Russian Revolution and, 91-3,132,246n7 307 embassy, US: officials, 7, 80, 85; shipments of Amerika, 108,116, 123,212-14 employment, women s, 10, 76-7, 207; absence of, 26,52,117,123; American, 28,136,166-7,197, 201-3; Russian, 18-19,54, 56-8, 67, 91,191-5,219. See also careers, women s equality, 161,195; gender (see gender inequality); racial (see racial inequality); Russian policy of, 4,
17-18,58-9,191-3,210,219 eugenics, 40 Europe, 90; Eastern (see Eastern Europe); US consumer culture in, 17,48,116; views of United States, 17, 73,94; wartime, 48,55,101, 110; Western (see Western Europe) families, 79-80, 146; in Amerika, 127-30,135,151-2,168-78,181-2; balancing careers and, 49,166-8, 177,195,199-203,207; capitalist consumption and, 10,15-16,128, 170-6; conservative idealization of, 6,34,40,147; happiness and, 25-6,35,96,120,156; housing for, 21, 52-3,92-3,153,192,217-19; Ladies Home Journal focus on, 34-7,40-1,45-6, 72-3; norms, reinforcement of, 9-10, 31-2,94, 115,120; Russian, 56, 58-9,89-90, 146,193; societal emphasis on, 25-6,63,99-100,162,210; US campaigns based on, 6,10,14, 127; in USSR, 193-4; women s imperatives with, 15-17,26,36-8, 155,166-7 fashion: advertising imagery and, 11, 95,138,171; Amerika on, 106,120-1, 135,177,183-4; focus on, 30,33,
308 Index 106,213, 215; Ladies Home Journal on, 28,30-3,68-9; maternity, 33, 143-4; practicality and, ЗО, 84, 135—40,210; Russian approach to, 18,82-3,127,142-5,189,216-17; Western influence in, 18,84,124, 141,192. See also clothing female friendship, 208; American downplaying of, 53,63,139, 249n50; Russian, 63,65, 213 Feminine Mystique (Friedan), 14,180, 197; criticism of, 25-6 femininity, 99; activism and, 46,50, 68; Amerika, messaging on, 15-16, 50,120,127-9,214-15; capitalist consumption and, 12,16,41-2,52, 134,215,226; definitions of, 28-9; etiquette and, 29; fashion and, 30-3, 68-9,135-6,177; global desire for, 52,65-7,96,193,215; housewives and, 4,26,29-32,50,74,100,134, 214—15; ideal notion of, 120,131, 200; images of fulfilment and, 25-6, 29,61,223; lack of, 12, 77,82-4,92, 96,115,146; Ladies Home Journal on, 25-33,61,68,74,87; makeovers (see makeovers, women s); men s roles and, 202-3; new, 25,30-2; Russian women and, 53,61,67-8, 89,191,218; working women and, 185-6,203-4 feminism: Amerika and, 102, 207, 226-7; Ladies Home Journal and, 15, 28,50,181,197-9; subversive form of, 14-15,238n9; views of second wave, 26,197,200,203-4,209 films, 18,132; government production of, 101,103,112, 246nl0; magazine coverage of, 121,128,262nll; newsreels on Russian life and, 55; as propaganda, 7,27,55 food, 35,263n21; Amerika articles on, 16,162-6,182; availability of, 67, 71, 85,205,217-18; class distinctions, 86,132; convenience, 26,37,146,162-3,182,205; Khrushchev and, 217-18,220-1; Ladies’ Home Journal on, 28, 71-3, 162; media portrayals of Russian, 67, 85-6,164-6,210;
shortages, 13,53-6, 91,102. See also supermarkets foreign policy, US. See policymaking, US freedom, notions of, 92,125,187, 238n8; for American women, 19, 99-100,107,208, 234n58; Amerika portrayals of, 114,121,124,208-9; consumerism and, 17,89,96; Soviet Union versus, 44,52,54, 58, 94-6,100; USIA activities and, 6, 95-6,100,114,124 Friedan, Betty (Feminine Mystique), 14, 25,180; on happy housewife heroines, 19,26-7,50,197 Fulbright, William ]., 44-5 Garst, Roswell Bob, 221 gender inequality, 17-18,81,92-4, 195-201 gender norms, 12; conservative, 3-6,15-16,26-7,214-20,227; consumer culture and, 8-10,51, 74,83,118,212,223-7; on family life, 33-4, 78,147,151,209; in postwar magazines, 14,26-7,51-2, 77-8,199,212 gender roles, traditional, 207; advertising messaging and, 11; Amerika and, 4,16,100,118,147, 212,223; divergence from, 37, 100,207; Ladies Home Journal and, 13,26-8,37,52, 74,199; Russian
Index versus American, 3-6,52-3,58, 77, 147,214-20; special privileges and (see special privileges, American womanhood) General Federation of Women s Clubs, 55,58-9 glocalization, 17-18 Gorrie, Pat and Eddie, 34-6 Gould, Bruce and Beatrice: editorship of, 28-9, 37,41, 244nl21; portrayals of Russian life, 59-60, 75-80,161; travel to Russia, 75-6. See also Ladies Home Journal Great Depression, 26,60,238n8, 270n41 Great Shopping Game, 175-6 Gresser, Gisela Kahn, 86,252nl29 Griscom, Robert, 76,79 Griswold, Robert L., 13,222,285n68 happiness, notions of, 28,185; Amerika on, 15,118,131,135-6, 146,152-3; capitalist consumption and, 3-4,10-16,87,169,214-15, 219; family life and, 25-7,35, 96, 120,146,152-6; feminine gender norms and, 34-8,58-61,84,96; housewives and, 35-7, 50, 73,147, 177,197; Ladies Home Journal on, 29-31,34-41; overseas information program and, 12,15; Russian women s lives, 12, 53-61,64, 84, 94,128-9; USSR on, 129-30,178, 195; women s careers and, 166-8, 177,199-203,207,219 Harlem Renaissance, 93,132 Harriman, Averill, 104,213 health, 56; American women s advocacy for, 46,81,208; Russian women s, 81,218; women s role in familial, 37-8,155,162-3 309 healthcare, 67; universal, 13,54,129; women s magazines on, 26,128 Hellbeck, Jochen, 95,130 heterosexuality, 40; consumption, 8,52,225; cultural messaging of, 11-12,40,152,201; norm of, 17,19, 26-8,151,199,242n71; women s compulsory, 15, 28,52,120,242n69 Hitler, Adolf, 40,45, 93 Hixson, Walter, 5,103,122,214 homemaking: advice on, 36-7, 73, 162,201-2; Amerika, promotion of, 120,127,131,135,146; class divisions
and 58,152-4; emphasis on women s, 15,18,36-7,115, 156; happiness and, 146,161; Ladies Home Journal on, 28,34-7, 41; Russian culture and, 161, 218-19,222 Hopkinson, Peter (The Russians Nobody Knows), 55-6 household labour, 82,131; laboursaving devices, 4,115,122,129, 155-2,217-19; media portrayals of, 25-7,32,53, 74,172-5; men helping with, 34,40, 93-4,167-8, 177,183,205; women s, 18,25,53, 58,93,146,201-5 housekeeping: anti-communism and, 14,27,35,50; civic involvement, 46-50,183,191,200; notions of good, 35-8,40,160-2,219 housewives: complicating narratives of, 32,48-50,164,180-1; femininity and, 4,15-16,28, 74, 100,134,223-6; as frivolous, 36-7, 41; gender norms and, 14-15,35, 219,226; glorification of, 25,31, 43,52,193; as happy heroines, 19,26-7,31,50, 73,147,177,197; portrayals of, 29,32, 35-7,147-51, 172; Russian, 53,62-8,83,146,
310 Index 166,178,210-12; US government imagery, 4,15,120,218-19, 223-6 housing, 181; American, 31—4, 48, 70-2,94,127,153-5; media portrayals of, 70-3, 78-9; Russian, 68, 73, 78-9 How America Lives, Ladies Home Journal, 31-2,48, 70, 72, 94-5 Hudson s, J.L., 169-70,192 husbands, 200; addressing problems with, 36-9,41; assumed desire for, 25,35,140; attracting, 25,29, 40,120; household help from, 93-4,155,167-8,177,183,205; independence from, 33-4, 38-9, 48-9,199; magazine articles on, 25,29,41, 63,92; women s responsibility for, 12,17,32,39,41 ideals, 52; advancing American, 4, 7, 50,119-23,127,131,180; consumer culture, 4,118,121; domestic, 26, 33,37-8,100,154,182; of femininity, 30,134; Russian, 130-1; suburban, 68,100; women s roles and, 30,50,100,119,226; white, middle-class heterosexual, 15,40, 94-5,119-20,127 ideological battles, 43; Cold War, 5, 8-10,109,145; postwar US, 5,102; women in, 10,45,199 imagery, 74,148,226; of American women, 9-12,17-18,29,99-101, 140,176; in Amerika, 15-16,51,96, 119-29,174,209,223; consumer culture and, 4,9-12,32,87,147, 165-6; domesticity and, 96,99, 146-7,153-6,162,177; fashion, 11,95,135^0,142-3,171; gender norms and, 15,32,74,140,145,151, 167; in Ladies Home Journal, 15,289,50-2,68-9,100; power of, 59-61, 63-5,92,134,147; of Russian women, 13,17,53-68,82,95,178, 189,194; shifts in, 11,121,181-4 independence, women s, 203; abandonment of, 26; discouragement of, 38-9; Russian, 58,90 information activities, 16; use of term, 7; US wartime administration, 6,110-14 Inkeles, Alex, 56-8,200,210,219, 247nn21,23 institutions, 10; Amerika՛s
coverage of, 106,108,122,125; communist versus democratic, 43-5,57,94, 247n21; cultural, 7,37,43 international relations, 79; culture, importance in, 9,16,117; gender analysis of, 10,26,101,222-3; magazine coverage of, 4,44, 225-7; postwar shifts in, 5-7,102, 110,116-18 Iron Curtain: American attempts to influence, 8,104, 224; life behind, 6-7,57,124; magazine coverage on, 13,53, 76, 80,101 Jackson, Charles Douglas (C.D.), 111, 122 Jackson Committee Report, 112-14 Jackson, William, 111 Jamison, Edna, 47 jazz music, 9, 77,187 journalism, 50,199; Cold War, 52, 103,106,212-14,218; women in, 26,41,92-3,104,129-30,186 Kennan, George E, 13-14,112 Kennedy, John E, 180,186-7,260n76 Kershaw, Alex, 60,122 Khrushchev, Nikita: kitchen debate, 6, 129-30,161,163,191; policies of, 5,
Index 21,73,116,129,226-7; rise to power, 5,21,116; Russian life under, 53,79, 164,212,215-23; Stalin versus, 5, 73,79,116,156; women s equality, discourse on, 17-18,156,191-2 Khrushchevki, construction of, 21, 73, 152-3,212,219 Kiev, living conditions in, 55,63, 66 Kirk, Alan G„ 79-80 Kirk, Lydia, 79-87,89,108,161; on Russian women, 79-82 kitchens, 95,166; appliances for, 16,156,159-62,177,185; easing women s labour in, 34,48,161-3, 182,219; shared Russian, 73, 79, 162; women s dislike of being stuck in, 36,58,92,164 Knox, Μ. Gordon, 213 Konstantinov, Fyodor, 116-17 Kremlin, the, 80, 86,112,217; Western officials versus, 13-14, 76 Kutvirt, Duda and Oktar, 32,94-6 Ladies’ Home Journal·, advice columns 30-3,36-41,71-2; anti communism in, 52-4, 61,75-6, 903,199; on domesticity, 29,37,43-5, 50,68,100; families, focus on, 34-7,40-1,45-6, 72-3; on fashion, 28,30-3,68-9; femininity, notions of, 25-33,61,68, 74,87-9; on food, 28, 71-3,162; on gender roles, 13, 26-8, 37,52, 74,199; on happiness, 29-31,34-41; on homemaking, 28,34-7,41; makeovers (see makeovers, women s); mixed messaging of, 48-50; readership, 12,27-8,50; representations of American women, 12-14,27-8, 69-70; representations of Russian women, 54,59-68, 79-89,92; special issue on men, 25-6 311 La Falce, Alfonso and Rosaria, 149 League of Women Voters, 46-7,49 leisure activities, women s, 3,46, 125; Russian versus American, 62-3, 82,155,248n34 Leningrad, 109,213,246nl0; journalist visits to, 58, 78 Levine, Nancy Jones and Irving R., 85-6,252Ո125 liberal developmentalism, 4 Life magazine, 28,77, 111, 121-3, 140,194
Little Gem of a Wardrobe, Ladies Home Journal, 30-2,136 Lockerman, Gloria, 128,132,268n5, 277n33 Luce, Henry Robinson, 111, 121-2 Macoby, Eleanor, 197-8,202-3 Mademoiselle, 27,123 makeovers, women s, 31-2, 73-4 Malenkov, Georgi, 110-11 marriage: advice, 32-3,37-41,68, 208-9; Amerika on, 106,120,127, 135,167,181,208-9; careers and, 48, 58,100,200,203; counselling, 39-40,201; focus on, 26,29,39-40, 52,68,146-9; homemaking and, 35-7,50,140; Ladies’Home Journal on, 29-30,32-8,49,120,198; Russian, 54,210-11,222; unhappy, 37,41,208; USIA representations of, 18-19,115. See also weddings Marshall Field s, 169-70,192 masculinity, 10,25; household tasks and, 37,94,202-3,205 mass production, 71,177; consumer goods, 11,128,163,216; of Russian housing, 21, 73,152,218-19 May, Elaine Tyler (Homeward Bound), 10,14,16 McCall s, 27,50,123,197-8,244nl21
312 Index McCarthy, Joseph, 27 McEnaney, Laura, 14, 35 Mead, Margaret, 197-8, 200-3 media, 27,134; American consumer culture in, 4,15,87,155,225; critiques of Russian system, 12-13, 101,104-5,178; portrayal of Russian living, 60-70,72-6,94-5,212; shifting views on Soviet Union, 54-5,146, 215-22; USIA partnership with, 52-3,100-1,103-4, 111, 122. See abo Amerika՛, Ladies Home Journal men: articles on, 25,37,178; electoral politics, 10-12,44-6; equality with, 59, 135,178,191, 194; household work, 18, 82,166,178, 201-2,205; portrayals of Russian versus American, 44-6,56,62-5, 93-4,210-11; supporting women in politics, 46-8,186; women s femininity and, 17,28-30, 33, 86, 89; women s independence from, 58, 92,200,218; work roles, 30, 153,155,167 middle-class women, 40,172,201, 207; lack of Russian, 76,210-11 media idealization of American, 8-12,26-8,120,127,134-6,223-5 messaging for, 14-15,50, 91,140, 155,199 Millett, Kate (Sexual Politics), 209 Minsk, living conditions in, 55-6 modernity, 217,267n86; Russian women s lack of, 13; US association with, 4,11,17; women and, 11, 32 morality: communist threat to, 14, 43-6, 77,110; women and, 45-6, 81,102 Morris, John G., 28,59, 74-5,248n36 Moscow, 73,162,173,181,192; Amerika distribution in, 106,108, 123-4,145,212-17; diplomatic events in, 6, 58,83-6,129,163,166; living conditions in, 60-5, 78-81, 88-90,192,210; travel to, 58, 60, 75-6,86-7,216 motherhood, 17,30; careers and, 49,166-8,177,195,199-203,207; happiness and, 25-7,35, 96,120, 146,152-6; importance of, 25-6, 31-5,40-1,63,146-53,215 mothers, 4,177; Amerika, depictions in,
13-15,127-8,135,151-2,157-8, 191; menace of overbearing, 36-7 motion pictures. See films nationalism, 43,187; women s role in, 15-17,249n59 National Security Council (NSC), 109,112 national security issues, 9,14; policymaking and, 16,109,113 New York Times, 209,217,254nl52 portrayals of Russian life, 75, 77, 80, 212,222 Russian women in, 59,215,218 Nixon, Richard, 195,260n76; Khrushchev, debate with, 6,129, 161,163,217 norms, 15-16,50-1,167; in Amerika, 10,129-32,147,151,158,186,228-5; of domesticity, 9,27,30,49-50, 227; of heterosexuality, 17,19, 268,151,199,242n7; in Ladies Home Journal, 3,26-8,37,52, 74, 199 Northland Center, 42,243n77 nuclear attack, threat of, 14,44,220 nuclear families, 73,182,201,217,219 Office of War Information (OWI), 101-2,104,246nl0 Operations Coordinating Board (OCB), 113-14,122
Index Osgood, Kenneth A., 8,110-11 other the, 225; racialized women as, 12,245ոՅ; Russian women as, 12,52-3,245n3 overseas information program: development of, 3-4,10-12, 101-3,109-13,119; imagery of domesticity in, 53,58, 99-100, 178, 225; principles of, 114,122, 223. See also Amerika; United States Information Agency (USIA) patriotism: appeals to readers , 43-4, 87-9,102; depictions of, 48-9, 80, 248n34; domestic containment and, 14,35,44-5 Patterson, Patrick Hyder, 166,223 Petrovna, Nina, 220-2 Poland, 93,186; food from, 163; USIA involvement in, 15,164, 214,225 policymaking, Russian, 5,9,56-7, 218; shifts in, 115-16,161 policymaking, US, 102,112,122; Cold War information programs, 5,8-9,13,96,101,113-15,225; gender and, 16,44,181,210-11; women s magazines on, 44,101, 187,195 political involvement, women s: anti-communist, 8,14-15,26-7,45, 90; community-based, 14,28,44-9, 115,191; magazines on, 44-9,186, 191; men s support for, 46-8,186; nationalism and, 26 Popenoe, Paul, 39-41,242nn65,71 Price, Leontyne, 128,132,268n5, 277n33 private enterprise, 54,56; cooperative planning versus, 42; support for, 4,42 313 private sphere. See public versus private spheres propaganda: Amerika as polite, 122, 195; constructions of Russian, 5-6, 96,214; cultural infiltration and, 5,8,80,178-9,225-6; funding for, 101,109,111-13; notion of, 7; Soviet Department of (see Soviet Union); US versus Russian, 53-4, 116-18,132 psychological operations: government policies and, 79-80, 109; use of term, 6-7 Psychological Strategy Board (PSB), 79-80,109,113,258n50 public opinion, 124; attempts to
shape, 7,103,121; gauging, 188,193-5; recognizing power of, 5,7,103,110; on women s roles, 193-5,204 public versus private spheres: communist, 17, 78-9,191,210; domesticity and, 10,16,63; women s political involvement in, 14,43,50 purchaser as citizen. See citizens racial discrimination: inequality and, 9,132,187-9,232n38; lack of coverage of, 117,153,234n58, 245n3. See also racism racism: as national security issue, 9, 134,225; Russian critiques of US, 9,123,132,134; Russian outlawing of, 93,134 radio programming: access to Russian audiences, 6-7,104,124, 226; American, 27,54,101,104, 111; Russian censorship of, 76, 81,104,109; Russian propaganda on, 113 Redbook, 27,55,58 refugees, Russian, 56-7,247n23
314 Index Republican Party, 122,199; women s support for, 27,49,204 Revolution, Russian, 132, 219; American media critiques of, 90-2; women after the, 17,57-8,92-3, 130. See also Bolshevism Riesman, David ( The Nylon War ), 4,21 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 44, 75, 93,265n58 Roosevelt, Franklin, 101-2 Rosenberg, Emily, 4,11,16, 83 Rosenberg, Julian and Ethel, 27 Rosenfeld, Barbara, 205-8, 213-17 Rosenthal, Ida (Maidenform founder), 83-4 Rosie the Riveter (J. Howard Miller), 102,256nl0 rural communities: American, 48, 100,143,155-6,169-73; Russian, 53,57,59,65 Russia, 59; American accounts of, 75, 80-1,89-90,206,217; magazine critiques of, 90-2,95,156. See also Soviet Union Russians, 104,163,226; American media portrayals of, 60-70, 72-81, 94-5,117,212; American critiques of, 52,59,80-1,103; on life under communism, 44, 95-6,124,129-30; embracing American culture, 9, 18, 67, 77,86,105,123,210-15; standard of living, 53, 78-80,86-7, 153,217; US consumer targeting of, 3-4, 8,120-3,168-77,183-5, 214-17; USIA activities for, 5-6,8, 21,55,109,114-15,178-9 Russians Nobody Knows (Time Inc.), 55-6 Sad magazine, 124,214 Salisbury, Harrison, 75,217,284n33 Samuelson, Dick and Polly, 152 Sanders, Marion K.: editorship of Amerika, 104,106; resignation of, 108-9,257n27; women s movement and, 197-201,203, 280n73 Schmidt, Don, 33-4,147-8 Scoville, Peg, 155-8 Sears, Roebuck and Company, 170-1, 222; catalogue, 80,106,124 Seven Corners Shopping Center, 173-4 sex, 79; men s desire for, 39,41; Russian women s lack of, 13,41, 53,95,120,145,212; women s relationships with, 92-3,199, 203,222 Sheveleva,
Yekaterina, 129-30 shoes, 56, 215; availability of, 84-5, 170-3; fashionable, 106,135,139; quality of, 31, 85 shopping: in American centres, 41-2, 128,168-76,185,207; portrayals of American, 36,136,138,157,166, 207; in Russian department stores, 65-7,85-6; Russian women s, 85, 87-9,210; women s supposed desire for, 25, 65-7,86,163-6,209 Silberman, Charles E., 152-3 Simons, Eugenia, 32,241n36 Smith-Mundt Act, 102-3 socialism, 54, 75,142,145; criticisms of capitalism, 41-2,93, 95-6,130, 202; Russian attempts to sell, 9,18, 73,131,142,191 socialist subjectivity, 95-6 Soviet Citizen: Daily Life in a Totalitarian Society (Inkeles and Bauer), 56-7,200,247n21 Soviet Experiment, 93,132,229n3, 232n38 Soviet regime, 4,222; American policies toward, 5,8-9,13-14, 96,101,113-15,225; censorship
Index under, 6,17, 76-7, 81,103-4, 109; discourse of, 17-18,80-1; gender equality under, 4,17-18, 81,89; hardship under, 59-70, 74-5,80-2,173,223; limiting American influence, 5,103,117; US delegitimization of, 4-7,10,62, 74-7,105,109; women, messaging about, 4,12-13,17-18,221 Soviet Union, 44; American dissatisfaction in, 62, 79-87,89-94, 234n60; Amerika in, 3,6,104,106, 108,116-18,212-13; consumer culture in, 17,67,86,143,168,192, 215-16; curiosity about American life, 67, 77,124,220; defensiveness of, 116-17; Department of Propaganda and Agitation, 116-17; food shortages, 53-4,56,89; intentions of global dominance, 44, 117; standard of living in, 13,53-7, 78-80,86-7,153,217; women s roles in, 13-18,58,78-82,89,95-6 Soviet Woman, 131 Soyuzpechat, 104,106-8,212 special hardships/ Russian womanhood, 12,53-5 special privileges, American womanhood, 4,12,195,238n9; Soviet system versus, 52-3,90, 191,219-20,226; traditional gender roles and, 26, 71,254n9 Spock, Benjamin, 205, 238n3 Stalingrad, 58, 65, 68,246nl0 Stalinism, 85,95,232n38; life under, 17,53, 62, 73-5, 79,222; post-, 9, 43, 77,110-11,115-17,178; women under, 17,156,217,219 Stalin, Josef, 45,54; death of, 5,43, 73,110,217; Truman versus, 101 State Department, US, 27,57,123; Amerika distribution and, 6,104, 315 108-9; guidance from, 13,57, 102-4,111-12; Sad distribution, 124,214 Steinbeck, John, 59-60,62-3,65-70, 74-5, 79; A Russian Journal, 59-60; Ladies Home Journal article, 59 Streibert, Theodore, 6,112 suburban life, 184-5; accounts of, 36, 94,152-5,177,182,207-8; norms of, 9,52,100,127-8; shopping in,
42,128,138,164,172-3,176; Soviet system versus, 13, 68, 161,219 supermarkets, 156,164-6,173,183, 221,234n61 They Let Us Talk to the Russians (Humphrey and Curran), 78,86,89 Thompson, Dorothy, 94,199; anti communist articles, 43, 90,93, 234n60; on shopping centres, 41-2, 172 Time Inc., 55, 111, 121 Truman, Harry, 101; administration of, 7-10, 79,102-3,118; overseas information program, 109-14 Tuch, Hans, 7,123,213 Ukraine, 66,229n3,248n38; hardships in, 59-60 undergarments, women s, 82,87; critiques of Russian, 83-4 United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA), 55-6 United States, 53,96,122,214-15; government of (see United States government); way of life, selling, 3-12,48,68-71,115-18,132,146-7; women in (see women, American) United States government: access to Russian people, 3,5-7,104,
316 Index 124,226; cultural diplomacy (see cultural diplomacy); democracy, selling of (see democracy); media outlet partnerships, 52-3,100-1, 103-4, 111, 122; promotion of consumer culture, 100,116,163-4, 178-9,223 United States Information Agency (USIA): Amerika, use of (see Amerika); channels and strategies of, 6,15-16,99-102,114-15; claims of legitimacy, 5-7, 95-6,100,114, 124; creation and purpose of, 5-6, 11,15-16,110-15,121-2; cultural program of, 53,96,99-102,119, 178-9; Russian propaganda versus, 5-6, 8,21,55,109,114-15, 179; Voice of America (see Voice of America [VOA]); Women s Activities policy paper, 99-101, 114-15 Upshaw, Catherine and Banks, 48-9 urban living, 57,82,208; American, 48-9,100,138,169-73,192; Russian, 21,53,59, 73, 79,153,156 USSR, 178; Amerika versus, 128-31, 135,189,216,226; special issue on women, 189-93,219; US distribution of, 6,116-18 veterans, 10, 70 Vogue, 27,123-4 Voice of America (VOA), 6,103,109, 112,231Ո18 volunteerism, female, 29,47,91,172; American homemaking and, 19, 63,100,115,156; government calls for, 14,45,102 Von Eschen, Penny, 9 voting, women s involvement in, 45-7,199 Vyborg, 83 Walburg, Jean, 132,147,277n33 warfare: psychological, 7,109, 111, 114; training for, 35; use of term, 6-7 weddings, 70,181; idealized process for, 33,147-50; Ladies Home Journal articles on, 33-4 Weir, Arvella, 31-2 Western culture: appeal to Russians, 9,11,130,183,192; fashion, 18, 84,124,141-4, 192,215-16; global influence of, 43-4,103,166,223-5 Western Europe, 17,56 white-collar workers, Russian women as, 57-8 white, middle-class women, 15,127,
223-5; idealized representations of, 8-12,40,94-5,119-20,134-6 Wilkins, Roy, 187-8 Wilson, Woodrow, 101 Winter, Ella, 54,246n7 wives. See housewives womanhood, notions of, 26; relationships with men, 28-9; twentieth-century, 12,119-20; US versus Russian, 89-90,225 women: American (see women, American); bonds between Russian and American, 95-6,115; of colour, 15,128,238n9 (see also African Americans); freedom to choose and, 19, 99-100,107,208, 234n58; idealized objectives of, 30,50,100,119,226; Russian (see women, Russian) women, American, 93,176,180; idealized images about, 3-4, 9-12,17-18,29,99-101,140,223; removal from workforce, 10,35, 38,41,167,203; Russian versus, 18,62-70, 72-4, 81,127,146-7, 191-2; special privileges of (see
Index special privileges, American womanhood); use against communism, 8,10,14-15, 26-7, 90; USIA portrayals of, 16,50-1, 127-35,138-40,196 Women and Children in the USSR (Steinbeck and Capa), 59-70,73-5, 82,173,247n31 women, Russian, 93,192; American depictions of, 11,13, 52-6,60-70, 72-5; Amerika, appeals to, 6,123-7, 138-45, 210-12,226-7; childcare (see childcare; childrearing); class divisions between, 76,84-5,91, 247n21; consumerist targeting of, 4,6,10,18,81,127, 146-7, 191-2; labour of, 18-19,54-9, 79-82,92-4, 191,219; older generations of, 578; outnumbering men, 56-7,62,65; postwar living conditions, 53,623, 74-5,164,212, 215-23; Russian Revolution, roles in, 17,57-8, 90-3,130; special hardships 317 (see special hardships, Russian womanhood); as unfeminine, 12,17,53, 77,84, 89-90,191, 218; USIA portrayals of, 13,53-68, 82, 95,100,178,189,194; workforce participation, postwar, 55-7,62-4 Woolworth s, 171-2 working-class women, 15,17,58, 238n9 World War 1,11; propaganda use during, 7-8,101 World War II, 14; cultural diplomacy in, 8, 79,101,110; impact on Soviets, 55-7, 75,130-1,223; US media representation during, 52-4,115,247n31 Yugoslavia, 15,124,164-6,214,223; Sad magazine (see Sad magazine) youth, 124; propaganda for, 113,195; Russian versus American, 76-7,183 Zakharova, Larisa, 18,142,145 Bayerische Staatetâbltolhek ΒΛ· )
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Index Adams, Clifford R., 37-9 advertising, 114,171,185,197; in Amerika, 15-16,118,122,129,217; gender norms and, 15-16,50-1, 167; in Ladies' Home Journal, 50, 87-9; in Life magazine, 121; shifts in image use, 11,121,181; targeting women, 11,15,87,89,118,155 African Americans: artists, 128, 132-4,186; civil rights struggles and (see civil rights movement); drawn to Soviet Union, 93,132, 232n38,254nl54; lack of media representation, 12,106,181,186-7, 245n3; women, 12,93,106,128,204, 238n6; workers, 132,147,234n58 African nations, 44-5, 226 Alhoff, Mary Jo, 33-4,147-8 American Dream, 175; conceptu alizations of, 26,152,154,172, 238n8; pursuing the, 71, 95,127, 149-53; Yugoslav Dream versus, 166 American Institute of Family Relations (AIFR), 39-41 American National Exhibition, 129, 153,161-2; Amerika and, 6,161, 213,215,226; kitchen debate, 6, 163; Russian attendance, 6,169, 181,194,215; shopping and, 166, 169,215; USIA at, 166,189 Amerika, 53,166; African American representation in, 131-4,181, 187-9; article topics, 106, 132-6,138-42,146-7, 180-3; consumerism, coverage of, 120-3, 168-77,183-5,210,214-17; content of, 4,121-5,148,155,180,224-7; discontinuation of, 6,108-9,117; distribution of, 3,6,104,106,108, 118,212-13; family and children, focus on, 127-8,135,151-2,157-8, 177,191; fashion showcased in, 119-21,127,135-45,177,183; food, coverage of, 146,157,162-6,182-3, 210; gender equality, discussion of, 189,195,197-204,207; gender norms, reinforcement of, 10,129-32, 147,151,158,186,223-5; goals of, 3-4,21,107,122,146-7,214,224; homemaking, representation of,
135,146-7,154-61,180,191-2; housing, discussion of, 152-4, 159-60; launch and first run of, 96,104,106,126; marriage, representation of, 127,135,146, 149-50,167,181; middle-class focus of, 127-8,132,134,139-40,152,
304 Index 210; postwar women's magazines versus, 4,154-5,214,216; reception among Russian women, 134,136-7, 145-7,207,212-14; representations of women in, 16,50-1,127-35,13840,180,196,223; revitalization of, 112,116-19,223-4; Russian women, appeals to, 6,123-7,138-45,192, 210-12,226-7; shopping malls and department stores in, 128,168-77, 183,185,207; shifts in 1960s, 180-6, 193,207,226-7; Soviet regime versus, 117-18,122-4,129,161,214; special report of, 180,195,197-205, 209; USIA use of, 15-16,21,116-24, 146-7,161-2,223-6; USSR versus, 128-32,135,178,189-93,216,226; women's employment, discussion of, 120,135,138,166-7,177,185-6. See also Sanders, Marion K. anti-Americanism: claims of, 27,45; Soviet, 5-6,132 anti-communism, 13,43-4,50,112; Amerika on, 75-6,161,166,214; campaigns (see anti-communism campaigns); "good housekeeping" and, 14,35; Ladies' Home Journal on, 53-4,61,75-6,90-3,199 anti-communism campaigns, 4-5,121, 143,187; domestic politics and, 14, 27,35,50; women's involvement in, 8,10,14-15,26-7,90 Armstrong, Louis, 9 Asian nations: Soviet Union and, 44, 189; United States and, 45,226 attitudes: "capitalistic," 73, 99, 161,215,221; femininity and, 28-30; on propaganda, 7,99,102; Russian, 81,103,129,215,247n21; sexual, 199; shifts in, 102,199; on women's roles, 17,99,177,191 Attwood, Lynne, 17,131, 210 Bauer, Raymond, 56-8,200,210,219, 247nn21,23 Belmonte, Laura, 10,15,214 Benjamin, Louise Payne, 28-30, 240n23 Better Homes and Gardens, 27,124 Bolshevism, 17, 91. See also Revolution, Russian budgeting, 211; advice on, 36-8,161, 174; lack of, 36,164; Ladies'Home
Journal on, 31-3,36, 71-2 Canner, Dorothy and Bill, 36-7 "Can This Marriage Be Saved?," Ladies' Home Journal, 39—40 Capa, Robert, 77, 79, 85,121,168, 248nn34, 36; photography of Russian women and children, 5970, 74-5,82,173,247n31; Russian authorities versus, 60,62 capitalism, 142,221,223; allegiance to, 16,44,94,207; Amerika, portrayal of, 4,51,114-15, 120,147-9,214-15; corporate promotion of, 169-72; criticism of, 41-2,92,129,161,172, 247n31; democracy and, 41,51-2,87,96; exposure to, 95,172,207,211, 271n48; happiness and, 3—4,10-12, 87,128-29,214-15,219; Ladies' Home Journal, portrayal of, 41-3, 73,86-7,94-6; media portrayals of, 10-12, 86-7; US government selling of, 4,10,20,52,100,210-11; women's promotion of, 10,16,94 careers, women's: combining mothering with, 49,166-8,177, 195,199-204,207; homemaking versus, 35,38,41,167,203; lack of, 25-6,120; men's opinions on, 33-4; pursuit of, 58,100,128,180, 186,192-5
Index Carter, John Mack, 197-8 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 103,109,111 childcare, 36,155; Russian women and, 78,82,90-2,129-31,197, 218-19; women's time devoted to, 18,156,173,199-200,208-11 childrearing, 94,167; community involvement and, 46,100,200,207; feminist movement and, 201-3; patriotism and, 10,35,40; Russian women and, 12,54,59, 75,142, 178,193; women's careers and, 48-9, 78,115,120,166-8,186,191 children: advice on, 36-7,120,128, 151-3, 205-6,238n3; expected commitment to, 17,31-5,40-1, 63, 146-53,215; lack of desire for, 38, 58; maladjusted, 36-8; women's homemaking and, 26,37,115,120, 135,177,222 chores, household, 25,131,155-6; family sharing of, 36,194 churches: attendance at, 29,35,55, 149-50; communism versus, 43, 81, 115,136-7,251n97; women's roles in, 47,49, 63,200 citizens, 223; childrearing and, 10,35, 78,200; creating anti communist, 43,101,103; housewives as, 43,47,49; interacting with Russian, 6-9, 56-7, 76,104; notions of good, 10, 15-17,46-7, 78,191; patriotism and, 10,35,46,101; as purchasers, 15-16,225-7; Russian provision for, 56, 76,105,129,217-18; US influence of Russian, 5,101, 105,110,166,215-16; women's imperatives as, 48-9,101,130 civic politics, 41-2,172; women's involvement in, 14,44-9,115,191 305 civilization, 43,191,227; "proper" childrearing and, 11,35,40,242n69 civil rights movement: Amerika coverage and, 132,134,187-9,195, 279n64; international advocacy, 9,132; legislation, passage of, 9, 187; public struggles, 187-9,197, 238n8,257n33; women in, 180, 188,281Ո96 class, 40,100,262nll; capitalism and, 42,58; divisions between
Russian women, 76,84-5, 91, 247n21; middle (see middle-class women); working (see working class women) clothing: affordable, 65,136, 138-9; class divisions in, 84-5; handmade, 30,34,73,143; purchasing new, 30,32,36,125; worn-out, 56,215. See also fashion Cohen, Lizabeth, 15-16,172 Cold War: Amerika (see Amerika); definition of, 43; as ideological battle, 5, 8,43, 214; journalism during, 52,54, 74-6,91,214; Ladies'Home Journal on (see Ladies' Home Journal); propaganda (see propaganda); state-private network during, 8,112 communism: accusations of, 27; Amerika on, 75-6,161,166,214; anti- (see anti-communism); attempts to destabilize, 4-5,15,90, 121,143,187; capitalism versus, 12,52,93-6,129,161,195; civil liberties versus, 43^1,52; collapse of, 21,224-7; containment policy toward, 13-14,35,43-4,50,112; curiosity about, 54,58, 67, 111, 221, 245n3; Ladies' Home Journal on, 54, 61,75-6,90-3,199; life under, 62, 75-6, 78-9,217,219; propaganda
306 Index explicitly against, 8,13,27,53, 121,143,166; Russian women in, 12,19,55, 78, 89,92-3,218; safety from, 10,26,43,45,94-5; support for, 56, 76,105,129-31,217-19, 254nl54; threat of (see communist threat); women's role against, 10, 26-7,43,223 Communist Party (CP), Soviet Union, 5,82,116-17,189,210,247n21 communist threat, 43-4,112; housewives countering, 26-8, 45-6; Ladies'Home Journal on, 43, 52,94-5 Congress, United States, 109,122, 142, 280n77; funding for programs, 5, 7,44,102-3,119; women in, 48, 186,199,203-4,257n27 consumer culture, American: gender and, 9-10, 15-16, 74,83,212; government policy and, 5-6,16, 216-22,225; images of women, 4, 9-12, 74; Russian women and, 18, 81, 93,127,146-7,191-2; shifting media coverage of, 180,182-3; US government promotion of, 100, 116,163-4,178-9,223 consumer goods, 177; availability of, 84-6,128-9,212-14,226-7; benefits of, 19,90,96,118,122, 155,182; new markets for, 138, 169-70,210; Russian deprivation of, 13,53-4,91,105,168; Russian eagerness for, 9, 67, 77,86,131, 210-11 consumerism, 123,209,216; mass, 4, 9-11,26,52,177-8,214; US government selling of, 17-18,52, 80,120,134,215 consumer's republic, notion of, 15-16 consumption, American, 135,155; gender and, 8,26,51,125,143, 209,225; happiness and, 11-16,28, 87,169,185; images of, 4,10-12, 172-5; promotion of, 3-4,10,41-2, 185; women in narratives of, 10, 28-9,89,115,135,161 containment: domestic, 14,27,35,50; policy of, 13-14,112 cultural diplomacy: history of, 8-10, 18,225; notions of, 7-8,161,223; programs for, 8-9,223; Soviet, 8-9, 117,161,226; US government use of,
8,110,227; women and, 9-10. See also diplomacy Czechoslovakia: communist, 32,94-6; USIA publication for, 214,225 democracy, 91,103,221; anti communism and, 44,50,94-5; capitalist consumption and, 11, 41-2,87,115,120,172; racism and, 134,187,191; US government selling of, 6,45,52,96,100,127, 166; women's civic involvement and, 44-7,49-50 Democratic Party, 180; women's support for, 45,49,80,199,204 department stores, Russian, 192, 216; American versus, 168-73, 175,185; GUM, 67,86,215; lack of availability of items, 65,82,86 Diana and Guy, 40-1 Dickinson, LaFell, 55,58-9 Dickson, Mary and Lewis, 31-2,70-4 Dior, Christian, 30-1,240n29 diplomacy, 16,214; cultural (see cultural diplomacy); definitions of, 5, 7-8,102; golden age of, 3-4; public, 7-8,102; traditional, 5,102; Western, 79,84,89,103-4,109, 116-17 discourse on women, postwar, 10, 16; of domesticity, 25-6,43,49-50,
Index 227; magazines and, 26,49-50,53; Russian, 17-18,80-1 divorce: in Soviet Union, 54,90,92, 218; as undesirable, 39-40; for women, 203,207-9 domesticity, 199; anti-communism and, 9,43,50; discourse of (see discourse); emphasis on women's, 35,155, 218-19; Ladies' Home Journal on, 29, 37,43-5, 50,68,100; masculine, 94,202; US norms of, 9, 27,49-50,227; wartime promotion of, 10,46 Dudziak, Mary, 9 Eastern Europe, 225; American focus on, 214,226; Russian influence in, 102-4 education, 33,134; American women's advocacy for, 46-7,93, 208; feminist movement and, 186,191,198-9; free Russian, 13, 19,54, 75,129-30,189; magazine messaging on, 13,26,29,43,53, 186; Russian women's, 18,58, 77,81,191,219; US government propaganda and, 7,102,115,118 Eisenhower, Dwight D.: "Chance for Peace" speech, 110-11; cultural diplomacy and (see cultural diplomacy); electoral politics and, 45,48-9; foreign policy approaches, 4-6,8,56,113-14,116,220,223; overseas information program, 4-8, 106,110-15,121-2. See also United States Information Agency (USIA) electoral politics, 122; Amerika and, 134,180; women's involvement in, 44-9,186,191 emancipation, women's: American, 197-202,204,209,242n69; Russian Revolution and, 91-3,132,246n7 307 embassy, US: officials, 7, 80, 85; shipments of Amerika, 108,116, 123,212-14 employment, women's, 10, 76-7, 207; absence of, 26,52,117,123; American, 28,136,166-7,197, 201-3; Russian, 18-19,54, 56-8, 67, 91,191-5,219. See also careers, women's equality, 161,195; gender (see gender inequality); racial (see racial inequality); Russian policy of, 4,
17-18,58-9,191-3,210,219 eugenics, 40 Europe, 90; Eastern (see Eastern Europe); US consumer culture in, 17,48,116; views of United States, 17, 73,94; wartime, 48,55,101, 110; Western (see Western Europe) families, 79-80, 146; in Amerika, 127-30,135,151-2,168-78,181-2; balancing careers and, 49,166-8, 177,195,199-203,207; capitalist consumption and, 10,15-16,128, 170-6; conservative idealization of, 6,34,40,147; happiness and, 25-6,35,96,120,156; housing for, 21, 52-3,92-3,153,192,217-19; Ladies' Home Journal focus on, 34-7,40-1,45-6, 72-3; norms, reinforcement of, 9-10, 31-2,94, 115,120; Russian, 56, 58-9,89-90, 146,193; societal emphasis on, 25-6,63,99-100,162,210; US campaigns based on, 6,10,14, 127; in USSR, 193-4; women's imperatives with, 15-17,26,36-8, 155,166-7 fashion: advertising imagery and, 11, 95,138,171; Amerika on, 106,120-1, 135,177,183-4; focus on, 30,33,
308 Index 106,213, 215; Ladies'Home Journal on, 28,30-3,68-9; maternity, 33, 143-4; practicality and, ЗО, 84, 135—40,210; Russian approach to, 18,82-3,127,142-5,189,216-17; Western influence in, 18,84,124, 141,192. See also clothing female friendship, 208; American downplaying of, 53,63,139, 249n50; Russian, 63,65, 213 Feminine Mystique (Friedan), 14,180, 197; criticism of, 25-6 femininity, 99; activism and, 46,50, 68; Amerika, messaging on, 15-16, 50,120,127-9,214-15; capitalist consumption and, 12,16,41-2,52, 134,215,226; definitions of, 28-9; etiquette and, 29; fashion and, 30-3, 68-9,135-6,177; global desire for, 52,65-7,96,193,215; housewives and, 4,26,29-32,50,74,100,134, 214—15; ideal notion of, 120,131, 200; images of fulfilment and, 25-6, 29,61,223; lack of, 12, 77,82-4,92, 96,115,146; Ladies'Home Journal on, 25-33,61,68,74,87; makeovers (see makeovers, women's); men's roles and, 202-3; "new," 25,30-2; Russian women and, 53,61,67-8, 89,191,218; working women and, 185-6,203-4 feminism: Amerika and, 102, 207, 226-7; Ladies'Home Journal and, 15, 28,50,181,197-9; subversive form of, 14-15,238n9; views of second wave, 26,197,200,203-4,209 films, 18,132; government production of, 101,103,112, 246nl0; magazine coverage of, 121,128,262nll; newsreels on Russian life and, 55; as propaganda, 7,27,55 food, 35,263n21; Amerika articles on, 16,162-6,182; availability of, 67, 71, 85,205,217-18; class distinctions, 86,132; convenience, 26,37,146,162-3,182,205; Khrushchev and, 217-18,220-1; Ladies’ Home Journal on, 28, 71-3, 162; media portrayals of Russian, 67, 85-6,164-6,210;
shortages, 13,53-6, 91,102. See also supermarkets foreign policy, US. See policymaking, US freedom, notions of, 92,125,187, 238n8; for American women, 19, 99-100,107,208, 234n58; Amerika portrayals of, 114,121,124,208-9; consumerism and, 17,89,96; Soviet Union versus, 44,52,54, 58, 94-6,100; USIA activities and, 6, 95-6,100,114,124 Friedan, Betty (Feminine Mystique), 14, 25,180; on happy housewife heroines, 19,26-7,50,197 Fulbright, William ]., 44-5 Garst, Roswell "Bob," 221 gender inequality, 17-18,81,92-4, 195-201 gender norms, 12; conservative, 3-6,15-16,26-7,214-20,227; consumer culture and, 8-10,51, 74,83,118,212,223-7; on family life, 33-4, 78,147,151,209; in postwar magazines, 14,26-7,51-2, 77-8,199,212 gender roles, traditional, 207; advertising messaging and, 11; Amerika and, 4,16,100,118,147, 212,223; divergence from, 37, 100,207; Ladies'Home Journal and, 13,26-8,37,52, 74,199; Russian
Index versus American, 3-6,52-3,58, 77, 147,214-20; "special privileges" and (see "special privileges," American womanhood) General Federation of Women's Clubs, 55,58-9 glocalization, 17-18 Gorrie, Pat and Eddie, 34-6 Gould, Bruce and Beatrice: editorship of, 28-9, 37,41, 244nl21; portrayals of Russian life, 59-60, 75-80,161; travel to Russia, 75-6. See also Ladies' Home Journal Great Depression, 26,60,238n8, 270n41 "Great Shopping Game," 175-6 Gresser, Gisela Kahn, 86,252nl29 Griscom, Robert, 76,79 Griswold, Robert L., 13,222,285n68 happiness, notions of, 28,185; Amerika on, 15,118,131,135-6, 146,152-3; capitalist consumption and, 3-4,10-16,87,169,214-15, 219; family life and, 25-7,35, 96, 120,146,152-6; feminine gender norms and, 34-8,58-61,84,96; housewives and, 35-7, 50, 73,147, 177,197; Ladies'Home Journal on, 29-31,34-41; overseas information program and, 12,15; Russian women's lives, 12, 53-61,64, 84, 94,128-9; USSR on, 129-30,178, 195; women's careers and, 166-8, 177,199-203,207,219 Harlem Renaissance, 93,132 Harriman, Averill, 104,213 health, 56; American women's advocacy for, 46,81,208; Russian women's, 81,218; women's role in familial, 37-8,155,162-3 309 healthcare, 67; universal, 13,54,129; women's magazines on, 26,128 Hellbeck, Jochen, 95,130 heterosexuality, 40; consumption, 8,52,225; cultural messaging of, 11-12,40,152,201; norm of, 17,19, 26-8,151,199,242n71; women's compulsory, 15, 28,52,120,242n69 Hitler, Adolf, 40,45, 93 Hixson, Walter, 5,103,122,214 homemaking: advice on, 36-7, 73, 162,201-2; Amerika, promotion of, 120,127,131,135,146; class divisions
and 58,152-4; emphasis on women's, 15,18,36-7,115, 156; happiness and, 146,161; Ladies' Home Journal on, 28,34-7, 41; Russian culture and, 161, 218-19,222 Hopkinson, Peter (The Russians Nobody Knows), 55-6 household labour, 82,131; laboursaving devices, 4,115,122,129, 155-2,217-19; media portrayals of, 25-7,32,53, 74,172-5; men helping with, 34,40, 93-4,167-8, 177,183,205; women's, 18,25,53, 58,93,146,201-5 housekeeping: anti-communism and, 14,27,35,50; civic involvement, 46-50,183,191,200; notions of good, 35-8,40,160-2,219 housewives: complicating narratives of, 32,48-50,164,180-1; femininity and, 4,15-16,28, 74, 100,134,223-6; as frivolous, 36-7, 41; gender norms and, 14-15,35, 219,226; glorification of, 25,31, 43,52,193; as happy heroines, 19,26-7,31,50, 73,147,177,197; portrayals of, 29,32, 35-7,147-51, 172; Russian, 53,62-8,83,146,
310 Index 166,178,210-12; US government imagery, 4,15,120,218-19, 223-6 housing, 181; American, 31—4, 48, 70-2,94,127,153-5; media portrayals of, 70-3, 78-9; Russian, 68, 73, 78-9 "How America Lives," Ladies'Home Journal, 31-2,48, 70, 72, 94-5 Hudson's, J.L., 169-70,192 husbands, 200; addressing problems with, 36-9,41; assumed desire for, 25,35,140; attracting, 25,29, 40,120; household help from, 93-4,155,167-8,177,183,205; independence from, 33-4, 38-9, 48-9,199; magazine articles on, 25,29,41, 63,92; women's responsibility for, 12,17,32,39,41 ideals, 52; advancing American, 4, 7, 50,119-23,127,131,180; consumer culture, 4,118,121; domestic, 26, 33,37-8,100,154,182; of femininity, 30,134; Russian, 130-1; suburban, 68,100; women's roles and, 30,50,100,119,226; white, middle-class heterosexual, 15,40, 94-5,119-20,127 ideological battles, 43; Cold War, 5, 8-10,109,145; postwar US, 5,102; women in, 10,45,199 imagery, 74,148,226; of American women, 9-12,17-18,29,99-101, 140,176; in Amerika, 15-16,51,96, 119-29,174,209,223; consumer culture and, 4,9-12,32,87,147, 165-6; domesticity and, 96,99, 146-7,153-6,162,177; fashion, 11,95,135^0,142-3,171; gender norms and, 15,32,74,140,145,151, 167; in Ladies'Home Journal, 15,289,50-2,68-9,100; power of, 59-61, 63-5,92,134,147; of Russian women, 13,17,53-68,82,95,178, 189,194; shifts in, 11,121,181-4 independence, women's, 203; abandonment of, 26; discouragement of, 38-9; Russian, 58,90 information activities, 16; use of term, 7; US wartime administration, 6,110-14 Inkeles, Alex, 56-8,200,210,219, 247nn21,23 institutions, 10; Amerika՛s
coverage of, 106,108,122,125; communist versus democratic, 43-5,57,94, 247n21; cultural, 7,37,43 international relations, 79; culture, importance in, 9,16,117; gender analysis of, 10,26,101,222-3; magazine coverage of, 4,44, 225-7; postwar shifts in, 5-7,102, 110,116-18 Iron Curtain: American attempts to influence, 8,104, 224; life behind, 6-7,57,124; magazine coverage on, 13,53, 76, 80,101 Jackson, Charles Douglas (C.D.), 111, 122 Jackson Committee Report, 112-14 Jackson, William, 111 Jamison, Edna, 47 jazz music, 9, 77,187 journalism, 50,199; Cold War, 52, 103,106,212-14,218; women in, 26,41,92-3,104,129-30,186 Kennan, George E, 13-14,112 Kennedy, John E, 180,186-7,260n76 Kershaw, Alex, 60,122 Khrushchev, Nikita: kitchen debate, 6, 129-30,161,163,191; policies of, 5,
Index 21,73,116,129,226-7; rise to power, 5,21,116; Russian life under, 53,79, 164,212,215-23; Stalin versus, 5, 73,79,116,156; women's equality, discourse on, 17-18,156,191-2 Khrushchevki, construction of, 21, 73, 152-3,212,219 Kiev, living conditions in, 55,63, 66 Kirk, Alan G„ 79-80 Kirk, Lydia, 79-87,89,108,161; on Russian women, 79-82 kitchens, 95,166; appliances for, 16,156,159-62,177,185; easing women's labour in, 34,48,161-3, 182,219; shared Russian, 73, 79, 162; women's dislike of being stuck in, 36,58,92,164 Knox, Μ. Gordon, 213 Konstantinov, Fyodor, 116-17 Kremlin, the, 80, 86,112,217; Western officials versus, 13-14, 76 Kutvirt, Duda and Oktar, 32,94-6 Ladies’ Home Journal·, advice columns 30-3,36-41,71-2; anti communism in, 52-4, 61,75-6, 903,199; on domesticity, 29,37,43-5, 50,68,100; families, focus on, 34-7,40-1,45-6, 72-3; on fashion, 28,30-3,68-9; femininity, notions of, 25-33,61,68, 74,87-9; on food, 28, 71-3,162; on gender roles, 13, 26-8, 37,52, 74,199; on happiness, 29-31,34-41; on homemaking, 28,34-7,41; makeovers (see makeovers, women's); mixed messaging of, 48-50; readership, 12,27-8,50; representations of American women, 12-14,27-8, 69-70; representations of Russian women, 54,59-68, 79-89,92; special issue on men, 25-6 311 La Falce, Alfonso and Rosaria, 149 League of Women Voters, 46-7,49 leisure activities, women's, 3,46, 125; Russian versus American, 62-3, 82,155,248n34 Leningrad, 109,213,246nl0; journalist visits to, 58, 78 Levine, Nancy Jones and Irving R., 85-6,252Ո125 liberal developmentalism, 4 Life magazine, 28,77, 111, 121-3, 140,194
"Little Gem of a Wardrobe," Ladies' Home Journal, 30-2,136 Lockerman, Gloria, 128,132,268n5, 277n33 Luce, Henry Robinson, 111, 121-2 Macoby, Eleanor, 197-8,202-3 Mademoiselle, 27,123 makeovers, women's, 31-2, 73-4 Malenkov, Georgi, 110-11 marriage: advice, 32-3,37-41,68, 208-9; Amerika on, 106,120,127, 135,167,181,208-9; careers and, 48, 58,100,200,203; counselling, 39-40,201; focus on, 26,29,39-40, 52,68,146-9; homemaking and, 35-7,50,140; Ladies’Home Journal on, 29-30,32-8,49,120,198; Russian, 54,210-11,222; unhappy, 37,41,208; USIA representations of, 18-19,115. See also weddings Marshall Field's, 169-70,192 masculinity, 10,25; household tasks and, 37,94,202-3,205 mass production, 71,177; consumer goods, 11,128,163,216; of Russian housing, 21, 73,152,218-19 May, Elaine Tyler (Homeward Bound), 10,14,16 McCall's, 27,50,123,197-8,244nl21
312 Index McCarthy, Joseph, 27 McEnaney, Laura, 14, 35 Mead, Margaret, 197-8, 200-3 media, 27,134; American consumer culture in, 4,15,87,155,225; critiques of Russian system, 12-13, 101,104-5,178; portrayal of Russian living, 60-70,72-6,94-5,212; shifting views on Soviet Union, 54-5,146, 215-22; USIA partnership with, 52-3,100-1,103-4, 111, 122. See abo Amerika՛, Ladies'Home Journal men: articles on, 25,37,178; electoral politics, 10-12,44-6; equality with, 59, 135,178,191, 194; household work, 18, 82,166,178, 201-2,205; portrayals of Russian versus American, 44-6,56,62-5, 93-4,210-11; supporting women in politics, 46-8,186; women's femininity and, 17,28-30, 33, 86, 89; women's independence from, 58, 92,200,218; work roles, 30, 153,155,167 middle-class women, 40,172,201, 207; lack of Russian, 76,210-11 media idealization of American, 8-12,26-8,120,127,134-6,223-5 messaging for, 14-15,50, 91,140, 155,199 Millett, Kate (Sexual Politics), 209 Minsk, living conditions in, 55-6 modernity, 217,267n86; Russian women's lack of, 13; US association with, 4,11,17; women and, 11, 32 morality: communist threat to, 14, 43-6, 77,110; women and, 45-6, 81,102 Morris, John G., 28,59, 74-5,248n36 Moscow, 73,162,173,181,192; Amerika distribution in, 106,108, 123-4,145,212-17; diplomatic events in, 6, 58,83-6,129,163,166; living conditions in, 60-5, 78-81, 88-90,192,210; travel to, 58, 60, 75-6,86-7,216 motherhood, 17,30; careers and, 49,166-8,177,195,199-203,207; happiness and, 25-7,35, 96,120, 146,152-6; importance of, 25-6, 31-5,40-1,63,146-53,215 mothers, 4,177; Amerika, depictions in,
13-15,127-8,135,151-2,157-8, 191; menace of overbearing, 36-7 motion pictures. See films nationalism, 43,187; women's role in, 15-17,249n59 National Security Council (NSC), 109,112 national security issues, 9,14; policymaking and, 16,109,113 New York Times, 209,217,254nl52 portrayals of Russian life, 75, 77, 80, 212,222 Russian women in, 59,215,218 Nixon, Richard, 195,260n76; Khrushchev, debate with, 6,129, 161,163,217 norms, 15-16,50-1,167; in Amerika, 10,129-32,147,151,158,186,228-5; of domesticity, 9,27,30,49-50, 227; of heterosexuality, 17,19, 268,151,199,242n7; in Ladies'Home Journal, 3,26-8,37,52, 74, 199 Northland Center, 42,243n77 nuclear attack, threat of, 14,44,220 nuclear families, 73,182,201,217,219 Office of War Information (OWI), 101-2,104,246nl0 Operations Coordinating Board (OCB), 113-14,122
Index Osgood, Kenneth A., 8,110-11 "other" the, 225; racialized women as, 12,245ոՅ; Russian women as, 12,52-3,245n3 overseas information program: development of, 3-4,10-12, 101-3,109-13,119; imagery of domesticity in, 53,58, 99-100, 178, 225; principles of, 114,122, 223. See also Amerika; United States Information Agency (USIA) patriotism: appeals to readers', 43-4, 87-9,102; depictions of, 48-9, 80, 248n34; domestic containment and, 14,35,44-5 Patterson, Patrick Hyder, 166,223 Petrovna, Nina, 220-2 Poland, 93,186; food from, 163; USIA involvement in, 15,164, 214,225 policymaking, Russian, 5,9,56-7, 218; shifts in, 115-16,161 policymaking, US, 102,112,122; Cold War information programs, 5,8-9,13,96,101,113-15,225; gender and, 16,44,181,210-11; women's magazines on, 44,101, 187,195 political involvement, women's: anti-communist, 8,14-15,26-7,45, 90; community-based, 14,28,44-9, 115,191; magazines on, 44-9,186, 191; men's support for, 46-8,186; nationalism and, 26 Popenoe, Paul, 39-41,242nn65,71 Price, Leontyne, 128,132,268n5, 277n33 private enterprise, 54,56; cooperative planning versus, 42; support for, 4,42 313 private sphere. See public versus private spheres propaganda: Amerika as polite, 122, 195; constructions of Russian, 5-6, 96,214; cultural infiltration and, 5,8,80,178-9,225-6; funding for, 101,109,111-13; notion of, 7; Soviet Department of (see Soviet Union); US versus Russian, 53-4, 116-18,132 psychological operations: government policies and, 79-80, 109; use of term, 6-7 Psychological Strategy Board (PSB), 79-80,109,113,258n50 public opinion, 124; attempts to
shape, 7,103,121; gauging, 188,193-5; recognizing power of, 5,7,103,110; on women's roles, 193-5,204 public versus private spheres: communist, 17, 78-9,191,210; domesticity and, 10,16,63; women's political involvement in, 14,43,50 purchaser as citizen. See citizens racial discrimination: inequality and, 9,132,187-9,232n38; lack of coverage of, 117,153,234n58, 245n3. See also racism racism: as national security issue, 9, 134,225; Russian critiques of US, 9,123,132,134; Russian outlawing of, 93,134 radio programming: access to Russian audiences, 6-7,104,124, 226; American, 27,54,101,104, 111; Russian censorship of, 76, 81,104,109; Russian propaganda on, 113 Redbook, 27,55,58 refugees, Russian, 56-7,247n23
314 Index Republican Party, 122,199; women's support for, 27,49,204 Revolution, Russian, 132, 219; American media critiques of, 90-2; women after the, 17,57-8,92-3, 130. See also Bolshevism Riesman, David ("The Nylon War"), 4,21 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 44, 75, 93,265n58 Roosevelt, Franklin, 101-2 Rosenberg, Emily, 4,11,16, 83 Rosenberg, Julian and Ethel, 27 Rosenfeld, Barbara, 205-8, 213-17 Rosenthal, Ida (Maidenform founder), 83-4 Rosie the Riveter (J. Howard Miller), 102,256nl0 rural communities: American, 48, 100,143,155-6,169-73; Russian, 53,57,59,65 Russia, 59; American accounts of, 75, 80-1,89-90,206,217; magazine critiques of, 90-2,95,156. See also Soviet Union Russians, 104,163,226; American media portrayals of, 60-70, 72-81, 94-5,117,212; American critiques of, 52,59,80-1,103; on life under communism, 44, 95-6,124,129-30; embracing American culture, 9, 18, 67, 77,86,105,123,210-15; standard of living, 53, 78-80,86-7, 153,217; US consumer targeting of, 3-4, 8,120-3,168-77,183-5, 214-17; USIA activities for, 5-6,8, 21,55,109,114-15,178-9 Russians Nobody Knows (Time Inc.), 55-6 Sad magazine, 124,214 Salisbury, Harrison, 75,217,284n33 Samuelson, Dick and Polly, 152 Sanders, Marion K.: editorship of Amerika, 104,106; resignation of, 108-9,257n27; women's movement and, 197-201,203, 280n73 Schmidt, Don, 33-4,147-8 Scoville, Peg, 155-8 Sears, Roebuck and Company, 170-1, 222; catalogue, 80,106,124 Seven Corners Shopping Center, 173-4 sex, 79; men's desire for, 39,41; Russian women's lack of, 13,41, 53,95,120,145,212; women's relationships with, 92-3,199, 203,222 Sheveleva,
Yekaterina, 129-30 shoes, 56, 215; availability of, 84-5, 170-3; fashionable, 106,135,139; quality of, 31, 85 shopping: in American centres, 41-2, 128,168-76,185,207; portrayals of American, 36,136,138,157,166, 207; in Russian department stores, 65-7,85-6; Russian women's, 85, 87-9,210; women's supposed desire for, 25, 65-7,86,163-6,209 Silberman, Charles E., 152-3 Simons, Eugenia, 32,241n36 Smith-Mundt Act, 102-3 socialism, 54, 75,142,145; criticisms of capitalism, 41-2,93, 95-6,130, 202; Russian attempts to sell, 9,18, 73,131,142,191 socialist subjectivity, 95-6 Soviet Citizen: Daily Life in a Totalitarian Society (Inkeles and Bauer), 56-7,200,247n21 Soviet Experiment, 93,132,229n3, 232n38 Soviet regime, 4,222; American policies toward, 5,8-9,13-14, 96,101,113-15,225; censorship
Index under, 6,17, 76-7, 81,103-4, 109; discourse of, 17-18,80-1; gender equality under, 4,17-18, 81,89; hardship under, 59-70, 74-5,80-2,173,223; limiting American influence, 5,103,117; US delegitimization of, 4-7,10,62, 74-7,105,109; women, messaging about, 4,12-13,17-18,221 Soviet Union, 44; American dissatisfaction in, 62, 79-87,89-94, 234n60; Amerika in, 3,6,104,106, 108,116-18,212-13; consumer culture in, 17,67,86,143,168,192, 215-16; curiosity about American life, 67, 77,124,220; defensiveness of, 116-17; Department of Propaganda and Agitation, 116-17; food shortages, 53-4,56,89; intentions of global dominance, 44, 117; standard of living in, 13,53-7, 78-80,86-7,153,217; women's roles in, 13-18,58,78-82,89,95-6 Soviet Woman, 131 Soyuzpechat, 104,106-8,212 "special hardships/' Russian womanhood, 12,53-5 "special privileges," American womanhood, 4,12,195,238n9; Soviet system versus, 52-3,90, 191,219-20,226; traditional gender roles and, 26, 71,254n9 Spock, Benjamin, 205, 238n3 Stalingrad, 58, 65, 68,246nl0 Stalinism, 85,95,232n38; life under, 17,53, 62, 73-5, 79,222; post-, 9, 43, 77,110-11,115-17,178; women under, 17,156,217,219 Stalin, Josef, 45,54; death of, 5,43, 73,110,217; Truman versus, 101 State Department, US, 27,57,123; Amerika distribution and, 6,104, 315 108-9; guidance from, 13,57, 102-4,111-12; Sad distribution, 124,214 Steinbeck, John, 59-60,62-3,65-70, 74-5, 79; A Russian Journal, 59-60; Ladies' Home Journal article, 59 Streibert, Theodore, 6,112 suburban life, 184-5; accounts of, 36, 94,152-5,177,182,207-8; norms of, 9,52,100,127-8; shopping in,
42,128,138,164,172-3,176; Soviet system versus, 13, 68, 161,219 supermarkets, 156,164-6,173,183, 221,234n61 "They Let Us Talk to the Russians" (Humphrey and Curran), 78,86,89 Thompson, Dorothy, 94,199; anti communist articles, 43, 90,93, 234n60; on shopping centres, 41-2, 172 Time Inc., 55, 111, 121 Truman, Harry, 101; administration of, 7-10, 79,102-3,118; overseas information program, 109-14 Tuch, Hans, 7,123,213 Ukraine, 66,229n3,248n38; hardships in, 59-60 undergarments, women's, 82,87; critiques of Russian, 83-4 United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA), 55-6 United States, 53,96,122,214-15; government of (see United States government); way of life, selling, 3-12,48,68-71,115-18,132,146-7; women in (see women, American) United States government: access to Russian people, 3,5-7,104,
316 Index 124,226; cultural diplomacy (see cultural diplomacy); democracy, selling of (see democracy); media outlet partnerships, 52-3,100-1, 103-4, 111, 122; promotion of consumer culture, 100,116,163-4, 178-9,223 United States Information Agency (USIA): Amerika, use of (see Amerika); channels and strategies of, 6,15-16,99-102,114-15; claims of legitimacy, 5-7, 95-6,100,114, 124; creation and purpose of, 5-6, 11,15-16,110-15,121-2; cultural program of, 53,96,99-102,119, 178-9; Russian propaganda versus, 5-6, 8,21,55,109,114-15, 179; Voice of America (see Voice of America [VOA]); "Women's Activities" policy paper, 99-101, 114-15 Upshaw, Catherine and Banks, 48-9 urban living, 57,82,208; American, 48-9,100,138,169-73,192; Russian, 21,53,59, 73, 79,153,156 USSR, 178; Amerika versus, 128-31, 135,189,216,226; special issue on women, 189-93,219; US distribution of, 6,116-18 veterans, 10, 70 Vogue, 27,123-4 Voice of America (VOA), 6,103,109, 112,231Ո18 volunteerism, female, 29,47,91,172; American homemaking and, 19, 63,100,115,156; government calls for, 14,45,102 Von Eschen, Penny, 9 voting, women's involvement in, 45-7,199 Vyborg, 83 Walburg, Jean, 132,147,277n33 warfare: psychological, 7,109, 111, 114; training for, 35; use of term, 6-7 weddings, 70,181; idealized process for, 33,147-50; Ladies'Home Journal articles on, 33-4 Weir, Arvella, 31-2 Western culture: appeal to Russians, 9,11,130,183,192; fashion, 18, 84,124,141-4, 192,215-16; global influence of, 43-4,103,166,223-5 Western Europe, 17,56 white-collar workers, Russian women as, 57-8 white, middle-class women, 15,127,
223-5; idealized representations of, 8-12,40,94-5,119-20,134-6 Wilkins, Roy, 187-8 Wilson, Woodrow, 101 Winter, Ella, 54,246n7 wives. See housewives womanhood, notions of, 26; relationships with men, 28-9; twentieth-century, 12,119-20; US versus Russian, 89-90,225 women: American (see women, American); bonds between Russian and American, 95-6,115; of colour, 15,128,238n9 (see also African Americans); freedom to choose and, 19, 99-100,107,208, 234n58; idealized objectives of, 30,50,100,119,226; Russian (see women, Russian) women, American, 93,176,180; idealized images about, 3-4, 9-12,17-18,29,99-101,140,223; removal from workforce, 10,35, 38,41,167,203; Russian versus, 18,62-70, 72-4, 81,127,146-7, 191-2; "special privileges" of (see
Index "special privileges," American womanhood); use against communism, 8,10,14-15, 26-7, 90; USIA portrayals of, 16,50-1, 127-35,138-40,196 "Women and Children in the USSR" (Steinbeck and Capa), 59-70,73-5, 82,173,247n31 women, Russian, 93,192; American depictions of, 11,13, 52-6,60-70, 72-5; Amerika, appeals to, 6,123-7, 138-45, 210-12,226-7; childcare (see childcare; childrearing); class divisions between, 76,84-5,91, 247n21; consumerist targeting of, 4,6,10,18,81,127, 146-7, 191-2; labour of, 18-19,54-9, 79-82,92-4, 191,219; older generations of, 578; outnumbering men, 56-7,62,65; postwar living conditions, 53,623, 74-5,164,212, 215-23; Russian Revolution, roles in, 17,57-8, 90-3,130; "special hardships" 317 (see "special hardships," Russian womanhood); as unfeminine, 12,17,53, 77,84, 89-90,191, 218; USIA portrayals of, 13,53-68, 82, 95,100,178,189,194; workforce participation, postwar, 55-7,62-4 Woolworth's, 171-2 working-class women, 15,17,58, 238n9 World War 1,11; propaganda use during, 7-8,101 World War II, 14; cultural diplomacy in, 8, 79,101,110; impact on Soviets, 55-7, 75,130-1,223; US media representation during, 52-4,115,247n31 Yugoslavia, 15,124,164-6,214,223; Sad magazine (see Sad magazine) youth, 124; propaganda for, 113,195; Russian versus American, 76-7,183 Zakharova, Larisa, 18,142,145 Bayerische Staatetâbltolhek ΒΛ· ) |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Cucuz, Diana |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1286934362 |
| author_facet | Cucuz, Diana |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Cucuz, Diana |
| author_variant | d c dc |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048818726 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1371286545 (DE-599)BVBBV048818726 |
| dewey-full | 327.73047 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 327 - International relations |
| dewey-raw | 327.73047 |
| dewey-search | 327.73047 |
| dewey-sort | 3327.73047 |
| dewey-tens | 320 - Political science (Politics and government) |
| discipline | Politologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV048818726 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:32:31Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:46:50Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781487503772 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034084501 |
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| physical | xv, 317 Seiten Illustrationen |
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| publisher | University of Toronto Press |
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| spelling | Cucuz, Diana Verfasser (DE-588)1286934362 aut Winning women's hearts and minds selling Cold War culture in the US and the USSR Diana Cucuz Toronto ; Buffalo ; London University of Toronto Press [2023] xv, 317 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Propaganda (DE-588)4076374-2 gnd rswk-swf Geschlechterrolle (DE-588)4071776-8 gnd rswk-swf Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf United States Information Agency / History Women / Press coverage / United States / History / 20th century Women / Soviet Union / Social conditions Women / Soviet Union / Economic conditions Cold War / Propaganda Propaganda, American / Soviet Union / History USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 s Propaganda (DE-588)4076374-2 s Geschlechterrolle (DE-588)4071776-8 s Geschichte z DE-188 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-4875-1873-8 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-4875-1872-1 (DE-604)BV048854011 application/pdf https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.3138/9781487518721-toc/pdf Verlag Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034084501&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034084501&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Cucuz, Diana Winning women's hearts and minds selling Cold War culture in the US and the USSR Propaganda (DE-588)4076374-2 gnd Geschlechterrolle (DE-588)4071776-8 gnd Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4076374-2 (DE-588)4071776-8 (DE-588)4075770-5 (DE-588)4078704-7 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | Winning women's hearts and minds selling Cold War culture in the US and the USSR |
| title_auth | Winning women's hearts and minds selling Cold War culture in the US and the USSR |
| title_exact_search | Winning women's hearts and minds selling Cold War culture in the US and the USSR |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Winning women's hearts and minds selling Cold War culture in the US and the USSR |
| title_full | Winning women's hearts and minds selling Cold War culture in the US and the USSR Diana Cucuz |
| title_fullStr | Winning women's hearts and minds selling Cold War culture in the US and the USSR Diana Cucuz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Winning women's hearts and minds selling Cold War culture in the US and the USSR Diana Cucuz |
| title_short | Winning women's hearts and minds |
| title_sort | winning women s hearts and minds selling cold war culture in the us and the ussr |
| title_sub | selling Cold War culture in the US and the USSR |
| topic | Propaganda (DE-588)4076374-2 gnd Geschlechterrolle (DE-588)4071776-8 gnd Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Propaganda Geschlechterrolle Ost-West-Konflikt USA Sowjetunion |
| url | https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.3138/9781487518721-toc/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034084501&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034084501&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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