In search of security: foreign policy change in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, 1988-1993
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| adam_text | Contents Acknowledgements........................................................................................... v Abbreviations....................................................................................................vi Tables and Figures..........................................................................................vii 1. Introduction.................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Meta-Theory and Research Methodology................................................................... 4 1.1.1. Meta-Theoretical Considerations......................................................................... 4 1.1.1.1. The Agency-Structure Problem................................................................... 4 1.1.1.2. Explaining and Understanding International Relations............................. 6 1.1.2. A Case Study Approach........................................................................................ 7 1.1.3. The Role of Theory................................................................................................9 1.1.4. The Selection of Cases...................................................................................... 10 1.2. Concepts and Definitions............................................................................................. 12 1.2.1. The Concept of Small States............................................................................. 12 1.2.2. Security
Cooperation...........................................................................................14 1.2.3. Foreign Policy Change........................................................................................ 15 1.2.3.1. The Foreign Policy Concept...................................................................... 15 1.2.3.2. Change in Foreign Policy........................................................................... 17 1.3. The Structure of the Study.......................................................................................... 21 2. The External Political Perspective............................................................. 22 2.1. Overview of the External Political Perspective..........................................................22 2.1.1. The Notion of an International System.............................................................. 23 2.1.2. Assumptions of the External Political Perspective............................................25 2.2. Development of the Perspective................................................................................. 27 2.2.1. Systemic Factors................................................................................................ 28 2.2.1.1. System Polarity and Polarization.............................................................. 28 2.2.1.2. The Degree of Tension in the International System............................... 30 2.2.2. The Degree of Threat Posed by the Closest Superpower.............................. 31 2.3. Theory
Expectations.................................................................................................... 33 3. The Domestic Political Perspective............................................................ 36 3.1. Overview of the Domestic Political Perspective......................................................... 36 3.1.1. The Politics of Foreign Policy Making............................................................... 37 3.1.2. The Linkage between Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy Making............ 39
3.2. Development of the Perspective................................................................................ 40 3.2.1. Polarization over Foreign Policy Issues.......................................................... 40 3.2.2. Change in the Composition of the Government............................................. 41 3.2.3. Political Opposition outside a Government..................................................... 42 3.2.3.1. Intraparty Opposition................................................................................ 42 3.2.3.2. Political Party Opposition.......................................................................... 43 3.2.3.3. Public Opposition....................................................................................... 44 3.3. Theory Expectations................................................................................................... 45 4. Linking Theory to Evidence........................................................................ 48 4.1. A Perceptual Approach............................................................................................... 48 4.1.1. Objectivist versus Perceptual Approaches....................................................... 48 4.1.2. The Methodological Relevance of Perceptions............................................... 51 4.2. Process Tracing........................................................................................................... 53 4.3. Source Material............................................................................................................
54 4.4. Analytical Procedures and Criteria............................................................................ 57 4.4.1. The External Political Perspective..................................................................... 57 4.4.2. The Domestic Political Perspective................................................................... 59 5. Denmark: From NATO “Footnote” to EU “Footnote”................................. 61 5.1. Change and Continuity in Danish Foreign Policy, 1720-1987................................ 61 5.1.1. Keeping Out of Great Power Rivalries, 1720-1949.........................................61 5.1.2. Siding with NATO in the Cold War Conflict, 1949-1987................................. 63 5.1.2.1. Danish NATO Policy................................................................................. 64 5.1.2.2. Danish European Policy...........................................................................69 5.2. The Danish Responses to the End of the Cold War, 1988-1993............................ 72 5.2.1. Abandoning the “Footnote Policy” and Showing Loyalty to NATO, January 1988-June 1988.............................................................................................................72 5.2.1.1. Danish Policies and Perceptions.............................................................. 73 5.2.1.2. Identifying Policy Change.......................................................................... 81 5.2.1.3. The Impact of the External Political Environment.................................... 81 5.2.1.4. The Impact of the Domestic
Political Environment..................................84 5.2.2. Responding to U.S. Calls for Peacekeeping: The Monitoring of Sanctions against Iraq, August 1990-April 1991....................................................................... 92 5.2.2.1. Danish Policies and Perceptions.............................................................. 93 5.2.2.2. Identifying Policy Change....................................................................... 105 5.2.2.3. The Impact of the External Political Environment.................................106 5.2.2.4. The Impact of the Domestic Political Environment.............................. 108 5.2.3. Supporting West European Security Cooperation in Order to Reinforce the Transatlantic Link, October 1990-December 1992................................................. 111 5.2.3.1. Danish Policies and Perceptions............................................................ 112 5.2.3.2. Identifying Policy Change....................................................................... 131 5.2.3.3. The Impact of the External Political Environment................................. 132 5.2.3.4. The Impact of the Domestic Political Environment............................... 135 li
5.3. Summary of Main Findings........................................................................................ 141 6. Finland: From the FCMA Treaty to an Application for EU Membership .143 6.1. Change and Continuity in Finnish Foreign Policy, 1917-1987............................. 143 6.1.1. Fighting for National Survival, 1917-1945 ..................................................... 143 6.1.2. Maintaining a Policy of Good Neighborly Relations while Pursuing a Neutrality Policy, 1945-1987...................................................................................... 145 6.2. The Finnish Responses to the End of the Cold War, 1988-1993......................... 150 6.2.1. Refraining from Western Security Cooperation and Preserving the Neutrality Policy, January 1988-January 1992.......................................................................... 150 6.2.1.1. Finnish Policies and Perceptions............................................................ 150 6.2.1.2. Summary of Developments in Finnish Policies and Perceptions........ 174 6.2.2. Seeking Security through the EU, February 1992-February 1993.............. 176 6.2.2.1. Finnish Policies and Perceptions............................................................ 177 6.2.2.2. Identifying Policy Change........................................................................185 6.2.2.3. The Impact of the External Political Environment.................................. 189 6.2.2.4. The Impact of the Domestic Political Environment............................... 194 6.3. Summary of Main
Findings........................................................................................ 201 7. Sweden: From a Policy of Neutrality to Military Non-alignment............. 204 7.1. Change and Continuity in Swedish Foreign Policy, 1809-1987 ......................... 204 7.1.1. An Ambivalent Neutral, 1809-1949 ................................................................ 204 7.1.2. A Committed Neutral, 1950-1987................................................................... 207 7.2. The Swedish Responses to the End of the Cold War, 1988-1993 ...................... 211 7.2.1. Preserving a Firm and Consistent Policy of Neutrality in a Turbulent Environment, January 1988-September 1991......................................................... 212 7.2.1.1. Swedish Policies and Perceptions..........................................................212 7.2.1.2. Summary of Developments in Swedish Policies and Perceptions..... 229 7.2.2. Reformulating the Policy of Neutrality and Committing to Security Cooperation, September 1991-February 1993.........................................................230 7.2.2.1. Swedish Policies and Perceptions.......................................................... 231 7.2.2.2. Identifying Policy Change........................................................................244 7.2.2.3. The Impact of the External Political Environment..................................247 7.2.2.4. The Impact of the Domestic Political Environment............................... 253 7.3. Summary of Main
Findings........................................................................................ 262 8. Conclusions................................................................................................264 8.1. Stability and Flux in Small State Foreign Policy..................................................... 264 8.2. The Benefits of a Perceptual Approach to Foreign Policy Change.......................266 8.2.1. Explaining Different Policy Responses to the “Same” External Political Changes by Similar States.......................................................................................... 267 8.2.2. Alternative Explanations................................................................................... 271 8.3. The Interplay between External and Domestic Political Factors in Foreign Policy Making.................................................................................................................................274 8.3.1. The Impact of External Political Factors on Small State Foreign Policy.... 274 iii
8.3.2. The Role of Domestic Political Factors in Small State Foreign Policy....... 277 8.3.3. Toward an Integrated Explanation of Foreign Policy Change......................280 References................................................................................................... 283 Academic Books and Articles................................................................................... 283 Memoirs, Books and Articles by Nordic Policy-Makers.......................................... 298 Official Documents...................................................................................................... 299 Other Sources............................................................................................................ 301 Newspapers Consulted.............................................................................................. 302 Empirical Index............................................................................................. 303 iv
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Contents Acknowledgements. v Abbreviations.vi Tables and Figures.vii 1. Introduction. 1 1.1. Meta-Theory and Research Methodology. 4 1.1.1. Meta-Theoretical Considerations. 4 1.1.1.1. The Agency-Structure Problem. 4 1.1.1.2. Explaining and Understanding International Relations. 6 1.1.2. A Case Study Approach. 7 1.1.3. The Role of Theory.9 1.1.4. The Selection of Cases. 10 1.2. Concepts and Definitions. 12 1.2.1. The Concept of Small States. 12 1.2.2. Security
Cooperation.14 1.2.3. Foreign Policy Change. 15 1.2.3.1. The Foreign Policy Concept. 15 1.2.3.2. Change in Foreign Policy. 17 1.3. The Structure of the Study. 21 2. The External Political Perspective. 22 2.1. Overview of the External Political Perspective.22 2.1.1. The Notion of an International System. 23 2.1.2. Assumptions of the External Political Perspective.25 2.2. Development of the Perspective. 27 2.2.1. Systemic Factors. 28 2.2.1.1. System Polarity and Polarization. 28 2.2.1.2. The Degree of Tension in the International System. 30 2.2.2. The Degree of Threat Posed by the Closest Superpower. 31 2.3. Theory
Expectations. 33 3. The Domestic Political Perspective. 36 3.1. Overview of the Domestic Political Perspective. 36 3.1.1. The Politics of Foreign Policy Making. 37 3.1.2. The Linkage between Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy Making. 39
3.2. Development of the Perspective. 40 3.2.1. Polarization over Foreign Policy Issues. 40 3.2.2. Change in the Composition of the Government. 41 3.2.3. Political Opposition outside a Government. 42 3.2.3.1. Intraparty Opposition. 42 3.2.3.2. Political Party Opposition. 43 3.2.3.3. Public Opposition. 44 3.3. Theory Expectations. 45 4. Linking Theory to Evidence. 48 4.1. A Perceptual Approach. 48 4.1.1. Objectivist versus Perceptual Approaches. 48 4.1.2. The Methodological Relevance of Perceptions. 51 4.2. Process Tracing. 53 4.3. Source Material.
54 4.4. Analytical Procedures and Criteria. 57 4.4.1. The External Political Perspective. 57 4.4.2. The Domestic Political Perspective. 59 5. Denmark: From NATO “Footnote” to EU “Footnote”. 61 5.1. Change and Continuity in Danish Foreign Policy, 1720-1987. 61 5.1.1. Keeping Out of Great Power Rivalries, 1720-1949.61 5.1.2. Siding with NATO in the Cold War Conflict, 1949-1987. 63 5.1.2.1. Danish NATO Policy. 64 5.1.2.2. Danish European Policy.69 5.2. The Danish Responses to the End of the Cold War, 1988-1993. 72 5.2.1. Abandoning the “Footnote Policy” and Showing Loyalty to NATO, January 1988-June 1988.72 5.2.1.1. Danish Policies and Perceptions. 73 5.2.1.2. Identifying Policy Change. 81 5.2.1.3. The Impact of the External Political Environment. 81 5.2.1.4. The Impact of the Domestic
Political Environment.84 5.2.2. Responding to U.S. Calls for Peacekeeping: The Monitoring of Sanctions against Iraq, August 1990-April 1991. 92 5.2.2.1. Danish Policies and Perceptions. 93 5.2.2.2. Identifying Policy Change. 105 5.2.2.3. The Impact of the External Political Environment.106 5.2.2.4. The Impact of the Domestic Political Environment. 108 5.2.3. Supporting West European Security Cooperation in Order to Reinforce the Transatlantic Link, October 1990-December 1992. 111 5.2.3.1. Danish Policies and Perceptions. 112 5.2.3.2. Identifying Policy Change. 131 5.2.3.3. The Impact of the External Political Environment. 132 5.2.3.4. The Impact of the Domestic Political Environment. 135 li
5.3. Summary of Main Findings. 141 6. Finland: From the FCMA Treaty to an Application for EU Membership .143 6.1. Change and Continuity in Finnish Foreign Policy, 1917-1987. 143 6.1.1. Fighting for National Survival, 1917-1945 . 143 6.1.2. Maintaining a Policy of Good Neighborly Relations while Pursuing a Neutrality Policy, 1945-1987. 145 6.2. The Finnish Responses to the End of the Cold War, 1988-1993. 150 6.2.1. Refraining from Western Security Cooperation and Preserving the Neutrality Policy, January 1988-January 1992. 150 6.2.1.1. Finnish Policies and Perceptions. 150 6.2.1.2. Summary of Developments in Finnish Policies and Perceptions. 174 6.2.2. Seeking Security through the EU, February 1992-February 1993. 176 6.2.2.1. Finnish Policies and Perceptions. 177 6.2.2.2. Identifying Policy Change.185 6.2.2.3. The Impact of the External Political Environment. 189 6.2.2.4. The Impact of the Domestic Political Environment. 194 6.3. Summary of Main
Findings. 201 7. Sweden: From a Policy of Neutrality to Military Non-alignment. 204 7.1. Change and Continuity in Swedish Foreign Policy, 1809-1987 . 204 7.1.1. An Ambivalent Neutral, 1809-1949 . 204 7.1.2. A Committed Neutral, 1950-1987. 207 7.2. The Swedish Responses to the End of the Cold War, 1988-1993 . 211 7.2.1. Preserving a Firm and Consistent Policy of Neutrality in a Turbulent Environment, January 1988-September 1991. 212 7.2.1.1. Swedish Policies and Perceptions.212 7.2.1.2. Summary of Developments in Swedish Policies and Perceptions. 229 7.2.2. Reformulating the Policy of Neutrality and Committing to Security Cooperation, September 1991-February 1993.230 7.2.2.1. Swedish Policies and Perceptions. 231 7.2.2.2. Identifying Policy Change.244 7.2.2.3. The Impact of the External Political Environment.247 7.2.2.4. The Impact of the Domestic Political Environment. 253 7.3. Summary of Main
Findings. 262 8. Conclusions.264 8.1. Stability and Flux in Small State Foreign Policy. 264 8.2. The Benefits of a Perceptual Approach to Foreign Policy Change.266 8.2.1. Explaining Different Policy Responses to the “Same” External Political Changes by Similar States. 267 8.2.2. Alternative Explanations. 271 8.3. The Interplay between External and Domestic Political Factors in Foreign Policy Making.274 8.3.1. The Impact of External Political Factors on Small State Foreign Policy. 274 iii
8.3.2. The Role of Domestic Political Factors in Small State Foreign Policy. 277 8.3.3. Toward an Integrated Explanation of Foreign Policy Change.280 References. 283 Academic Books and Articles. 283 Memoirs, Books and Articles by Nordic Policy-Makers. 298 Official Documents. 299 Other Sources. 301 Newspapers Consulted. 302 Empirical Index. 303 iv
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Proposition (1991/92:102) Säkerhets- och försvarspolitiken. (Government biti on security- and defense policy) Rapport om forsvaret (1992) Rapport om forsvarets fremtidige struktur og størrelse. Rapport fra det af Forsvarsministeren den 11. april 1991 nedsatte Udvalg ved rørende forsvarets udvikling mv. Copenhagen: Ministry of Defense. (Defense Ministry report) Rd Riksdagen. Helsinki: Riksdagen, Tryckericentralen AB. (The Finnish Parliament Records) (See Empirical Index for further information) Regeringens skrivelse (1990/1991:50) Om Åtgärder för att stabilisera ekonomin och begränsa tillväxten av de offentliga utgifterna. (Official letter from the govern ment to Parliament) RP Riksdagens protokoll. Stockholm: Gotab. (The Swedish Parliament Records) (See Empirical Index for further information) SOU (1994:11) Om kriget kommit: Förberedelser för mottagande av militärt bistånd 1949-1969. Betänkande av neutralitetspolitikkommissionen. (Government offi cial report) SOU (2002:108) Fred och säkerhet: Svensk säkerhetspolitik 1969-1989. Slutbetän kande av neutralitetspolitikkommissionen. Del 1-2. (Government official report) httD://www.regeringen.se/content/l/c4/16/35/d3d0db83.pdf TEU (1992) “Treaty on European Union,” Official Journal of the European Com munities, No. C 191: 1. http7/www.ena.lu/mce.swf?doc=10733 lang=2 UD informerar (1991:4) Sverige, EG och den säkerhetspolitiska utvecklingen i Eu ropa. Stockholm: The Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs. (Report from the Foreign Ministry) Udenrigsministeriet (1992) Hvidbog от Danmark og Maastricht-Traktaten. Copen hagen: The
Ministry for Foreign Affairs. (White book on Denmark and the Maastricht Treaty) Udenrigstjenesten (1990) Udenrigstjenesten mod år 2000: Betaenkning 1209. Udenrigskommissionen af 1. april 1989. Copenhagen: Ministry for Foreign Affairs. (Report from the Foreign Policy Commission) ULA (annual) Ulkopoliittisia lausuntoja ja asiakirjoja. Helsinki: The Finnish Minis try for Foreign Affairs. (A yearly collection of speeches and documents on Fin nish foreign policy) (See Empirical Index for further information) WEU Declaration (1992) “Treaty of Maastricht - Declaration on WEU,” Official Journal of the European Communities, No. C 191: 1. http://www.ena.lu/mce.swf?doc=21800 lang=2 YFFP (annual) Yearbook of Finnish Foreign Policy. Helsinki: The Finnish Institute of International Affairs. (Includes a collection of speeches and documents on Finnish foreign policy plus public opinion polls and a summary of key events in Finnish foreign policy for each year) Other Sources ARAB Arbetarrörelsens arkiv och bibliotek, volym 4.5:008. Anteckningar från par tiledareöverläggning om EG-frågan 21 maj 1991. (Notes from a meeting be tween the party leaders regarding the EC issue on 21 May 1991) DUKK (2005) Danmark under den kolde krig: Den sikkerhedspolitiske situation 1945-1991. Bind 3, 1979-1991. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies. (Report from the Commission on Danish Security Policy during the Cold War) 301
Gorbachev, Mikhail (1987) The Speech in Murmansk at the ceremonial meeting on the occasion of the presentation of the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star Medal to the city of Murmansk, October 1,1987. Moscow: Novosti. Gorbachev, Mikhail (1989) Visit of Mikhail Gorbachev to Finland, October 25-27, 1989: Documents and Materials. Moscow: Novosti. GUKK (1997) Grønland under den kolde krig: Dansk och amerikansk sikkerhedspo litik 1945-68. Copenhagen: Danish Institute of International Affairs. (Report from the Danish Institute of International Affairs on Greenland during the Cold War) Nato Handbook (2001) Brussels: NATO Office of Information and Press. http://www.nato. int/docu/handbook/2001/pdf/handbook.pdf PFI meddelanden och översikter (2004) Opinionsundersökning av säkerhets- och utrikespolitiska frågor i Finland. Helsinki: Ministry of Defense. Stütz, Göran (1991) Opinion 91: En opinionsundersökning hösten 1991 kring sam hälle, omvärld och försvar. Stockholm: Styrelsen för psykologiskt försvar. Stütz, Göran (1992) Opinion 92: Svenskarnas inställning till samhälle, omvärld och försvar hösten 1992. Stockholm: Styrelsen för psykologiskt försvar. Newspapers Consulted ВТ Berlingske Tidende (Danish conservative) DN Dagens Nyheter (Swedish liberal) Hbl Hufvudstadsbladet (Finnish liberal) Politiken (Danish social liberal) SvD Svenska Dagbladet (Swedish liberal-conservative) SyD Sydsvenska Dagbladet (Swedish liberal) For all newspapers, see Empirical Index for further information. 302 |
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| spelling | Doeser, Fredrik Verfasser aut In search of security foreign policy change in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, 1988-1993 Fredrik Doeser Saarbrücken VDM Verlag Dr. Müller [2008] © 2008 viii, 312 Seiten Diagramm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1988-1993 gnd rswk-swf Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd rswk-swf Finnland (DE-588)4017243-0 gnd rswk-swf Dänemark (DE-588)4010877-6 gnd rswk-swf Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd rswk-swf Schweden (DE-588)4077258-5 gnd rswk-swf Dänemark (DE-588)4010877-6 g Schweden (DE-588)4077258-5 g Finnland (DE-588)4017243-0 g Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 s Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 g Geschichte 1988-1993 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-639-07848-0 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034073719&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034073719&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Doeser, Fredrik In search of security foreign policy change in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, 1988-1993 Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003846-4 (DE-588)4017243-0 (DE-588)4010877-6 (DE-588)4075739-0 (DE-588)4077258-5 |
| title | In search of security foreign policy change in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, 1988-1993 |
| title_auth | In search of security foreign policy change in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, 1988-1993 |
| title_exact_search | In search of security foreign policy change in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, 1988-1993 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | In search of security foreign policy change in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, 1988-1993 |
| title_full | In search of security foreign policy change in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, 1988-1993 Fredrik Doeser |
| title_fullStr | In search of security foreign policy change in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, 1988-1993 Fredrik Doeser |
| title_full_unstemmed | In search of security foreign policy change in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, 1988-1993 Fredrik Doeser |
| title_short | In search of security |
| title_sort | in search of security foreign policy change in denmark finland and sweden 1988 1993 |
| title_sub | foreign policy change in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, 1988-1993 |
| topic | Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Außenpolitik Finnland Dänemark Osteuropa Schweden |
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