The Curtain and the Wall: a modern journey along Europe's Cold War border
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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London
Granta Books
2022
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Physical Description: | 444 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781783785766 |
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| 653 | 2 | |a Europe, Western / Foreign relations / Europe, Eastern | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Europe, Eastern / Foreign relations / Europe, Western | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents List of Maps Author’s Note Preface: Mullafarry, Republic of Ireland xi xv 1 PART I 1 2 3 4 5 6 Oslo, Norway Kirkenes and Grense Jakobselv, Norway Porkkala, Finland Vyborg, Russia Riga, Latvia Liepaja, Latvia 15 21 44 64 86 98 PART II 7 Gotland, Sweden 8 Bornholm, Denmark 9 Rügen and Priwall, Germany 117 130 150 PART III 10 Schlagsdorf and Helmstedt, Germany 11 Berlin, Germany 12 Potsdam, Germany 169 196 217 PART IV 13 Selb, Germany, and Aš, Czechia 14 Bratislava, Slovakia 237 247
15 Vienna, Austria 16 Sopron, Hungary 267 284 PARTV 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Nova Gorica, Slovenia, and Gorizia, Italy (I) Nova Gorica, Slovenia, and Gorizia, Italy (II) Trieste, Italy Tirana and Sarandë, Albania Corfu, Greece Gevgelija, North Macedonia Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan 297 311 323 334 349 368 379 Epilogue. Sadarak, Azerbaijan, and Ani, Turkey 393 Acknowledgements Notes Select Bibhography Illustration Credits Index 401 403 421 433 435
Index Aalto, Alvar, 82—3,204 Adenauer, Konrad, 306 Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson, The, 77 Afghanistan, 74,94,262,369,375, 377 Albania, 10,66,334-48 bunkers, 339-40,417 ‘civil war’, 344—5 clan culture, 343—4 Corfu Cliannel Incident, 349-54 nostalgia for Hoxha, 343—4 Aliyev family, 382—4,386,391 Allinge, Denmark, 132,134 Alternative fur Deutschland (AfD), 9,233,237 Andropov,Yuri, 219 Ani, Turkey, 398—400 Aras, river, 390-1 Armenia and Armenians, 380, 388-92,399-400 Aš, Czechia, 240-3,245-6,297 Attlee, Clement, 354 Austria, 57,60,238,247,256-7, 260,270-80 Hungarian border, 285—92 see also Vienna Austrian State Treaty, 276—80 Austro-Hungarian Empire, see Habsburg (Austro-Hungarian) Empire Azerbaijan, 7,10,66,149, 368, 378-92,396 Baikal-Amur railway, 384 Baku, Azerbaijan, 381,383,388,391 ‘balkanization’, 317 Baltic Centre for Writers and Translators, 123—4 Baltic Sea, 45,104,200 Barents Sea, 10,22,35-6,56,200 Barents Secretariat, 38,40 Barnett, David Henry, 281—2 basketball, 319 Bastion Defence, 35—6 Bay of Pigs, 267,358 BBC Danish Service, 130 BBC World Service, 40 Belarus, 398 Bella, Árpád, 288-9,293 Beneš, Edvard, 238 Berg, Frode, 40—3,66,404 Bergman, Ingmar, 119 Beria, Lavrentii, 382 Berlin, Isaiah, 96 Berlin, 119,137,176,189-91, 193-4,197-217,221,227-34, 237,256-7,273,395 and collapse of East Germany, 229-31 Alexanderplatz, 202—3,228,234 Brandenburg Gate, 202, 217,298 Fernsehturm, 203 Hohenschönhausen prison, 208-11,410 Humboldt Forum, 204 Humboldt University, 202 435
436 The Curtain and The Wall Berlin (continued) Karl-Marx-Allee (formerly Stalinallee), 203,227,229 Kino International, 227,233-4 Museum Island, 202—4 Nikolaiviertel, 202—3 Palace of the Republic, 203—5, 208,211-12,224 Prenzlauer Berg, 223 Sommerbad Kreuzberg, 200-1 Berlin Blockade, 353 Berlin Conference (1885), 47 Berlin Wall, 11,140,172,176-7, 179,198,200-3,207,209,21114,217-18,267,290,369,394 fall of, 8,150,156,188,227, 229-31,234,390,398 Besednjak, Engelbert, 311 Beslan school siege, 66 Bevin, Ernest, 136,354 Binz, Germany, 158 Bitterfeld, Germany, 154 Black Sea, 34,77 Böckwitz, Germany, 179—81 Bolshevik Revolution, 71,81,88, 151,389 Bond, James, 365—6 Bora (wind), 323 Bornholm, Denmark, 10,130-49, 349 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 318 Bratislava, Slovakia, 10,246,254—7, 259-63,265 Devínska Kobyla, 260—2 Brexit, 9,332 Brezhnev, Leonid, 72,74,219, 249-50,252 Bröthen, Germany, 169 Budapest, 294,297 Bulgaria, 251,378 Bunk’Art, Tirana, Albania, 340,343 Butrint, Albania, 334 Čaputová, Zuzana, 264 Carow, Heiner, 223-30 cars, Soviet, 107—8 casinos, 313,365—6,373 Casper, Bernild, 140—1 Catalina Affair, 119—20 Charter 77 manifesto, Czechoslovakia, 266 Cheb, Czechia, 241,243,245,297 Checkpoint Charlie, 171,212 Chekhov, Anton, 51 Chemnitz, Germany, 237 Chernenko, Konstantin, 219 Chernobyl nuclear accident, 93 Chinese Belt and Road initiative, 333 Evangelical Christianity, 65,135 Churchill, Sarah, 303 Churchill, Winston, 7—10,48,131, 303,323,403 CIA, 122,262,281-2,355 Clancy, Tom, 123 Coming Out (1989), 223-8,230-4 Communist Party of Greece (KKE), 367 Corfu, Greece, 335,340,346, 349-68
Achilleion Palace, 365—6 anti-Hoxha plots, 355—9 Castello Mimpeli, 355-7,359 Corfu Channel Incident, 349—55 see also Lazaretto Island Crimea, illegal Russian annexation, 36-8,74,128,138 Cuban Missile Crisis, 267 Czechoslovakia, 48,238—46,248—66, 304 crackdown on writers and intellectuals, 265—6 created by Versailles Treaty, 238 Freedom Train incident, 1951, 240-6,248 ‘Prague centrism’, 255—6 Prague Spring, 1968,61,144, 249-51,255,260,291,367
Index Velvet Revolution, 1989,245,256 Czechoslovakian Wolfdogs, 258—9 d’Annunzio, Gabriele, 315—16,324 Danube Swabians, 293 Danzig, Free City of, see Gdansk Dassow, Germany, 173 DEFA film company, 2247 Degerby Igor Museum, Finland, 47, 53 democracy, 57,59,91,110,125,185, 210,252,263,353,397 denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, 39 Der Spiegel, 163,170 Djulfa necropolis, Azerbaijan, 392 Doberan Minster, Germany, 184 Dresden, Germany, 73,153,228, 237 Dubček, Alexander, 249—51 Dueodde, Denmark, 144—5,148 Dulles, John Foster, 277 Dynamo Berlin (Berliner FC Dynamo) football club, 189 East Germany (German Democratic Republic, GDR), 10,48,58,73, 90,101,147,150-234,237,309, 358 art, 205-8,224 automatic firing devices {Selbstschussanlage), 161,170—1, 177-8,183 Bausoldaten (construction soldiers, conscientious objectors), 152—7, 197 border police (Volkspolizei), 164, 214 border systems, 159—63 collapse of, 228—31,237 covert ransom system, 184—6,218, 394 dechne and disillusion, 218—20 emigrants, 173—8,184—7 escapees, 140—1,164—5,181—4, 437 288-92,398 and homosexuality, 221-7 housing shortage, 160 jokes, 218—19 legacy, 208—9 National Volunteer Army, 153, 157 and nudism, 163-4,206 Ostalgie, 232—3,396-7 population, 153 privileged ehtes, 219—20 see also Stasi Eden, Anthony, 330 Egnatia motorway, Greece, 368 Eigendorf, Lutz, 189,197,211 Eintracht Braunschweig football team, 189 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 140,303 Elsbergs, Klāvs, 95 Erpenbeck, Jenny, 231 European Union (EU), 9,39,96,98, 110,126,313,313,332,345,368, 370 and Gevgehja refugee camp, 374-5 and Greek debt crisis, 366—7 Fârö, Denmark, 119
FC Kaiserslautern football club, 189 Fico, Robert, 263 Figi, Leopold, 276—7 Finlandization, 59-61,63 Foiba di Basovizza, Italy, 320—1 For Your Eyes Only (1981), 365-6 Forster, E. Μ., 247 Františkovy Lázně, Czechia, 241,246 Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark, 149 free cities, 325 Free German Youth, 204 Free Territory ofTrieste, 325—32 Freihof, Matthias, 234 Friedrichstrasse checkpoint, Berlin, 212
438 The Curtain and The Wall Franck, Hans-Friedrich, 170 FSB, 40 Fukuyama, Francis, 396 Fylingdales, United Kingdom, 144 Gagarin,Yuri, 16,206 Gartenschläger, Michael, 169-73, 177,181-2,185 Gdansk, 325,331 Georgia, illegal Russian invasion, 74,80 Gera, Germany, 155 Gestapo, 209 Gevgelija, North Macedonia, 368-70,372-6 glasnost, 155,285,388 Goebbels, Joseph, 8,403 Goethe-Institut, 231 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 17,94,155, 217,228,285,388,391 Gorizia/Nova Gorica, Italy and Slovenia, 297-9,302-13,318-19, 324,328 Gotland, Sweden, 117—29,144 ‘Gotland Gambit’, 118,128 Gotland Regiment, 127—8 Götska Sandön, Sweden, 119 GPS signal jamming, 36,42 Grand Tourists, 247 Grechko, Andrei, 29—30 Greene, Graham, 267,272,275 Grense Jakobselv, Norway, 10—11, 24-8,393 Guevara, Che, 264 gulags, 238,283,336 Gulbis, Juris, 88—94,98 Gulf War, 124 Habsburg (Austro-Hungarian) Empire, 274,299,314,323 hacking attacks, 128 Hare, Major the Hon. Alan, 356-7 Harz mountains, Germany, 174 Havel, Václav, 266 Hazlov, Czechia, 243 HDMY Dannebrog, 149 Heisig, Bernhard, 206 Helmstedt—Marienborn crossing, Germany, 179,190-5,197 Helsinki Committee, 387 Herold,Ted, 172 Hitler, Adolf, 75,113,240 HMS Mauritius, 352 HMS Orion, 350 HMS Saumarez, 350 HMS Superb, 350 HMS И /җе, 350 Holocaust, 181,225 Holy Grail, 332 homosexuality, 109—10,221—7 Honecker, Eric, 151,204,224,228 Hötensleben, Germany, 179,182 Howard, Trevor, 245 Hoxha, Enver, 337—44,350—1, 353-4,383,394 anti-Hoxha plots, 355—9 Hoxha, Nexhmije, 340 Hungary, 48,56,156,175,228,247, 251,304,395 Hungarian uprising, 291 see also Sopron Huntfor Red October,The (1990), 123
Hus, Jan, 264 Hussein, Saddam, 124 International Atomic Energy Agency, 280 International Court ofJustice, 351, 354 Iran, 378,390 Iron Curtain (the term), 7—8 Is it Easy to BeYoung? (1986), 86-93, 95 Isonzo, river, see Soča (Isonzo), river, Istanbul, Turkey, 377—8 Jáchymov mines, Czechia, 238 Jackson, Michael, 255
Index Jarecki, Franciszek, 139—40 Joyce, James, 324 Julian Alps, Slovenia, 297 Kadare, Ismail, 341—2 Kafka, Franz, 249 Kaliningrad, Russia, 125,136,138 Kamptz, Captain Gerhard von, 130-1 Karlovy Vary (Karlsbad), Czechia, 252 Karosta, Latvia, 104—10,122 Katsimichas, Giorgios, 363 Katyn Massacre (1940), 74 Kekkonen, Urho, 55—6,58—9 Kennan, George, 136 Kennedy, John F., 267 KGB, 40,57,74,78,95,108,122, 209,249,280-1,359,384,390 Khanagah necropolis, Azerbaijan, see Djulfa necropolis, Azerbaijan Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 78 Khrushchev, Nikita, 56—8,60,71—2, 83,176,248,267,276,341 ‘Khrushchev Thaw’, 33—4,248 khrushchyovki (apartment blocks), 71, 386 Kiesinger, Kurt Georg, 216 King Oscar Il’s Chapel, Norway, 26 King’s Road, the, Finland, 45 Kirkenes, Norway, 19,21—5,28—42, 304 Alyosha statue, 32—3 Kirkkonummi, Finland, 51 Kivi, Aleksis, 50 Kjøller, Alfred, 134 Klaipėda, Lithuania, 120 Klarsfeld, Beate, 216 Klimt, Gustav, 278 Kniffel (German game), 201-2 Koeppen, Wolfgang, 398 Kofola (Czech soft drink), 256 Kola peninsula, Russia, 23 Koltyrin, Sergei, 75—6 439 Komsomol, 90 Kongoli, Fatos, 343 Konvalinka, František, 242—6 Korean War, 244,273 Kosovo, 317,417 kotiryssä (‘home Russians’), 60 Kouvola, Finland, 67 Kovačič, Lieutenant-Colonel Karel, 353 Kriegsmarine, 134 Kuciak, Ján, 263—4 Kummer, Dirk, 221—5,227—34,245, 258 Kundera, Milan, 251—3,266 Kurds, 332 Kurras, Karl-Heinz, 215 Kyiv, 345 Lake Balaton, Hungary, 287 Lake Bled, Slovenia, 297 Lang, Fritz, 225 Latvian Riflemen, 88,108 Lavrov, Sergei, 42 Lazaretto Island, Greece, 361—4 Lazaretto-Lazaret, Italian—Slovenian border, 324,329 le
Carré, John, 217 le Corbusier, 311 Legend of Paul and Paula, The (1973), 224 Leipzig, Germany, 186,225,228,233 Lenin,Vladimir, 69,108,151,205 Ley, Robert, 156 Lichtenstein, Kurt, 180—2 Liduska, Countess Lia, 301—6, 308, 318 Liepaja, Latvia, 98,104,109—11 Lionel Corporation, 244 Lives of Others, The (2006), 151 Ljubljana, 297,316,318 ‘Londongrad’, 80 Lübbow, Germany, 173 Lübeck, Germany, 159,161,169, 181,403
440 The Curtain and The Wall Lutheran church, 26,220 Macmillan, Harold, 277 Mahlsdorf, Charlotte von, 230 Manzel, Dagmar, 229,234 Mao Zedong, 275,341 Mariánské Lázně (Marienbad), Czechia, 241,246,252-3 Marienborn crossing, Germany, see Helmstedt-Marienborn crossing, Germany Marinesko, Captain Aleksandr, 404 Marshall Aid, 238 Masaryk, Jan, 238 Mattheuer, Wolfgang, 207—8 Mecklenburger Landstrasse, Germany, 162,165 Medvezhegorsk, Russia, 75 Merkel, Angela, 79,293 MI6,136,138,355-6,358 Milosevic, Slobodan, 318 Miren, Slovakia, 307,310 Mladý Svět (Czechoslovak magazine), 250—1 Molotov,Vyacheslav, 277,382 Monfalcone, Italy, 326,329 Moore, Roger, 365 Morgan Line (between Italy and Yugoslavia), 301 Morris, Jan, 331 Moscow, 53,55,74—5,252,254,276 Motuznaya, Maria, 79—80 Mount Ararat, Turkey, 379 Mount Sabotin, Italy and Slovenia, 307 Mukran, Germany, 151—2,154, 157-8 Mullafarry, Republic of Ireland, 4—5 Munich Agreement (1938), 238 Murakami, Haruki, 393,396 Murmansk, Russia, 22—3,32,36, 41 mussels, 334 Mussolini, Benito, 335 Mustio (Svartå), Finland, 44, 62 Mutually Assured Destruction (the term), 262 Nagorno-Karabakh, 388—90 Naissaar, Estonia, 46 Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan, 378—93,295 Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (NPD), 233,237 NATO, 9-10,19-20,35,118,120, 138,260,280,345,374,378 Able Archer exercise (1983), 413 Bornholm listening stations, 143-5 and Finland, 55,57-60 Polar Express exercise, 29—30 NATO School of Diving, Latvia, 105 Navalny, Alexei, 77—9 Nemtsov, Boris, 78—9,264 Niendorf, Germany, 159 Nikel, Russia, 32,40 Nilsen, Thomas, 23,34—42,66 Noah’s Tomb, Nakhchivan,
379,391 Nobel Prizes, 16—17,94 Nord Stream 2 pipetine, 152 Nordic Council, 55 North Macedonia, 368—78,396 Northern Ireland, 1—2,4,8,111, 298,316 Norwegian Labour Party, 18,20 nostalgia, see Ostalgie Nova Gorica, see Gorizia/Nova Gorica, Italy and Slovenia Novigrad, Croatia, 326 Novotný, Antonin, 249 nuclear reactors, 23,93 nuclear weapons, 17,35—6,105,117, 119,147,194,261-3,273,394 nudism, 163—4,206,409 Nuremberg rallies, 156 Nuremberg trials, 215 Ohnesorg, Benno, 215 Oksanen, Sofi, 61
Index Olympic Games, 150,340 OMON police force, Russia, 69 Operation Ivy Bells, 282 Organization for Security and Co operation in Europe (OSCE), 280 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 280 Orthodox Christianity, 26,79 Orwell, George, 103,328 Ostalgie, 232—3,396—7 Østermarie, Denmark, 145 Ottoman Empire, 317,380 Palach, Jan, 264—5 Pan-European Picnic (1989), 285-93 Paris Peace Conference (1946), 325 Parr, Martin, 343 Paasikivi, Juho Kusti, 55—6, 59 Pasternak, Boris, 16,125 Pasternak, Lena, 125—9 Pécs, Hungary, 291 Pegida, 9,233 pelmeny, 106 Pelton, Ronald William, 282 perestroika, 155,285,388 Pērkons (rock music group), 86, 89 Petrov, Stanislav, 262—3 Petrozavodsk, Russia, 32 Petržalka, Slovakia, 256—9 Philby, Kim, 358—9 Pieck, Wilhelm, 173 Pinay, Antoine, 277 Pioneer camps, Soviet Union, 34 Piuma, Italy, 319 Plauen, Germany, 228,237 Pleil, Rudolf, 174 Plesky,Jonas, 121—4,140 Plocek, Evžen, 265 Podnieks, Juris, 86,88—9,92—6 Podsabotin, Slovenia, 307—8 Politkovskaya, Anna, 264 Porkkala, Finland, 45—62,70,133—4, 44í 158,276,404—5 Porsanger, Norway, 30 Porto Edda, see Sarandë, Albania Potsdam, Germany, 206,218,221—2, 225,232-3 Potsdam Conference (1945), 174 Presley, Elvis, 172 Priwall, Germany, 161—5,173,175, 180 Prodi, Romano, 313 Prora, Germany, 152,156-8,197, 237 prostitution, 31,105 punks, 220 Putin,Vladimir, 9,20,33,37,40-2, 60,66,73-81,110,127-9,138, 143-4,316,397 Raab, Juhus, 276 Rama, Edi, 347 rape, 133,273—4 Ravnikar, Edvard, 311 Reagan, Ronald, 217,262 Reed, Carol, 267 refugees, 124,130,142-3,187, 292-3 and North Macedonia, 368—9, 373-8 and
Wilhelm Gustloff sinking, 404-5 Riga, 84,86-98 Rijeka invasion (1919), 315—16 Risiera di San Sabba concentration camp, Italy, 324 Rønne, Denmark, 131—2,134,137, 139,143,146-9 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 48 Rostock, Germany, 184,188,197, 225 Royal Navy, 349—54 Rügen, Germany, 139,148,150—1, 154 Rumi, Karel, 242-3 Russia, 64—85
442 The Curtain and The Wall citizens leave, 79—80 commemoration of Second World War, 74-5 border checks, 65—8,84—5 enmity with Sweden, 118 Independent Barents Observer campaign, 37—40 nostalgia for Soviet Union, 73—6 persecution of writers, 126-7 rehabilitation of Stahn, 75-6 state corruption, 37 suppression of protests, 40 Russian language, 103-4,109, 111-12 Sadarak, Azerbaijan, 10-11,395 St Petersburg, Russia, 20,42,45,66, 68,83,254 Sakharov, Andrei, 16 SALT treaty (1979), 280 Sámi people, 22—3,39 Sankt Margarethen im Burgenland, Austria, 286 Sarandë, Albania, 334—5,344—8, 351-2 Sassnitz, Germany, 151 Schengen Area, 84,370 Schlagsdorf, Germany, 175—7,183 Schmidt, Martina and Rüdiger, 184-9,197,217,398,410 Schoenberger, Frances, 232 Schulz, Kurt-Werner, 290-1 Schumann, Conrad, 214 Sea of Okhotsk, 282 Selb, Germany, 239—40,242,244—6 Shakespeare, William, 105 Shawcross, Sir Hartley, 354 Shehu, Mehmet, 338,342 Sibelius, Jean, 83 Siekmann, Ida, 214 Sigurimi secret police, 338—9,358—9 Silk Road, 399 Sisi, Empress, 365 Sjundby Slot, Finland, 49 Skopje, North Macedonia, 370, 372-3,375 Skripal poisonings (2018), 36 Slánský, Rudolf, 248 Šlapins, Andris, 94 sleeper trains, 253-4 Slite, Sweden, 121—5 Slovenia, relations with Italy, 313-17 Slovenian language, 314—15 Słupsk, Poland, 139 Smolny, ship, 120—2,124 Soča (Isonzo), river, 298,306 Solidarity movement, Poland, 152 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 283 Sopron, Hungary, 284-94 Soviet Baltic Fleet, 105 Soviet Union and Azerbaijan, 386,388—91 buffer zone, 56—8 coastal border paranoia, 98—101 collapse, 31,73-4,110,123,125, 386,388-91
egalitarianism, 90 ‘Godand Gambit’, 118,128 mobilization (1968), 28—30 neutralism strategy, 57 preferential treatment of Russians, 103-4 relations with Albania, 340—1 reputation after Chernobyl, 93 shopping, 370 Spaç gulag, Albania, 336 Spanish Civil War, 181 Spender, Stephen, 198 Spitak earthquake (1988), 389 Spree, river, 212 Sputnik satellite, 16,203,206 ‘spy-whale’, 20,27, 42 Stahn, Joseph, 46,48,51,53,70—1, 93,98,100,113,137,149,174, 238,247,274-5,350,383 and Albania, 337,341,343 break with Tito, 308—9 death, 54,75,83,140,276
Index rehabilitation, 75—6 Stalinism, 51,71,76,248,337,341 Stasi secret police, 155,181,184, 187-9,196,201,208-11,215, 220-2,339,410 Stemann, Poul Christian von, 136 Sternberg, Josef von, 225 Stettin, see Szczecin, Poland, 7,9—10, 323,403 Stockholm Syndrome, 35 Stone, Oliver, 76 storpolitikk, 36—7,41 Straka, Peter, 283 Strausberg, Germany, 172 Strength Through Joy movement (Kraft durch Freude), 156—7 submarines Russian, 36,127—8 Soviet, 19,23,46,48,56,105,120, 158,404 suicide, 39,94,214,222,338 Sunak, Rishi, 332—3 Svanvik, Norway, 29, 39 Švec, Jaroslav, 242—3 Svevo, Italo, 324 Svistunov, Roman, 123,140 Sykes—Picot Agreement (1916), 47 Syria, 80,377 Szczecin, Poland, 7,9—10,323,403 Tajani, Antonio, 321—2 TaliboyVasif, 386—7 Tatra mountains, 143 Tautz, Hartmut, 258—9 Tchaikovsky, Pyotr, 51 Teufelsberg, Germany, 144 Thessaloniki, Greece, 368,370,376 Tiananmen Square protests (1989), 228 Tidemand, Otto Grieg, 29—30 Tirana, 334,338—46,348,355, 358-9 BUoku neighbourhood, 341—2 Tito,Josip Broz, 304,308—9,311, 443 314,317,350 and Trieste, 325,327,329-31,333 Transalpina railway, 299—300 Trave, river, 161—2 Travemünde, Germany, 161—3 trawlers, Soviet, 120 Treaty of Osimo (1975), 310 Treaty ofVersailles (1919), 238,317 Trieste, Italy, 7,9,148,315,319, 322-33 Caffè degli Specchi, 323,330 free port proposal, 332—3 Free Territory ofTrieste, 325—32 Jugolira, 327 Truksa, Karl, 242—6 Trump, Donald, 9,33 Turkey, 7,10,66,81,119,124,149, 267,368,378,396 and Armenia, 399-400 Uighurs, 332 Ukraine, Russian invasion and occupation, 74,80,128 Ulbricht,Walter, 173,176 UN High Commissioner for
Refugees (UNHCR), 280 UN Industrial Development Organization, 280 UN Security and Safety Service, 280 UN Security Council, 327 uranium mines, 238 USSR, see Soviet Union Vainikkala, Finland 67 Valletta, 23 Varoufakis,Yanis, 367 Vass, László, 288—9 Vent, Hans, 206 verblitzen (blinding technique), 189 Verdi, Giuseppe, 410 Victory Day commemorations, former Soviet countries, 109—13, 138
444 The Curtain and The Wall Vienna, 232,248,267-84,291,294, 311 book distribution, 282—3 Haus der Industrie, 272-4,276-8 ‘neutral Vienna’, 279 Soviet invasion and Inter-Allied Command, 269—76 spies and spying, 279-82 Vilfan, Josip, 311 Villa de Nordis, Italy, 302—7 Villa Sellgren, Russia, 77 Visby, Gotland, 119,125—8 VKontakte (online social network), 79 Vladikavkaz, Russia, 254 Vyborg, Russia, 67-85,109,383, 397 ‘City of Military Glory’, 75 Alvar Aalto library, 82-4,204 Vyborg Slot, 72,77 Wáchtler, Mario, 164—5 Waldheim, Kurt, 278 Wałęsa, Lech, 367 Warsaw, 204,254,345 Warsaw Pact, 10,58,60,103,118, 176,251,260,340,378 founding members, 405 Wehrmacht, 134,239,325 Weimar Republic, 198 Weltzin, Harry, 183 West Germany, 151,159—62,165, 169-71,184-5,190,192,198200,230,309 and Able Archer exercise, 413 accused of Finlandization, 59 border with Czechoslovakia, 238—41,243,245 former Nazis in power, 215—16 and German reunification, 58, 176,197,233 and homosexuality, 221 and nudism, 409 Wirtschaftswunder, 218 Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 365 Wilhelm Gustloff, ship, 158,404—5 Witt, Wolfram, 223 Wolf, Christa, 207,229 Women for Peace network, 211 Wyndham, John, 381 Xi Jinping, 333 X-ray scanners, 194—5,197 Yalta Conference (1945), 174 Yugoslavia/former Yugoslavia, 291— 2,297-322,369,373,378,395 foibe, 320-1,416 prepustnica system, 309—10,313 relations with Albania, 340-1 relations with Italy, 313-17,320—2 Serb nationalism, 317—18 and Trieste, 325—31 Zagreb, 318 Zajíc, Jan, 265 Zenith rocket launchers, 99 Zicherie, Germany 179—81 Ziemeļu Fort, Latvia, 110 Ziemupe, Latvia, 98—104,123
Fishermen’s Tears, 101—3,108 Zuckersand (2017), 233 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
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Contents List of Maps Author’s Note Preface: Mullafarry, Republic of Ireland xi xv 1 PART I 1 2 3 4 5 6 Oslo, Norway Kirkenes and Grense Jakobselv, Norway Porkkala, Finland Vyborg, Russia Riga, Latvia Liepaja, Latvia 15 21 44 64 86 98 PART II 7 Gotland, Sweden 8 Bornholm, Denmark 9 Rügen and Priwall, Germany 117 130 150 PART III 10 Schlagsdorf and Helmstedt, Germany 11 Berlin, Germany 12 Potsdam, Germany 169 196 217 PART IV 13 Selb, Germany, and Aš, Czechia 14 Bratislava, Slovakia 237 247
15 Vienna, Austria 16 Sopron, Hungary 267 284 PARTV 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Nova Gorica, Slovenia, and Gorizia, Italy (I) Nova Gorica, Slovenia, and Gorizia, Italy (II) Trieste, Italy Tirana and Sarandë, Albania Corfu, Greece Gevgelija, North Macedonia Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan 297 311 323 334 349 368 379 Epilogue. Sadarak, Azerbaijan, and Ani, Turkey 393 Acknowledgements Notes Select Bibhography Illustration Credits Index 401 403 421 433 435
Index Aalto, Alvar, 82—3,204 Adenauer, Konrad, 306 Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson, The, 77 Afghanistan, 74,94,262,369,375, 377 Albania, 10,66,334-48 bunkers, 339-40,417 ‘civil war’, 344—5 clan culture, 343—4 Corfu Cliannel Incident, 349-54 nostalgia for Hoxha, 343—4 Aliyev family, 382—4,386,391 Allinge, Denmark, 132,134 Alternative fur Deutschland (AfD), 9,233,237 Andropov,Yuri, 219 Ani, Turkey, 398—400 Aras, river, 390-1 Armenia and Armenians, 380, 388-92,399-400 Aš, Czechia, 240-3,245-6,297 Attlee, Clement, 354 Austria, 57,60,238,247,256-7, 260,270-80 Hungarian border, 285—92 see also Vienna Austrian State Treaty, 276—80 Austro-Hungarian Empire, see Habsburg (Austro-Hungarian) Empire Azerbaijan, 7,10,66,149, 368, 378-92,396 Baikal-Amur railway, 384 Baku, Azerbaijan, 381,383,388,391 ‘balkanization’, 317 Baltic Centre for Writers and Translators, 123—4 Baltic Sea, 45,104,200 Barents Sea, 10,22,35-6,56,200 Barents Secretariat, 38,40 Barnett, David Henry, 281—2 basketball, 319 Bastion Defence, 35—6 Bay of Pigs, 267,358 BBC Danish Service, 130 BBC World Service, 40 Belarus, 398 Bella, Árpád, 288-9,293 Beneš, Edvard, 238 Berg, Frode, 40—3,66,404 Bergman, Ingmar, 119 Beria, Lavrentii, 382 Berlin, Isaiah, 96 Berlin, 119,137,176,189-91, 193-4,197-217,221,227-34, 237,256-7,273,395 and collapse of East Germany, 229-31 Alexanderplatz, 202—3,228,234 Brandenburg Gate, 202, 217,298 Fernsehturm, 203 Hohenschönhausen prison, 208-11,410 Humboldt Forum, 204 Humboldt University, 202 435
436 The Curtain and The Wall Berlin (continued) Karl-Marx-Allee (formerly Stalinallee), 203,227,229 Kino International, 227,233-4 Museum Island, 202—4 Nikolaiviertel, 202—3 Palace of the Republic, 203—5, 208,211-12,224 Prenzlauer Berg, 223 Sommerbad Kreuzberg, 200-1 Berlin Blockade, 353 Berlin Conference (1885), 47 Berlin Wall, 11,140,172,176-7, 179,198,200-3,207,209,21114,217-18,267,290,369,394 fall of, 8,150,156,188,227, 229-31,234,390,398 Besednjak, Engelbert, 311 Beslan school siege, 66 Bevin, Ernest, 136,354 Binz, Germany, 158 Bitterfeld, Germany, 154 Black Sea, 34,77 Böckwitz, Germany, 179—81 Bolshevik Revolution, 71,81,88, 151,389 Bond, James, 365—6 Bora (wind), 323 Bornholm, Denmark, 10,130-49, 349 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 318 Bratislava, Slovakia, 10,246,254—7, 259-63,265 Devínska Kobyla, 260—2 Brexit, 9,332 Brezhnev, Leonid, 72,74,219, 249-50,252 Bröthen, Germany, 169 Budapest, 294,297 Bulgaria, 251,378 Bunk’Art, Tirana, Albania, 340,343 Butrint, Albania, 334 Čaputová, Zuzana, 264 Carow, Heiner, 223-30 cars, Soviet, 107—8 casinos, 313,365—6,373 Casper, Bernild, 140—1 Catalina Affair, 119—20 Charter 77 manifesto, Czechoslovakia, 266 Cheb, Czechia, 241,243,245,297 Checkpoint Charlie, 171,212 Chekhov, Anton, 51 Chemnitz, Germany, 237 Chernenko, Konstantin, 219 Chernobyl nuclear accident, 93 Chinese Belt and Road initiative, 333 Evangelical Christianity, 65,135 Churchill, Sarah, 303 Churchill, Winston, 7—10,48,131, 303,323,403 CIA, 122,262,281-2,355 Clancy, Tom, 123 Coming Out (1989), 223-8,230-4 Communist Party of Greece (KKE), 367 Corfu, Greece, 335,340,346, 349-68
Achilleion Palace, 365—6 anti-Hoxha plots, 355—9 Castello Mimpeli, 355-7,359 Corfu Channel Incident, 349—55 see also Lazaretto Island Crimea, illegal Russian annexation, 36-8,74,128,138 Cuban Missile Crisis, 267 Czechoslovakia, 48,238—46,248—66, 304 crackdown on writers and intellectuals, 265—6 created by Versailles Treaty, 238 Freedom Train incident, 1951, 240-6,248 ‘Prague centrism’, 255—6 Prague Spring, 1968,61,144, 249-51,255,260,291,367
Index Velvet Revolution, 1989,245,256 Czechoslovakian Wolfdogs, 258—9 d’Annunzio, Gabriele, 315—16,324 Danube Swabians, 293 Danzig, Free City of, see Gdansk Dassow, Germany, 173 DEFA film company, 2247 Degerby Igor Museum, Finland, 47, 53 democracy, 57,59,91,110,125,185, 210,252,263,353,397 denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, 39 Der Spiegel, 163,170 Djulfa necropolis, Azerbaijan, 392 Doberan Minster, Germany, 184 Dresden, Germany, 73,153,228, 237 Dubček, Alexander, 249—51 Dueodde, Denmark, 144—5,148 Dulles, John Foster, 277 Dynamo Berlin (Berliner FC Dynamo) football club, 189 East Germany (German Democratic Republic, GDR), 10,48,58,73, 90,101,147,150-234,237,309, 358 art, 205-8,224 automatic firing devices {Selbstschussanlage), 161,170—1, 177-8,183 Bausoldaten (construction soldiers, conscientious objectors), 152—7, 197 border police (Volkspolizei), 164, 214 border systems, 159—63 collapse of, 228—31,237 covert ransom system, 184—6,218, 394 dechne and disillusion, 218—20 emigrants, 173—8,184—7 escapees, 140—1,164—5,181—4, 437 288-92,398 and homosexuality, 221-7 housing shortage, 160 jokes, 218—19 legacy, 208—9 National Volunteer Army, 153, 157 and nudism, 163-4,206 Ostalgie, 232—3,396-7 population, 153 privileged ehtes, 219—20 see also Stasi Eden, Anthony, 330 Egnatia motorway, Greece, 368 Eigendorf, Lutz, 189,197,211 Eintracht Braunschweig football team, 189 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 140,303 Elsbergs, Klāvs, 95 Erpenbeck, Jenny, 231 European Union (EU), 9,39,96,98, 110,126,313,313,332,345,368, 370 and Gevgehja refugee camp, 374-5 and Greek debt crisis, 366—7 Fârö, Denmark, 119
FC Kaiserslautern football club, 189 Fico, Robert, 263 Figi, Leopold, 276—7 Finlandization, 59-61,63 Foiba di Basovizza, Italy, 320—1 For Your Eyes Only (1981), 365-6 Forster, E. Μ., 247 Františkovy Lázně, Czechia, 241,246 Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark, 149 free cities, 325 Free German Youth, 204 Free Territory ofTrieste, 325—32 Freihof, Matthias, 234 Friedrichstrasse checkpoint, Berlin, 212
438 The Curtain and The Wall Franck, Hans-Friedrich, 170 FSB, 40 Fukuyama, Francis, 396 Fylingdales, United Kingdom, 144 Gagarin,Yuri, 16,206 Gartenschläger, Michael, 169-73, 177,181-2,185 Gdansk, 325,331 Georgia, illegal Russian invasion, 74,80 Gera, Germany, 155 Gestapo, 209 Gevgelija, North Macedonia, 368-70,372-6 glasnost, 155,285,388 Goebbels, Joseph, 8,403 Goethe-Institut, 231 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 17,94,155, 217,228,285,388,391 Gorizia/Nova Gorica, Italy and Slovenia, 297-9,302-13,318-19, 324,328 Gotland, Sweden, 117—29,144 ‘Gotland Gambit’, 118,128 Gotland Regiment, 127—8 Götska Sandön, Sweden, 119 GPS signal jamming, 36,42 Grand Tourists, 247 Grechko, Andrei, 29—30 Greene, Graham, 267,272,275 Grense Jakobselv, Norway, 10—11, 24-8,393 Guevara, Che, 264 gulags, 238,283,336 Gulbis, Juris, 88—94,98 Gulf War, 124 Habsburg (Austro-Hungarian) Empire, 274,299,314,323 hacking attacks, 128 Hare, Major the Hon. Alan, 356-7 Harz mountains, Germany, 174 Havel, Václav, 266 Hazlov, Czechia, 243 HDMY Dannebrog, 149 Heisig, Bernhard, 206 Helmstedt—Marienborn crossing, Germany, 179,190-5,197 Helsinki Committee, 387 Herold,Ted, 172 Hitler, Adolf, 75,113,240 HMS Mauritius, 352 HMS Orion, 350 HMS Saumarez, 350 HMS Superb, 350 HMS И /җе, 350 Holocaust, 181,225 Holy Grail, 332 homosexuality, 109—10,221—7 Honecker, Eric, 151,204,224,228 Hötensleben, Germany, 179,182 Howard, Trevor, 245 Hoxha, Enver, 337—44,350—1, 353-4,383,394 anti-Hoxha plots, 355—9 Hoxha, Nexhmije, 340 Hungary, 48,56,156,175,228,247, 251,304,395 Hungarian uprising, 291 see also Sopron Huntfor Red October,The (1990), 123
Hus, Jan, 264 Hussein, Saddam, 124 International Atomic Energy Agency, 280 International Court ofJustice, 351, 354 Iran, 378,390 Iron Curtain (the term), 7—8 Is it Easy to BeYoung? (1986), 86-93, 95 Isonzo, river, see Soča (Isonzo), river, Istanbul, Turkey, 377—8 Jáchymov mines, Czechia, 238 Jackson, Michael, 255
Index Jarecki, Franciszek, 139—40 Joyce, James, 324 Julian Alps, Slovenia, 297 Kadare, Ismail, 341—2 Kafka, Franz, 249 Kaliningrad, Russia, 125,136,138 Kamptz, Captain Gerhard von, 130-1 Karlovy Vary (Karlsbad), Czechia, 252 Karosta, Latvia, 104—10,122 Katsimichas, Giorgios, 363 Katyn Massacre (1940), 74 Kekkonen, Urho, 55—6,58—9 Kennan, George, 136 Kennedy, John F., 267 KGB, 40,57,74,78,95,108,122, 209,249,280-1,359,384,390 Khanagah necropolis, Azerbaijan, see Djulfa necropolis, Azerbaijan Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 78 Khrushchev, Nikita, 56—8,60,71—2, 83,176,248,267,276,341 ‘Khrushchev Thaw’, 33—4,248 khrushchyovki (apartment blocks), 71, 386 Kiesinger, Kurt Georg, 216 King Oscar Il’s Chapel, Norway, 26 King’s Road, the, Finland, 45 Kirkenes, Norway, 19,21—5,28—42, 304 Alyosha statue, 32—3 Kirkkonummi, Finland, 51 Kivi, Aleksis, 50 Kjøller, Alfred, 134 Klaipėda, Lithuania, 120 Klarsfeld, Beate, 216 Klimt, Gustav, 278 Kniffel (German game), 201-2 Koeppen, Wolfgang, 398 Kofola (Czech soft drink), 256 Kola peninsula, Russia, 23 Koltyrin, Sergei, 75—6 439 Komsomol, 90 Kongoli, Fatos, 343 Konvalinka, František, 242—6 Korean War, 244,273 Kosovo, 317,417 kotiryssä (‘home Russians’), 60 Kouvola, Finland, 67 Kovačič, Lieutenant-Colonel Karel, 353 Kriegsmarine, 134 Kuciak, Ján, 263—4 Kummer, Dirk, 221—5,227—34,245, 258 Kundera, Milan, 251—3,266 Kurds, 332 Kurras, Karl-Heinz, 215 Kyiv, 345 Lake Balaton, Hungary, 287 Lake Bled, Slovenia, 297 Lang, Fritz, 225 Latvian Riflemen, 88,108 Lavrov, Sergei, 42 Lazaretto Island, Greece, 361—4 Lazaretto-Lazaret, Italian—Slovenian border, 324,329 le
Carré, John, 217 le Corbusier, 311 Legend of Paul and Paula, The (1973), 224 Leipzig, Germany, 186,225,228,233 Lenin,Vladimir, 69,108,151,205 Ley, Robert, 156 Lichtenstein, Kurt, 180—2 Liduska, Countess Lia, 301—6, 308, 318 Liepaja, Latvia, 98,104,109—11 Lionel Corporation, 244 Lives of Others, The (2006), 151 Ljubljana, 297,316,318 ‘Londongrad’, 80 Lübbow, Germany, 173 Lübeck, Germany, 159,161,169, 181,403
440 The Curtain and The Wall Lutheran church, 26,220 Macmillan, Harold, 277 Mahlsdorf, Charlotte von, 230 Manzel, Dagmar, 229,234 Mao Zedong, 275,341 Mariánské Lázně (Marienbad), Czechia, 241,246,252-3 Marienborn crossing, Germany, see Helmstedt-Marienborn crossing, Germany Marinesko, Captain Aleksandr, 404 Marshall Aid, 238 Masaryk, Jan, 238 Mattheuer, Wolfgang, 207—8 Mecklenburger Landstrasse, Germany, 162,165 Medvezhegorsk, Russia, 75 Merkel, Angela, 79,293 MI6,136,138,355-6,358 Milosevic, Slobodan, 318 Miren, Slovakia, 307,310 Mladý Svět (Czechoslovak magazine), 250—1 Molotov,Vyacheslav, 277,382 Monfalcone, Italy, 326,329 Moore, Roger, 365 Morgan Line (between Italy and Yugoslavia), 301 Morris, Jan, 331 Moscow, 53,55,74—5,252,254,276 Motuznaya, Maria, 79—80 Mount Ararat, Turkey, 379 Mount Sabotin, Italy and Slovenia, 307 Mukran, Germany, 151—2,154, 157-8 Mullafarry, Republic of Ireland, 4—5 Munich Agreement (1938), 238 Murakami, Haruki, 393,396 Murmansk, Russia, 22—3,32,36, 41 mussels, 334 Mussolini, Benito, 335 Mustio (Svartå), Finland, 44, 62 Mutually Assured Destruction (the term), 262 Nagorno-Karabakh, 388—90 Naissaar, Estonia, 46 Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan, 378—93,295 Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (NPD), 233,237 NATO, 9-10,19-20,35,118,120, 138,260,280,345,374,378 Able Archer exercise (1983), 413 Bornholm listening stations, 143-5 and Finland, 55,57-60 Polar Express exercise, 29—30 NATO School of Diving, Latvia, 105 Navalny, Alexei, 77—9 Nemtsov, Boris, 78—9,264 Niendorf, Germany, 159 Nikel, Russia, 32,40 Nilsen, Thomas, 23,34—42,66 Noah’s Tomb, Nakhchivan,
379,391 Nobel Prizes, 16—17,94 Nord Stream 2 pipetine, 152 Nordic Council, 55 North Macedonia, 368—78,396 Northern Ireland, 1—2,4,8,111, 298,316 Norwegian Labour Party, 18,20 nostalgia, see Ostalgie Nova Gorica, see Gorizia/Nova Gorica, Italy and Slovenia Novigrad, Croatia, 326 Novotný, Antonin, 249 nuclear reactors, 23,93 nuclear weapons, 17,35—6,105,117, 119,147,194,261-3,273,394 nudism, 163—4,206,409 Nuremberg rallies, 156 Nuremberg trials, 215 Ohnesorg, Benno, 215 Oksanen, Sofi, 61
Index Olympic Games, 150,340 OMON police force, Russia, 69 Operation Ivy Bells, 282 Organization for Security and Co operation in Europe (OSCE), 280 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 280 Orthodox Christianity, 26,79 Orwell, George, 103,328 Ostalgie, 232—3,396—7 Østermarie, Denmark, 145 Ottoman Empire, 317,380 Palach, Jan, 264—5 Pan-European Picnic (1989), 285-93 Paris Peace Conference (1946), 325 Parr, Martin, 343 Paasikivi, Juho Kusti, 55—6, 59 Pasternak, Boris, 16,125 Pasternak, Lena, 125—9 Pécs, Hungary, 291 Pegida, 9,233 pelmeny, 106 Pelton, Ronald William, 282 perestroika, 155,285,388 Pērkons (rock music group), 86, 89 Petrov, Stanislav, 262—3 Petrozavodsk, Russia, 32 Petržalka, Slovakia, 256—9 Philby, Kim, 358—9 Pieck, Wilhelm, 173 Pinay, Antoine, 277 Pioneer camps, Soviet Union, 34 Piuma, Italy, 319 Plauen, Germany, 228,237 Pleil, Rudolf, 174 Plesky,Jonas, 121—4,140 Plocek, Evžen, 265 Podnieks, Juris, 86,88—9,92—6 Podsabotin, Slovenia, 307—8 Politkovskaya, Anna, 264 Porkkala, Finland, 45—62,70,133—4, 44í 158,276,404—5 Porsanger, Norway, 30 Porto Edda, see Sarandë, Albania Potsdam, Germany, 206,218,221—2, 225,232-3 Potsdam Conference (1945), 174 Presley, Elvis, 172 Priwall, Germany, 161—5,173,175, 180 Prodi, Romano, 313 Prora, Germany, 152,156-8,197, 237 prostitution, 31,105 punks, 220 Putin,Vladimir, 9,20,33,37,40-2, 60,66,73-81,110,127-9,138, 143-4,316,397 Raab, Juhus, 276 Rama, Edi, 347 rape, 133,273—4 Ravnikar, Edvard, 311 Reagan, Ronald, 217,262 Reed, Carol, 267 refugees, 124,130,142-3,187, 292-3 and North Macedonia, 368—9, 373-8 and
Wilhelm Gustloff sinking, 404-5 Riga, 84,86-98 Rijeka invasion (1919), 315—16 Risiera di San Sabba concentration camp, Italy, 324 Rønne, Denmark, 131—2,134,137, 139,143,146-9 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 48 Rostock, Germany, 184,188,197, 225 Royal Navy, 349—54 Rügen, Germany, 139,148,150—1, 154 Rumi, Karel, 242-3 Russia, 64—85
442 The Curtain and The Wall citizens leave, 79—80 commemoration of Second World War, 74-5 border checks, 65—8,84—5 enmity with Sweden, 118 Independent Barents Observer campaign, 37—40 nostalgia for Soviet Union, 73—6 persecution of writers, 126-7 rehabilitation of Stahn, 75-6 state corruption, 37 suppression of protests, 40 Russian language, 103-4,109, 111-12 Sadarak, Azerbaijan, 10-11,395 St Petersburg, Russia, 20,42,45,66, 68,83,254 Sakharov, Andrei, 16 SALT treaty (1979), 280 Sámi people, 22—3,39 Sankt Margarethen im Burgenland, Austria, 286 Sarandë, Albania, 334—5,344—8, 351-2 Sassnitz, Germany, 151 Schengen Area, 84,370 Schlagsdorf, Germany, 175—7,183 Schmidt, Martina and Rüdiger, 184-9,197,217,398,410 Schoenberger, Frances, 232 Schulz, Kurt-Werner, 290-1 Schumann, Conrad, 214 Sea of Okhotsk, 282 Selb, Germany, 239—40,242,244—6 Shakespeare, William, 105 Shawcross, Sir Hartley, 354 Shehu, Mehmet, 338,342 Sibelius, Jean, 83 Siekmann, Ida, 214 Sigurimi secret police, 338—9,358—9 Silk Road, 399 Sisi, Empress, 365 Sjundby Slot, Finland, 49 Skopje, North Macedonia, 370, 372-3,375 Skripal poisonings (2018), 36 Slánský, Rudolf, 248 Šlapins, Andris, 94 sleeper trains, 253-4 Slite, Sweden, 121—5 Slovenia, relations with Italy, 313-17 Slovenian language, 314—15 Słupsk, Poland, 139 Smolny, ship, 120—2,124 Soča (Isonzo), river, 298,306 Solidarity movement, Poland, 152 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 283 Sopron, Hungary, 284-94 Soviet Baltic Fleet, 105 Soviet Union and Azerbaijan, 386,388—91 buffer zone, 56—8 coastal border paranoia, 98—101 collapse, 31,73-4,110,123,125, 386,388-91
egalitarianism, 90 ‘Godand Gambit’, 118,128 mobilization (1968), 28—30 neutralism strategy, 57 preferential treatment of Russians, 103-4 relations with Albania, 340—1 reputation after Chernobyl, 93 shopping, 370 Spaç gulag, Albania, 336 Spanish Civil War, 181 Spender, Stephen, 198 Spitak earthquake (1988), 389 Spree, river, 212 Sputnik satellite, 16,203,206 ‘spy-whale’, 20,27, 42 Stahn, Joseph, 46,48,51,53,70—1, 93,98,100,113,137,149,174, 238,247,274-5,350,383 and Albania, 337,341,343 break with Tito, 308—9 death, 54,75,83,140,276
Index rehabilitation, 75—6 Stalinism, 51,71,76,248,337,341 Stasi secret police, 155,181,184, 187-9,196,201,208-11,215, 220-2,339,410 Stemann, Poul Christian von, 136 Sternberg, Josef von, 225 Stettin, see Szczecin, Poland, 7,9—10, 323,403 Stockholm Syndrome, 35 Stone, Oliver, 76 storpolitikk, 36—7,41 Straka, Peter, 283 Strausberg, Germany, 172 Strength Through Joy movement (Kraft durch Freude), 156—7 submarines Russian, 36,127—8 Soviet, 19,23,46,48,56,105,120, 158,404 suicide, 39,94,214,222,338 Sunak, Rishi, 332—3 Svanvik, Norway, 29, 39 Švec, Jaroslav, 242—3 Svevo, Italo, 324 Svistunov, Roman, 123,140 Sykes—Picot Agreement (1916), 47 Syria, 80,377 Szczecin, Poland, 7,9—10,323,403 Tajani, Antonio, 321—2 TaliboyVasif, 386—7 Tatra mountains, 143 Tautz, Hartmut, 258—9 Tchaikovsky, Pyotr, 51 Teufelsberg, Germany, 144 Thessaloniki, Greece, 368,370,376 Tiananmen Square protests (1989), 228 Tidemand, Otto Grieg, 29—30 Tirana, 334,338—46,348,355, 358-9 BUoku neighbourhood, 341—2 Tito,Josip Broz, 304,308—9,311, 443 314,317,350 and Trieste, 325,327,329-31,333 Transalpina railway, 299—300 Trave, river, 161—2 Travemünde, Germany, 161—3 trawlers, Soviet, 120 Treaty of Osimo (1975), 310 Treaty ofVersailles (1919), 238,317 Trieste, Italy, 7,9,148,315,319, 322-33 Caffè degli Specchi, 323,330 free port proposal, 332—3 Free Territory ofTrieste, 325—32 Jugolira, 327 Truksa, Karl, 242—6 Trump, Donald, 9,33 Turkey, 7,10,66,81,119,124,149, 267,368,378,396 and Armenia, 399-400 Uighurs, 332 Ukraine, Russian invasion and occupation, 74,80,128 Ulbricht,Walter, 173,176 UN High Commissioner for
Refugees (UNHCR), 280 UN Industrial Development Organization, 280 UN Security and Safety Service, 280 UN Security Council, 327 uranium mines, 238 USSR, see Soviet Union Vainikkala, Finland 67 Valletta, 23 Varoufakis,Yanis, 367 Vass, László, 288—9 Vent, Hans, 206 verblitzen (blinding technique), 189 Verdi, Giuseppe, 410 Victory Day commemorations, former Soviet countries, 109—13, 138
444 The Curtain and The Wall Vienna, 232,248,267-84,291,294, 311 book distribution, 282—3 Haus der Industrie, 272-4,276-8 ‘neutral Vienna’, 279 Soviet invasion and Inter-Allied Command, 269—76 spies and spying, 279-82 Vilfan, Josip, 311 Villa de Nordis, Italy, 302—7 Villa Sellgren, Russia, 77 Visby, Gotland, 119,125—8 VKontakte (online social network), 79 Vladikavkaz, Russia, 254 Vyborg, Russia, 67-85,109,383, 397 ‘City of Military Glory’, 75 Alvar Aalto library, 82-4,204 Vyborg Slot, 72,77 Wáchtler, Mario, 164—5 Waldheim, Kurt, 278 Wałęsa, Lech, 367 Warsaw, 204,254,345 Warsaw Pact, 10,58,60,103,118, 176,251,260,340,378 founding members, 405 Wehrmacht, 134,239,325 Weimar Republic, 198 Weltzin, Harry, 183 West Germany, 151,159—62,165, 169-71,184-5,190,192,198200,230,309 and Able Archer exercise, 413 accused of Finlandization, 59 border with Czechoslovakia, 238—41,243,245 former Nazis in power, 215—16 and German reunification, 58, 176,197,233 and homosexuality, 221 and nudism, 409 Wirtschaftswunder, 218 Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 365 Wilhelm Gustloff, ship, 158,404—5 Witt, Wolfram, 223 Wolf, Christa, 207,229 Women for Peace network, 211 Wyndham, John, 381 Xi Jinping, 333 X-ray scanners, 194—5,197 Yalta Conference (1945), 174 Yugoslavia/former Yugoslavia, 291— 2,297-322,369,373,378,395 foibe, 320-1,416 prepustnica system, 309—10,313 relations with Albania, 340-1 relations with Italy, 313-17,320—2 Serb nationalism, 317—18 and Trieste, 325—31 Zagreb, 318 Zajíc, Jan, 265 Zenith rocket launchers, 99 Zicherie, Germany 179—81 Ziemeļu Fort, Latvia, 110 Ziemupe, Latvia, 98—104,123
Fishermen’s Tears, 101—3,108 Zuckersand (2017), 233 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| spelling | Phillips, Timothy Verfasser (DE-588)1141909340 aut The Curtain and the Wall a modern journey along Europe's Cold War border Timothy Phillips London Granta Books 2022 444 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Eiserner Vorhang (DE-588)4249777-2 gnd rswk-swf Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 gnd rswk-swf Phillips, Timothy / Travel / Europe Cold War Cold War / Influence Borderlands / Europe Europe, Western / Foreign relations / Europe, Eastern Europe, Eastern / Foreign relations / Europe, Western Europe / Description and travel Borderlands Diplomatic relations Travel War / Influence Eastern Europe Europe Western Europe Eiserner Vorhang (DE-588)4249777-2 s Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034028698&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034028698&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Phillips, Timothy The Curtain and the Wall a modern journey along Europe's Cold War border Eiserner Vorhang (DE-588)4249777-2 gnd Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4249777-2 (DE-588)4075770-5 |
| title | The Curtain and the Wall a modern journey along Europe's Cold War border |
| title_auth | The Curtain and the Wall a modern journey along Europe's Cold War border |
| title_exact_search | The Curtain and the Wall a modern journey along Europe's Cold War border |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Curtain and the Wall a modern journey along Europe's Cold War border |
| title_full | The Curtain and the Wall a modern journey along Europe's Cold War border Timothy Phillips |
| title_fullStr | The Curtain and the Wall a modern journey along Europe's Cold War border Timothy Phillips |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Curtain and the Wall a modern journey along Europe's Cold War border Timothy Phillips |
| title_short | The Curtain and the Wall |
| title_sort | the curtain and the wall a modern journey along europe s cold war border |
| title_sub | a modern journey along Europe's Cold War border |
| topic | Eiserner Vorhang (DE-588)4249777-2 gnd Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Eiserner Vorhang Ost-West-Konflikt |
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