Holdings: Blockchain from concept to execution

Blockchain from concept to execution: with 10 blockchains, 3 dlts, 182 mcqs, 70 diagrams &... many sample codes (english edition)

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Mohanty, Debajani (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	[S.l.] BPB Publications 2022
Edition:	2nd, revised & updated edition
Subjects:	Virtuelle Währung Blockchain
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	xxii, 335 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme

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Record in the Search Index

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adam_text	xi Table of Contents 1.5.5.2 Proof of Stake (PoS)..............................................14 1.5.5.3 Delegated Proof of Stake (DPOS)........................ 14 1.5.5.4 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance or РВЕТ..... 14 1.5.5.5 Tendermint............................................................. 15 1. Introduction to Blockchain......................................................... 1 1.1 The Blockchain Market.......................................................... 1 1.2 Evolution of Blockchain Technology and Hype................... 2 1.3 Birth of Bitcoin........................................................................ 4 1.4 Bitcoin vs. Previous Generation Electronic Money............. 5 1.5 Key Concepts................................................. 5 1.5.1 Cryptography, Encryption, and Decryption................... 6 1.5.1.1 Symmetric Cryptography........................................ 6 1.5.1.2 Asymmetric Cryptography..................................... 7 1.5.1.2.1 RSA............................................................. 7 1.5.1.2.2 DSA.............................................................. 7 1.5.1.2.3 Elliptic curve cryptography and ECDSA... 8 1.5.1.2.4 Edward curve Cryptography and EdDSA.... 8 1.5.5.6 Direct Acrylic Graph.............................................. 15 1.5.6 Nodes...............................................................................15 1.5.7 Shared Replicated Ledger............................................... 16 1.5.8 Smart Contracts............................................................. 16 1.5.9 Native Token.................................................................. 16 1.5.10 Gossip Network for Message Propagation.................. 17 1.5.11 Hard Fork and Soft Fork.............................................. 18 1.6 How Bitcoin Blockchain Works........................................... 19 1.6.1 Mining............................................................................ 20 1.6.2 Proof of Work................................................................. 21 1.6.3 Consensus with Proof of Work..................................... 22 1.6.4 DAPPS............................................................................ 22 1.7 Threats Challenges in Public Blockchains......................23 1.5.1.2.5 Ed25519........................................................ 8 1.7.1 Double Spending............................................................ 23 1.5.2 Hashing............................................................................. 9 1.7.2 Sybil Attack..................................................................... 23 1.5.3 Wallet.................................................................................9 1.5.3.1 Online wallets...........................................................9 1.5.3.2 Desktop wallets....................................................... 10 1.7.3 DDoS Attack................................................................... 24 1.8 Permission Levels.................................................................. 25 1.9 Does your Use Case need a Blockchain?............................ 25 1.5.3.3 Mobile wallets........................................................ 10 1.9.1 When to use a RDBMS..................................................26 1.5.3.4 Hardware wallets................................................... 10 1.5.3.1.5 Paper wallets ............................................. 10 1.9.2 Where to Use a Public Blockchain................................ 26 1.5.4 Decentralization............................................................. 11 1.9.3 Where to Use a Private/Permissioned Blockchain 27 1.10 Cap Theorem or The Scalability Trilemma.......................27 1.11 Bitcoin, The Environment Villain..................................... 28 1.12 Areas of research and improvement................................. 29 1.5.4.1 Centralized System................................................. 11 1.12.1 Consensus Model.......................................................... 29 1.5.4.2 Distributed System................................................. 12 1.12.2 Scalability and Performance....................................... 30 1.5.4.3 Decentralized System.............................................12 1.12.3 Transaction Fees........................................................... 30 1.5.5 Consensus....................................................................... 13 1.5.5.1 Proof of Work (PoW)............................................. 13 1.12.4 Layer-2 Solutions......................................................... 31 1.5.3.1.6 Non-custodial wallets............................... 10 1.5.3.1.7 Custodial wallets........................................11 1.12.4.1 Sharding............................................................... 31 1 xii xiii 1.12.4.3 Parachains............................................................ 32 2.5.7.5 Libraries.................................................................. 54 2.5.7.6 Interfaces................................................................ 54 1.12.4.4 Sidechains............................................................. 33 2.5.7.7 Events...................................................................... 54 1.12.4.5 Rollups.................................................................. 34 1.13 Reason for the Volatile Price of Crypto............................36 2.5.7.8 Order of Elements in Solidity File.......................54 1.12.4.2 State Channels...................................................... 32 1.13.1 Utility............................................................................ 36 1.13.2 Limited vs. Unlimited Supply...................................... 36 1.13.3 Hoarding....................................................................... 36 1.14 Market Capitalization......................................................... 37 Summary.............................................................. 37 References.................................................................................... 37 Quiz............................................................................................... 38 Answer................................................................................ 42 PHASE I - PUBLIC BLOCKCHAINS 2. Ethereum....................................................................................... 45 2.1 Consensus Model.................................................................. 46 2.2 Transaction fees..................................................................... 46 2.3 L2 Solutions........................................................................... 46 2.4 Scalability and Performance................................................ 47 2.5 Development......................................................................... 47 2.5.7.9 Order of Elements in a Contract......................... 55 2.5.8 Functions in Solidity.................................................... 55 2.5.8.1 Constructor........................................................... 56 2.5.8.2 Setter() and Getterf)............................................ 57 2.5.8.3 Return Values........................................................ 58 2.5.8.4 Order ofFunctions................................................59 2.5.9 Variables........................................................................ 59 2.5.9.1 State variable........................................................ 59 2.5.9.2 Local Variable....................................................... 60 2.5.9.3 Global variables..................................................... 61 2.5.10 Types............................................................................ 62 2.5.10.1 Value Type.......................................................... 62 2.5.10.1.1 Integers.................................................... 62 2.5.10.1.2 Fixed Numbers....................................... 63 2.5.10.1.3 Boolean................................................... 63 2.5.1 Why Learn Solidity?....................................................... 47 2.5.10.1.4 Byte......................................................... 63 2.5.10.1.5 String Literals......................................... 63 2.5.2 Solidity vs. Who?............................................................ 48 2.5.10.1.6 Enum...................................................... 64 2.5.3 Solidity Features............................................................. 48 2.5.10.1.7 Address....................................................65 2.5.4 REMIX browser.............................................................. 49 2.5.10.2 Reference Type..................................................... 65 2.5.5 Write a Small Program..................................................49 2.5.10.2.1 Array........................................................ 65 2.5.5.1 Compiling............................................................... 50 2.5.10.2.2 Struct.......................................................66 2.5.5.2 Deployment............................................................ 50 2.5.6 Application Binary Interface......................................... 51 2.5.10.2.3 Mappings.................................................67 2.5.7 Layout of Solidity source code...................................... 51 2.5.10.3 Constant and Immutable State Variables......... 67 2.5.11 Operators in Solidity....................................................68 2.5.7.1 SPDX License Number.......................................... 52 2.5.11.1 Arithmetic Operator...........................................68 2.5.7.2 Version.................................................................... 52 2.5.7.3 Import File.............................................................. 53 2.5.11.2 Relational Operators...........................................70 2.5.7.4 Contract.................................................................. 53 2.5.11.3 Logical Operators............................................... 72 2.5.11.4 Bitwise Operator................................................ 73 XV xiv 2.5.11.5 Assignment Operators..........................................74 2.5.11.6 Conditional (or ternary) Operators................... 76 2.5.20.1 Encapsulation..................................................... 100 2.5.12 Gas and Operation Cost ofEthereum........................ 77 2.5.20.3 Inheritance......................................................... 101 2.5.12.1 Ether..................................................................... 77 2.5.20.4 Polymorphism.................................................... 104 2.5.12.2 Gas vs. Ether......................................................... 78 2.5.21 Abstract Contracts and Interfaces............................ 104 2.5.12.3 Gas limit............................................................... 78 2.5.21.1 Abstract Contract............................................... 105 2.5.12.4 Gasprice............................................................... 78 2.5.21.2 Interface.............................................................. 106 2.5.12.5 Future of Gas........................................................ 79 2.5.22 Creating and Destroying Contracts.......................... 108 2.5.13 Storing Data in Solidity............................................... 79 2.5.22.1 Destruction of a Contract................................. 109 2.5.13.1 Storage........................................... л.................... 79 2.5.13.2 Memory................................................................ 80 2.5.23 Lab 1........................................................................... 110 2.5.13.3 Calldata................................................................ 81 2.5.25 Ethereum Tokens and ERC Standards..................... 115 2.5.13.4 Stack..................................................................... 81 2.5.25.1 Ethereum Requestfor Comments..................... 115 2.5.14 Control of Flow in Solidity......................................... 82 2.5.14.1 if-else Condition................................................... 82 2.5.14.2 while-do Loop....................................................... 83 2.5.25.2 ERC20................................................................. 116 2.5.14.3 do-while Loop.......................................................84 2.5.14.4 for Loop................................................................ 84 2.5.14.5 break Statement................................................... 85 2.5.14.6 Continue Statement............................................. 86 2.5.14.7 Conditional (or ternary) Operators................... 86 2.5.15 View Function.............................................................. 87 2.5.16 Pure Function............................................................... 88 2.5.17 Fallback Function......................................................... 89 2.5.18 Error Handling............................................................. 89 2.5.18.1 Require.................................................................. 90 2.5.18.2 Revert................................................................... 91 2.5.18.3 Assert.................................................................... 92 2.5.18.4 Try/Catch............................................................. 92 2.5.19 Events............................................................................ 94 2.5.19.1 Event Logs in Solidity.......................................... 97 2.5.19.2 Output.................................................................. 99 2.5.20 Object Oriented Approach of Solidity...................... 100 2.5.20.2 Abstraction......................................................... 101 2.5.24 Lab 2........................................................................... 112 2.5.26 Truffle and Ganache................................................. 118 2.5.26.1 Truffle................................................................. 118 2.5.26.2 Ganache.............................................................. 118 2.6 Wallet.................................................................................... 120 2.7 Live Projects..........................................................................120 2.8 Altcoins................................................................................. 121 2.9 Summary.............................................................................. 122 References.................................................................................. 122 Quiz............................................................................................. 122 Answers............................................................................. 164 3. Hederá Hashgraph..................................................................... 167 3.1 Consensus Model - Proof of Stake.................................... 168 3.2 Transaction fees................................................................... 170 3.3 L2 Solutions......................................................................... 171 3.4 Scalability and Performance............................................... 171 3.5 Development....................................................................... 171 3.6 Wallet.................................................................................... 171 3.7 Live Projects......................................................................... 171 3.8 Summary.............................................................................. 172 References.................................................................................. 172 xvii xvi 4. Težos............................................................................................ 173 4.1 Consensus Model ֊ Liquid Proof of Stake ...................... 174 4.2 Transaction fees................................................................... 174 4.3 L2 Solutions......................................................................... 174 4.4 Scalability and Performance...............................................174 4.5 Development........................................................................ 175 4.6 Live Projects..........................................................................175 4.7 Summary...............................................................................175 References.................................................................................175 5. Cardano.................................................................... .................. 177 5.1 Consensus Model- Proof of Stake..................................... 178 5.2 Transaction fees....................................................................178 5.3 L2 Solutions..........................................................................179 5.4 Scalability and Performance............................................... 180 5.5 Development........................................................................180 5.5.1 Plutus............................................................................ 180 5.5.2 Marlowe........................................................................ 180 5.5.3 Rosetta.......................................................................... 181 5.6 Wallet.................................................................................... 181 5.7 Live Projects..........................................................................181 5.8 Summary...............................................................................182 References.................................................................................. 182 6. Algorand....................................................................................... 183 6.1 Consensus Model - Pure Proof of Stake........................... 184 6.1.1 Block Proposal.............................................................. 184 6.1.2 Soft Vote........................................................................ 185 6.1.3 Certify Vote................................................................... 185 6.2 Transaction fees....................................................................186 6.3 L2 Solutions..........................................................................186 6.4 Scalability and Performance............................................... 186 6.5 Development........................................................................186 6.6 Wallet.....................................................................................186 6.7 Live Projects..........................................................................187 6.8 Summary............................................................................. 187 References................................................................................. 188 7. Solana......................................................................................... 189 7.1 Consensus Model - Proof of History Proof of Stake ..190 7.2 Transaction fees................................................................... 192 7.3 L2 Solutions......................................................................... 192 7.4 Scalability and Performance............................................... 192 7.5 Development....................................................................... 192 7.6 Wallet.................................................................................... 193 7.7 Live Projects......................................................................... 193 7.8 Summary.............................................................................. 193 References.................................................................................194 8. Avalanche................................................................................... 195 8.1 Consensus Model ֊ Proof of Stake.................................... 196 8.2 Transaction fees....................................................................198 8.3 L2 Solutions..........................................................................198 8.4 Scalability and Performance...............................................198 8.5 Development........................................................................198 8.6 Wallet.................................................................................... 199 8.7 Live Projects......................................................................... 199 8.8 Summary.............................................................................. 199 References................................................................................. 199 PHASE II - INTEROPERABLE BLOCKCHAINS 9. Polygon....................................................................................... 203 9.1 Consensus Model ֊ Proof of Stake................................... 204 9.2 Transaction fees................................................................... 205 9.3 L2 Solutions......................................................................... 205 9.4 Scalability and Performance.............................................. 205 9.5 Development....................................................................... 205 9.6 Wallet.................................................................................... 206 9.7 Live Projects......................................................................... 206 9.8 Summary.............................................................................. 207 References............ ......................................................................207 xviii xix 10. Polkadot.......................................................................................2θ9 10.1 Consensus Model - Nominated Proof of Stake............ 210 13.1.1 The Ledger.................................................................. 234 10.1.1 Parachain Slots........................................................... 212 10.2 Transaction fees................................................................. 212 10.3 L2 Solutions....................................................................... 213 10.4 Scalability and Performance............................................ 213 10.5 Development..................................................................... 213 10.6 Wallet.................................................................................. 214 10.7 Live Projects....................................................................... 214 10.8 Summary............................................................................ 214 References............................................................ ..................... 214 13.1.3 Membership Service Provider (MSP)....................... 235 13.1.4 Policies........................................................................ 235 11. Cosmos......................................................................................... 215 11.1 Consensus Model - Proof of Stake Tendermint............216 11.2 Transaction fees................................................................. 219 11.3 L2 Solutions....................................................................... 219 11.4 Scalability and Performance............................................ 219 11.5 Development..................................................................... 219 11.6 Wallet.................................................................................. 219 11.7 Live Projects....................................................................... 220 11.8 Summary............................................................................ 220 References.................................................................................. 220 12. Comparison of Blockchains..................................................... 221 12.1 Comparison of Public Blockchains - Ethereum, Hash graph, Cardano, Algorand, Avalanche, and Solana 221 12.2 Comparison of Interoperable Blockchains -Polkadot vs Cosmos vs Polygon................................................................... 223 12.3 Use Cases on Interoperable Blockchains....................... 225 12.4 Why the organizations stay away from public Blockchains?............................................................................... 225 Quiz............................................................................................. 226 Answers............................................................................. 229 PHASE III - PRIVATE PERMISSIONED DLT 13.1.2 Identity........................................................................ 235 13.1.5 Peers............................................................................ 235 13.1.6 Channel...................................................................... 236 13.1.7 Orderer....................................................................... 236 13.1.7.1 Solo ................................................................... 237 13.1.7.2 Apache Kafka....................................................237 13.1.7.3 Raft.................................................................... 237 13.1.8 Smart Contract (Chaincode).................................... 237 13.2 Consensus and Fabric End-To-End Transaction Flow.237 13.2.1 Stage 1 Proposal and Endorsement.......................... 238 13.2.2 Stage 2 Ordering......................................................... 238 13.2.3 Stage 3 Validation Commit.................................. 239 13.3 Private Data....................................................................... 239 13.4 Interoperability with Oracles........................................... 240 13.5 Performance and Scalability............................................ 241 13.6 Industry Adoption........................................................... 241 13.7 Development..................................................................... 241 13.8 Deployment on Cloud...................................................... 241 13.9 Summary............................................................................ 242 References.................................................................................. 242 14. R3 Corda...................................................................................... 243 14.1 Key Concepts..................................................................... 244 14.1.1 Network...................................................................... 244 14.1.2 Ledger......................................................................... 244 14.1.3 State............................................................................ 245 14.1.4 Transactions............................................................... 246 14.1.5 Notary......................................................................... 247 14.1.6 Time Window............................................................. 248 14.1.7 Attachments................................................................ 248 13. Hyperledger Fabric....................................................................233 13.1 Key Concepts..................................................................... 234 14.1.8 Contracts.................................................................... 248 xxi XX 14.1.9 Interoperability with Oracles.................................... 248 14.1.10 Consensus................................................................. 249 14.2 CordApp............................................................................. 249 14.3 Corda End-To-End Transaction Flow............................ 250 14.4 Corda Accounts Model.................................................... 251 14.5 Token SDK......................................................................... 253 14.6 Corda Network.................................................................. 253 14.7 Corda Opensource vs. Corda Enterprise....................... 253 14.8 Performance and Scalability............................................ 254 14.9 Industry Adoption............................................................ 254 14.10 Development............................................... ...................255 14.11 Deployment on Cloud.................................................... 255 14.12 Summary.......................................................................... 255 References.................................................................................. 255 15. Consensys Quorum....................................................................257 15.1 Key Concept...................................................................... 258 15.2 Consensus - RAFT............................................................ 260 15.2.1 Privacy Manager........................................................ 260 15.2.2 Transaction Manager................................................ 261 15.2.3 Enclave........................................................................ 261 15.3 Consensys Quorum End to End Transaction Flow...... 261 15.4 Industry Adoption............................................................ 263 15.5 Development..................................................................... 264 15.6 Deployment on Cloud...................................................... 264 15.7 Summary............................................................................ 264 References.................................................................................. 264 16. Comparison of Hyperledger Fabric, R3 Corda, and Consensys Quorum................................................................... 267 References.................................................................................. 270 Quiz............................................................................................. 270 Answers............................................................................. 273 PHASE IV - USE CASES 17. Decentralized Identity.............................................................. 277 17.1 Digital Identity.................................................................. 277 17.2 Evolution of Digital Identity............................................ 280 17.2.1 Centralized Identity................................................... 280 17.2.2 Federated Identity......................................................281 17.2.3 User Centric Identity..................................................282 17.2.4 Decentralized Identity (DID).................................... 284 17.3 World Wide Web Consortium......................................... 286 17.4 Data sharing types............................................................ 287 17.5 DID Use Cases................................................................... 287 17.5.1 Use Case - Remote Voting......................................... 289 17.5.2 Use Case - Smart Agriculture.................................. 289 17.6 DID for Privacy Programs............................................... 290 17.7 DID Products.................................................................... 292 17.8 Summary............................................................................ 292 References.................................................................................. 293 Quiz............................................................................................. 293 Answers............................................................................. 295 18. Tokenization, DeFi, NFT and CBDC...................................... 297 18.1 Decentralized Finance, Tokenization and NFT............. 297 18.1.1 NFT Craze for Digital Contents............................... 299 18.1.2 Blockchain DLT Platforms.....................................299 18.2 Stablecoins.......................................................................... 300 18.2.1 Pros and Cons of Stablecoins.................................... 302 18.3 CBDC.................................................................................. 302 18.3.1 CBDC Types............................................................... 302 18.3.1.1 Wholesale CBDC............................................... 303 18.3.1.2 Retail CBDC....................................................... 303 18.3.1.2.1 Indirect CBDC....................................... 304 18.3.1.2.2 Direct CBDC........................................ 304 18.3.1.2.3 Hybrid CBDC........................................ 304 18.3.2 Blockchain DLT Platforms.................................... 305 xxii 18.3.3 Research on CBDC....................................................306 18.4 Summary............................................................................ 307 References.................................................................................. 308 Quiz............................................................................................. 308 Answers............................................................................. 309 19. Blockchain and 5G for loT....................................................... 311 19.1 How loT Works................................................................. 312 19.2 Nextgen loT....................................................................... 313 19.3 Summary............................................................................ 315 References.................................................................................. 315 PHASE V ֊ Blockchain Adoption and Future 20. Production and Beyond..................................................... 319 20.1 Challenges in Blockchain projects.................................. 319 20.2 Blockchain CoE Set-Up.................................................... 320 20.2.1 Accelerators in Blockchain adoption........................ 321 20.2.2 Roles............................................................................ 321 20.2.3 Skills............................................................................ 321 20.2.4 Factors to Considerfor Production ......................... 322 20.3 Blockchain Standards....................................................... 322 20.3.1 W3C............................................................................ 322 20.3.2 Open Standards.......................................................... 323 20.3.3 European Standardization Organization.................323 20.3.4 ISO/TC 307............................................................... 323 20.4 Quantum Computing, The Fear Factor..........................323 20.5 Summary............................................................................ 324 References.................................................................................. 324 Glossary.............................................................................................. 325 Index....................................................................................................327
adam_txt	xi Table of Contents 1.5.5.2 Proof of Stake (PoS).14 1.5.5.3 Delegated Proof of Stake (DPOS). 14 1.5.5.4 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance or РВЕТ. 14 1.5.5.5 Tendermint. 15 1. Introduction to Blockchain. 1 1.1 The Blockchain Market. 1 1.2 Evolution of Blockchain Technology and Hype. 2 1.3 Birth of Bitcoin. 4 1.4 Bitcoin vs. Previous Generation Electronic Money. 5 1.5 Key Concepts. 5 1.5.1 Cryptography, Encryption, and Decryption. 6 1.5.1.1 Symmetric Cryptography. 6 1.5.1.2 Asymmetric Cryptography. 7 1.5.1.2.1 RSA. 7 1.5.1.2.2 DSA. 7 1.5.1.2.3 Elliptic curve cryptography and ECDSA. 8 1.5.1.2.4 Edward curve Cryptography and EdDSA. 8 1.5.5.6 Direct Acrylic Graph. 15 1.5.6 Nodes.15 1.5.7 Shared Replicated Ledger. 16 1.5.8 Smart Contracts. 16 1.5.9 Native Token. 16 1.5.10 Gossip Network for Message Propagation. 17 1.5.11 Hard Fork and Soft Fork. 18 1.6 How Bitcoin Blockchain Works. 19 1.6.1 Mining. 20 1.6.2 Proof of Work. 21 1.6.3 Consensus with Proof of Work. 22 1.6.4 DAPPS. 22 1.7 Threats Challenges in Public Blockchains.23 1.5.1.2.5 Ed25519. 8 1.7.1 Double Spending. 23 1.5.2 Hashing. 9 1.7.2 Sybil Attack. 23 1.5.3 Wallet.9 1.5.3.1 Online wallets.9 1.5.3.2 Desktop wallets. 10 1.7.3 DDoS Attack. 24 1.8 Permission Levels. 25 1.9 Does your Use Case need a Blockchain?. 25 1.5.3.3 Mobile wallets. 10 1.9.1 When to use a RDBMS.26 1.5.3.4 Hardware wallets. 10 1.5.3.1.5 Paper wallets . 10 1.9.2 Where to Use a Public Blockchain. 26 1.5.4 Decentralization. 11 1.9.3 Where to Use a Private/Permissioned Blockchain 27 1.10 Cap Theorem or The Scalability Trilemma.27 1.11 Bitcoin, The Environment Villain. 28 1.12 Areas of research and improvement. 29 1.5.4.1 Centralized System. 11 1.12.1 Consensus Model. 29 1.5.4.2 Distributed System. 12 1.12.2 Scalability and Performance. 30 1.5.4.3 Decentralized System.12 1.12.3 Transaction Fees. 30 1.5.5 Consensus. 13 1.5.5.1 Proof of Work (PoW). 13 1.12.4 Layer-2 Solutions. 31 1.5.3.1.6 Non-custodial wallets. 10 1.5.3.1.7 Custodial wallets.11 1.12.4.1 Sharding. 31 1 xii xiii 1.12.4.3 Parachains. 32 2.5.7.5 Libraries. 54 2.5.7.6 Interfaces. 54 1.12.4.4 Sidechains. 33 2.5.7.7 Events. 54 1.12.4.5 Rollups. 34 1.13 Reason for the Volatile Price of Crypto.36 2.5.7.8 Order of Elements in Solidity File.54 1.12.4.2 State Channels. 32 1.13.1 Utility. 36 1.13.2 Limited vs. Unlimited Supply. 36 1.13.3 Hoarding. 36 1.14 Market Capitalization. 37 Summary. 37 References. 37 Quiz. 38 Answer. 42 PHASE I - PUBLIC BLOCKCHAINS 2. Ethereum. 45 2.1 Consensus Model. 46 2.2 Transaction fees. 46 2.3 L2 Solutions. 46 2.4 Scalability and Performance. 47 2.5 Development. 47 2.5.7.9 Order of Elements in a Contract. 55 2.5.8 Functions in Solidity. 55 2.5.8.1 Constructor. 56 2.5.8.2 Setter() and Getterf). 57 2.5.8.3 Return Values. 58 2.5.8.4 Order ofFunctions.59 2.5.9 Variables. 59 2.5.9.1 State variable. 59 2.5.9.2 Local Variable. 60 2.5.9.3 Global variables. 61 2.5.10 Types. 62 2.5.10.1 Value Type. 62 2.5.10.1.1 Integers. 62 2.5.10.1.2 Fixed Numbers. 63 2.5.10.1.3 Boolean. 63 2.5.1 Why Learn Solidity?. 47 2.5.10.1.4 Byte. 63 2.5.10.1.5 String Literals. 63 2.5.2 Solidity vs. Who?. 48 2.5.10.1.6 Enum. 64 2.5.3 Solidity Features. 48 2.5.10.1.7 Address.65 2.5.4 REMIX browser. 49 2.5.10.2 Reference Type. 65 2.5.5 Write a Small Program.49 2.5.10.2.1 Array. 65 2.5.5.1 Compiling. 50 2.5.10.2.2 Struct.66 2.5.5.2 Deployment. 50 2.5.6 Application Binary Interface. 51 2.5.10.2.3 Mappings.67 2.5.7 Layout of Solidity source code. 51 2.5.10.3 Constant and Immutable State Variables. 67 2.5.11 Operators in Solidity.68 2.5.7.1 SPDX License Number. 52 2.5.11.1 Arithmetic Operator.68 2.5.7.2 Version. 52 2.5.7.3 Import File. 53 2.5.11.2 Relational Operators.70 2.5.7.4 Contract. 53 2.5.11.3 Logical Operators. 72 2.5.11.4 Bitwise Operator. 73 XV xiv 2.5.11.5 Assignment Operators.74 2.5.11.6 Conditional (or ternary) Operators. 76 2.5.20.1 Encapsulation. 100 2.5.12 Gas and Operation Cost ofEthereum. 77 2.5.20.3 Inheritance. 101 2.5.12.1 Ether. 77 2.5.20.4 Polymorphism. 104 2.5.12.2 Gas vs. Ether. 78 2.5.21 Abstract Contracts and Interfaces. 104 2.5.12.3 Gas limit. 78 2.5.21.1 Abstract Contract. 105 2.5.12.4 Gasprice. 78 2.5.21.2 Interface. 106 2.5.12.5 Future of Gas. 79 2.5.22 Creating and Destroying Contracts. 108 2.5.13 Storing Data in Solidity. 79 2.5.22.1 Destruction of a Contract. 109 2.5.13.1 Storage. л. 79 2.5.13.2 Memory. 80 2.5.23 Lab 1. 110 2.5.13.3 Calldata. 81 2.5.25 Ethereum Tokens and ERC Standards. 115 2.5.13.4 Stack. 81 2.5.25.1 Ethereum Requestfor Comments. 115 2.5.14 Control of Flow in Solidity. 82 2.5.14.1 if-else Condition. 82 2.5.14.2 while-do Loop. 83 2.5.25.2 ERC20. 116 2.5.14.3 do-while Loop.84 2.5.14.4 for Loop. 84 2.5.14.5 break Statement. 85 2.5.14.6 Continue Statement. 86 2.5.14.7 Conditional (or ternary) Operators. 86 2.5.15 View Function. 87 2.5.16 Pure Function. 88 2.5.17 Fallback Function. 89 2.5.18 Error Handling. 89 2.5.18.1 Require. 90 2.5.18.2 Revert. 91 2.5.18.3 Assert. 92 2.5.18.4 Try/Catch. 92 2.5.19 Events. 94 2.5.19.1 Event Logs in Solidity. 97 2.5.19.2 Output. 99 2.5.20 Object Oriented Approach of Solidity. 100 2.5.20.2 Abstraction. 101 2.5.24 Lab 2. 112 2.5.26 Truffle and Ganache. 118 2.5.26.1 Truffle. 118 2.5.26.2 Ganache. 118 2.6 Wallet. 120 2.7 Live Projects.120 2.8 Altcoins. 121 2.9 Summary. 122 References. 122 Quiz. 122 Answers. 164 3. Hederá Hashgraph. 167 3.1 Consensus Model - Proof of Stake. 168 3.2 Transaction fees. 170 3.3 L2 Solutions. 171 3.4 Scalability and Performance. 171 3.5 Development. 171 3.6 Wallet. 171 3.7 Live Projects. 171 3.8 Summary. 172 References. 172 xvii xvi 4. Težos. 173 4.1 Consensus Model ֊ Liquid Proof of Stake . 174 4.2 Transaction fees. 174 4.3 L2 Solutions. 174 4.4 Scalability and Performance.174 4.5 Development. 175 4.6 Live Projects.175 4.7 Summary.175 References.175 5. Cardano. . 177 5.1 Consensus Model- Proof of Stake. 178 5.2 Transaction fees.178 5.3 L2 Solutions.179 5.4 Scalability and Performance. 180 5.5 Development.180 5.5.1 Plutus. 180 5.5.2 Marlowe. 180 5.5.3 Rosetta. 181 5.6 Wallet. 181 5.7 Live Projects.181 5.8 Summary.182 References. 182 6. Algorand. 183 6.1 Consensus Model - Pure Proof of Stake. 184 6.1.1 Block Proposal. 184 6.1.2 Soft Vote. 185 6.1.3 Certify Vote. 185 6.2 Transaction fees.186 6.3 L2 Solutions.186 6.4 Scalability and Performance. 186 6.5 Development.186 6.6 Wallet.186 6.7 Live Projects.187 6.8 Summary. 187 References. 188 7. Solana. 189 7.1 Consensus Model - Proof of History Proof of Stake .190 7.2 Transaction fees. 192 7.3 L2 Solutions. 192 7.4 Scalability and Performance. 192 7.5 Development. 192 7.6 Wallet. 193 7.7 Live Projects. 193 7.8 Summary. 193 References.194 8. Avalanche. 195 8.1 Consensus Model ֊ Proof of Stake. 196 8.2 Transaction fees.198 8.3 L2 Solutions.198 8.4 Scalability and Performance.198 8.5 Development.198 8.6 Wallet. 199 8.7 Live Projects. 199 8.8 Summary. 199 References. 199 PHASE II - INTEROPERABLE BLOCKCHAINS 9. Polygon. 203 9.1 Consensus Model ֊ Proof of Stake. 204 9.2 Transaction fees. 205 9.3 L2 Solutions. 205 9.4 Scalability and Performance. 205 9.5 Development. 205 9.6 Wallet. 206 9.7 Live Projects. 206 9.8 Summary. 207 References. .207 xviii xix 10. Polkadot.2θ9 10.1 Consensus Model - Nominated Proof of Stake. 210 13.1.1 The Ledger. 234 10.1.1 Parachain Slots. 212 10.2 Transaction fees. 212 10.3 L2 Solutions. 213 10.4 Scalability and Performance. 213 10.5 Development. 213 10.6 Wallet. 214 10.7 Live Projects. 214 10.8 Summary. 214 References. '. 214 13.1.3 Membership Service Provider (MSP). 235 13.1.4 Policies. 235 11. Cosmos. 215 11.1 Consensus Model - Proof of Stake Tendermint.216 11.2 Transaction fees. 219 11.3 L2 Solutions. 219 11.4 Scalability and Performance. 219 11.5 Development. 219 11.6 Wallet. 219 11.7 Live Projects. 220 11.8 Summary. 220 References. 220 12. Comparison of Blockchains. 221 12.1 Comparison of Public Blockchains - Ethereum, Hash graph, Cardano, Algorand, Avalanche, and Solana 221 12.2 Comparison of Interoperable Blockchains -Polkadot vs Cosmos vs Polygon. 223 12.3 Use Cases on Interoperable Blockchains. 225 12.4 Why the organizations stay away from public Blockchains?. 225 Quiz. 226 Answers. 229 PHASE III - PRIVATE PERMISSIONED DLT 13.1.2 Identity. 235 13.1.5 Peers. 235 13.1.6 Channel. 236 13.1.7 Orderer. 236 13.1.7.1 Solo . 237 13.1.7.2 Apache Kafka.237 13.1.7.3 Raft. 237 13.1.8 Smart Contract (Chaincode). 237 13.2 Consensus and Fabric End-To-End Transaction Flow.237 13.2.1 Stage 1 Proposal and Endorsement. 238 13.2.2 Stage 2 Ordering. 238 13.2.3 Stage 3 Validation Commit. 239 13.3 Private Data. 239 13.4 Interoperability with Oracles. 240 13.5 Performance and Scalability. 241 13.6 Industry Adoption. 241 13.7 Development. 241 13.8 Deployment on Cloud. 241 13.9 Summary. 242 References. 242 14. R3 Corda. 243 14.1 Key Concepts. 244 14.1.1 Network. 244 14.1.2 Ledger. 244 14.1.3 State. 245 14.1.4 Transactions. 246 14.1.5 Notary. 247 14.1.6 Time Window. 248 14.1.7 Attachments. 248 13. Hyperledger Fabric.233 13.1 Key Concepts. 234 14.1.8 Contracts. 248 xxi XX 14.1.9 Interoperability with Oracles. 248 14.1.10 Consensus. 249 14.2 CordApp. 249 14.3 Corda End-To-End Transaction Flow. 250 14.4 Corda Accounts Model. 251 14.5 Token SDK. 253 14.6 Corda Network. 253 14.7 Corda Opensource vs. Corda Enterprise. 253 14.8 Performance and Scalability. 254 14.9 Industry Adoption. 254 14.10 Development. '.255 14.11 Deployment on Cloud. 255 14.12 Summary. 255 References. 255 15. Consensys Quorum.257 15.1 Key Concept. 258 15.2 Consensus - RAFT. 260 15.2.1 Privacy Manager. 260 15.2.2 Transaction Manager. 261 15.2.3 Enclave. 261 15.3 Consensys Quorum End to End Transaction Flow. 261 15.4 Industry Adoption. 263 15.5 Development. 264 15.6 Deployment on Cloud. 264 15.7 Summary. 264 References. 264 16. Comparison of Hyperledger Fabric, R3 Corda, and Consensys Quorum. 267 References. 270 Quiz. 270 Answers. 273 PHASE IV - USE CASES 17. Decentralized Identity. 277 17.1 Digital Identity. 277 17.2 Evolution of Digital Identity. 280 17.2.1 Centralized Identity. 280 17.2.2 Federated Identity.281 17.2.3 User Centric Identity.282 17.2.4 Decentralized Identity (DID). 284 17.3 World Wide Web Consortium. 286 17.4 Data sharing types. 287 17.5 DID Use Cases. 287 17.5.1 Use Case - Remote Voting. 289 17.5.2 Use Case - Smart Agriculture. 289 17.6 DID for Privacy Programs. 290 17.7 DID Products. 292 17.8 Summary. 292 References. 293 Quiz. 293 Answers. 295 18. Tokenization, DeFi, NFT and CBDC. 297 18.1 Decentralized Finance, Tokenization and NFT. 297 18.1.1 NFT Craze for Digital Contents. 299 18.1.2 Blockchain DLT Platforms.299 18.2 Stablecoins. 300 18.2.1 Pros and Cons of Stablecoins. 302 18.3 CBDC. 302 18.3.1 CBDC Types. 302 18.3.1.1 Wholesale CBDC. 303 18.3.1.2 Retail CBDC. 303 18.3.1.2.1 Indirect CBDC. 304 18.3.1.2.2 Direct CBDC. 304 18.3.1.2.3 Hybrid CBDC. 304 18.3.2 Blockchain DLT Platforms. 305 xxii 18.3.3 Research on CBDC.306 18.4 Summary. 307 References. 308 Quiz. 308 Answers. 309 19. Blockchain and 5G for loT. 311 19.1 How loT Works. 312 19.2 Nextgen loT. 313 19.3 Summary. 315 References. 315 PHASE V ֊ Blockchain Adoption and Future 20. Production and Beyond. 319 20.1 Challenges in Blockchain projects. 319 20.2 Blockchain CoE Set-Up. 320 20.2.1 Accelerators in Blockchain adoption. 321 20.2.2 Roles. 321 20.2.3 Skills. 321 20.2.4 Factors to Considerfor Production . 322 20.3 Blockchain Standards. 322 20.3.1 W3C. 322 20.3.2 Open Standards. 323 20.3.3 European Standardization Organization.323 20.3.4 ISO/TC 307. 323 20.4 Quantum Computing, The Fear Factor.323 20.5 Summary. 324 References. 324 Glossary. 325 Index.327
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spelling	Mohanty, Debajani Verfasser (DE-588)1158630891 aut Blockchain from concept to execution with 10 blockchains, 3 dlts, 182 mcqs, 70 diagrams &... many sample codes (english edition) 2nd, revised & updated edition [S.l.] BPB Publications 2022 xxii, 335 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Virtuelle Währung (DE-588)1081489480 gnd rswk-swf Blockchain (DE-588)1124028595 gnd rswk-swf Blockchain (DE-588)1124028595 s Virtuelle Währung (DE-588)1081489480 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034006091&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Mohanty, Debajani Blockchain from concept to execution with 10 blockchains, 3 dlts, 182 mcqs, 70 diagrams &... many sample codes (english edition) Virtuelle Währung (DE-588)1081489480 gnd Blockchain (DE-588)1124028595 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)1081489480 (DE-588)1124028595
title	Blockchain from concept to execution with 10 blockchains, 3 dlts, 182 mcqs, 70 diagrams &... many sample codes (english edition)
title_auth	Blockchain from concept to execution with 10 blockchains, 3 dlts, 182 mcqs, 70 diagrams &... many sample codes (english edition)
title_exact_search	Blockchain from concept to execution with 10 blockchains, 3 dlts, 182 mcqs, 70 diagrams &... many sample codes (english edition)
title_exact_search_txtP	Blockchain from concept to execution with 10 blockchains, 3 dlts, 182 mcqs, 70 diagrams &... many sample codes (english edition)
title_full	Blockchain from concept to execution with 10 blockchains, 3 dlts, 182 mcqs, 70 diagrams &... many sample codes (english edition)
title_fullStr	Blockchain from concept to execution with 10 blockchains, 3 dlts, 182 mcqs, 70 diagrams &... many sample codes (english edition)
title_full_unstemmed	Blockchain from concept to execution with 10 blockchains, 3 dlts, 182 mcqs, 70 diagrams &... many sample codes (english edition)
title_short	Blockchain from concept to execution
title_sort	blockchain from concept to execution with 10 blockchains 3 dlts 182 mcqs 70 diagrams many sample codes english edition
title_sub	with 10 blockchains, 3 dlts, 182 mcqs, 70 diagrams &... many sample codes (english edition)
topic	Virtuelle Währung (DE-588)1081489480 gnd Blockchain (DE-588)1124028595 gnd
topic_facet	Virtuelle Währung Blockchain
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034006091&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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