Under Stalin's shadow: a global history of Greek communism
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Ithaca ; London
Northern Illinois University Press
2023
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| Series: | NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Physical Description: | xi, 281 Seiten Karte |
| ISBN: | 9781501767661 1501767666 9781501768347 1501768344 |
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Bibliography Archives AAKT ANR-SANIC AOA AQSH ASKI CDA FDRPL IPN LC MLO NAP NARA PRO-FO RGANI RGASPI Archive of New Files (Warsaw) National Archive of Romania—The Central Historical National Archives Department (Bucharest) Academy of Athens State Central Archive of Albania (Tirana) Archives of Contemporary Social History (Athens) Central State Archives of Bulgaria (Sofia) Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum (Hyde Park, NY) Institute of National Remembrance (Warsaw) La Contemporaine, Bibliothèque, Archives, Musée des Mondes Contemporains (Paris) Hungarian National Archives (Budapest) National Archives of Prague National Archives and Records Administration (Washington, DC) Public Record Office—Foreign Office (London) Russian State Archive of Contemporary History (Moscow) Russian State Archive of Social and Political History (Moscow) Newspapers and Periodicals Dimokratikos stratos (KKE) Inprecor (International Press Correspondence), English ed. (Comintern) L'Humanité (PCF) L'Internationale Communiste, French ed. (Comintern) Kommounistiki epitheorisi (KKE) Neos kosmos (KKE) Pour une paix durable, pour une démocratie populaire (Cominform) Rizospastis (KKE) Collections of Documents Afinian, V. G, V. Kondis, K. Papoulidis, D. Smirnova, and N. Tomilina, eds. I scheseis KKE kai KK Sovietikis Enosis sto diastima 1953-1977, symfona me ta eggrafa tou Archeiou tis KE tou KKE. Thessaloniki: Paratiritis, 1999. 249
250 BIBLIOGRAPHY Banac, Ivo, ed. The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 1933-1949. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003. Bayerlein, Bernhard H., Mikhail Narinski, Brigitte Studer, and Serge Wolikow, eds. Moscou-Paris-Berlin: Télégrammes chiffrés du Komintern (1939-1941). Paris: Tallandier, 2003. Chourchoulis, Dionyssios, Christos Christidis, Vaios Kalogrias, Periklis-Stelios Karavis, Manolis Koumas, and Sofia Papastamkou, eds. Greece during the Early Cold War: The Viewfrom the Western Archives; Documents. Thessaloniki: University of Macedonia, 2015. Clissold, Stephen, ed. Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, 1939-1973: A Documentary Survey. London: Oxford University Press, 1975. Dallin, Alexander, and F. I. Firsov. Dimitrov and Stalin, 1934-1943: Lettersfrom the Soviet Archives. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000. Degras, Jane, ed. The Communist International, 1919-1943 Documents. 3 vols. London: Royal Institute on International Affairs, 1956-64. ----- . Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy, 1917-1941. New York: Oxford Univer sity Press, 1953. Dimitrov, Georgi. Selected Works. 3 vols. Sofia, Bulgaria: Sofia Press, 1972. Farakos, Grigoris. B’ Pagosmios Polemos: I scheseis KKE kai diethnous Kommounistikou kentrou. Athens: Ellinika Grammata, 2004. Fifth Congress of the Communist International. Abridged Report. June 17July 8,1924. FRUS (Foreign Relations of the United States). 1944, vol. 5. The Near East and Africa. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1965. ----- . 1945, vol. 8. The Near East and Africa. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1969. ----- .
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Index Agrarian Party (Greece), 96-97, 120 Albania: Communist-led guerrilla resistance in, 14,126,127,134; as Communist state, 7; DSE retreat to, 181-82; Greek Civil War refugee crisis and, 187-88, 239n2; Greek Civil War support from, 163-66, 177,178, 180-82; Soviet Union recognized by, 100; Tito and annexation of, 174; training of KKE military officials in, 151,159 Albanian Communist Party, 95 Alexakis, Orion, 25-26, 32, 56 Allen, George, 129 Amendola, Giorgio, 112 Angelopoulos, Angelos, 142 Anti-fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ), 134-36 antifascist front, 14; Comintern policy and, 99-100,117; KKE commitment to, 74, 96-97, 100-101, 105; RibbentropMolotov Pact and, 111,112 Apostolidis, Thomas, 51-52 Apostolou, Ilektra, 88 Asia Minor campaign, 28,32, 34-35,45, 48,58, 68 Askoutsis, Nikolaos, 142 Association Juridique Internationale, 102, 227nl64 Atanasov, Shtreryu, 125 Bakarie, Vladimir, 172 Baku Congress of the People of the East (1920), 26 Balampanidis, Ioannis, 210 Balkan Committee of France, 105 Balkan Communist Federation (BCF), 7-8; Second Congress (1921), 26; Fourth Congress (1922), 42; Sixth Congress (1923), 44-46; Seventh Congress (1924), 50, 52; Eighth Congress (1928), 81-82; creation of, 12, 19, 23; Dimitrov’s leadership of, 13,54,55; dissolution of, 107; Fifth Conference (1922), 42; Greek status in, 28-29,33, 38, 62, 91; KKE’s criticisms of, 80-83; Kutvie faction of KKE and, 69-70; Macedonian question and, 41-48,51,53, 81; Pouliopoulos and, 48,69; trends against centralism in, 35-38 Balkan Revolutionary Center, 54 Balkan Secretariat
(of ECCI), 22,80-82, 89-90,97,107. See also Dimitrov, Georgi Balkan Wars (1912-13), 19,32,39-40, 70 Balkan Workers’ Social-Democratic Federation, 41 Banac, Ivo, 89 Baranov, Leonid, 141,144-45,156, 160-61,163 Battle of Athens (Dekemvriana), 147-51, 153, 154, 209 BCF. See Balkan Communist Federation Benaroya, Avraam, 32, 70-71 Beneš, Edvard, 112-13 Beria, Lavrentii, 161,199 Bierut, Bolesław, 173 ВКР. See Bulgarian Communist Party Bled agreement (1947), 165,171 Bolshevik Revolution, 20,49 Bolshevization, 9,12; absolute compliance vs. à la carte, 27,34,58; Balkan Communism’s shift toward, 52-54,80-83,106; Dimitrov’s role in, 54-55, 62,107; elements of, 105-6; of KPJ, 163; Macedonian question and resistance to, 46, 47,51-53,58-59; old vs. new guard of SEKE and, 57-59; Pouliopoulos and, 48, 70; removal of KKE’s leadership by ECCI (1931), 271
272 INDEX Bolshevization (continued) 91-92; Russification of national parties and, 63, 65-66, 69; SEKE and conflict over, 21, 33-38,105-7, 208; Stalinization vs., 10, 71; terminology of, 218ո64; training Greek Communists in Russia, 65. See also Kutvies Brandler, Heinrich, 49 Britain: Bulgarian coup and, 43; command of ELAS and EDES by, 142-43; declaration of war against Germany, 111; Dekemvriana (Battle of Athens) and, 147-51,209; Greek and Yugoslav resistance movements and, 128-31, 134-36, 139-41; Greek Civil War and, 180-81, 183; imperial threat of, 32,116, 128; Middle East Command of, 126; mutiny of Greek Middle East forces and, 132-33; Papandreou and, 133-34 British Communist Party, 112 British Special Operations Executive (SOE), 122-24, 128, 129,132, 141,183 Buisseret, August, 102 Bukharin, Nikolai, 35, 75, 79,82,84,85, 89, 99 Bulgaria: in Anglo-Soviet spheres of influence negotiations, 14, 138; Comintern on revolutionary potential in, 30, 43; as Communist state, 7; conservative coup in (1923), 43; Greek Civil War refugee crisis and, 188-90; Macedonian question and, 39-40; occupation of Greece and, 118,121, 135,143,144; Red Army in, 14; Soviet claims on lands of, 128-29,136 Bulgarian Agrarian National Union, 30,43 Bulgarian Communist Party (BKP), 9; BCF representation of, 19,33; Comintern status of, 28-29, 33, 36, 66, 95; ELAS aid requests from, 148-50; electoral performance of, 30; Greek Civil War support from, 163-65, 171, 179, 180; KKE and, 143-44,159, 163; KUTV and, 66; Macedonian question and, 42-44, 47-48; national fronts war resistance and, 121-22; profascist
coup (1923) and, 43-44, 73; Third Period conflicts in, 88; “Twenty-One Conditions” and, 60-61; World War II and, 113-14 Bulgarian Workers’ Social Democratic Party (Narrow Socialists), 30 Carr, E. H., 30 Caserta agreement (1944), 142-43 Ceaușescu, Nicolae, 194,210 centralism: in BCF, 26; defined, 11; Georgiadis strategy against, 35; international resistance to, 35-36; pluralist strategies vs., 170; Stalinism and, 72. See also Bolshevization; Stalinization Centrists (KKE faction), 68,75,81 Chainoglu, Tasos, 68, 69, 75 Chairas, Andronikos: arrest of, 88; background, 63, 69; on class-againstclass and ultrarevolutionary policies, 85, 87; Comintern recommendation of, 62-63; criticism of BCF by, 80-82; election to ECCI, 82; escape to Soviet Union, 90; Great Terror and execution of, 89, 104, 204, 207; as KKE secretary, 83; “Left Democracy” policy and, 73; save Zachariadis campaign and, 103; as Sixth Congress delegate, 80; Stalinist KKE faction and, 68; Stalinization and, 76 Chamberlain, Neville, 112 Chams (Muslim-Albanian minority), 165, 235n32 Chang Kai-Shek, 172 Chatzivasiliou, Chrysa, 197-98 Chervenkov, Valko, 171 children in refugee crises, 177, 187-91 Chonos, Ivan, 47,51 Christian Orthodox communities, 67 Christodoulidis, Christodoulos, 104 Churchill, Winston: British SOE established by, 122; on Dekemvriana (Battle of Athens), 149; Iron Curtain speech, 157-58; Percentages Agreement and, 144-45; on Popov’s mission to Greece, 141; on Soviet spheres of influence, 133,137-38,140, 209 civil war. See Greek Civil War Čižinský, losip, 77 class-against-class strategy, 83-87, 96, 99
Close, David, 143 Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA), 212 Cold War, 5, 12,14,184 Cominform (Communist Information Bureau), 7; Comintern compared to, 169; creation of, 169-70; on Greek Civil
INDEX War, 171-72; Greek Civil War refugee crisis and, 187-88; Greek exclusion from, 170-71, 236n50; For a Lasting Peace, for a People’s Democracy, 171; two international camps theory of, 193; Yugoslavia’s expulsion from, 174, 209; Zachariadis’s removal and, 202 Comintern (Third Communist International, 1919-43), 2-4, 12; Second Congress (1920), 41, 54, 60; Third Congress (1921), 28-29; Fourth Congress (1922), 38; Fifth Congress (1924), 48, 49, 52,218n64; Sixth Congress (1928), 79, 80, 82-84; Seventh Congress (1935), 100; antifascist front and, 97, 98; Balkan Communist Federation and, 7, 8, 27, 35-37; centralism of, 35-38, 53-54; class-against-class policy of, 83-86, 96; Cominform compared to, 169; dissolution of, 125, 169; Greek departures from line of, 34-38, 106; KKE status in, 8-11,28-30, 80, 82, 91, 95, 124; Kutvies and, 13, 64-65, 69-70, 76, 77, 106-7; Macedonian question and, 42-44,46-47,49-51,53, 74, 98; monitoring of KKE by, 76-77, 92, 108; Narkomindel and, 55-56, 99; national fronts policy of, 119, 120,124-25; resolution against coalition with socialdemocratic parties, 49; revolution vs. reform in polices of, 72-73; Sakarelos and, 22; social fascism and, 83-84, 96; status and hierarchy in, 28-30, 33, 80; Third Period conflicts of, 88; Tito and, 134; “Twenty-One Conditions of Admission to the Communist International,” 24-25; World War II and, 111-13,115-18, 121,124, 134, 135. See also Executive Committee of the Communist International Comitadjis, 221n62 Committee for Child Support, 190 Communist Information Bureau. See Cominform Communist Party of Czechoslovakia,
112-13, 15 9,161,170,176-77,194 Communist Party of Greece-Interior (KKE Esoterikou), 211, 212 Communist Party of Greece (KKE), 1-2; Third Extraordinary Congress (1924), 61-62; Fourth Congress (1928), 83; Sixth Congress (1935), 273 97, 98,101; Third Conference (1950), 197-98; Thirteenth Congress (1991), 213; Albanian Communist Party relations of, 182; antifascist front and, 96-97, 100-101, 105; BKP’s wartime relations with, 143-44; boycott of 1946 elections, 158-60,197; British control of ELAS and, 142-43; Ceauşescu’s Romanian Communist Party and, 210, 211; class-againstclass strategy and, 83-87, 96, 99; Cominform founding and, 170-71; Comintern dissolution and, 125; creation of, 62; cult of personality in, 94, 201, 203; Dekemvriana (Battle of Athens) and, 147-51; de-Stalinization and, 15, 203-5, 210; ECCI replacing leadership of (1931), 89-92, 108; electoral performances of, 67-68, 79, 95-96, 101, 195; establishment of Greek-Soviet relations and, 66; ethnic Greek Russians in, 21-22, 25, 64-66; Government of National Unity negotiations (1944) and, 138-39, 141-42; historiography of, 5-7; internationalism and, 7-10; KPJ’s wartime relations with, 126-28, 134-36, 139; Kutvie-Liquidarist factionalism in, 68-71; Kutvies in leadership roles of, 62-64, 76, 83; Macedonian question and, 13, 52-53, 97-98, 100, 162, 175, 192, 208; membership and demographics, 94, 95, 146-47; Metaxas regime persecution of, 102, 105,108, 117, 124; national fronts war resistance and, 119-25,135; origins of, 3-5; Pangalos dictatorship and, 67; Political Committee of National Liberation and, 131-32, 134-36;
Provisional Democratic Government of Greece declared by, 167-68, 173; refugee emigration and, 187-93; SEKE compared to, 72; social fascism policy and, 83-84, 87; Stalinization and, 10-12, 65, 71, 76, 94, 107-8, 207-9; Stalin-Tito split and, 174-75; state-building efforts of (laokratia), 146-47; “TwentyOne Conditions” and renaming of, 61; World War II and, 114,118; Zachariadis’s support for Metaxas war efforts and, 115-17. See also National Liberation Front; National People’s
274 INDEX Communist Party of Greece (continued) Liberation Army; Socialist Labor Party of Greece; United Democratic Left Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 78, 188, 199-205. See also Cominform; Comintern Communist Party of Uzbekistan, 200 Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ), 19; BCF representation of, 33; Comintern and, 28-29, 80,95; criticism of Bulgarian leadership by, 36,81; ELAS requests for aid from, 148, 149; electoral performance of, 31; factional strife within, 79; Fourth Congress (1928), 88; Greek Civil War support from, 160-65, 171,175; KKE’s wartime relations with, 126-28,134-36,139; KUTV training for, 66; Macedonian question and, 43-45,50,52-53,88,97, 98,107; Stalin-Tito split and, 174-75; Third Period conflicts in, 88-89; training of KKE military officials by, 151,159,163; “Twenty-One Conditions” and, 60-61; World War II and, 113,134-35. See ako Tito, Josip Broz Communist University of National Minorities of the West (KUNMZ), 66, 95,104 Communist University of the Workers of the East (KUTV), 57,65, 93 Constantinescu, Miron, 102 Courtois, Stéphane, 2-3 CPSU (Communist Party of the Soviet Union), 78, 188,199-205 cult of personality, 11, 94,198-99, 201,203 Cvijić, Djuro, 27 Czechoslovakia, 4, 188, 189, 211. See ako Communist Party of Czechoslovakia Daladier, Édouard, 112 Dallin, Alexander, 118 Dekemvriana (Battle of Athens), 147-51, 153, 154, 209 Democratic Army of Greece (DSE): Balkan Communists’ support for, 162-65; creation of, 159; destruction of, 181; international aid following Stalin-Tito split, 176-79,183-85; Operation Transport and, 174; refugee
emigration and, 187-93; Soviet support for, 166-67; strength of, 168, 172, 179; US-backed Greek government vs. funding of, 179-80; Yugoslav support for, 162,175 de-Stalinization, 15, 201,203-4,210 Deutscher, Isaac, 37 Dimitratos, Nikos, 28, 33, 34, 49, 64, 68 Dimitrov, Georgi, 8,13; Balkan unification and, 41; Benaroya’s expulsion from KKE and, 70-71; defense of BCF, 80-83; ELAS and Greek guerrilla resistance, 125-27, 141-42,144-45,148-50, 209; on financial dependence of Greek Communists, 56; on German expansion in Balkans, 117-18; Greek Civil War and, 161,164,172; on KKE’s leadership, 62, 89; Liquidarist-Kutvie conflict and, 78-79; on Macedonian question, 39,47-48,51,97,136; ousted from leadership during Third Period, 88; on Pangalos dictatorship, 73; as Political Secretariat head, 96; role of, 27, 29-30, 41; on Russian Civil War, 23; Sakarelos and, 22,105; on SEKE’s renaming, 61; Stalinization of KKE and, 76-78; Stalin-Tito split and, 174; World War II and, 111-13,115-16, 118,121, 124, 134,135; on Yugoslav guerrilla resistance, 120, 135,209 Dimitrova, Rosa, 179 Djaković, Djuro, 88 Djilas, Milovan, 159, 169-70, 172 Dobrogeanu-Gherea, Alexander, 27 Douvas, Giorgos, 86,89, 104 DSE. See Democratic Army of Greece dual strategies, 143, 158, 193,194, 197 Dymarski, Miroslaw, 40 EAM. See National Liberation Front East Germany, Greek refugee resettlement in, 189,190 Eberlein, Hugo, 38 ECCI. See Executive Committee of the Communist International EDA (United Democratic Left), 195-96, 199,210,211 Eden, Anthony, 130,137 EDES. See National Republican Greek League ELAS. See National
People’s Liberation Army Ellados, Ergatiko Komma, 19-20 Erfurt Program of the German SocialDemocratic Party (1891), 21
INDEX Erithriadis, Giorgos, 143 Eurocommunism, 210, 212 European Economic Community, 212 European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan), 163,183 Executive Committee of the Communist International (ECCI): antifascist front and, 96-97, 99-100; Communist Party of Yugoslavia and, 31, 79, 88-89; criticism of BKP, 43-44; Greek representation in, 32-33; nadonal fronts and armed resistance, 120; Pouliopoulos and, 48; removal and replacement of KKE leadership (1931), 89-92, 108; SEKE’s admission to Comintern and, 25; on Zachariadis’s support of Metaxas war efforts, 116-17. See also Comintern Federation of the Communist Youth of Greece (OKNE), 86, 87, 93 Feraios, Rigas, 40 Filipovič, Filip, 31 Firsov, F. I., 118 Fodor, Zoltán, 176 Franco, Francisco, 171,186,190 Free Greece radio station, 193 French Communist Party (PCF), 105, 112, 161,167,170,171,210,213 Geminder, Bedřich, 176 General Confederation of Greek Workers, 97 George II (king), 101,114,123-24, 144, 146, 154-55 Georgiadis, George, 28, 34-35, 49 Germany: Hitler’s rise to power in, 99, 108,118; national fronts policy against, 119; occupation of Greece, 117-18, 135; occupation of Yugoslavia, 117; Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact (1939), 13, 111-14, 117. See ibo East Germany; World War II Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe, 171, 198, 203 Giatsopoulos, Pastias, 28, 69-70, 75, 77 global economic crisis (1929), 96 Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 170-72 Gorgopotamos Bridge operation, 122-23 Gorkič, Milan, 77, 85, 89 Gottwald, Klement, 112-13,159,178,194 Gousias, Giorgos, 204 Government of National Unity, 138-39, 141-42, 146 275 Great Britain. See Britain Greco-Turkish
War (1919-22), 49 Greece: Allied intervention in Ukraine and, 28; in Anglo-Soviet spheres of influence negotiations, 137-40; bankruptcy of (1932), 96; Comintern perspective on, 30, 32-33,61; diplomatic relations with Soviet Union, 55-57, 106; Macedonian question and, 39-40,45; Metaxas regime rise to power, 101-2; postwar crises of, 154-55; repression of Communists in, 67, 72, 79-80, 194; restoration of monarchy in, 101, 123-24,130; World War II occupations of, 117-18,135, 143, 144 Greek Civil War (1944-49), 14, 209-10; Balkan Communist support for, 160-65, 175-76, 178-79; Cold War and, 184; Cominform stances on, 170-73; DSE’s defeat, 179-83; Eastern Bloc support for, 176-79, 183; isolation of KKE and, 3-5; preludes to, 155, 159; as proxy for East-West conflict, 158, 167,183; Soviet role in, 164, 166-67, 170-71, 173,180-81, 184; US role in, 166, 179-81, 183, 185. See also Democratic Army of Greece Gregor, Jiří, 176 Grigorian, Vagan, 197 Grigorian, Valery, 182 Gromyko, Andrei, 180-81 Gruber, Karl, 85 Gryparis, E., 64 Gusev, Feodor, 130, 137 Harriman, Averell, 137 Haslam, Jonathan, 99 Haupt, Mircea, 164 Headquarters of the People’s Liberation Army of the Balkans, 126,127 Hernandez, Jesús, 186 Holostenko, Vitali, 81 Hoxha, Enver, 151, 164-65, 178,182 Hull, Cordell, 137 Hungarian Communist Party, 30,176 Hungary, 4, 188,189 Ibarruri, Dolores (La Pasionaria), 186, 197 Idionimo law, 79-80,86,88, 95 Independent Trade Unions, 97 Inprecor (semi-official organ of Comintern), 44, 47, 77-78
276 INDEX Internai Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO-United), 54, 221n62 International All-Workers Union (Panergatiki), 48-49, 68, 93 International Lenin School, 66, 95 International Red Aid (MOPR), 102, 227nl64 International Red Cross, 179 loannidis, Giannis, 127,148, 160-63, 176, 194 Italian Communist Party, 31, 112, 210, 212,213 Italian offensive against Greece, 114-18, 135 Ivanov, Andriy, 24 Japan, 99 Jews, 31-32, 67-68, 71 Jouvenel, Renaud de, 102-3 Kabakchiev, Khristo, 29-30, 41-43 Kamenev, Lev, 75 Karagiorgis, Kostas, 197-98 Karakozov, Konstantin Stiljanovich, 64-65, 68-69, 73, 76, 83, 88, 90, 104 Karas, Ilias, 176 Karayanov, Ivan, 162 Kardelj, Edvard, 170-72 Kazim, Hüseyin, 70 Kennan, George, 157 Kerensky, Alexander, 30, 43 Kerr, Clark, 130,137, 141, 144 Khrushchev, Nikita, 12, 199, 201-3,210 KKE. See Communist Party of Greece KKE Esoterikou (Communist Party of Greece-Interior), 211, 212 Klemenčič, Lovro, 27, 36 Klidonaris, Apostolos, 104 Kolarov, Vassil: Balkan unification and, 41; on class-against-class policy, 85; Comintern and role of, 27, 29-30; on ethnic Greek Comintern emissaries, 64; Greek Civil War and, 172; on KKE’s Bolshevization, 80; Macedonian question and, 43; makeup of Balkan Communist Federation’s Executive Committee, 33; ousted from leadership, 88; removal of KKE leadership and, 90; on SEKE, 32-33 Koligiannis, Kostas, 201 Kolozov, Giorgis, 104 Komar, Wacław, 173-74, 176 Kommounistiki epitheorisi (Communist review, SEKE(K) publication), 51, 68, 93 Komsomol (Communist youth organization), 93 Konstantinidis, Giorgos, 91 Kordatos, Yannis, 20
Korneev, Nikolai, 128, 139 Kostov, Traicho, 150,172 Kotkin, Stephen, 73 Kountouriotis, Pavlos, 55 KPJ. See Communist Party of Yugoslavia Kriegel, Annie, 2 Kun, Bela, 90 KUNMZ (Communist University of National Minorities of the West), 66, 95, 104 KUTV (Communist University of the Workers of the East), 57,65, 93 Kutvies (KUTV): Bolshevization through, 63, 66,72; factional strife in KKE and, 68-70,107; in KKE leadership roles, 62-64, 76, 83; in KPJ, 88; “Left Democracy” policy of, 73-74; purges of opposing factions by, 75-78; Stalinization and, 71, 77; status of, 65, 69; Zachariadis and, 57,93 Kuusinen, Otto, 203,204 laokratia (people’s republic building), 146-47 Lazar, Marc, 2-3 League of Nations, 99-100 Lebanon conference (1944), 138-40 Leeper, Reginald, 130, 131,133,138, 141, 144 Leninism and Lenin, Vladimir, 3, 36, 49, 94, 97-98 Liberal Party (Greece), 32, 95, 96, 101 Ligdopoulos, Dimosthenis, 24-26, 28, 32,56 Lipset, Seymour Martin, 213 Liquidarists (faction), 68-71, 75, 78,80, 87,211 Litvinov, Maxim, 99,100 Luca, Vasile, 164 Macedonian question, 13, 208,221n62; antifascist front and, 98,100; BCF and, 41-48,51, 53, 81; Comintern policy on, 42-44,46-47,49-51,53, 74, 98; Greek Civil War and, 161-62; Idionimo law and, 80; KKE-KPJ relations and, 126-28; KKE’s domestic standing and, 66-67, 72, 96; origins of, 39-40;
INDEX Pouliopoulos and, 70, 78; refugees and, 192; removal of KKE leadership (1931) and, 91; SEKE(K)’s concession to Comintern pressure, 51-53, 57-59, 74; Stalinization and, 76; Stalin-Tito split and, 175 Macmillan, Harold, 142 MacVeagh, Lincoln, 130,133, 138, 140,153 Maisky, Ivan, 129 Makrogiannis, Dimitris, 64 Malenkov, Georgy, 159,161,170, 172, 182 Manganas, Vasilis, 155 Manuilsky, Dmitry, 44-45, 49-50, 80, 88, 90, 95, 97,133 Mao Zedong, 172 Marcou, Lilly, 171 Markovic, Sima, 24,31, 37, 45, 88 Markovitis, Markos, 104 Marshall Plan, 163,183 Marxism-Leninism, 1,3, 65, 157, 195, 212-13 Maximos, Serafim, 48-50, 68-69, 74-75, 93 McNeil, Hector, 180 Metaxas regime: George II blamed for, 154; persecution of KKE by, 102, 105,108, 117,124; save Zachariadis campaign and, 103; Zachariadis’s support for war efforts of, 114-17 Michalakopoulos, Andreas, 67 Mihailidis, Giannis, 91 Mihailovič, Draža, 134 Mihajlov, Boris Danilovich, 51, 62,63, 78 Mikoyan, Anastas, 161 Milkić, Ilja, 27, 31, 61 Milyutin, Vladimir, 42 Moghioroş, Alexandru, 176 Molotov, Vyacheslav: on EAM-ELAS resistance, 145; Greek Civil War and, 164, 166, 172; Greek Civil War refugee program and, 189; Greek withdrawal from Albania and, 182; KKE negotiations with Government of National Unity and, 141-42; national front strategy and, 119; RibbentropMolotov Pact and, 111; spheres of influence in Greece and, 130, 133-35, 137; Zachariadis supported by, 199 MOPR (International Red Aid), 102, 227nl64 Moro-Giafferi, Jean, 103 Moscow Percentages Agreement, 144, 152 Mosetov, Vasily, 163 277 Narkomindel (People’s Commissariat for
Foreign Affairs), 55-56, 73, 99-100 Narodni Osvoboditelen Front (NOF, People’s Liberation Front), 162 Naszkowski, Marian, 173 national fronts strategy, 115-16, 119-25, 135 nationalism: Balkan Communism and, 54-55; as Greek ideological aspiration, 32; Lenin’s theory of, 98-99; proletarian revolution vs., 41-42, 44; as revolutionary catalyst, 42,44. See also Macedonian question National Liberation Front (EAM): Cairo conference with Greek and British officials (1943), 123-24,129, 138; Churchill on, 138; conflict with republican-led EDES, 129; formation and growth of, 120,122; mutiny of Greek communities of Middle East and, 131-32; Papandreou government and, 140-42; Political Committee of National Liberation and, 131; requests for Soviet aid, 139-41, 145; Soviet recognition of, 124; state-building efforts of (laokratia), 146-47 National People’s Liberation Army (ELAS): British command of, 142-43; British Middle East Command and, 126; British support for, 122-23,128; conflict with republican-led EDES, 129-31; creation of, 122; Dekemvriana (Battle of Athens) and, 147-51,154; Psarros murder and, 138; Soviet aid requests, 139, 141, 145; unified command for, 126-28 National Republican Greek League (EDES), 122-24, 151 Nedelkov, Ivan, 26, 29 Neikov, Dimitur, 143 Neos Leninistis (New Leninist, OKNE publication), 87, 90 Niyazov, Amin, 200 Nordmann, Joë, 102 Novakova, Maria, 117 Novikov, Nikolai Vasilevich, 131-33,140 October Revolution, 19, 21-22 Odysseus (Greek SOE contact), 122 OKNE (Federation of the Communist Youth of Greece), 86, 87, 93 Operation Lakes (1947), 168, 179, 196
Operation Ř (1949), 178
278 INDEX Operation S (1949), 177-78 Operation Transport (1947-48), 173-74 Palla, Stanislav, 176 Pangalos dictatorship (1925-26), 67, 73 Panov, Stilian, 64 Papandreou, Georgios, 132,133, 138-42, 144,146-47,150 Paparigas, Mitsos, 87, 224n83 Partsalidis, Dimitris (Mitsos), 156, 182, 197-98 Patrikios, Minas, 68 Pauker, Ana, 102 PCF. See French Communist Party People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs (Narkomindel), 55-56, 73, 99-100 Percentages Agreement. See Moscow Percentages Agreement Petsopoulos, Yannis, 42,43,49 Pieck, Wilhelm, 102 Pijade, Mosha, 42 Piliotis, Dionisis, 83, 87, 104,224n83 Plyshevsky, Ivan, 125 Poland: Greek Civil refugee crisis and, 188; Greek Civil War support from, 173,176-78;Jaruzelski coup (1981), 212; military training for refugees in, 194 Political Committee of National Liberation (PEEA), 131-32, 134-37,141 Ponomarev, Boris, 199 Popov, Grigori, 141 Porfyrogenis, Militiadis, 142 Posteucă, Vasile, 164 Pouliopoulos, Pantelis, 48, 50-52, 62, 68-70, 72, 74-78, 87 proletkult, 37,58 Provisional Democratic Government of Greece, 167-68, 173, 179, 180 proxy wars, 183,185 Psarros, Dimitrios, 138 Radek, Karl, 26, 29,43-44, 49 Rákosi, Mátyás, 181 Rakovsky, Christian, 45 Ranković, Aleksandar, 159, 160, 162, 173,175 Reale, Eugenio, 169 Red International of Labor Unions, 48-49 refugees and refugee resettlement: Asia Minor campaign and, 45,58; clandestine military training for, 194-95; Greek Civil War and, 187-93, 239n4; Spanish Civil War and, 186; trauma of, 186-87,192 Regime of the Colonels (1967-74), 5 Renimele, Hermann, 77 Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact (1939), 13,
111-14,117 Rizospastis (SEKE and KKE media organ): antifascist front and, 96; Asia Minor campaign and, 34; closure of, 67; factional conflict in, 89; Greek Civil War and, 168; ‘‘Left Democracy” policy in, 74; purging of Pouliopoulos and, 78; Zachariadis on establishing people’s republic, 153-54 Rodionov, Konstantin, 158-59 Romania: in Anglo-Soviet spheres of influence negotiations, 138; Comintern perspective on, 30, 61; Communist state established in, 7; Greek Civil War refugee crisis and, 188; military training for refugees in, 194-95; Soviet claims on lands of, 114,136 Romanian Communist Party: BCF representation of, 33; Bolshevization of, 38; Ceaușescu and, 210; Comintern status of, 28-29,80, 95; formation of, 31; Greek Civil War support from, 163, 164, 171,176, 177; Greek refugees hosted by, 193; KUTV training for, 66; Macedonian question and, 43, 45-46; “Twenty-One Conditions” and renaming of, 61; World War II and, 113-14 Rommel, Erwin, 123 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 137, 138, 140, 145 Roussos, Petros, 123, 140, 148,160-62, 175-76,179, 194 Royalists (Greece), 32, 97, 101,120, 132, 154 Rozakis, Dinos, 191 Rusk, Dean, 180 Russian Civil War (1918-20), 23 Russian Empire, 21-22, 25 Sakarelos, Dimitris, 22-23,105, 125 Salónica: Benaroya and, 70; Comintern communications through, 76; Greek bankruptcy and, 96; Greek Civil War and, 168; Greek socialist roots in, 31-32; KKE electoral success in, 67-68; Liquidarist faction of KKE and, 71;
INDEX May 1936 revolt in, 101; Trotskyist purges and, 76 Sarafis, Stefanos, 142 Satgologos, Nikos, 37,45,219n24 Scobie, Ronald, 142,147 Sebes, Aleksandr, 176 Second Communist International (1889-1916), 19-21,35,49, 92 SEKE. See Socialist Labor Party of Greece SEKE(K). See Socialist Labor Party of Greece-Communist Serbia, 40 Serbian Central Trade Union, 31 Serbian Social Democratic Party, 31 Serge, Victor, 27, 30, 54-55, 63 Shehu, Mehmet, 182 Siantos, Giorgos (pseud. Saris), 80, 83, 87, 90, 119,121,123,139,198 Siaperas, Kostas, 164 Sklavos, Kostas, 68, 69, 75 Slánský, Rudolf, 170, 178,194 Šmeral, Bohumir, 77-78 Sobolev, Arkadi, 128 social democracy: antifascist front and, 96-97; Bolshevization vs., 34-36, 58-59,106, 208; Comintern resolution against coalition with, 49; conflict within SEKE over, 34-35, 37-38, 57-59,106; conflict with KKE over, 72; Greek Left’s origins in, 20-21, 212; Left Democracy policy of KKE and, 74; Macedonian question and, 41,52; social fascism and, 84 social fascism, 83-84, 87, 96 socialism: Greek roots of, 31-32; severing historic ties of, 92; Soviet Union policy towards, 72-73,107 Socialist Labor Party of GreeceCommunist (SEKE(K)): antiwar organizing by, 48, 58; Bolshevization of, 57-59; establishment of GreekSoviet relations and, 55-57, 66, 106-7; financial dependence on Comintern, 56; Macedonian question and, 43,45-48,50-51; prominence of Greek diaspora in, 49,69; Third Extraordinary Congress (1924), 51, 52, 61-62; “Twenty-One Conditions” and renaming of, 61 Socialist Labor Party of Greece (SEKE): Balkan Communist Federation status of, 33;
Benaroya and, 70; Bolshevization and, 23-25,27, 33-38,48; Comintern 279 status of, 28-29,31-33, 38; electoral performance of, 32; founding and growth of, 20, 32; KKE compared to, 72; Ligdopoulos and, 25-26; socialdemocratic faction of, 34-35, 37-38, 57-59, 106; Third Balkan SocialDemocratic Conference and, 19-20. See also Communist Party of Greece; Socialist Labor Party of Greece Socialist Party (Greece), 96-97,120 Socialist Workers’ Party of Yugoslavia, 30 SOE. See British Special Operations Executive Solod, Daniel, 140 Soviet Union (USSR): Afghanistan intervention (1979), 212; Balkan Communist Federation resolution to protect, 23; Balkan Communist network compared to, 8; claims on Bulgarian lands, 128-29, 136; claims on Romanian lands, 114, 136; demise of, 213; German invasion of, 119; Greek and Yugoslav wartime resistance movements and, 129-33, 136-37, 139-43, 148-49; Greek Civil War refugee crisis and, 187-89,191; Greek Civil War support from, 159-60, 164, 166-67, 170-71, 173, 180-81; in League of Nations, 100; poverty in, 33-34; relations with Greece, 55-57, 106; Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact (1939) and, 13, 111-14, 117; Spanish Civil War refugees to, 186 Spanish Civil War, 105,183, 186, 191, 228Ո173 Spanish Communist Party, 186,197, 210,212 Special Committee on the Balkans (UN), 167 spheres of influence, 13, 129,137-40, 209 Stalin, Joseph, 3; on Albanian independence, 178; on Bulgarian Communist war resistance, 121; on Bulgarian occupation of Thrace and Macedonia, 144; Cominform and, 169; Comintern influence of, 8,74-75; death of, 198; Dimitrov and, 54; Greek Civil War and,
159, 161, 165-66, 171, 172-73,180, 182; Karakozov compared to, 64; Litvinov and, 99; Macedonian question and, 88, 100; Marcović and Yugoslav national question, 36-37; Percentages Agreement and, 144-45;
280 INDEX Stalin, Joseph (continued) Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact and, 111; Roosevelt and, 145; social fascism and, 84; spheres-of-influence agreements and, 128, 129,140, 209; stabilization of power, 49; Tito and, 134-35,174-75; Varkiza agreement, 150-51; World War II policy, 118 Stalinists (KKE faction). See Kutvies Stalinization, 10-13; Cominform and, 169; defined, 10; ECCI replacement of KKE leadership (1931), 89-92, 108; Karakozov and, 65; of KKE, 10-12, 65, 71, 76, 94,107-8, 207-9; multiple realities of, 9; purging of KKE dissent, 75-78, 90; Zachariadis and, 93-94,108. See also de-Stalinization Stamboliyski, Aleksandar, 30,43 Stasova, Yelena, 102 Stavridis, Eleftherios, 64-65, 67 Stefanov, Boris, 114 Stinas, Agis, 85 Studer, Brigitte, 3,8, 10 Suslov, Mikhail, 159,161, 166, 182, 199, 200 Svolos, Alexandros, 142 SYRIZA (Coalition of the Radical Left), 212 Tempo, Svetozar Vukmanović, 126 Terpeshev, Dobri, 143 Theos, Kostas, 83, 84, 87, 90 Third Communist International. See Comintern Thorez, Maurice, 112 Tiflis Spiritual Seminary, 64 Tito, Josip Broz: anti-Titoist purges and, 192; AVNOJ government declared by, 135; Cominform founding and, 170; Comintern foreign policy and, 113, 119; ELAS aid requests and, 149; Greek Civil War and, 14,160-63,168,173, 185; Greek guerrilla resistance and, 125-28,136,139; guerrilla resistance of, 119,134; Macedonian question and, 127, 136,147; Soviet non-involvement and, 145; Stalin’s split from, 174-75, 209; Zachariadis and, 159 Togliatti, Palmiro, 31,88, 100 Tolbukhin, Fyodor, 143 trade unions, 31-32,51-52,84, 86, 96-97 Treaty of Bucharest
(1913), 40 Treaty of Lausanne (1923), 50 Treaty of Neilly (1919), 40 Treaty of Niš (1923), 43 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 36,40,98-100 Triantafyllidis, Stelios, 64 Trotsky, Leon, 49,75 Trotskyists, 65, 68-69,76,78 Truman Doctrine, 183 Tsankov, Alexander, 43 Tsirimokos, Elias, 142 Tsouderos, Emmanouil, 128-33 “Twenty-One Conditions of Admission to the Communist International,” 24-25, 60 Tzimas, Andreas, 122, 123, 128, 136,139 Tzinieris, Panagos, 64 Union of People’s Democracy (Greece), 120 United Democratic Left (EDA), 195-96, 199,210,211 United General Confederation of Greek Workers, 84, 96-97 United Opposition (KKE), 75-76, 78 United States: arms tracking by, 177; Balkan spheres of influence, 140; containment strategy of, 157; Greek Civil War and, 166, 179-81,183,185; Marshall Plan, 163, 183; Percentages Agreement and, 145 Urban, Joan Barth, 57, 74 Ustinov, Aleksei Mikhailovich, 55 Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, KKE refugees in, 188, 191, 195,199-200, 205 Vafeiadis, Markos, 164,165, 173, 196-97 Varkiza Agreement (1945), 148, 150-51, 153,154 Velestinlis, Rigas, 40 Velouchiotis, Aris, 123,142, 151 Vlahov, Dimitar, 54 Wałecki, Henryk, 97 Weber, Hermann, 10 Wilson, Henry, 142 Woodhouse, Chris, 123, 146 World War I, 35,36,41,49 World War II, 7,12, 13-14,209 Yalta Conference (1945), 151 Yangoglou, Nikos, 204 Yugoslavia: antifascist resistance in, 14; Comintern perspective on, 30, 36-37,
INDEX 61; Communist-led guerrilla resistance in, 119, 120, 134,145; Communist state established in, 7; Macedonian question and, 39-40; World War II occupations of, 117,135. See also Communist Party ofYugoslavia Zachariadis, Nikos, 11, 14; appointment to KKE leadership, 91, 92; arrest and campaign for release of, 102-3; background and character, 92-94, 205-6; Chainoglu and, 68; creation of Democratic Army of Greece and, 159; in Dachau concentration camp, 117, 119; death by suicide, 205, 207; decline and removal of, 199-205, 210, 243n70; dual strategy for popular uprising, 158-59; election to ECCI, 101; expulsion of critics of, 197-98; 281 Greek Civil War and, 166-68,180-82, 184,196; on Greek-Soviet diplomatic mission, 57; on KKE’s status in Balkans, 95; Komar and, 173; KUTV training of, 65, 93; “Left Democracy” policy and, 73; on Macedonian question, 97; Markos’s clash with, 196-98; Metaxas regime and, 114-17, 119, 201; Percentages Agreement and, 144; postwar return to Greece, 151, 153-54; as refugee in Bucharest, 193; on Stalinist purges, 104; Stalin’s death and, 199; on Stalin-Tito split, 175 Zervas, Napoleon, 123,129,142 Zhdanov, Andrei, 111, 159, 161,166, 169-70,172,193 Zimmerwald Conference (1915), 30 Zinoviev, Grigory, 26, 44, 73, 75,84 Zorin, Valerian, 172 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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Index Agrarian Party (Greece), 96-97, 120 Albania: Communist-led guerrilla resistance in, 14,126,127,134; as Communist state, 7; DSE retreat to, 181-82; Greek Civil War refugee crisis and, 187-88, 239n2; Greek Civil War support from, 163-66, 177,178, 180-82; Soviet Union recognized by, 100; Tito and annexation of, 174; training of KKE military officials in, 151,159 Albanian Communist Party, 95 Alexakis, Orion, 25-26, 32, 56 Allen, George, 129 Amendola, Giorgio, 112 Angelopoulos, Angelos, 142 Anti-fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ), 134-36 antifascist front, 14; Comintern policy and, 99-100,117; KKE commitment to, 74, 96-97, 100-101, 105; RibbentropMolotov Pact and, 111,112 Apostolidis, Thomas, 51-52 Apostolou, Ilektra, 88 Asia Minor campaign, 28,32, 34-35,45, 48,58, 68 Askoutsis, Nikolaos, 142 Association Juridique Internationale, 102, 227nl64 Atanasov, Shtreryu, 125 Bakarie, Vladimir, 172 Baku Congress of the People of the East (1920), 26 Balampanidis, Ioannis, 210 Balkan Committee of France, 105 Balkan Communist Federation (BCF), 7-8; Second Congress (1921), 26; Fourth Congress (1922), 42; Sixth Congress (1923), 44-46; Seventh Congress (1924), 50, 52; Eighth Congress (1928), 81-82; creation of, 12, 19, 23; Dimitrov’s leadership of, 13,54,55; dissolution of, 107; Fifth Conference (1922), 42; Greek status in, 28-29,33, 38, 62, 91; KKE’s criticisms of, 80-83; Kutvie faction of KKE and, 69-70; Macedonian question and, 41-48,51,53, 81; Pouliopoulos and, 48,69; trends against centralism in, 35-38 Balkan Revolutionary Center, 54 Balkan Secretariat
(of ECCI), 22,80-82, 89-90,97,107. See also Dimitrov, Georgi Balkan Wars (1912-13), 19,32,39-40, 70 Balkan Workers’ Social-Democratic Federation, 41 Banac, Ivo, 89 Baranov, Leonid, 141,144-45,156, 160-61,163 Battle of Athens (Dekemvriana), 147-51, 153, 154, 209 BCF. See Balkan Communist Federation Benaroya, Avraam, 32, 70-71 Beneš, Edvard, 112-13 Beria, Lavrentii, 161,199 Bierut, Bolesław, 173 ВКР. See Bulgarian Communist Party Bled agreement (1947), 165,171 Bolshevik Revolution, 20,49 Bolshevization, 9,12; absolute compliance vs. à la carte, 27,34,58; Balkan Communism’s shift toward, 52-54,80-83,106; Dimitrov’s role in, 54-55, 62,107; elements of, 105-6; of KPJ, 163; Macedonian question and resistance to, 46, 47,51-53,58-59; old vs. new guard of SEKE and, 57-59; Pouliopoulos and, 48, 70; removal of KKE’s leadership by ECCI (1931), 271
272 INDEX Bolshevization (continued) 91-92; Russification of national parties and, 63, 65-66, 69; SEKE and conflict over, 21, 33-38,105-7, 208; Stalinization vs., 10, 71; terminology of, 218ո64; training Greek Communists in Russia, 65. See also Kutvies Brandler, Heinrich, 49 Britain: Bulgarian coup and, 43; command of ELAS and EDES by, 142-43; declaration of war against Germany, 111; Dekemvriana (Battle of Athens) and, 147-51,209; Greek and Yugoslav resistance movements and, 128-31, 134-36, 139-41; Greek Civil War and, 180-81, 183; imperial threat of, 32,116, 128; Middle East Command of, 126; mutiny of Greek Middle East forces and, 132-33; Papandreou and, 133-34 British Communist Party, 112 British Special Operations Executive (SOE), 122-24, 128, 129,132, 141,183 Buisseret, August, 102 Bukharin, Nikolai, 35, 75, 79,82,84,85, 89, 99 Bulgaria: in Anglo-Soviet spheres of influence negotiations, 14, 138; Comintern on revolutionary potential in, 30, 43; as Communist state, 7; conservative coup in (1923), 43; Greek Civil War refugee crisis and, 188-90; Macedonian question and, 39-40; occupation of Greece and, 118,121, 135,143,144; Red Army in, 14; Soviet claims on lands of, 128-29,136 Bulgarian Agrarian National Union, 30,43 Bulgarian Communist Party (BKP), 9; BCF representation of, 19,33; Comintern status of, 28-29, 33, 36, 66, 95; ELAS aid requests from, 148-50; electoral performance of, 30; Greek Civil War support from, 163-65, 171, 179, 180; KKE and, 143-44,159, 163; KUTV and, 66; Macedonian question and, 42-44, 47-48; national fronts war resistance and, 121-22; profascist
coup (1923) and, 43-44, 73; Third Period conflicts in, 88; “Twenty-One Conditions” and, 60-61; World War II and, 113-14 Bulgarian Workers’ Social Democratic Party (Narrow Socialists), 30 Carr, E. H., 30 Caserta agreement (1944), 142-43 Ceaușescu, Nicolae, 194,210 centralism: in BCF, 26; defined, 11; Georgiadis strategy against, 35; international resistance to, 35-36; pluralist strategies vs., 170; Stalinism and, 72. See also Bolshevization; Stalinization Centrists (KKE faction), 68,75,81 Chainoglu, Tasos, 68, 69, 75 Chairas, Andronikos: arrest of, 88; background, 63, 69; on class-againstclass and ultrarevolutionary policies, 85, 87; Comintern recommendation of, 62-63; criticism of BCF by, 80-82; election to ECCI, 82; escape to Soviet Union, 90; Great Terror and execution of, 89, 104, 204, 207; as KKE secretary, 83; “Left Democracy” policy and, 73; save Zachariadis campaign and, 103; as Sixth Congress delegate, 80; Stalinist KKE faction and, 68; Stalinization and, 76 Chamberlain, Neville, 112 Chams (Muslim-Albanian minority), 165, 235n32 Chang Kai-Shek, 172 Chatzivasiliou, Chrysa, 197-98 Chervenkov, Valko, 171 children in refugee crises, 177, 187-91 Chonos, Ivan, 47,51 Christian Orthodox communities, 67 Christodoulidis, Christodoulos, 104 Churchill, Winston: British SOE established by, 122; on Dekemvriana (Battle of Athens), 149; Iron Curtain speech, 157-58; Percentages Agreement and, 144-45; on Popov’s mission to Greece, 141; on Soviet spheres of influence, 133,137-38,140, 209 civil war. See Greek Civil War Čižinský, losip, 77 class-against-class strategy, 83-87, 96, 99
Close, David, 143 Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA), 212 Cold War, 5, 12,14,184 Cominform (Communist Information Bureau), 7; Comintern compared to, 169; creation of, 169-70; on Greek Civil
INDEX War, 171-72; Greek Civil War refugee crisis and, 187-88; Greek exclusion from, 170-71, 236n50; For a Lasting Peace, for a People’s Democracy, 171; two international camps theory of, 193; Yugoslavia’s expulsion from, 174, 209; Zachariadis’s removal and, 202 Comintern (Third Communist International, 1919-43), 2-4, 12; Second Congress (1920), 41, 54, 60; Third Congress (1921), 28-29; Fourth Congress (1922), 38; Fifth Congress (1924), 48, 49, 52,218n64; Sixth Congress (1928), 79, 80, 82-84; Seventh Congress (1935), 100; antifascist front and, 97, 98; Balkan Communist Federation and, 7, 8, 27, 35-37; centralism of, 35-38, 53-54; class-against-class policy of, 83-86, 96; Cominform compared to, 169; dissolution of, 125, 169; Greek departures from line of, 34-38, 106; KKE status in, 8-11,28-30, 80, 82, 91, 95, 124; Kutvies and, 13, 64-65, 69-70, 76, 77, 106-7; Macedonian question and, 42-44,46-47,49-51,53, 74, 98; monitoring of KKE by, 76-77, 92, 108; Narkomindel and, 55-56, 99; national fronts policy of, 119, 120,124-25; resolution against coalition with socialdemocratic parties, 49; revolution vs. reform in polices of, 72-73; Sakarelos and, 22; social fascism and, 83-84, 96; status and hierarchy in, 28-30, 33, 80; Third Period conflicts of, 88; Tito and, 134; “Twenty-One Conditions of Admission to the Communist International,” 24-25; World War II and, 111-13,115-18, 121,124, 134, 135. See also Executive Committee of the Communist International Comitadjis, 221n62 Committee for Child Support, 190 Communist Information Bureau. See Cominform Communist Party of Czechoslovakia,
112-13, 15 9,161,170,176-77,194 Communist Party of Greece-Interior (KKE Esoterikou), 211, 212 Communist Party of Greece (KKE), 1-2; Third Extraordinary Congress (1924), 61-62; Fourth Congress (1928), 83; Sixth Congress (1935), 273 97, 98,101; Third Conference (1950), 197-98; Thirteenth Congress (1991), 213; Albanian Communist Party relations of, 182; antifascist front and, 96-97, 100-101, 105; BKP’s wartime relations with, 143-44; boycott of 1946 elections, 158-60,197; British control of ELAS and, 142-43; Ceauşescu’s Romanian Communist Party and, 210, 211; class-againstclass strategy and, 83-87, 96, 99; Cominform founding and, 170-71; Comintern dissolution and, 125; creation of, 62; cult of personality in, 94, 201, 203; Dekemvriana (Battle of Athens) and, 147-51; de-Stalinization and, 15, 203-5, 210; ECCI replacing leadership of (1931), 89-92, 108; electoral performances of, 67-68, 79, 95-96, 101, 195; establishment of Greek-Soviet relations and, 66; ethnic Greek Russians in, 21-22, 25, 64-66; Government of National Unity negotiations (1944) and, 138-39, 141-42; historiography of, 5-7; internationalism and, 7-10; KPJ’s wartime relations with, 126-28, 134-36, 139; Kutvie-Liquidarist factionalism in, 68-71; Kutvies in leadership roles of, 62-64, 76, 83; Macedonian question and, 13, 52-53, 97-98, 100, 162, 175, 192, 208; membership and demographics, 94, 95, 146-47; Metaxas regime persecution of, 102, 105,108, 117, 124; national fronts war resistance and, 119-25,135; origins of, 3-5; Pangalos dictatorship and, 67; Political Committee of National Liberation and, 131-32, 134-36;
Provisional Democratic Government of Greece declared by, 167-68, 173; refugee emigration and, 187-93; SEKE compared to, 72; social fascism policy and, 83-84, 87; Stalinization and, 10-12, 65, 71, 76, 94, 107-8, 207-9; Stalin-Tito split and, 174-75; state-building efforts of (laokratia), 146-47; “TwentyOne Conditions” and renaming of, 61; World War II and, 114,118; Zachariadis’s support for Metaxas war efforts and, 115-17. See also National Liberation Front; National People’s
274 INDEX Communist Party of Greece (continued) Liberation Army; Socialist Labor Party of Greece; United Democratic Left Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 78, 188, 199-205. See also Cominform; Comintern Communist Party of Uzbekistan, 200 Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ), 19; BCF representation of, 33; Comintern and, 28-29, 80,95; criticism of Bulgarian leadership by, 36,81; ELAS requests for aid from, 148, 149; electoral performance of, 31; factional strife within, 79; Fourth Congress (1928), 88; Greek Civil War support from, 160-65, 171,175; KKE’s wartime relations with, 126-28,134-36,139; KUTV training for, 66; Macedonian question and, 43-45,50,52-53,88,97, 98,107; Stalin-Tito split and, 174-75; Third Period conflicts in, 88-89; training of KKE military officials by, 151,159,163; “Twenty-One Conditions” and, 60-61; World War II and, 113,134-35. See ako Tito, Josip Broz Communist University of National Minorities of the West (KUNMZ), 66, 95,104 Communist University of the Workers of the East (KUTV), 57,65, 93 Constantinescu, Miron, 102 Courtois, Stéphane, 2-3 CPSU (Communist Party of the Soviet Union), 78, 188,199-205 cult of personality, 11, 94,198-99, 201,203 Cvijić, Djuro, 27 Czechoslovakia, 4, 188, 189, 211. See ako Communist Party of Czechoslovakia Daladier, Édouard, 112 Dallin, Alexander, 118 Dekemvriana (Battle of Athens), 147-51, 153, 154, 209 Democratic Army of Greece (DSE): Balkan Communists’ support for, 162-65; creation of, 159; destruction of, 181; international aid following Stalin-Tito split, 176-79,183-85; Operation Transport and, 174; refugee
emigration and, 187-93; Soviet support for, 166-67; strength of, 168, 172, 179; US-backed Greek government vs. funding of, 179-80; Yugoslav support for, 162,175 de-Stalinization, 15, 201,203-4,210 Deutscher, Isaac, 37 Dimitratos, Nikos, 28, 33, 34, 49, 64, 68 Dimitrov, Georgi, 8,13; Balkan unification and, 41; Benaroya’s expulsion from KKE and, 70-71; defense of BCF, 80-83; ELAS and Greek guerrilla resistance, 125-27, 141-42,144-45,148-50, 209; on financial dependence of Greek Communists, 56; on German expansion in Balkans, 117-18; Greek Civil War and, 161,164,172; on KKE’s leadership, 62, 89; Liquidarist-Kutvie conflict and, 78-79; on Macedonian question, 39,47-48,51,97,136; ousted from leadership during Third Period, 88; on Pangalos dictatorship, 73; as Political Secretariat head, 96; role of, 27, 29-30, 41; on Russian Civil War, 23; Sakarelos and, 22,105; on SEKE’s renaming, 61; Stalinization of KKE and, 76-78; Stalin-Tito split and, 174; World War II and, 111-13,115-16, 118,121, 124, 134,135; on Yugoslav guerrilla resistance, 120, 135,209 Dimitrova, Rosa, 179 Djaković, Djuro, 88 Djilas, Milovan, 159, 169-70, 172 Dobrogeanu-Gherea, Alexander, 27 Douvas, Giorgos, 86,89, 104 DSE. See Democratic Army of Greece dual strategies, 143, 158, 193,194, 197 Dymarski, Miroslaw, 40 EAM. See National Liberation Front East Germany, Greek refugee resettlement in, 189,190 Eberlein, Hugo, 38 ECCI. See Executive Committee of the Communist International EDA (United Democratic Left), 195-96, 199,210,211 Eden, Anthony, 130,137 EDES. See National Republican Greek League ELAS. See National
People’s Liberation Army Ellados, Ergatiko Komma, 19-20 Erfurt Program of the German SocialDemocratic Party (1891), 21
INDEX Erithriadis, Giorgos, 143 Eurocommunism, 210, 212 European Economic Community, 212 European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan), 163,183 Executive Committee of the Communist International (ECCI): antifascist front and, 96-97, 99-100; Communist Party of Yugoslavia and, 31, 79, 88-89; criticism of BKP, 43-44; Greek representation in, 32-33; nadonal fronts and armed resistance, 120; Pouliopoulos and, 48; removal and replacement of KKE leadership (1931), 89-92, 108; SEKE’s admission to Comintern and, 25; on Zachariadis’s support of Metaxas war efforts, 116-17. See also Comintern Federation of the Communist Youth of Greece (OKNE), 86, 87, 93 Feraios, Rigas, 40 Filipovič, Filip, 31 Firsov, F. I., 118 Fodor, Zoltán, 176 Franco, Francisco, 171,186,190 Free Greece radio station, 193 French Communist Party (PCF), 105, 112, 161,167,170,171,210,213 Geminder, Bedřich, 176 General Confederation of Greek Workers, 97 George II (king), 101,114,123-24, 144, 146, 154-55 Georgiadis, George, 28, 34-35, 49 Germany: Hitler’s rise to power in, 99, 108,118; national fronts policy against, 119; occupation of Greece, 117-18, 135; occupation of Yugoslavia, 117; Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact (1939), 13, 111-14, 117. See ibo East Germany; World War II Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe, 171, 198, 203 Giatsopoulos, Pastias, 28, 69-70, 75, 77 global economic crisis (1929), 96 Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 170-72 Gorgopotamos Bridge operation, 122-23 Gorkič, Milan, 77, 85, 89 Gottwald, Klement, 112-13,159,178,194 Gousias, Giorgos, 204 Government of National Unity, 138-39, 141-42, 146 275 Great Britain. See Britain Greco-Turkish
War (1919-22), 49 Greece: Allied intervention in Ukraine and, 28; in Anglo-Soviet spheres of influence negotiations, 137-40; bankruptcy of (1932), 96; Comintern perspective on, 30, 32-33,61; diplomatic relations with Soviet Union, 55-57, 106; Macedonian question and, 39-40,45; Metaxas regime rise to power, 101-2; postwar crises of, 154-55; repression of Communists in, 67, 72, 79-80, 194; restoration of monarchy in, 101, 123-24,130; World War II occupations of, 117-18,135, 143, 144 Greek Civil War (1944-49), 14, 209-10; Balkan Communist support for, 160-65, 175-76, 178-79; Cold War and, 184; Cominform stances on, 170-73; DSE’s defeat, 179-83; Eastern Bloc support for, 176-79, 183; isolation of KKE and, 3-5; preludes to, 155, 159; as proxy for East-West conflict, 158, 167,183; Soviet role in, 164, 166-67, 170-71, 173,180-81, 184; US role in, 166, 179-81, 183, 185. See also Democratic Army of Greece Gregor, Jiří, 176 Grigorian, Vagan, 197 Grigorian, Valery, 182 Gromyko, Andrei, 180-81 Gruber, Karl, 85 Gryparis, E., 64 Gusev, Feodor, 130, 137 Harriman, Averell, 137 Haslam, Jonathan, 99 Haupt, Mircea, 164 Headquarters of the People’s Liberation Army of the Balkans, 126,127 Hernandez, Jesús, 186 Holostenko, Vitali, 81 Hoxha, Enver, 151, 164-65, 178,182 Hull, Cordell, 137 Hungarian Communist Party, 30,176 Hungary, 4, 188,189 Ibarruri, Dolores (La Pasionaria), 186, 197 Idionimo law, 79-80,86,88, 95 Independent Trade Unions, 97 Inprecor (semi-official organ of Comintern), 44, 47, 77-78
276 INDEX Internai Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO-United), 54, 221n62 International All-Workers Union (Panergatiki), 48-49, 68, 93 International Lenin School, 66, 95 International Red Aid (MOPR), 102, 227nl64 International Red Cross, 179 loannidis, Giannis, 127,148, 160-63, 176, 194 Italian Communist Party, 31, 112, 210, 212,213 Italian offensive against Greece, 114-18, 135 Ivanov, Andriy, 24 Japan, 99 Jews, 31-32, 67-68, 71 Jouvenel, Renaud de, 102-3 Kabakchiev, Khristo, 29-30, 41-43 Kamenev, Lev, 75 Karagiorgis, Kostas, 197-98 Karakozov, Konstantin Stiljanovich, 64-65, 68-69, 73, 76, 83, 88, 90, 104 Karas, Ilias, 176 Karayanov, Ivan, 162 Kardelj, Edvard, 170-72 Kazim, Hüseyin, 70 Kennan, George, 157 Kerensky, Alexander, 30, 43 Kerr, Clark, 130,137, 141, 144 Khrushchev, Nikita, 12, 199, 201-3,210 KKE. See Communist Party of Greece KKE Esoterikou (Communist Party of Greece-Interior), 211, 212 Klemenčič, Lovro, 27, 36 Klidonaris, Apostolos, 104 Kolarov, Vassil: Balkan unification and, 41; on class-against-class policy, 85; Comintern and role of, 27, 29-30; on ethnic Greek Comintern emissaries, 64; Greek Civil War and, 172; on KKE’s Bolshevization, 80; Macedonian question and, 43; makeup of Balkan Communist Federation’s Executive Committee, 33; ousted from leadership, 88; removal of KKE leadership and, 90; on SEKE, 32-33 Koligiannis, Kostas, 201 Kolozov, Giorgis, 104 Komar, Wacław, 173-74, 176 Kommounistiki epitheorisi (Communist review, SEKE(K) publication), 51, 68, 93 Komsomol (Communist youth organization), 93 Konstantinidis, Giorgos, 91 Kordatos, Yannis, 20
Korneev, Nikolai, 128, 139 Kostov, Traicho, 150,172 Kotkin, Stephen, 73 Kountouriotis, Pavlos, 55 KPJ. See Communist Party of Yugoslavia Kriegel, Annie, 2 Kun, Bela, 90 KUNMZ (Communist University of National Minorities of the West), 66, 95, 104 KUTV (Communist University of the Workers of the East), 57,65, 93 Kutvies (KUTV): Bolshevization through, 63, 66,72; factional strife in KKE and, 68-70,107; in KKE leadership roles, 62-64, 76, 83; in KPJ, 88; “Left Democracy” policy of, 73-74; purges of opposing factions by, 75-78; Stalinization and, 71, 77; status of, 65, 69; Zachariadis and, 57,93 Kuusinen, Otto, 203,204 laokratia (people’s republic building), 146-47 Lazar, Marc, 2-3 League of Nations, 99-100 Lebanon conference (1944), 138-40 Leeper, Reginald, 130, 131,133,138, 141, 144 Leninism and Lenin, Vladimir, 3, 36, 49, 94, 97-98 Liberal Party (Greece), 32, 95, 96, 101 Ligdopoulos, Dimosthenis, 24-26, 28, 32,56 Lipset, Seymour Martin, 213 Liquidarists (faction), 68-71, 75, 78,80, 87,211 Litvinov, Maxim, 99,100 Luca, Vasile, 164 Macedonian question, 13, 208,221n62; antifascist front and, 98,100; BCF and, 41-48,51, 53, 81; Comintern policy on, 42-44,46-47,49-51,53, 74, 98; Greek Civil War and, 161-62; Idionimo law and, 80; KKE-KPJ relations and, 126-28; KKE’s domestic standing and, 66-67, 72, 96; origins of, 39-40;
INDEX Pouliopoulos and, 70, 78; refugees and, 192; removal of KKE leadership (1931) and, 91; SEKE(K)’s concession to Comintern pressure, 51-53, 57-59, 74; Stalinization and, 76; Stalin-Tito split and, 175 Macmillan, Harold, 142 MacVeagh, Lincoln, 130,133, 138, 140,153 Maisky, Ivan, 129 Makrogiannis, Dimitris, 64 Malenkov, Georgy, 159,161,170, 172, 182 Manganas, Vasilis, 155 Manuilsky, Dmitry, 44-45, 49-50, 80, 88, 90, 95, 97,133 Mao Zedong, 172 Marcou, Lilly, 171 Markovic, Sima, 24,31, 37, 45, 88 Markovitis, Markos, 104 Marshall Plan, 163,183 Marxism-Leninism, 1,3, 65, 157, 195, 212-13 Maximos, Serafim, 48-50, 68-69, 74-75, 93 McNeil, Hector, 180 Metaxas regime: George II blamed for, 154; persecution of KKE by, 102, 105,108, 117,124; save Zachariadis campaign and, 103; Zachariadis’s support for war efforts of, 114-17 Michalakopoulos, Andreas, 67 Mihailidis, Giannis, 91 Mihailovič, Draža, 134 Mihajlov, Boris Danilovich, 51, 62,63, 78 Mikoyan, Anastas, 161 Milkić, Ilja, 27, 31, 61 Milyutin, Vladimir, 42 Moghioroş, Alexandru, 176 Molotov, Vyacheslav: on EAM-ELAS resistance, 145; Greek Civil War and, 164, 166, 172; Greek Civil War refugee program and, 189; Greek withdrawal from Albania and, 182; KKE negotiations with Government of National Unity and, 141-42; national front strategy and, 119; RibbentropMolotov Pact and, 111; spheres of influence in Greece and, 130, 133-35, 137; Zachariadis supported by, 199 MOPR (International Red Aid), 102, 227nl64 Moro-Giafferi, Jean, 103 Moscow Percentages Agreement, 144, 152 Mosetov, Vasily, 163 277 Narkomindel (People’s Commissariat for
Foreign Affairs), 55-56, 73, 99-100 Narodni Osvoboditelen Front (NOF, People’s Liberation Front), 162 Naszkowski, Marian, 173 national fronts strategy, 115-16, 119-25, 135 nationalism: Balkan Communism and, 54-55; as Greek ideological aspiration, 32; Lenin’s theory of, 98-99; proletarian revolution vs., 41-42, 44; as revolutionary catalyst, 42,44. See also Macedonian question National Liberation Front (EAM): Cairo conference with Greek and British officials (1943), 123-24,129, 138; Churchill on, 138; conflict with republican-led EDES, 129; formation and growth of, 120,122; mutiny of Greek communities of Middle East and, 131-32; Papandreou government and, 140-42; Political Committee of National Liberation and, 131; requests for Soviet aid, 139-41, 145; Soviet recognition of, 124; state-building efforts of (laokratia), 146-47 National People’s Liberation Army (ELAS): British command of, 142-43; British Middle East Command and, 126; British support for, 122-23,128; conflict with republican-led EDES, 129-31; creation of, 122; Dekemvriana (Battle of Athens) and, 147-51,154; Psarros murder and, 138; Soviet aid requests, 139, 141, 145; unified command for, 126-28 National Republican Greek League (EDES), 122-24, 151 Nedelkov, Ivan, 26, 29 Neikov, Dimitur, 143 Neos Leninistis (New Leninist, OKNE publication), 87, 90 Niyazov, Amin, 200 Nordmann, Joë, 102 Novakova, Maria, 117 Novikov, Nikolai Vasilevich, 131-33,140 October Revolution, 19, 21-22 Odysseus (Greek SOE contact), 122 OKNE (Federation of the Communist Youth of Greece), 86, 87, 93 Operation Lakes (1947), 168, 179, 196
Operation Ř (1949), 178
278 INDEX Operation S (1949), 177-78 Operation Transport (1947-48), 173-74 Palla, Stanislav, 176 Pangalos dictatorship (1925-26), 67, 73 Panov, Stilian, 64 Papandreou, Georgios, 132,133, 138-42, 144,146-47,150 Paparigas, Mitsos, 87, 224n83 Partsalidis, Dimitris (Mitsos), 156, 182, 197-98 Patrikios, Minas, 68 Pauker, Ana, 102 PCF. See French Communist Party People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs (Narkomindel), 55-56, 73, 99-100 Percentages Agreement. See Moscow Percentages Agreement Petsopoulos, Yannis, 42,43,49 Pieck, Wilhelm, 102 Pijade, Mosha, 42 Piliotis, Dionisis, 83, 87, 104,224n83 Plyshevsky, Ivan, 125 Poland: Greek Civil refugee crisis and, 188; Greek Civil War support from, 173,176-78;Jaruzelski coup (1981), 212; military training for refugees in, 194 Political Committee of National Liberation (PEEA), 131-32, 134-37,141 Ponomarev, Boris, 199 Popov, Grigori, 141 Porfyrogenis, Militiadis, 142 Posteucă, Vasile, 164 Pouliopoulos, Pantelis, 48, 50-52, 62, 68-70, 72, 74-78, 87 proletkult, 37,58 Provisional Democratic Government of Greece, 167-68, 173, 179, 180 proxy wars, 183,185 Psarros, Dimitrios, 138 Radek, Karl, 26, 29,43-44, 49 Rákosi, Mátyás, 181 Rakovsky, Christian, 45 Ranković, Aleksandar, 159, 160, 162, 173,175 Reale, Eugenio, 169 Red International of Labor Unions, 48-49 refugees and refugee resettlement: Asia Minor campaign and, 45,58; clandestine military training for, 194-95; Greek Civil War and, 187-93, 239n4; Spanish Civil War and, 186; trauma of, 186-87,192 Regime of the Colonels (1967-74), 5 Renimele, Hermann, 77 Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact (1939), 13,
111-14,117 Rizospastis (SEKE and KKE media organ): antifascist front and, 96; Asia Minor campaign and, 34; closure of, 67; factional conflict in, 89; Greek Civil War and, 168; ‘‘Left Democracy” policy in, 74; purging of Pouliopoulos and, 78; Zachariadis on establishing people’s republic, 153-54 Rodionov, Konstantin, 158-59 Romania: in Anglo-Soviet spheres of influence negotiations, 138; Comintern perspective on, 30, 61; Communist state established in, 7; Greek Civil War refugee crisis and, 188; military training for refugees in, 194-95; Soviet claims on lands of, 114,136 Romanian Communist Party: BCF representation of, 33; Bolshevization of, 38; Ceaușescu and, 210; Comintern status of, 28-29,80, 95; formation of, 31; Greek Civil War support from, 163, 164, 171,176, 177; Greek refugees hosted by, 193; KUTV training for, 66; Macedonian question and, 43, 45-46; “Twenty-One Conditions” and renaming of, 61; World War II and, 113-14 Rommel, Erwin, 123 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 137, 138, 140, 145 Roussos, Petros, 123, 140, 148,160-62, 175-76,179, 194 Royalists (Greece), 32, 97, 101,120, 132, 154 Rozakis, Dinos, 191 Rusk, Dean, 180 Russian Civil War (1918-20), 23 Russian Empire, 21-22, 25 Sakarelos, Dimitris, 22-23,105, 125 Salónica: Benaroya and, 70; Comintern communications through, 76; Greek bankruptcy and, 96; Greek Civil War and, 168; Greek socialist roots in, 31-32; KKE electoral success in, 67-68; Liquidarist faction of KKE and, 71;
INDEX May 1936 revolt in, 101; Trotskyist purges and, 76 Sarafis, Stefanos, 142 Satgologos, Nikos, 37,45,219n24 Scobie, Ronald, 142,147 Sebes, Aleksandr, 176 Second Communist International (1889-1916), 19-21,35,49, 92 SEKE. See Socialist Labor Party of Greece SEKE(K). See Socialist Labor Party of Greece-Communist Serbia, 40 Serbian Central Trade Union, 31 Serbian Social Democratic Party, 31 Serge, Victor, 27, 30, 54-55, 63 Shehu, Mehmet, 182 Siantos, Giorgos (pseud. Saris), 80, 83, 87, 90, 119,121,123,139,198 Siaperas, Kostas, 164 Sklavos, Kostas, 68, 69, 75 Slánský, Rudolf, 170, 178,194 Šmeral, Bohumir, 77-78 Sobolev, Arkadi, 128 social democracy: antifascist front and, 96-97; Bolshevization vs., 34-36, 58-59,106, 208; Comintern resolution against coalition with, 49; conflict within SEKE over, 34-35, 37-38, 57-59,106; conflict with KKE over, 72; Greek Left’s origins in, 20-21, 212; Left Democracy policy of KKE and, 74; Macedonian question and, 41,52; social fascism and, 84 social fascism, 83-84, 87, 96 socialism: Greek roots of, 31-32; severing historic ties of, 92; Soviet Union policy towards, 72-73,107 Socialist Labor Party of GreeceCommunist (SEKE(K)): antiwar organizing by, 48, 58; Bolshevization of, 57-59; establishment of GreekSoviet relations and, 55-57, 66, 106-7; financial dependence on Comintern, 56; Macedonian question and, 43,45-48,50-51; prominence of Greek diaspora in, 49,69; Third Extraordinary Congress (1924), 51, 52, 61-62; “Twenty-One Conditions” and renaming of, 61 Socialist Labor Party of Greece (SEKE): Balkan Communist Federation status of, 33;
Benaroya and, 70; Bolshevization and, 23-25,27, 33-38,48; Comintern 279 status of, 28-29,31-33, 38; electoral performance of, 32; founding and growth of, 20, 32; KKE compared to, 72; Ligdopoulos and, 25-26; socialdemocratic faction of, 34-35, 37-38, 57-59, 106; Third Balkan SocialDemocratic Conference and, 19-20. See also Communist Party of Greece; Socialist Labor Party of Greece Socialist Party (Greece), 96-97,120 Socialist Workers’ Party of Yugoslavia, 30 SOE. See British Special Operations Executive Solod, Daniel, 140 Soviet Union (USSR): Afghanistan intervention (1979), 212; Balkan Communist Federation resolution to protect, 23; Balkan Communist network compared to, 8; claims on Bulgarian lands, 128-29, 136; claims on Romanian lands, 114, 136; demise of, 213; German invasion of, 119; Greek and Yugoslav wartime resistance movements and, 129-33, 136-37, 139-43, 148-49; Greek Civil War refugee crisis and, 187-89,191; Greek Civil War support from, 159-60, 164, 166-67, 170-71, 173, 180-81; in League of Nations, 100; poverty in, 33-34; relations with Greece, 55-57, 106; Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact (1939) and, 13, 111-14, 117; Spanish Civil War refugees to, 186 Spanish Civil War, 105,183, 186, 191, 228Ո173 Spanish Communist Party, 186,197, 210,212 Special Committee on the Balkans (UN), 167 spheres of influence, 13, 129,137-40, 209 Stalin, Joseph, 3; on Albanian independence, 178; on Bulgarian Communist war resistance, 121; on Bulgarian occupation of Thrace and Macedonia, 144; Cominform and, 169; Comintern influence of, 8,74-75; death of, 198; Dimitrov and, 54; Greek Civil War and,
159, 161, 165-66, 171, 172-73,180, 182; Karakozov compared to, 64; Litvinov and, 99; Macedonian question and, 88, 100; Marcović and Yugoslav national question, 36-37; Percentages Agreement and, 144-45;
280 INDEX Stalin, Joseph (continued) Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact and, 111; Roosevelt and, 145; social fascism and, 84; spheres-of-influence agreements and, 128, 129,140, 209; stabilization of power, 49; Tito and, 134-35,174-75; Varkiza agreement, 150-51; World War II policy, 118 Stalinists (KKE faction). See Kutvies Stalinization, 10-13; Cominform and, 169; defined, 10; ECCI replacement of KKE leadership (1931), 89-92, 108; Karakozov and, 65; of KKE, 10-12, 65, 71, 76, 94,107-8, 207-9; multiple realities of, 9; purging of KKE dissent, 75-78, 90; Zachariadis and, 93-94,108. See also de-Stalinization Stamboliyski, Aleksandar, 30,43 Stasova, Yelena, 102 Stavridis, Eleftherios, 64-65, 67 Stefanov, Boris, 114 Stinas, Agis, 85 Studer, Brigitte, 3,8, 10 Suslov, Mikhail, 159,161, 166, 182, 199, 200 Svolos, Alexandros, 142 SYRIZA (Coalition of the Radical Left), 212 Tempo, Svetozar Vukmanović, 126 Terpeshev, Dobri, 143 Theos, Kostas, 83, 84, 87, 90 Third Communist International. See Comintern Thorez, Maurice, 112 Tiflis Spiritual Seminary, 64 Tito, Josip Broz: anti-Titoist purges and, 192; AVNOJ government declared by, 135; Cominform founding and, 170; Comintern foreign policy and, 113, 119; ELAS aid requests and, 149; Greek Civil War and, 14,160-63,168,173, 185; Greek guerrilla resistance and, 125-28,136,139; guerrilla resistance of, 119,134; Macedonian question and, 127, 136,147; Soviet non-involvement and, 145; Stalin’s split from, 174-75, 209; Zachariadis and, 159 Togliatti, Palmiro, 31,88, 100 Tolbukhin, Fyodor, 143 trade unions, 31-32,51-52,84, 86, 96-97 Treaty of Bucharest
(1913), 40 Treaty of Lausanne (1923), 50 Treaty of Neilly (1919), 40 Treaty of Niš (1923), 43 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 36,40,98-100 Triantafyllidis, Stelios, 64 Trotsky, Leon, 49,75 Trotskyists, 65, 68-69,76,78 Truman Doctrine, 183 Tsankov, Alexander, 43 Tsirimokos, Elias, 142 Tsouderos, Emmanouil, 128-33 “Twenty-One Conditions of Admission to the Communist International,” 24-25, 60 Tzimas, Andreas, 122, 123, 128, 136,139 Tzinieris, Panagos, 64 Union of People’s Democracy (Greece), 120 United Democratic Left (EDA), 195-96, 199,210,211 United General Confederation of Greek Workers, 84, 96-97 United Opposition (KKE), 75-76, 78 United States: arms tracking by, 177; Balkan spheres of influence, 140; containment strategy of, 157; Greek Civil War and, 166, 179-81,183,185; Marshall Plan, 163, 183; Percentages Agreement and, 145 Urban, Joan Barth, 57, 74 Ustinov, Aleksei Mikhailovich, 55 Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, KKE refugees in, 188, 191, 195,199-200, 205 Vafeiadis, Markos, 164,165, 173, 196-97 Varkiza Agreement (1945), 148, 150-51, 153,154 Velestinlis, Rigas, 40 Velouchiotis, Aris, 123,142, 151 Vlahov, Dimitar, 54 Wałecki, Henryk, 97 Weber, Hermann, 10 Wilson, Henry, 142 Woodhouse, Chris, 123, 146 World War I, 35,36,41,49 World War II, 7,12, 13-14,209 Yalta Conference (1945), 151 Yangoglou, Nikos, 204 Yugoslavia: antifascist resistance in, 14; Comintern perspective on, 30, 36-37,
INDEX 61; Communist-led guerrilla resistance in, 119, 120, 134,145; Communist state established in, 7; Macedonian question and, 39-40; World War II occupations of, 117,135. See also Communist Party ofYugoslavia Zachariadis, Nikos, 11, 14; appointment to KKE leadership, 91, 92; arrest and campaign for release of, 102-3; background and character, 92-94, 205-6; Chainoglu and, 68; creation of Democratic Army of Greece and, 159; in Dachau concentration camp, 117, 119; death by suicide, 205, 207; decline and removal of, 199-205, 210, 243n70; dual strategy for popular uprising, 158-59; election to ECCI, 101; expulsion of critics of, 197-98; 281 Greek Civil War and, 166-68,180-82, 184,196; on Greek-Soviet diplomatic mission, 57; on KKE’s status in Balkans, 95; Komar and, 173; KUTV training of, 65, 93; “Left Democracy” policy and, 73; on Macedonian question, 97; Markos’s clash with, 196-98; Metaxas regime and, 114-17, 119, 201; Percentages Agreement and, 144; postwar return to Greece, 151, 153-54; as refugee in Bucharest, 193; on Stalinist purges, 104; Stalin’s death and, 199; on Stalin-Tito split, 175 Zervas, Napoleon, 123,129,142 Zhdanov, Andrei, 111, 159, 161,166, 169-70,172,193 Zimmerwald Conference (1915), 30 Zinoviev, Grigory, 26, 44, 73, 75,84 Zorin, Valerian, 172 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| author | Marantzidēs, Nikos A. 1966- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1024907805 |
| author_facet | Marantzidēs, Nikos A. 1966- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Marantzidēs, Nikos A. 1966- |
| author_variant | n a m na nam |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048615511 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 4670 NQ 8270 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1372477361 (DE-599)BVBBV048615511 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1918-1956 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1918-1956 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV048615511 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:12:59Z |
| indexdate | 2024-11-22T09:00:39Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781501767661 1501767666 9781501768347 1501768344 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033990799 |
| oclc_num | 1372477361 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-12 DE-29 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-12 DE-29 |
| physical | xi, 281 Seiten Karte |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230814 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Northern Illinois University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies |
| spelling | Marantzidēs, Nikos A. 1966- Verfasser (DE-588)1024907805 aut Under Stalin's shadow a global history of Greek communism Nikos Marantzidis Ithaca ; London Northern Illinois University Press 2023 xi, 281 Seiten Karte txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies Kommunistiko Komma Elladas (DE-588)1039447-3 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1918-1956 gnd rswk-swf Kommunistiko Komma Elladas (DE-588)1039447-3 b Geschichte 1918-1956 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 9781501767685 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 9781501767678 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033990799&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033990799&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033990799&sequence=000004&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Marantzidēs, Nikos A. 1966- Under Stalin's shadow a global history of Greek communism Kommunistiko Komma Elladas (DE-588)1039447-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1039447-3 |
| title | Under Stalin's shadow a global history of Greek communism |
| title_auth | Under Stalin's shadow a global history of Greek communism |
| title_exact_search | Under Stalin's shadow a global history of Greek communism |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Under Stalin's shadow a global history of Greek communism |
| title_full | Under Stalin's shadow a global history of Greek communism Nikos Marantzidis |
| title_fullStr | Under Stalin's shadow a global history of Greek communism Nikos Marantzidis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Under Stalin's shadow a global history of Greek communism Nikos Marantzidis |
| title_short | Under Stalin's shadow |
| title_sort | under stalin s shadow a global history of greek communism |
| title_sub | a global history of Greek communism |
| topic | Kommunistiko Komma Elladas (DE-588)1039447-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kommunistiko Komma Elladas |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033990799&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033990799&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033990799&sequence=000004&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT marantzidesnikosa understalinsshadowaglobalhistoryofgreekcommunism |