Religion and politics in interwar Yugoslavia: Serbian nationalism and East Orthodox Christianity
"The persistence of religion in modern Europe and the challenges of transitioning from a religious to a secular state has all too often been overlooked in the history of the Balkans. Indeed, the link between religion and nationalism in this region has long been considered natural, even historic...
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| Language: | English |
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London ; New York ; Oxford ; New Delhi ; Sydney
Bloomsbury Academic
2023
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| Online Access: | Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Summary: | "The persistence of religion in modern Europe and the challenges of transitioning from a religious to a secular state has all too often been overlooked in the history of the Balkans. Indeed, the link between religion and nationalism in this region has long been considered natural, even historically inevitable. Religion and Politics in Interwar Yugoslavia challenges this assumption and shows that, in actuality, the region's political and spiritual identities clashed in a fashion that was just as important to the first South Slav state as the much vaunted 'national question' itself. Focusing on the interwar era, this book explores the role of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Yugoslavia. It examines the church's political vision and reveals how the Serbian Orthodox Church emerged both in reaction to and in interaction with the challenges posed by political modernity such as the establishment of the multinational Yugoslav state, the fear of secularization, and the rise of communism and fascism in Europe. Synthesizing analyses of ideologies and public discourses with stories of personal histories and individual agendas, Maria Falina's insightful study is therefore a significant contribution to the history of religion and nationalism in the Balkans." |
| Item Description: | Literaturverzeichnis: Seite [181]-199 |
| Physical Description: | x, 209 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781350282032 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a "The persistence of religion in modern Europe and the challenges of transitioning from a religious to a secular state has all too often been overlooked in the history of the Balkans. Indeed, the link between religion and nationalism in this region has long been considered natural, even historically inevitable. Religion and Politics in Interwar Yugoslavia challenges this assumption and shows that, in actuality, the region's political and spiritual identities clashed in a fashion that was just as important to the first South Slav state as the much vaunted 'national question' itself. Focusing on the interwar era, this book explores the role of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Yugoslavia. It examines the church's political vision and reveals how the Serbian Orthodox Church emerged both in reaction to and in interaction with the challenges posed by political modernity such as the establishment of the multinational Yugoslav state, the fear of secularization, and the rise of communism and fascism in Europe. Synthesizing analyses of ideologies and public discourses with stories of personal histories and individual agendas, Maria Falina's insightful study is therefore a significant contribution to the history of religion and nationalism in the Balkans." | |
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Bibliography Primary sources Unpublished Arhiv Jugoslavije (Archive of Yugoslavia, Belgrade) Fond 69, Ministarstvo vera Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca Fond 63, Ministarstvo pravde Kraljevine Jugoslavije Library of the Serbian Patriarchate Rapport de la Conference Regionale Balkanique Sociale et Internationale tenue a Bucarest du 14 au 19 mai 1933 sous les auspices de lAlliance universelle pour l’amitie internationale par les Eglise et du Conseil Oecumenigue du Christianisme pratique. Published Legislation, official transcripts Crkveno zakonodavstvo Srpske pravoslavne crkve. Vol. 3. Belgrade: Geca Kon, 1933. Dimić, Ljubodrag, Nikola Žutić and Blagoje Isailović, eds. Zapisnici sa sednica ministarskog saveta kraljevine Jugoslavije, 1929-1931. Belgrade: Službeni list, Arhiv Jugoslavije, 2002. Karadjordjević, Aleksandar. Mome dragom narodu svima Srbima, Hrvatima i Slovencima. Belgrade, 6 January 1929. Krestić, Vasilije, and Radoš Ljušić, eds. Programi i statuti Srpskih političkih stranaka do 1918. g. Belgrade: Književne novine, 1991. Krfska konferencija. Beleške sa sednica vlade Kraljevine Srbije i predstavnika jugoslavenskog odbora, držanih na Krfu 1917 godine, na kojima je donesena Krfska Deklaracija. Belgrade: Štamparija Skerlić, 1924. N. P. Tekstovi projekta zakona о Konkordatu i odgovarajućih stavova iz zakonodavstva Srpske Pravolsavne Crkve. Uporedjeni i objašnjeni. Belgrade: Izdanje ‘Samouprave’, 1937.
182 Bibliography Journals and newspapers Bogoslovlje: Organ Pravoslavnog bogoslovskogfakulteta u Beogradu (Belgrade), 1926-40. Bratstvo: List za vjersko i narodno prosvjećivanje (Sarajevo), 1925-41. Glasnik: Zvanični list Srpske Pravoslavne Patrijaršije (Belgrade), 1920-41. The subtitle changed several times, this version was used for most of the interwar period. Hrišćanska misao: Časopis za hrišćanska i društvena pitanja (Belgrade), 1935-41. Hrišćanski vesnik (Belgrade), 1896-1900,1906-8,1911-14. Hrišćanski život: mesečni časopis za hriščansku kulturu i crkveni život (Sremski Karlovci, Belgrade, Prizren), 1922-7. Hrišćanska delo: Časopis za hriščansku kulturu i crkveni život (Skopje), 1935-41. Katolički list (Zagreb), 1933-7. Nova Evropa (Zagreb), 1920-41. Put: Časopis za hriščansku kulturu (Belgrade), 1933-4. Srpski književni glasnik (Belgrade), 1901-14,1920-41. Svetosavlje: Organ studenata Pravoslavnog bogoslovskogfaulteta (Belgrade), 1932-41. Vesnik: Crkveno-politički i društveni list (Belgrade), 1919-30. Vesnik Srpske Crkve (Belgrade), 1898-1914,1921-33. Memoirs Dožić, Gavrilo. Memoari Patrijarha Srpskog Gavrila. Belgrade: Sfairos, 1990. Ilić, Aleksa. Moji doživljai. Belgrade: Štamparija Sv. Sava, 1931. Meštrović, Ivan. Uspomene napoliticke ljude i dogadjaje. Zagreb: Matica Hrvatska, 1993 (first published in Buenos Aires in 1963). Pribićević, Svetozar. Diktatura kralja Aleksandra, trans. Andra Milosavljevič. Belgrade: Prosveta, 1952 (first published as La dictature du roi Alexander, Paris, 1933). Stojadinović, Milan. Ni Rat Ni Pakt: Jugoslavija izmedju dva rata.
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Index Note: “Serbian Orthodox Church” is abbreviated as “SOC” and “East Orthodox Christianity” as “EOC”. Albania 48, 59, 67 Albanian Golgotha 9, 59, 67, 68 Aleksandar Karadjordjevie, (king) 53, 59, 69-70,77-8, 100,107,109,167 n.61 assassination and burial 76,101,104, 105-6,121 and EOC 100,106 and integral Yugoslavism 69, 73, 110,126 and religious equality 45 SOC relationship with 53, 66, 76-7, 100,108,130 Andjelković, Miloš 32, 36-7, 38-9, 5960,61,62 Anglican Church 97,138,175 n. 12 anti-Catholicism 48, 62, 64, 87, 90,92-3, 113, 114, 124,144,156 n.65,169 n.82 anti-communism 98, 121-2,137,141, 147-8, 149 SOC and 83,98, 113, 121-2, 128, 137 See also communism anti-Semitism 17, 65, 96,145,146 See also Jews anti-Western views 64 East Orthodox 17,120, 155 n.55 Justin Popovic 148,149 Serbian Orthodox 2-3, 39, 82, 98, 148-9, 155 n.55 and Serbian theology 16,149 atheism 32, 33, 36, 72, 85-6, 98,122 and EOC 72, 83,84, 98 See also secularization Austria 141 Austria-Hungary 20, 27,28, 39, 47, 57-8,94 Catholics in 47 Muslims in 24-5, 49 See also Habsburg Empire; Hungary autocephaly 10,13, 26,48, 64, 97,124 Axis Powers 117-18, 121,135, 138, 142 See also Tripartite Pact Balkans, the 4, 25, 38,41, 55, 87, 97-8, 144 Christianityin 13, 26 EOC in 14, 22, 23, 96, 97-8 Habsburg rule in 24, 25 historiography of 4,12,19, 38 Muslims in 14, 21, 24-5, 26 nationalism in 2,13, 22, 41 Ottoman rule 13, 20-3 Balkan war (1912-1913) 25, 51, 67 Bauer, Antun (archbishop) 93,112, 175Ո.19 Belgrade 1, 2,15, 21, 26-7, 38, 48, 50, 52, 53, 62, 66, 68, 76, 71, 87-8, 93, 100, 106,108-9, 112, 116, 17, 119,129, 137,
140, 141,144, 146 University of 44, 90,116 Bern, University of 35-6, 65,147 See also Switzerland Blaga, Lucian 102,174 n.l Bojović, Jevrem 35 Bolsheviks 83, 84, 85,88,92,153 n.39 See also communism; Russia Bosnia Catholicism in 25, 79 East Orthodox Church in 40, 52, 74, 96-7,116,164Ո.36 East Orthodoxy community in 25, 27 Islam in 24-5, 48-50, 67,76, 91,144 national identity of 76,136 neo-Protestantism in 91, 95, 97 Ottoman and Habsburg rule 24-6,49 religious diversity in 24, 79, 97 See also Sarajevo Božić, Nikola 31, 34 Bulgakov, Sergey 84
202 Index Bulgaria 14,45,119 clergy in 22, 26, 97, 131-2 Good Samaritan movement in 131-2 Byzantine Empire architectural influence of 68, 100,129-30 as model of church and state 13, 55, 87 theological influence of 1, 84,119 calendars 64,168 n.79 Cankov, Stefan 126 Catholicism, Roman 11, 22, 38,43, 99, 123,132 Catholic Action 79,112,164 n.34, 175 n.19 church-state relationship 50, 54-5, 60-1,85, 93, 107,175 n.16 conversion to 35, 96 Croatian identity and 47, 70,109,124, 156 n.65,175 n.19 Croatian nationalism and 47, 92-3,132 East Orthodox Christian relations with 27, 61, 93 and education policies 46, 54-5,70, 80,93-4 in the Habsburg Empire 22-3, 24,25,82 in the Independent State of Croatia 142 missionary activities 111, 132 and modernity 47, 72,78-9, 84 political action in Yugoslavia 66, 92-3, 100,102, 103,111,164 n.34 relationship with the Yugoslav state 47, 48, 78,112 religious education and 36,46, 107-8 and secularization 80, 84, 85, 87 Serbian identity and 34-5,41 as SOC threat 62, 79, 82, 87,91-3 as SOC threat, Concordat 72,108, 111, 113,124 theological education 35, 36,64-5,147 youth organizations 78-9, 81,112,132 and Yugoslavism 42,44,48, 62-3, 66, 87, 92, 111 and Yugoslav state policies 45-6, 74, 80, 81,85, 108 See also anti-Catholicism; Concordat crisis; Vatican, the Chetniks 137,138,139,144-5,147 See also Mihajlović, Draža churches, national 10,14, 23, 53, 97,98 SOC as 26, 62,112-13,123,124 church-state relationship 7,14,15, 29,46, 55, 65,115, 118,125, 144, 167 n.68 EOC and 27, 29, 35, 50, 60-1, 87, 92, 98, 118, 122-3, 125 in independent Serbia 27-8,29-34, 38,
39,40, 52, 60,91 in nation-states 26, 35, 60,118, 124,125 Roman Catholicism and 50, 54-5, 60-1, 85, 93, 107,175 n.16 in Serbian history 16, 27, 87 SOC conception of 55, 56, 87,115, 120,125 in Yugoslavia 28,45-7,48, 52, 53, 55, 58, 65-6, 72, 74-8, 81, 84-5,104, 107,128, 144,165 n.45 See also Concordat crisis communism 2,16, 83,139,142 Communist party of Yugoslavia 108, 175 n.16 and EOC 17, 83, 98,143 and religion in general 13, 85,122,137 and Yugoslavia post-war 136-7 See also anti-communism; atheism; Marxism; Partisans Concordat crisis 4,15-16,47-8, 76,101, 103,107-15,120,124,175 n.16 Congress of Berlin 21, 24, 28 Constantinople (Istanbul) 13, 21, 24, 26,49, 87 See also Islam; Ottoman Empire; Patriarchate of Constantinople constitutions independent Serbia 29, 31 SOC 52, 75-6 Yugoslavia 1921 45,46,47,48, 50, 51,56, 73 Yugoslavia 1931 45,46,73,104-5, 108,111 conversion 63, 72, 91, 95,96,97 Ćorović, Vladimir 44, 60,116 coups d’état 1903 41 1941 3,118, 135,137-8,145 Crainic, Nichifor 98,102,148,174 n.l Crnjanski, Miloš 127 Croatia 25, 57, 116,140 Bosnian Muslims in 49 Catholic clergy of 48, 51, 92-3,112
Index Catholic identity in 47, 70,109,124, 156 n.65, 175 n.19 Catholicism in, general 62, 63, 78-9, 110,112,142 Croatian Peasant Party 73,92,112, 172 n.68 nationalism in 47, 92-3,109,117, 132, 142 Second World War legacy of 136,139 and Yugoslavism 44, 47,117,133 See also Concordat crisis; Jelačič, Ban Josip; Independent State of Croatia, Maček, Vlatko; Protulipac, Ivan; Radić, Stjepan; Ribar, Ivan; Smodlaka, Josip; Ustaša Cvetkovič, Dragiša (prime minister) 75, 104,109,118,128, 145 Cvetković-Maček agreement 107,116 relationship with SOC 106-7,115 Cvijović, Josif 140-1 democracy 98,105,109,156 n.65, 167 n.68 in Croatia 42,162 n.6,175 n.16 in Serbia 30, 31, 38 and the SOC 2, 76, 83,93,108, 111, 114-15 social democracy 20, 36, 38,103 Devrnja, Milutin 127 diversity, ethnic 3, 25,120 demographics 45,46, 91 and Serbian nationalism 24, 57, 66 and Yugoslavism 2, 41, 60, 66 See also multinationalism diversity, religious 12 in Bosnia 24, 79,97 Habsburg Empire 22, 24 SOC and 91-100,110, 111, 120,121 in Yugoslavia pre-dictatorship 3, 25, 45, 66 in Yugoslavia during dictatorship 78-80, 84,93-4 in Yugoslavia post-dictatorship 106-7, 110,115,120 See also equality, religious Djaja, Jovan 43 Djordjević, Irinej 90,116,118,138, 172 n.61 Djurič, Milan (archpriest) 33-4 Dostoevsky, Fyodor 37, 88,128,148 203 Dožič, Gavrilo (patriarch) 75,105, 138,144 after the Second World War 141,147 and the dictatorship 71-2, 74,165 n.45, 170 n.24 and Yugoslavism 69, 77,115,121 Dubrovnik 2,96 Ducié, Jovan 41 Durham, Mary Edith 19 Ecumenical Patriarchate 13-14,22, 26, 118 ecumenism 44,148 EOCand 63-4, 80,97,119
SOC and 63-4, 65, 80, 97,175 n.12 education 30, 57, 90, 98,171 n.35 and the Concordat crisis 107-8,112 curricula, schools 14, 36,46-7, 54, 79-80,81,89,100-1 of East Orthodox clergy 37 history of 15, 171 n.35 in independent Serbia 30, 31, 36-7 Čedomir Marjanovićs theory of 36,40 modernism and reform in 19, 23 and modern state- and nation-building 10,11,19 and nationalism 36, 37, 92, 117, 124,128 under Ottoman and Habsburg rule 23-4, 26 and the peasantry 26, 95-6 and religious pluralism 79-80, 81, 93-4 and secularization 38-9 and the Serbian Cultural Club 116-17 of Serbian Orthodox clergy 30, 31,37, 39, 72, 88, 90, 102 social 36,40 SOC policies 81, 90, 91,100,117 and svetosavlje 125-6 teachers, clergy as 15, 23, 54-5, 79, 80,81,88 teachers, public roles of 31, 33, 37,46 and Yugoslavism 79, 81 Yugoslav state policies of 54-5, 70, 79-81,93-4,123 Education, Ministry of 75, 81, 93-4,104 England 36,138,147,148,172 n.61, 175 n.12 Nikolaj Velimirovié in 65,168 n.81 See also Anglican Church
204 Enlightenment, the 6, 8,24,44 equality, religious 22, 50, 86, 91 and the SOC 86, 91,108,114 and Yugoslavism 44,120 Yugoslav state policies and 45, 59, 84, 91,108 See also diversity, religious fascism 2,102,113,128,142,153 n.39 anti-fascism 142,146 Romanian 98,174 n.l Serbian 65, 96, 98,130,146 in Yugoslavia 136,137,141 Gaj, Ljudevit 43, 63 Germogen (Maksimov, archbishop) 140,144 Glasnik Srpske (Pravoslavne) Patrijršije 85, 87,92, 114,115, 129 God Worshipper movement 94-6, 97, 98, 132,173 n.76 and Dimitrije Ljotić 96,130 SOC and 94-6,127,130-1 social work of 4,115 Greece 22, 68,120,127,141, 148-9, 166 n.61 and the Ecumenical Patriarchate 13-14, 22, 26 in the First World War 59, 68, 166 n.61 Greek language 26, 60 nationalism in 13-14 Orthodox Church of 13, 22,64, 97-8, 148-9 Habsburg Empire 22-5, 80 Bosnians in 24-5, 26,49-50 Catholicism in 22-3, 82 church-state relationship in 23, 25 EOC in 13,15, 20, 23-4, 26, 52, 165 n.37 Islam in 24-5,49-50, 76 Serbs in 15, 20-1, 23-4, 25, 26,117 See also Austria-Hungary Herzegovina 50, 52,164 n.36 Hrišćanska misao 105,106,121-2,127 See also Slijepčević, Djoko Hungary 14, 91,156 n.65,164 n.36 in the Habsburg Empire 23, 24, 26 See also Austria-Hungary Index Ilić, Aleksa 27,161 n.63 Ilić, V. J. 68 Independent State of Croatia (NDH) 136, 139-40, 141,142 Islam anti-Muslim sentiment 13, 21,26,49, 50, 76,144 Balkan, in general 17, 21 in Bosnia 24-5,48-50, 67, 76, 91, 144 conversion to 35, 96 and the Habsburg Empire 24, 50 in Montenegro 50, 76 muftis 24,49, 50, 76 reis-ul-ulemas 49, 50, 76 and secularization 80, 84 in Serbia 25, 50,76 in
Yugoslavia 45-47, 50, 66,70, 74, 76, 80, 91,93-4,169 n.82 Yugoslav political parties 49-50,76 See also Ottoman Empire; Spaho, Mehmed Istanbul. See Constantinople IVZ (Islamska Zajednica Vjerska) 49-50, 76 Jelačič, Ban Josip 43 Jews 22, 23, 46,142 See also anti-Semitism Joseph II (emperor) 22, 24 See also Habsburg Empire Jovanovic, Slobodan 116,117 Justice, Ministry of 46, 50, 51, 75, 76,121 under German occupation 37,144 Karadjordjević dynasty 76, 77 Kešeljević, Nikola 85 Kirilović, Dimitrije 80,171 n.35 Korošec, Anton 51,105 Kosovo 22, 59, 67 martyrdom epic 9, 29-30, 34, 67, 68,128-9 modem 13, 20, 24 Muslims of 49 Serbian nationalism and 128,132 language Greek 26, 60 liturgical 48, 62-3,107,124 Russian 61, 63 Serbo-Croatian 43, 63,116
Index and Yugoslavism 43 See also nationalism, linguistic Lazar (prince) 29,106,128 See also Kosovo: martyrdom epic Leopold I (emperor) 23 Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole 38,162 n.65 liberalism 14, 38, 82,103 as threat 79, 82, 87, 92 Liberal Party, Serbian 20, 28 See also Mihailo ‘liberation and unification 52-3, 57-8, 59, 78, 106, 123 Ljotić, Dimitrije 108,131,138,139, 143, 145-7 and God Worshipper movement 96 and Nikolaj Velimirović 138,141, 145,146 See also Zbor Macedonia 22,40,45,143,164 n.36, 176 n.24 Muslims in 48-9 Maček, Vlatko 104,105,109,112 Cvetković-Maček agreement 107, 116 Maria Theresa (empress) 22 See also Habsburg Empire Marinkovič, Živan 130-1,132 Marjanovič, Čedomir 35-6, 37, 40,144, 161 n.63 martyrdom 9 and King Aleksandar 106 Kosovo epic and 9, 29-30, 34,67, 68,128-9 Serb national narrative of 59, 68, 99, 118,123,136,139 oftheSOC 99,123,139 and Nikolaj Velimirović 16 Marxism 83,103 See also communism materialism 38,79, 83,130 and atheism 36, 72, 83-4, 85, 98 and communism 92,122 as modern 32, 82, 83 and nationalism 118 Medan, Danilo R. 125-6 Merz, Ivan 79 Meštrović, Ivan 41, 69-70,100,166 n.61 Mihailo (metropolitan) 27, 28, 30, 165 n.43 Mihajlović, Draža 137,140,145 205 See also Chetniks Milentije (bishop) 34-5 Millet system 13, 22, 23, 25,26, 49 Mišović, Miloš 15-16 modernity and EOC 25, 63, 72, 82,83 SOC challenges 72,82-4,102, 120,132-3, 135,147 (see also atheism; communism; democracy; materialism; secularization; socialism) SOC svetosavlje response 101,123,132 modernization 6, 19, 21,44, 63,79, 84-5 Mojsej, Archbishop 27 Moljević, Stevan 144-5 Montenegro 26,
59, 74, 140,176 n.24 Christian clergy of 52,115,164 n.36 (see also Dožić, Gavrilo; Njegoš, Petar Petrović) and concordats 47,112-13 Islam in 48, 50, 76 monuments and memorials 67-8, 69, 166 n.61 Moscow 2, 88 See also Russia multinationalism 2, 3, 41, 57, 60,120 See also diversity, ethnic Muslims. See Islam myths 8-9, 13, 41, 67, 88, 123, 174 n.l and the Battle of Kosovo 29-30, 67,106 and German nationalism 11,125 and Nikolaj Velimirović 16-17 Najdanović, Dimitrije 15, 98-100,102-4, 119,135,149 Chetnik critique 138,145 and the God Worshipper movement 96 and Dimitrije Ljotić 138,145,146,147 and political Orthodoxism 103,131 Svetosavlje involvement 90,127-8 nationalism 61, 67,123,131,142 Croatian 92,107,109,112,117,142, 156 n.65 German 10,11,125 Macedonian 143 Montenegrin 74, 77 Serbian 19-20, 25, 35,124 Slovenian 73,77,117 Yugoslav 81, 86,100,132 nationalism, linguistic 8, 43,63, 78
206 Index National Socialism 125,146,153 n,39 See also Nazi Germany Nazarenes 27, 62, 94, 95, 97 Nazi Germany 17,115,117 invasion of Yugoslavia 137,140 public rituals of 125,153 n.39 Nikolaj Velimirović and 125,139,146 Nedić, Milan 37,137,139,141,143, 144,145 Neo-Patristic movement 84,119-20 neo-Protestantism 27, 62, 94,95, 97 Njegoš, Petar Petrovic (archbishop) 68-70, 169 n.90 Novi Sad 24,171 n.35 Obradović, Dositej 24 Obrenović dynasty Alexander (king) 30 Milan (king) 27, 28,165 n.43 Miloš (prince) 26 See also Serbia, independent Orthodoxism, political 17, 98, 102-4,131, 132,147,174 n.l Orthodox public. See public, Orthodox Ottoman Empire 20-2,23,24-5,29,49,112 Balkan Christian independence from 13,15 EOC in 13-14, 20, 22 millet system in 13, 21, 25, 26, 49 Patriarchate of Peć, abolition 15, 24, 52, 53 Serbian identity under 19-20, 21, 22,25, 26 Pantelić, Miloš 39 Parenta, Miloš 72, 77, 78, 79,87, 97, 98 Partisans 136,137,139,143 Pašie, Nikola 31, 32, 58, 69, 78, 92, 167 n.68 Patriarchate, Serbian. See Serbian Patriarchate Patriarchate of Constantinople 13, 53,64, 118,164 n.36,168 n.79 Patriarchate of Peć 15,24, 52, 53 See also Serbian Patriarchate Paul (Karadjordjević), prince regent 104-5,107,109, 115-16,118,138 Pavlovic, Dimitrije (patriarch) 37, 76,121, 161 n.63,165 n.43 election to patriarch 53-4, 57, 59 and the God Worshipper movement 94,95 and Yugoslavism 56, 59 Petar I Karadjordjević (king) 30, 58 Petar II Karadjordjević (king) 104,117, 118,137-8 Poland 9,164 n.34 political Orthodoxism. See Orthodoxism, political Popovic, Justin 16, 90,117,148-9, 172 n.61 See also
svetosavlje (ideology); Velimirović, Nikolaj post-communism 13,14,17,142 Pribićević, Svetozar 77 Protestantism 11, 23, 55, 61, 99,132, 168 n.81 See also neo-Protestantism Protulipac, Ivan 78-9 public, Orthodox 82,83-4,89,91,98-9, 119,129 questions, national 109,125 Serbian 103,117,120,133 Yugoslav 17, 72,133 Radić, Stjepan 73, 92,107 Radical Party, Serbian 31, 32, 33, 34,43, 93 reforms agrarian 51,107 Habsburg 22-4 Ottoman (Tanzimat) 21-2 SOC 62-5, 71, 72, 75-6, 83, 85 religion, definition of 4-5 Religions, Ministry of 46-7, 51, 52, 53, 75, 92 See also Cvetkovič, Dragiša Ribar, Ivan 111-12,175 п.16 Ristić, Jovan 28 Romania 45,64, 97,148,164 n.36 EOC in 97-8,174 n.l fascism in 98,174 n.l political Orthodoxism and 102 theology in 119,120,132,174 n.l Russia 65, 68, 85 Bolshevik Revolution of 83, 84, 88,122 émigrés from 84, 87-8,119-20,122 Empire of 25, 36, 38,88 and independent Serbia 25, 28
Index Orthodox Church of 25, 37, 88,140, 147, 168 n.79 religious thought of 16, 84, 88,119-20, 167 n.68 theological seminaries in 37, 88,90,148 sacralization 9,11, 30,128 of the nation 9,10, 30,128 of politics 10-11,153 n.39 {see also Orthodoxism, political) saints East Orthodox 29 Serbian Orthodox 29, 69 See also Popovic, Justin; Sava, Saint; Velimirović, Nikolaj Sarajevo 47,48, 50, 76, 96, 97,117, 140 See also Bosnia Sava, Saint 33, 34, 58, 70,97,122, 123-4,125-7 cathedral of (Belgrade) 129 celebration of 1935 4, 93-4, 122-3, 126 Serbian nationalism and 122,123-4, 125-7, 146 SOC andll3,121,122,126-7 Yugoslav state policies and 70, 93,100 sects and sectarian movements 6, 46, 62, 64, 72, 95 East Orthodox 23, 94-5 East Orthodox relations with 63, 72, 99,130 neo-Protestant 27,62, 91, 94,95, 97 Protestant 132 secularization 5-6, 79,80,123 as Enlightenment doctrine 6,8, 24, 44 and EOC 14, 63, 84, 87, 88 as modernity 14, 38-9,44, 62, 63, 84-5, 125 nationalism and 9,43,118 ofpolitics 38-9, 51,111-12 svetosavlje as response to 123 thesis of 6-7,10 as threat to Christianity 103,127,132 as threat to the SOC 2,12, 59, 85, 101, 133 as Western 24, 37, 82-3 Yugoslavism and 59-60, 85-6, 89,100 Serbia 15, 20, 21, 24, 25-34, 36-40, 52, 58-9, 67, 80,164 n.36 church-state relationship in 27-8, 29-34, 38, 39,40, 52, 60,91 207 constitution of 29, 31 EOC in 19, 27, 29, 32, 33, 91 Serbian Cultural Club 116-17 Serbian Patriarchate 51-6, 58, 71-2,121 and anti-Catholic sentiment 91-2 library of 17, 88 Second World War and 139-40 and Serbian nationalism 58, 77, 166 n.55 as SOC centralization
52,74,75-6,164 n.36,166 n.50 See also Patriarchate of Peć Skerlić, Jovan 43 Slavs, southern 17, 42,43, 65, 68,162 n.6 Slijepčević, Djoko 15, 90,156 n.64, 164 n.36 God Worshipper membership 96 Hrišćanska misao editorship 105,127 Zbor membership 96,147 Slovenia 47,93,141 Catholicism in 91,111 and liberation rhetoric 67 nationalism of 73, 77, 117 and Yugoslavism 73, 99-100,117 Smodlaka, Josip 42,162 n.6 sobornost 61,167 n.68 socialism 32, 38, 83 SOC and 38,83,137 Yugoslavist 136, 137, 141-2, 148 social work 38, 40, 91, 98,128,132 God Worshipper movement and 4, 96,115 Sokol movement 78,112,128 Spaho, Mehmed 49, 76,105 Sremski Karlovci 23, 24, 27,43, 52, 53, 84, 88, 164 n.36, 165Ո.37 Stadler, Josip (archbishop) 47 state-building Serbian 3, 26, 27, 40 Yugoslav 41, 60,138 Stepinac, Alojzije (archbishop) 132, 137,142 Stojadinović, Milan 34, 72,104-5,107, 108,109 Strossmayer, Josip Juraj (archbishop) 44,47, 92 svetosavlje (ideology) 4,101,126,128, 130,132 Danilo R. Medan and 125-6 Justin Popovic and 148-9
208 Index Nikolaj Velimirović and 113,123,125, 128, 138, 148-9 Svetosavlje (journal) 90-1,105,127-8 Switzerland 12, 36, 65,141,147 See also Bern, University of symphonia 55, 87,119 See also Byzantine Empire synods East Orthodox 97,168 n.79 SOC 66,81,140-1,144 theology 5,11,16, 37, 81, 84, 88, 97,102, 119-20,161 n.63,167 n.68 Belgrade Theological Seminary 35,90, 165 n.43 Church doctrine and 60, 61, 87 and ecumenism 64-5 and modernity 32, 82 and nationalism 12, 34, 61, 99,105, 132 publications 71,90,105 University of Bern 35-6, 65-6 See also Najdanović, Dimitrije; Pašie, Nikola; Pavlovié, Dimitrije; Popovié, Justin; Slijepčevié, Djoko Tito, Josip Broz 136,137,147 Tripartite Pact 117-18,138 See also Axis Powers Trumbić, Ante 50 Tsankov, Stefan 119 Túrié, Jure 80 unification and liberation rhetoric 52-3, 57-8, 59, 78,106,123 political 51, 56, 67, 70, 73, 77 of the SOC 51-6, 57, 58, 65,90,164 n.36 (see also Serbian Patriarchate) Ustaša 139,140,142 See also Croatia Uzunovic, Nikola 104 Varnava (patriarch) 15, 74, 76-7, 88, 92, 96,102,108,109,113 Vasié, D. J. 71, 99 Vatican, the 27,109,124,142,156 n.65 and the Concordat 15, 47-8, 76,107-8, 110, 111, 120 See also Catholicism, Roman; Concordat crisis Velimirović, Nikolaj 4,15,16-17, 34, 74, 95,113, 116, 123-6, 138, 146-7, 148,149 and the 1941 coup d’état 138,146 anti-Semitism of 17, 65,146 canonization of 16,147 and Dimitrije Ljotić 138,141,145,146 and Djoko Slijepčevié 105 and ecumenism 65, 97,148,168 n.81, 169 n.82 education 35, 65 during the Second World War 16,118, 135,138, 139, 140,141,146 and the God Worshipper movement 95-6
influence on Svetosavlje 90,127-8 and Justin Popovié 16,148 support for Adolf Hitler 125, 139,146 Vesnik Srpske Crkve 31, 33, 38, 39, 162 n.65 Vienna 23, 24,141, 159 n.16 See also Austria-Hungary Vojvodina 15, 23, 62, 66, 84, 94-5, 128-9,164 n.36 World War, First 9, 21, 59, 67-8, 94, 135,138 World War, Second 133,135,136-7, 142-3 collaboration during 135,137,138, 141,142-3,144 (see also Germogen; Ljotić, Dimitrije; Marjanovič, Čedomir; Nedić, Milan; Velimirović, Nikolaj) EOC during 140,144,147 German invasion and occupation 135, 137,138-41 God Worshipper movement during 96 nation-building and 2,41,46 resistance during 135,142-3 Serbian nationalism during 138, 139,144 SOC during 137,138-42,143 SOC after 137,147-9 Yugoslavia after 147-9 youth movements and organizations 72, 79,81,89, 132 Catholic 78-9,112 Yugoslavism 17,42,43, 58, 82
Index Catholicism and 44, 92 and the dictatorship 73-4, 76-7, 78,81-2 and East Orthodox culture 99-100 and education 79, 81 (see also education) integral 57,105, 111, 122,126 and King Aleksandar 69, 73,126 Milan Stojadinović and 105 national diversity and 2, 60,74, 81,117 Petar Petrovic Njegoš and 68-70 religious diversity and 41-5, 60,78, 81, 100,123 Í 209 secularization and 43-4, 86,89-90, 123,126 Serbian identity/nationalism and 57,77, 110,117,126 as supranational 41, 86,126 Zbor 96,130,137,145,147 See also Ljotić, Dimitrije Zeitinlik cemetery 68 Živanović, Aleksandar 80 Živković, Petar (prime minister) 74,77, 78, 104,108,165 n.45 and church-state relations 71-2, 75 Bayerische I Staatsbibliothek í München '----- J
Contents Acknowledgements ix Introduction 1 Religion, modernity and secularization 4 Religion and nationalism 7 Historiographical overview 12 1 Religion and Serbian state- and nation-building before 1918 19 Before the nation-state: Serbs under Habsburg andOttoman rule 20 Working together: Church and state in independent Serbia 26 The Serbian Church and Serbian nationalism before the First World War 29 2 New Church for the new state: ‘Liberation and unification’ of lands, people and institutions 41 The new state 41 Where does faith come in? Yugoslavism and religion 41 Incomplete separation: Regulation of religious life and legal status of religious communities 45 Unification of the Serbian Orthodox Church and (re-) establishment of the Serbian Patriarchate 51 A happy coexistence? The Yugoslav state and the Serbian nation in the view of the Serbian Orthodox Church: 1918-mid-1920s 56 Community of the Church and nation 56 Reform movement from the outside and from within 62 The Serbian Orthodox Church and symbolic legitimization of power 65 3 The Serbian Orthodox Church faces the challengeof modernity 71 Royal dictatorship and integral Yugoslavism 73 Responses to new challenges 82 How to operate in a religiously diverse society 91 4 Climax: The Serbian Orthodox Church enters politics 101 Political Orthodoxism 102 After the assassination 104
1935-7: The Concordat crisis 1939-41: The breakup Theorizing the nation The national-religious synthesis Epilogue: The war The memory of the Second World War The end of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia Resistance or collaboration? The continuation of the interwar Serbian Orthodox political thought in the war After the war 107 114 118 122 135 136 137 Notes Bibliography Index 151 181 201 141 147 |
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Index Note: “Serbian Orthodox Church” is abbreviated as “SOC” and “East Orthodox Christianity” as “EOC”. Albania 48, 59, 67 Albanian Golgotha 9, 59, 67, 68 Aleksandar Karadjordjevie, (king) 53, 59, 69-70,77-8, 100,107,109,167 n.61 assassination and burial 76,101,104, 105-6,121 and EOC 100,106 and integral Yugoslavism 69, 73, 110,126 and religious equality 45 SOC relationship with 53, 66, 76-7, 100,108,130 Andjelković, Miloš 32, 36-7, 38-9, 5960,61,62 Anglican Church 97,138,175 n. 12 anti-Catholicism 48, 62, 64, 87, 90,92-3, 113, 114, 124,144,156 n.65,169 n.82 anti-communism 98, 121-2,137,141, 147-8, 149 SOC and 83,98, 113, 121-2, 128, 137 See also communism anti-Semitism 17, 65, 96,145,146 See also Jews anti-Western views 64 East Orthodox 17,120, 155 n.55 Justin Popovic 148,149 Serbian Orthodox 2-3, 39, 82, 98, 148-9, 155 n.55 and Serbian theology 16,149 atheism 32, 33, 36, 72, 85-6, 98,122 and EOC 72, 83,84, 98 See also secularization Austria 141 Austria-Hungary 20, 27,28, 39, 47, 57-8,94 Catholics in 47 Muslims in 24-5, 49 See also Habsburg Empire; Hungary autocephaly 10,13, 26,48, 64, 97,124 Axis Powers 117-18, 121,135, 138, 142 See also Tripartite Pact Balkans, the 4, 25, 38,41, 55, 87, 97-8, 144 Christianityin 13, 26 EOC in 14, 22, 23, 96, 97-8 Habsburg rule in 24, 25 historiography of 4,12,19, 38 Muslims in 14, 21, 24-5, 26 nationalism in 2,13, 22, 41 Ottoman rule 13, 20-3 Balkan war (1912-1913) 25, 51, 67 Bauer, Antun (archbishop) 93,112, 175Ո.19 Belgrade 1, 2,15, 21, 26-7, 38, 48, 50, 52, 53, 62, 66, 68, 76, 71, 87-8, 93, 100, 106,108-9, 112, 116, 17, 119,129, 137,
140, 141,144, 146 University of 44, 90,116 Bern, University of 35-6, 65,147 See also Switzerland Blaga, Lucian 102,174 n.l Bojović, Jevrem 35 Bolsheviks 83, 84, 85,88,92,153 n.39 See also communism; Russia Bosnia Catholicism in 25, 79 East Orthodox Church in 40, 52, 74, 96-7,116,164Ո.36 East Orthodoxy community in 25, 27 Islam in 24-5, 48-50, 67,76, 91,144 national identity of 76,136 neo-Protestantism in 91, 95, 97 Ottoman and Habsburg rule 24-6,49 religious diversity in 24, 79, 97 See also Sarajevo Božić, Nikola 31, 34 Bulgakov, Sergey 84
202 Index Bulgaria 14,45,119 clergy in 22, 26, 97, 131-2 Good Samaritan movement in 131-2 Byzantine Empire architectural influence of 68, 100,129-30 as model of church and state 13, 55, 87 theological influence of 1, 84,119 calendars 64,168 n.79 Cankov, Stefan 126 Catholicism, Roman 11, 22, 38,43, 99, 123,132 Catholic Action 79,112,164 n.34, 175 n.19 church-state relationship 50, 54-5, 60-1,85, 93, 107,175 n.16 conversion to 35, 96 Croatian identity and 47, 70,109,124, 156 n.65,175 n.19 Croatian nationalism and 47, 92-3,132 East Orthodox Christian relations with 27, 61, 93 and education policies 46, 54-5,70, 80,93-4 in the Habsburg Empire 22-3, 24,25,82 in the Independent State of Croatia 142 missionary activities 111, 132 and modernity 47, 72,78-9, 84 political action in Yugoslavia 66, 92-3, 100,102, 103,111,164 n.34 relationship with the Yugoslav state 47, 48, 78,112 religious education and 36,46, 107-8 and secularization 80, 84, 85, 87 Serbian identity and 34-5,41 as SOC threat 62, 79, 82, 87,91-3 as SOC threat, Concordat 72,108, 111, 113,124 theological education 35, 36,64-5,147 youth organizations 78-9, 81,112,132 and Yugoslavism 42,44,48, 62-3, 66, 87, 92, 111 and Yugoslav state policies 45-6, 74, 80, 81,85, 108 See also anti-Catholicism; Concordat crisis; Vatican, the Chetniks 137,138,139,144-5,147 See also Mihajlović, Draža churches, national 10,14, 23, 53, 97,98 SOC as 26, 62,112-13,123,124 church-state relationship 7,14,15, 29,46, 55, 65,115, 118,125, 144, 167 n.68 EOC and 27, 29, 35, 50, 60-1, 87, 92, 98, 118, 122-3, 125 in independent Serbia 27-8,29-34, 38,
39,40, 52, 60,91 in nation-states 26, 35, 60,118, 124,125 Roman Catholicism and 50, 54-5, 60-1, 85, 93, 107,175 n.16 in Serbian history 16, 27, 87 SOC conception of 55, 56, 87,115, 120,125 in Yugoslavia 28,45-7,48, 52, 53, 55, 58, 65-6, 72, 74-8, 81, 84-5,104, 107,128, 144,165 n.45 See also Concordat crisis communism 2,16, 83,139,142 Communist party of Yugoslavia 108, 175 n.16 and EOC 17, 83, 98,143 and religion in general 13, 85,122,137 and Yugoslavia post-war 136-7 See also anti-communism; atheism; Marxism; Partisans Concordat crisis 4,15-16,47-8, 76,101, 103,107-15,120,124,175 n.16 Congress of Berlin 21, 24, 28 Constantinople (Istanbul) 13, 21, 24, 26,49, 87 See also Islam; Ottoman Empire; Patriarchate of Constantinople constitutions independent Serbia 29, 31 SOC 52, 75-6 Yugoslavia 1921 45,46,47,48, 50, 51,56, 73 Yugoslavia 1931 45,46,73,104-5, 108,111 conversion 63, 72, 91, 95,96,97 Ćorović, Vladimir 44, 60,116 coups d’état 1903 41 1941 3,118, 135,137-8,145 Crainic, Nichifor 98,102,148,174 n.l Crnjanski, Miloš 127 Croatia 25, 57, 116,140 Bosnian Muslims in 49 Catholic clergy of 48, 51, 92-3,112
Index Catholic identity in 47, 70,109,124, 156 n.65, 175 n.19 Catholicism in, general 62, 63, 78-9, 110,112,142 Croatian Peasant Party 73,92,112, 172 n.68 nationalism in 47, 92-3,109,117, 132, 142 Second World War legacy of 136,139 and Yugoslavism 44, 47,117,133 See also Concordat crisis; Jelačič, Ban Josip; Independent State of Croatia, Maček, Vlatko; Protulipac, Ivan; Radić, Stjepan; Ribar, Ivan; Smodlaka, Josip; Ustaša Cvetkovič, Dragiša (prime minister) 75, 104,109,118,128, 145 Cvetković-Maček agreement 107,116 relationship with SOC 106-7,115 Cvijović, Josif 140-1 democracy 98,105,109,156 n.65, 167 n.68 in Croatia 42,162 n.6,175 n.16 in Serbia 30, 31, 38 and the SOC 2, 76, 83,93,108, 111, 114-15 social democracy 20, 36, 38,103 Devrnja, Milutin 127 diversity, ethnic 3, 25,120 demographics 45,46, 91 and Serbian nationalism 24, 57, 66 and Yugoslavism 2, 41, 60, 66 See also multinationalism diversity, religious 12 in Bosnia 24, 79,97 Habsburg Empire 22, 24 SOC and 91-100,110, 111, 120,121 in Yugoslavia pre-dictatorship 3, 25, 45, 66 in Yugoslavia during dictatorship 78-80, 84,93-4 in Yugoslavia post-dictatorship 106-7, 110,115,120 See also equality, religious Djaja, Jovan 43 Djordjević, Irinej 90,116,118,138, 172 n.61 Djurič, Milan (archpriest) 33-4 Dostoevsky, Fyodor 37, 88,128,148 203 Dožič, Gavrilo (patriarch) 75,105, 138,144 after the Second World War 141,147 and the dictatorship 71-2, 74,165 n.45, 170 n.24 and Yugoslavism 69, 77,115,121 Dubrovnik 2,96 Ducié, Jovan 41 Durham, Mary Edith 19 Ecumenical Patriarchate 13-14,22, 26, 118 ecumenism 44,148 EOCand 63-4, 80,97,119
SOC and 63-4, 65, 80, 97,175 n.12 education 30, 57, 90, 98,171 n.35 and the Concordat crisis 107-8,112 curricula, schools 14, 36,46-7, 54, 79-80,81,89,100-1 of East Orthodox clergy 37 history of 15, 171 n.35 in independent Serbia 30, 31, 36-7 Čedomir Marjanovićs theory of 36,40 modernism and reform in 19, 23 and modern state- and nation-building 10,11,19 and nationalism 36, 37, 92, 117, 124,128 under Ottoman and Habsburg rule 23-4, 26 and the peasantry 26, 95-6 and religious pluralism 79-80, 81, 93-4 and secularization 38-9 and the Serbian Cultural Club 116-17 of Serbian Orthodox clergy 30, 31,37, 39, 72, 88, 90, 102 social 36,40 SOC policies 81, 90, 91,100,117 and svetosavlje 125-6 teachers, clergy as 15, 23, 54-5, 79, 80,81,88 teachers, public roles of 31, 33, 37,46 and Yugoslavism 79, 81 Yugoslav state policies of 54-5, 70, 79-81,93-4,123 Education, Ministry of 75, 81, 93-4,104 England 36,138,147,148,172 n.61, 175 n.12 Nikolaj Velimirovié in 65,168 n.81 See also Anglican Church
204 Enlightenment, the 6, 8,24,44 equality, religious 22, 50, 86, 91 and the SOC 86, 91,108,114 and Yugoslavism 44,120 Yugoslav state policies and 45, 59, 84, 91,108 See also diversity, religious fascism 2,102,113,128,142,153 n.39 anti-fascism 142,146 Romanian 98,174 n.l Serbian 65, 96, 98,130,146 in Yugoslavia 136,137,141 Gaj, Ljudevit 43, 63 Germogen (Maksimov, archbishop) 140,144 Glasnik Srpske (Pravoslavne) Patrijršije 85, 87,92, 114,115, 129 God Worshipper movement 94-6, 97, 98, 132,173 n.76 and Dimitrije Ljotić 96,130 SOC and 94-6,127,130-1 social work of 4,115 Greece 22, 68,120,127,141, 148-9, 166 n.61 and the Ecumenical Patriarchate 13-14, 22, 26 in the First World War 59, 68, 166 n.61 Greek language 26, 60 nationalism in 13-14 Orthodox Church of 13, 22,64, 97-8, 148-9 Habsburg Empire 22-5, 80 Bosnians in 24-5, 26,49-50 Catholicism in 22-3, 82 church-state relationship in 23, 25 EOC in 13,15, 20, 23-4, 26, 52, 165 n.37 Islam in 24-5,49-50, 76 Serbs in 15, 20-1, 23-4, 25, 26,117 See also Austria-Hungary Herzegovina 50, 52,164 n.36 Hrišćanska misao 105,106,121-2,127 See also Slijepčević, Djoko Hungary 14, 91,156 n.65,164 n.36 in the Habsburg Empire 23, 24, 26 See also Austria-Hungary Index Ilić, Aleksa 27,161 n.63 Ilić, V. J. 68 Independent State of Croatia (NDH) 136, 139-40, 141,142 Islam anti-Muslim sentiment 13, 21,26,49, 50, 76,144 Balkan, in general 17, 21 in Bosnia 24-5,48-50, 67, 76, 91, 144 conversion to 35, 96 and the Habsburg Empire 24, 50 in Montenegro 50, 76 muftis 24,49, 50, 76 reis-ul-ulemas 49, 50, 76 and secularization 80, 84 in Serbia 25, 50,76 in
Yugoslavia 45-47, 50, 66,70, 74, 76, 80, 91,93-4,169 n.82 Yugoslav political parties 49-50,76 See also Ottoman Empire; Spaho, Mehmed Istanbul. See Constantinople IVZ (Islamska Zajednica Vjerska) 49-50, 76 Jelačič, Ban Josip 43 Jews 22, 23, 46,142 See also anti-Semitism Joseph II (emperor) 22, 24 See also Habsburg Empire Jovanovic, Slobodan 116,117 Justice, Ministry of 46, 50, 51, 75, 76,121 under German occupation 37,144 Karadjordjević dynasty 76, 77 Kešeljević, Nikola 85 Kirilović, Dimitrije 80,171 n.35 Korošec, Anton 51,105 Kosovo 22, 59, 67 martyrdom epic 9, 29-30, 34, 67, 68,128-9 modem 13, 20, 24 Muslims of 49 Serbian nationalism and 128,132 language Greek 26, 60 liturgical 48, 62-3,107,124 Russian 61, 63 Serbo-Croatian 43, 63,116
Index and Yugoslavism 43 See also nationalism, linguistic Lazar (prince) 29,106,128 See also Kosovo: martyrdom epic Leopold I (emperor) 23 Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole 38,162 n.65 liberalism 14, 38, 82,103 as threat 79, 82, 87, 92 Liberal Party, Serbian 20, 28 See also Mihailo ‘liberation and unification 52-3, 57-8, 59, 78, 106, 123 Ljotić, Dimitrije 108,131,138,139, 143, 145-7 and God Worshipper movement 96 and Nikolaj Velimirović 138,141, 145,146 See also Zbor Macedonia 22,40,45,143,164 n.36, 176 n.24 Muslims in 48-9 Maček, Vlatko 104,105,109,112 Cvetković-Maček agreement 107, 116 Maria Theresa (empress) 22 See also Habsburg Empire Marinkovič, Živan 130-1,132 Marjanovič, Čedomir 35-6, 37, 40,144, 161 n.63 martyrdom 9 and King Aleksandar 106 Kosovo epic and 9, 29-30, 34,67, 68,128-9 Serb national narrative of 59, 68, 99, 118,123,136,139 oftheSOC 99,123,139 and Nikolaj Velimirović 16 Marxism 83,103 See also communism materialism 38,79, 83,130 and atheism 36, 72, 83-4, 85, 98 and communism 92,122 as modern 32, 82, 83 and nationalism 118 Medan, Danilo R. 125-6 Merz, Ivan 79 Meštrović, Ivan 41, 69-70,100,166 n.61 Mihailo (metropolitan) 27, 28, 30, 165 n.43 Mihajlović, Draža 137,140,145 205 See also Chetniks Milentije (bishop) 34-5 Millet system 13, 22, 23, 25,26, 49 Mišović, Miloš 15-16 modernity and EOC 25, 63, 72, 82,83 SOC challenges 72,82-4,102, 120,132-3, 135,147 (see also atheism; communism; democracy; materialism; secularization; socialism) SOC svetosavlje response 101,123,132 modernization 6, 19, 21,44, 63,79, 84-5 Mojsej, Archbishop 27 Moljević, Stevan 144-5 Montenegro 26,
59, 74, 140,176 n.24 Christian clergy of 52,115,164 n.36 (see also Dožić, Gavrilo; Njegoš, Petar Petrović) and concordats 47,112-13 Islam in 48, 50, 76 monuments and memorials 67-8, 69, 166 n.61 Moscow 2, 88 See also Russia multinationalism 2, 3, 41, 57, 60,120 See also diversity, ethnic Muslims. See Islam myths 8-9, 13, 41, 67, 88, 123, 174 n.l and the Battle of Kosovo 29-30, 67,106 and German nationalism 11,125 and Nikolaj Velimirović 16-17 Najdanović, Dimitrije 15, 98-100,102-4, 119,135,149 Chetnik critique 138,145 and the God Worshipper movement 96 and Dimitrije Ljotić 138,145,146,147 and political Orthodoxism 103,131 Svetosavlje involvement 90,127-8 nationalism 61, 67,123,131,142 Croatian 92,107,109,112,117,142, 156 n.65 German 10,11,125 Macedonian 143 Montenegrin 74, 77 Serbian 19-20, 25, 35,124 Slovenian 73,77,117 Yugoslav 81, 86,100,132 nationalism, linguistic 8, 43,63, 78
206 Index National Socialism 125,146,153 n,39 See also Nazi Germany Nazarenes 27, 62, 94, 95, 97 Nazi Germany 17,115,117 invasion of Yugoslavia 137,140 public rituals of 125,153 n.39 Nikolaj Velimirović and 125,139,146 Nedić, Milan 37,137,139,141,143, 144,145 Neo-Patristic movement 84,119-20 neo-Protestantism 27, 62, 94,95, 97 Njegoš, Petar Petrovic (archbishop) 68-70, 169 n.90 Novi Sad 24,171 n.35 Obradović, Dositej 24 Obrenović dynasty Alexander (king) 30 Milan (king) 27, 28,165 n.43 Miloš (prince) 26 See also Serbia, independent Orthodoxism, political 17, 98, 102-4,131, 132,147,174 n.l Orthodox public. See public, Orthodox Ottoman Empire 20-2,23,24-5,29,49,112 Balkan Christian independence from 13,15 EOC in 13-14, 20, 22 millet system in 13, 21, 25, 26, 49 Patriarchate of Peć, abolition 15, 24, 52, 53 Serbian identity under 19-20, 21, 22,25, 26 Pantelić, Miloš 39 Parenta, Miloš 72, 77, 78, 79,87, 97, 98 Partisans 136,137,139,143 Pašie, Nikola 31, 32, 58, 69, 78, 92, 167 n.68 Patriarchate, Serbian. See Serbian Patriarchate Patriarchate of Constantinople 13, 53,64, 118,164 n.36,168 n.79 Patriarchate of Peć 15,24, 52, 53 See also Serbian Patriarchate Paul (Karadjordjević), prince regent 104-5,107,109, 115-16,118,138 Pavlovic, Dimitrije (patriarch) 37, 76,121, 161 n.63,165 n.43 election to patriarch 53-4, 57, 59 and the God Worshipper movement 94,95 and Yugoslavism 56, 59 Petar I Karadjordjević (king) 30, 58 Petar II Karadjordjević (king) 104,117, 118,137-8 Poland 9,164 n.34 political Orthodoxism. See Orthodoxism, political Popovic, Justin 16, 90,117,148-9, 172 n.61 See also
svetosavlje (ideology); Velimirović, Nikolaj post-communism 13,14,17,142 Pribićević, Svetozar 77 Protestantism 11, 23, 55, 61, 99,132, 168 n.81 See also neo-Protestantism Protulipac, Ivan 78-9 public, Orthodox 82,83-4,89,91,98-9, 119,129 questions, national 109,125 Serbian 103,117,120,133 Yugoslav 17, 72,133 Radić, Stjepan 73, 92,107 Radical Party, Serbian 31, 32, 33, 34,43, 93 reforms agrarian 51,107 Habsburg 22-4 Ottoman (Tanzimat) 21-2 SOC 62-5, 71, 72, 75-6, 83, 85 religion, definition of 4-5 Religions, Ministry of 46-7, 51, 52, 53, 75, 92 See also Cvetkovič, Dragiša Ribar, Ivan 111-12,175 п.16 Ristić, Jovan 28 Romania 45,64, 97,148,164 n.36 EOC in 97-8,174 n.l fascism in 98,174 n.l political Orthodoxism and 102 theology in 119,120,132,174 n.l Russia 65, 68, 85 Bolshevik Revolution of 83, 84, 88,122 émigrés from 84, 87-8,119-20,122 Empire of 25, 36, 38,88 and independent Serbia 25, 28
Index Orthodox Church of 25, 37, 88,140, 147, 168 n.79 religious thought of 16, 84, 88,119-20, 167 n.68 theological seminaries in 37, 88,90,148 sacralization 9,11, 30,128 of the nation 9,10, 30,128 of politics 10-11,153 n.39 {see also Orthodoxism, political) saints East Orthodox 29 Serbian Orthodox 29, 69 See also Popovic, Justin; Sava, Saint; Velimirović, Nikolaj Sarajevo 47,48, 50, 76, 96, 97,117, 140 See also Bosnia Sava, Saint 33, 34, 58, 70,97,122, 123-4,125-7 cathedral of (Belgrade) 129 celebration of 1935 4, 93-4, 122-3, 126 Serbian nationalism and 122,123-4, 125-7, 146 SOC andll3,121,122,126-7 Yugoslav state policies and 70, 93,100 sects and sectarian movements 6, 46, 62, 64, 72, 95 East Orthodox 23, 94-5 East Orthodox relations with 63, 72, 99,130 neo-Protestant 27,62, 91, 94,95, 97 Protestant 132 secularization 5-6, 79,80,123 as Enlightenment doctrine 6,8, 24, 44 and EOC 14, 63, 84, 87, 88 as modernity 14, 38-9,44, 62, 63, 84-5, 125 nationalism and 9,43,118 ofpolitics 38-9, 51,111-12 svetosavlje as response to 123 thesis of 6-7,10 as threat to Christianity 103,127,132 as threat to the SOC 2,12, 59, 85, 101, 133 as Western 24, 37, 82-3 Yugoslavism and 59-60, 85-6, 89,100 Serbia 15, 20, 21, 24, 25-34, 36-40, 52, 58-9, 67, 80,164 n.36 church-state relationship in 27-8, 29-34, 38, 39,40, 52, 60,91 207 constitution of 29, 31 EOC in 19, 27, 29, 32, 33, 91 Serbian Cultural Club 116-17 Serbian Patriarchate 51-6, 58, 71-2,121 and anti-Catholic sentiment 91-2 library of 17, 88 Second World War and 139-40 and Serbian nationalism 58, 77, 166 n.55 as SOC centralization
52,74,75-6,164 n.36,166 n.50 See also Patriarchate of Peć Skerlić, Jovan 43 Slavs, southern 17, 42,43, 65, 68,162 n.6 Slijepčević, Djoko 15, 90,156 n.64, 164 n.36 God Worshipper membership 96 Hrišćanska misao editorship 105,127 Zbor membership 96,147 Slovenia 47,93,141 Catholicism in 91,111 and liberation rhetoric 67 nationalism of 73, 77, 117 and Yugoslavism 73, 99-100,117 Smodlaka, Josip 42,162 n.6 sobornost 61,167 n.68 socialism 32, 38, 83 SOC and 38,83,137 Yugoslavist 136, 137, 141-2, 148 social work 38, 40, 91, 98,128,132 God Worshipper movement and 4, 96,115 Sokol movement 78,112,128 Spaho, Mehmed 49, 76,105 Sremski Karlovci 23, 24, 27,43, 52, 53, 84, 88, 164 n.36, 165Ո.37 Stadler, Josip (archbishop) 47 state-building Serbian 3, 26, 27, 40 Yugoslav 41, 60,138 Stepinac, Alojzije (archbishop) 132, 137,142 Stojadinović, Milan 34, 72,104-5,107, 108,109 Strossmayer, Josip Juraj (archbishop) 44,47, 92 svetosavlje (ideology) 4,101,126,128, 130,132 Danilo R. Medan and 125-6 Justin Popovic and 148-9
208 Index Nikolaj Velimirović and 113,123,125, 128, 138, 148-9 Svetosavlje (journal) 90-1,105,127-8 Switzerland 12, 36, 65,141,147 See also Bern, University of symphonia 55, 87,119 See also Byzantine Empire synods East Orthodox 97,168 n.79 SOC 66,81,140-1,144 theology 5,11,16, 37, 81, 84, 88, 97,102, 119-20,161 n.63,167 n.68 Belgrade Theological Seminary 35,90, 165 n.43 Church doctrine and 60, 61, 87 and ecumenism 64-5 and modernity 32, 82 and nationalism 12, 34, 61, 99,105, 132 publications 71,90,105 University of Bern 35-6, 65-6 See also Najdanović, Dimitrije; Pašie, Nikola; Pavlovié, Dimitrije; Popovié, Justin; Slijepčevié, Djoko Tito, Josip Broz 136,137,147 Tripartite Pact 117-18,138 See also Axis Powers Trumbić, Ante 50 Tsankov, Stefan 119 Túrié, Jure 80 unification and liberation rhetoric 52-3, 57-8, 59, 78,106,123 political 51, 56, 67, 70, 73, 77 of the SOC 51-6, 57, 58, 65,90,164 n.36 (see also Serbian Patriarchate) Ustaša 139,140,142 See also Croatia Uzunovic, Nikola 104 Varnava (patriarch) 15, 74, 76-7, 88, 92, 96,102,108,109,113 Vasié, D. J. 71, 99 Vatican, the 27,109,124,142,156 n.65 and the Concordat 15, 47-8, 76,107-8, 110, 111, 120 See also Catholicism, Roman; Concordat crisis Velimirović, Nikolaj 4,15,16-17, 34, 74, 95,113, 116, 123-6, 138, 146-7, 148,149 and the 1941 coup d’état 138,146 anti-Semitism of 17, 65,146 canonization of 16,147 and Dimitrije Ljotić 138,141,145,146 and Djoko Slijepčevié 105 and ecumenism 65, 97,148,168 n.81, 169 n.82 education 35, 65 during the Second World War 16,118, 135,138, 139, 140,141,146 and the God Worshipper movement 95-6
influence on Svetosavlje 90,127-8 and Justin Popovié 16,148 support for Adolf Hitler 125, 139,146 Vesnik Srpske Crkve 31, 33, 38, 39, 162 n.65 Vienna 23, 24,141, 159 n.16 See also Austria-Hungary Vojvodina 15, 23, 62, 66, 84, 94-5, 128-9,164 n.36 World War, First 9, 21, 59, 67-8, 94, 135,138 World War, Second 133,135,136-7, 142-3 collaboration during 135,137,138, 141,142-3,144 (see also Germogen; Ljotić, Dimitrije; Marjanovič, Čedomir; Nedić, Milan; Velimirović, Nikolaj) EOC during 140,144,147 German invasion and occupation 135, 137,138-41 God Worshipper movement during 96 nation-building and 2,41,46 resistance during 135,142-3 Serbian nationalism during 138, 139,144 SOC during 137,138-42,143 SOC after 137,147-9 Yugoslavia after 147-9 youth movements and organizations 72, 79,81,89, 132 Catholic 78-9,112 Yugoslavism 17,42,43, 58, 82
Index Catholicism and 44, 92 and the dictatorship 73-4, 76-7, 78,81-2 and East Orthodox culture 99-100 and education 79, 81 (see also education) integral 57,105, 111, 122,126 and King Aleksandar 69, 73,126 Milan Stojadinović and 105 national diversity and 2, 60,74, 81,117 Petar Petrovic Njegoš and 68-70 religious diversity and 41-5, 60,78, 81, 100,123 Í 209 secularization and 43-4, 86,89-90, 123,126 Serbian identity/nationalism and 57,77, 110,117,126 as supranational 41, 86,126 Zbor 96,130,137,145,147 See also Ljotić, Dimitrije Zeitinlik cemetery 68 Živanović, Aleksandar 80 Živković, Petar (prime minister) 74,77, 78, 104,108,165 n.45 and church-state relations 71-2, 75 Bayerische I Staatsbibliothek í München '----- J
Contents Acknowledgements ix Introduction 1 Religion, modernity and secularization 4 Religion and nationalism 7 Historiographical overview 12 1 Religion and Serbian state- and nation-building before 1918 19 Before the nation-state: Serbs under Habsburg andOttoman rule 20 Working together: Church and state in independent Serbia 26 The Serbian Church and Serbian nationalism before the First World War 29 2 New Church for the new state: ‘Liberation and unification’ of lands, people and institutions 41 The new state 41 Where does faith come in? Yugoslavism and religion 41 Incomplete separation: Regulation of religious life and legal status of religious communities 45 Unification of the Serbian Orthodox Church and (re-) establishment of the Serbian Patriarchate 51 A happy coexistence? The Yugoslav state and the Serbian nation in the view of the Serbian Orthodox Church: 1918-mid-1920s 56 Community of the Church and nation 56 Reform movement from the outside and from within 62 The Serbian Orthodox Church and symbolic legitimization of power 65 3 The Serbian Orthodox Church faces the challengeof modernity 71 Royal dictatorship and integral Yugoslavism 73 Responses to new challenges 82 How to operate in a religiously diverse society 91 4 Climax: The Serbian Orthodox Church enters politics 101 Political Orthodoxism 102 After the assassination 104
1935-7: The Concordat crisis 1939-41: The breakup Theorizing the nation The national-religious synthesis Epilogue: The war The memory of the Second World War The end of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia Resistance or collaboration? The continuation of the interwar Serbian Orthodox political thought in the war After the war 107 114 118 122 135 136 137 Notes Bibliography Index 151 181 201 141 147 |
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| author | Falina, Maria |
| author_GND | (DE-588)110149025X |
| author_facet | Falina, Maria |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Falina, Maria |
| author_variant | m f mf |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048605819 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 4640 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1374565688 (DE-599)BVBBV048605819 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1918-1941 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1918-1941 |
| format | Book |
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Indeed, the link between religion and nationalism in this region has long been considered natural, even historically inevitable. Religion and Politics in Interwar Yugoslavia challenges this assumption and shows that, in actuality, the region's political and spiritual identities clashed in a fashion that was just as important to the first South Slav state as the much vaunted 'national question' itself. Focusing on the interwar era, this book explores the role of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Yugoslavia. It examines the church's political vision and reveals how the Serbian Orthodox Church emerged both in reaction to and in interaction with the challenges posed by political modernity such as the establishment of the multinational Yugoslav state, the fear of secularization, and the rise of communism and fascism in Europe. 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| geographic | Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Jugoslawien |
| id | DE-604.BV048605819 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:10:54Z |
| indexdate | 2025-02-24T11:11:21Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781350282032 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033981280 |
| oclc_num | 1374565688 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | x, 209 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230728 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Bloomsbury Academic |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Falina, Maria Verfasser (DE-588)110149025X aut Religion and politics in interwar Yugoslavia Serbian nationalism and East Orthodox Christianity Maria Falina London ; New York ; Oxford ; New Delhi ; Sydney Bloomsbury Academic 2023 x, 209 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverzeichnis: Seite [181]-199 "The persistence of religion in modern Europe and the challenges of transitioning from a religious to a secular state has all too often been overlooked in the history of the Balkans. Indeed, the link between religion and nationalism in this region has long been considered natural, even historically inevitable. Religion and Politics in Interwar Yugoslavia challenges this assumption and shows that, in actuality, the region's political and spiritual identities clashed in a fashion that was just as important to the first South Slav state as the much vaunted 'national question' itself. Focusing on the interwar era, this book explores the role of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Yugoslavia. It examines the church's political vision and reveals how the Serbian Orthodox Church emerged both in reaction to and in interaction with the challenges posed by political modernity such as the establishment of the multinational Yugoslav state, the fear of secularization, and the rise of communism and fascism in Europe. Synthesizing analyses of ideologies and public discourses with stories of personal histories and individual agendas, Maria Falina's insightful study is therefore a significant contribution to the history of religion and nationalism in the Balkans." Serbisch-orthodoxe Kirche (DE-588)80861-1 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1918-1941 gnd rswk-swf Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd rswk-swf Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 gnd rswk-swf Nationalism / Yugoslavia Nationalism / Serbia / History History History of religion Yugoslavia / History / 1918-1945 Yugoslavia / Politics and government Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 g Serbisch-orthodoxe Kirche (DE-588)80861-1 b Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 s Geschichte 1918-1941 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-3502-8204-9 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-3502-8205-6 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033981280&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033981280&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033981280&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Falina, Maria Religion and politics in interwar Yugoslavia Serbian nationalism and East Orthodox Christianity Serbisch-orthodoxe Kirche (DE-588)80861-1 gnd Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)80861-1 (DE-588)4041300-7 (DE-588)4028966-7 |
| title | Religion and politics in interwar Yugoslavia Serbian nationalism and East Orthodox Christianity |
| title_auth | Religion and politics in interwar Yugoslavia Serbian nationalism and East Orthodox Christianity |
| title_exact_search | Religion and politics in interwar Yugoslavia Serbian nationalism and East Orthodox Christianity |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Religion and politics in interwar Yugoslavia Serbian nationalism and East Orthodox Christianity |
| title_full | Religion and politics in interwar Yugoslavia Serbian nationalism and East Orthodox Christianity Maria Falina |
| title_fullStr | Religion and politics in interwar Yugoslavia Serbian nationalism and East Orthodox Christianity Maria Falina |
| title_full_unstemmed | Religion and politics in interwar Yugoslavia Serbian nationalism and East Orthodox Christianity Maria Falina |
| title_short | Religion and politics in interwar Yugoslavia |
| title_sort | religion and politics in interwar yugoslavia serbian nationalism and east orthodox christianity |
| title_sub | Serbian nationalism and East Orthodox Christianity |
| topic | Serbisch-orthodoxe Kirche (DE-588)80861-1 gnd Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Serbisch-orthodoxe Kirche Nationalismus Jugoslawien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033981280&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033981280&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033981280&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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