Quantum reality: theory and philosophy
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| Language: | English |
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Boca raton ; Lodon ; New York
CRC Press
2023
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| Edition: | Second edition |
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | xxi, 482 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 25,4 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781032127347 9781032122380 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Quantum reality |b theory and philosophy |c Jonathan Allday |
| 250 | |a Second edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca raton ; Lodon ; New York |b CRC Press |c 2023 | |
| 300 | |a xxi, 482 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme |c 25,4 cm | ||
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Contents Forward. xvii Preface. xix About the Author. xxi Introduction. 1 LI Physics. 1 1.2 Philosophy. 2 Realists. 3 Instrumentalists. 3 PARTI Chapter 1 Our First Encounter with the Quantum World: Light. 7 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Some Opening Thoughts. 7 A little Light Reading. 7 Lasers and Video Cameras. 9
Photons. 10 An Interference Experiment. 11 1.5.1 Interference as a Wave Effect. 12 1.5.2 Mach-Zehnder with Photons. 16 1.5.3 Delayed Choice. 18 1.6 Summary. 20 Notes. 20 Chapter 2 Particles. 23 Particles and Waves. 23 2.1.1 Electrons and Electron Guns.23 2.2 The Stern- Gerlach Experiment. 24 2.2.1 Turning Things Around.27 2.2.2 Things Get More Puzzling. 28 2.2.3 So, Where Did It Go?. 29 2.2.4 What Does It All
Mean?. 31 2.3 Summary. 34 Notes. 34 2.1 Chapter 3 Quantum States. 35 3.1 3.2 3.3 Where Are We Now?.35 Describing Classical Systems. 35 3.2.1 Chaos. 37 Describing Quantum Systems.38 3.3.1 Specific Example: Mach-Zehnder Again. 40 3.3.2 Probability Amplitudes. 44 vii
Contents viii 3.3.3 Relating Amplitudes to Probabilities. 44 3.3.4 Amplitudes,Complex Numbers and Phase. 45 3.3.5 States in Stern-Gerlach Experiment. 48 3.3.6 General Stern-Gerlach States. 49 3.3.7 Some Further Thoughts. 50 3.4 What Are Quantum States?. 51 Notes. 52 Chapter 4 Amplitudes. 55 More on Amplitudes. 55 4.1.1 Change of Basis. 58 4.2 Dirac Notation. 59 4.2.1 Orthonormal Bases. 60 4.2.2 New Light Through. 61 4.2.3 Going the Other Way. 63
Notes. 63 4.1 Chapter 5 Measurement. 65 Embracing Change. 65 Types of States. 65 5.2.1 Eigenstates. 65 5.2.2 Mixed States. 66 5.3 Expectation Values.66 5.4 Operators. 67 5.4.1 Operators and Physical Quantities. 69 5.4.2 Classical and Quantum. 69 5.5 How States Evolve. 70 5.5.1 Why Is State Collapse Necessary?. 73 5.5.2 Behind the Veil. 74 5.5.3 Determinism and Free Will. 74
Notes. 75 5.1 5.2 Chapter 6 Interference. 77 How Science Works?. 77 The Double-Slit Experiment.77 6.2.1 The Double Slit with Electrons. 79 6.2.2 Wave/Particle Duality. 82 6.2.3 Wave Nature of Electrons. 82 6.3 Double-Slit Amplitudes. 83 6.3.1 Phase and Physics. 84 6.3.2 An Experiment with Phase. 86 6.3.3 The Interference Term. 87 6.3.4 Amplitudes and Electron Strikes. 87 6.4 Last Thoughts. 88 Notes. 89 6.1 6.2 Chapter 7 Free
Particles. 91 7.1 7.2 The Position Basis. 91 The Amplitude for a Free Particle. 91
ix Contents Classical Waves. 92 The Complex Wave of the Amplitude. 94 Frequency. 95 What Does the Amplitude Tell Us about the Motion of a Free Particle?. 96 7.2.5 Amplitudes, Energy, and Momentum. 97 7.3 Where Next?. 98 Notes. 98 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 Chapter 8 Identical Particles. 99 Some Opening Thoughts. 99 Particle Dodgems. 99 8.2.1 Scattering Amplitudes. 101 8.2.2 The Moral of the Story. 103 8.3 States of More Than One Particle. 104 8.3.1 Identical
Particles. 106 8.3.2 States in Real World. 109 8.3.3 Overall States. Ill 8.3.4 More Than Two Particles. Ill 8.3.5 More General States. 112 8.3.6 A More Elegant Approach. 112 8.4 Final Thoughts. 113 Notes. 113 8.1 8.2 Chapter 9 Scattering Identical Bosons.115 Scattering. 115 The Same, but Different: Identical Particles.117 9.2.1 Using the Whole Detector. 118 9.2.2 And Another Way. 119 9.3 Transitions Away from States. 120
9.3.1 Spontaneous vs Stimulated.122 9.3.2 Lasers. 122 9.4 Bose-Einstein Condensates.123 9.4.1 Einstein’s Argument. 125 Notes. 126 9.1 9.2 Chapter 10 Spin. 127 Fermions, Bosons, andStern-Gerlach Magnets. 127 Angular Momentum. 127 10.2.1 Angular Momentum in Quantum Theory. 129 10.2.2 Eigenstates of Angular Momentum.129 10.2.3 Magnetic Moments. 131 10.2.4 The Magnetic Moment of an Electron.132 10.2.5 Intrinsic Angular Momentum.133 10.3 Spin Operators. 134 10.3.1 Spin
Matrices. 135 10.3.2 Fermions and Bosons. 139 10.4 Quantum Scale, Spin, Spinors and Twistors. 140 Notes. 140 10.1 10.2
x Contents Chapter 11 Fermion States. 143 States, Normalization, and Phase.143 Exchange and Rotation. 144 Rotational Symmetry of States. 145 11.3.1 Reversing the Polarity of the Neutron Flow. 146 11.3.2 Coffee Mugs and Quantum States. 149 11.3.3 Spin, Symmetry, and Exchanges.150 11.4 Time. 151 11.4.1 Spinning Things Round. 153 11.4.2 Rotation for More Fun and Profit.155 11.4.3 So Spin Is?. 156 11.5 Boson Spin States. 157 11.5.1 More on Time Reversal. 158 11.5.2 Time-Reversed Boson States. 159 11.6 Deep
Waters. 160 Notes. 160 11.1 11.2 11.3 Chapter 12 Continuous Bases. 163 12.1 Representations. 163 12.2 Two Issues. 165 12.2.1 Probability Density. 165 12.2.2 Infinite State Expansions.167 12.2.3 The Identity Operator. 168 12.2.4 A Short Aside: Projection Operators.169 12.3 State Functions and Wave Functions. 171 12.4 Observables. 172 12.4.1 The Problem of Momentum. 172 12.4.2 Momentum in Quantum Theory. 173 12.4.3 Operators and
Representations.176 12.4.4 Expectation Values Again. 177 12.4.5 Operators and Variables. 178 Notes.179 Chapter 13 Uncertainty. 181 13.1 Expectation Is Not Enough.181 13.1.1 Developing Uncertainty. 183 13.2 Heisenberg’s Principle. 186 13.2.1 SoWhat?. 186 13.2.2 I’m Not Sure What You Mean by Uncertainty. 187 13.3 Yet More Uncertainty. 188 13.3.1 The Generalized Uncertainty Principle. 189 Notes. 190 Chapter 14 The Equations of Quantum Theory. 191 14.1 The
Schrödinger Equations. 191 14.1.1 É and#. 193 14.1.2 Stationary States. 193
xi Contents 14.2 Ehrenfest’s Theorem. 194 14.2.1 The Classical Limit. 196 14.2.2 Constants of Motion.197 14.3 The Energy-Time Inequality. 197 14.3.1 I Really Don’t Have the Time. 200 14.3.2 Energy/Time Uncertainty. 201 14.4 Time Evolution. 201 14.5 Conclusions. 202 Notes.203 Chapter 15 Constrained Particles. 205 A Particle in a Box. 205 15.1.1 Another Brick in the Wall. 206 15.1.2 Normalization.208 15.1.3 Energy within the
Box. 209 15.1.4 Momentum in the Box. 210 15.1.5 Spatial Distribution. 211 15.1.6 Wave Packets. 212 15.1.7 Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Boxes. 216 15.2 The Hydrogen Atom. 216 15.2.1 Quantum Numbers for Hydrogen. 220 15.2.2 Visualising Hydrogen State Functions. 221 15.3 A Box Containing More Than One Electron.224 15.3.1 Temperature and the Fermi Gas. 225 15.3.2 White Dwarf Stars. 226 Notes. 229 15.1 PART 2 Chapter 16 Genealogy. 233 16.1 The Scientific Community. 233 16.2 “It Was the Best of Times, It Was the Worst of Times”. 234
Notes. 235 Chapter 17 Planck and Einstein. 237 17.1 17.2 17.3 Where to Start?.237 Planck’s Life. 237 Planck Enters Research. 237 17.3.1 Planck’s Formula for Black Body Spectra. 239 17.4 Einstein. 240 17.4.1 Quantization of Light. 241 17.4.2 The Photoelectric Effect. 242 17.4.3 Enter the Photon.242 17.4.4 Bosons. 243 17.5 Final Thoughts. 243 Notes. 244
xii Contents Chapter 18 Bohr. 247 18.1 The Godfather.247 18.2 Early Life. 247 18.3 Atomic Theory. 248 18.3.1 Atomic Spectra.248 18.3.2 Bohr’s Atom. 249 18.3.3 Developments. 252 18.4 Complementarity. 255 18.4.1 Extensions. 256 18.5 Later Life. 257 Notes. 258 Chapter 19 Heisenberg. 259 Early
Days. 259 The Development of Quantum Theory. 259 19.2.1 Cloud Chamber Tracks. 261 19.2.2 The Uncertainty Principle. 261 19.2.3 Quantum Concepts. 263 19.3 Later Life. 264 Notes. 265 19.1 19.2 Chapter 20 De Broglie Schrôdinger. 267 20.1 Beginnings.267 20.1.1 Electron Diffraction. 268 20.2 Enter the Wave Equation. 269 20.2.1 Matter Waves. 270 20.2.2 So What Is ψΊ. 271 20.2.3 Nobel
Prizes. 272 20.3 Schrodinger’s Philosophy. 272 Notes. 273 Chapter 21 Dirac. 275 21.1 Dirac’s Influence onQuantum Physics.275 21.2 Dirac, the Person. 277 21.3 Dirac’s Views on theMeaning of Quantum Theory. 278 Notes. 281 Chapter 22 Conclusions. 283 Notes. 284 PART 3 Chapter 23 Quantum Correlations. 287 23.1 Two Threads. 287 23.2 Is Quantum Theory
Complete?. 287
Contents xiii 23.2.1 The EPR Argument. 288 23.2.2 Follow-Up by David Bohm. 291 23.2.3 Bohr’s Reply to the EPR Argument. 293 23.2.4 Einstein and Bohr. 294 23.3 Schrôdinger Introduces Entanglement. 295 23.3.1 Entanglement and Measurement. 295 23.3.2 The Sorry Tail of Schrodinger’s Cat. 297 23.4 John Bell and Bohm’s EPR. 299 23.4.1 Bell’s Argument. 300 23.4.2 A Toy Model. 301 23.4.3 Bell’s Formula.302 Experimental Correlations, Se. 302 Local Hidden Variable Correlations, S„.303 Quantum Mechanical Correlations, Sq. 305 23.4.4 Aspect’s Experiment. 306 23.5
Implications. 308 Notes. 308 Chapter 24 Quantum Computing. 311 24.1 Historical Perspective. 311 24.2 The Fundamentals of Digital Computing.311 24.2.1 A Bit More Information.312 24.2.2 Logic Gates.312 24.3 Quantum Analogues.313 24.3.1 Qubits. 313 24.3.2 Quantum Gates. 315 24.3.3 The No-Cloning Theorem. 317 24.3.4 What Makes a Quantum Computer Quantum?. 318 24.4 Quantum Teleportation. 319 24.4.1 Experimental Implementation. 322 24.5
Practical Quantum Computers. 322 Notes. 323 Chapter 25 Density Operators. 325 25.1 Great Expectations. 325 25.2 Why Bother?. 327 25.3 The Density Operator and EPR/Bohm-Type Experiments. 329 25.3.1 Representing a State. 330 25.3.2 The Density Operator and Entangled States. 331 25.4 The Density Matrix and the Measurement Problem. 332 Notes. 334 Chapter 26 Interpretations.335 26.1 What is An Interpretation?.335 26.2 A Collection of Problems.336 26.2.1 The Nature of
Probability. 336 26.2.2 Reduction of the State Vector. 340 26.2.3 Entanglement. 342
xiv Contents 26.2.4 Measurement. 343 Important Theorems. 343 26.3.1 Bell’s Inequality.343 26.3.2 The Kochen-Specker Theorem. 344 26.3.3 Proving the Kochen-Specker Theorem.344 Opening Moves. 344 Development. 346 Endgame. 348 26.3.4 Consequences. 352 26.4 Carnegie Hall. 352 Notes. 352 26.3 Chapter 27 The Copenhagen Interpretation. 353 27.1 Bohr’s Influence. 353 27.2 Bohr’s View of Quantum Theory. 354 27.2.1 Classical Concepts Must Be Used to Describe the Results of
Any Experiment. 354 27.2.2 During a Measurement It Is Impossible toSeparate a Quantum Object from the Apparatus. 355 27.2.3 The Results of One Experimental Arrangement Cannot Necessarily Be Related to Another. 358 27.2.4 Classical Explanations. 359 27.2.5 Drawing the Threads Together. 360 27.3 Heisenberg and Potentia. 361 27.4 Von Neumann and Measurement. 363 27.4.1 The Mind of an Observer. 364 27.5 The Deep End. 365 27.6 Criticisms of the Copenhagen View. 367 27.6.1 The Problemof the Cut. 367 27.6.2 Problem of Collapse. 370 Notes. 370 Chapter 28 The Many Worlds
Interpretation. 373 28.1 Everett, Wheeler, Bohr DeWitt. 373 28.2 The Relative State Formulation.374 28.3 Measurement Records. 376 28.3.1 And the Next One. 378 28.4 The Ontological Step. 379 28.5 Many Worlds Arrives. 380 28.6 Many Worlds Matures. 381 28.6.1 The Nature of Probability.381 Everett’s Solution. 382 Other Approaches. 383 Decision Theory Enters the Argument. 383 28.6.2 State Reduction. 387 28.6.3 Entanglement. 387 28.6.4 Measurement. 387
28.6.5 Bell’s Inequality and the K-S Theorem. 387
Contents XV 28.7 Criticisms of the ManyWorlds View. 388 28.8 Time Thoughts. 390 Notes.390 Chapter 29 Assorted Alternatives.393 Being in Two Minds about Something. 393 29.1.1 Mindless Hulks. 394 29.1.2 The Advantagesof Having More Than One Mind. 395 29.2 Objective Collapse. 396 29.2.1 The Penrose Interpretation. 396 Notes. 399 29.1 Chapter 30 Consistent Histories. 401 30.1 30.2 Frameworks. 401 Quantum Reasoning. 405 30.2.1 Moggies and Sample
Spaces. 405 30.2.2 Meaningless Statements. 405 30.2.3 Contextuality. 407 30.2.4 Non-Locality. 407 30.3 Histories. 407 30.3.1 Combining Histories. 408 30.3.2 Probabilities. 409 30.3.3 Consistent Histories.411 30.3.4 Histories and Mach-Zehnder. 412 30.3.5 Measurement. 415 30.3.6 Decoherence and the Classical World. 417 30.3.7 Histories in Cosmology. 419 30.4 Ontology.420 30.4.1 Pre-Probabilities.421 30.4.2
Unicity. 421 30.4.3 Probability (Again.). 422 30.4.4 Other Issues. 422 Notes.423 Chapter 31 The Ontological Interpretation. 425 31.1 Physics and Philosophy. 425 31.2 Wave and Particle.426 31.2.1 Bohm’s Version of the Schrôdinger Equation. 426 31.2.2 The Quantum Potential Energy. 429 31.3 Probability.432 31.4 Quantum Potential Energy in Action. 433 31.4.1 Quantum Potential Energyand the Double Slit Experiment. 433 31.4.2 Quantum Potential Energyand the Particle in a Box.434 31.4.3 Spin. 435 31.4.4
Entanglement. 436 31.5 Information and Wave Function Collapse. 436 31.6 Deeper Waters. 439 31.7 Reactions to Bohm’s Theory.440 Notes. 441
xvi Contents Chapter 32 Quantum Field Theory. 443 Why Are We Doing This?. 443 Taking Identical Particles Seriously. 443 32.2.1 Particle Labels.444 32.2.2 Substance Abuse. 445 32.3 States in Quantum Field Theory.445 32.3.1 Fock States. 446 32.3.2 The Vacuum. 447 32.3.3 Up and Down We Go. 447 32.3.4 Change of Basis. 447 32.3.5 Orderly Matters.448 32.3.6 Fermions and Bosons. 449 32.3.7 The Number Is Up.450 32.3.8 Normalization. 451 32.3.9 Round and Round We
Go. 452 32.3.10 Multiparticle OperatorsRepresenting Observables. 453 32.4 Basis for Progress. 454 32.4.1 So Why Is It Called Quantum Field Theory?. 455 32.4.2 Wave-Particle Duality.457 32.5 Interactions in Quantum Field Theory. 458 32.5.1 Interaction Operators.459 32.5.2 Interaction Potentials. 461 32.6 Vacuum Fluctuations.463 32.6.1 Fields and Numbers. 464 32.7 Quantum Gravity. 465 32.7.1 Loop Quantum Gravity(LQG). 466 32.7.2 String Theory. 466 32.7.3 Prospects. 466 Notes.467 32.1 32.2
Chapter 33 Personal Conclusions. 469 Popular Opinion. 469 Quantum Reality. 469 33.2.1 Critical Realism. 470 33.2.2 Copenhagenism Consistent Histories. 471 33.2.3 Many Worlds and Many Minds. 472 33.2.4 The Ontological Interpretation. 473 33.2.5 Objective Collapse. 473 33.3 Conclusions. 473 Notes. 474 33.1 33.2 Appendix List of Important Rules. 475 Index 477 |
| adam_txt |
Contents Forward. xvii Preface. xix About the Author. xxi Introduction. 1 LI Physics. 1 1.2 Philosophy. 2 Realists. 3 Instrumentalists. 3 PARTI Chapter 1 Our First Encounter with the Quantum World: Light. 7 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Some Opening Thoughts. 7 A little Light Reading. 7 Lasers and Video Cameras. 9
Photons. 10 An Interference Experiment. 11 1.5.1 Interference as a Wave Effect. 12 1.5.2 Mach-Zehnder with Photons. 16 1.5.3 Delayed Choice. 18 1.6 Summary. 20 Notes. 20 Chapter 2 Particles. 23 Particles and Waves. 23 2.1.1 Electrons and Electron Guns.23 2.2 The Stern- Gerlach Experiment. 24 2.2.1 Turning Things Around.27 2.2.2 Things Get More Puzzling. 28 2.2.3 So, Where Did It Go?. 29 2.2.4 What Does It All
Mean?. 31 2.3 Summary. 34 Notes. 34 2.1 Chapter 3 Quantum States. 35 3.1 3.2 3.3 Where Are We Now?.35 Describing Classical Systems. 35 3.2.1 Chaos. 37 Describing Quantum Systems.38 3.3.1 Specific Example: Mach-Zehnder Again. 40 3.3.2 Probability Amplitudes. 44 vii
Contents viii 3.3.3 Relating Amplitudes to Probabilities. 44 3.3.4 Amplitudes,Complex Numbers and Phase. 45 3.3.5 States in Stern-Gerlach Experiment. 48 3.3.6 General Stern-Gerlach States. 49 3.3.7 Some Further Thoughts. 50 3.4 What Are Quantum States?. 51 Notes. 52 Chapter 4 Amplitudes. 55 More on Amplitudes. 55 4.1.1 Change of Basis. 58 4.2 Dirac Notation. 59 4.2.1 Orthonormal Bases. 60 4.2.2 New Light Through. 61 4.2.3 Going the Other Way. 63
Notes. 63 4.1 Chapter 5 Measurement. 65 Embracing Change. 65 Types of States. 65 5.2.1 Eigenstates. 65 5.2.2 Mixed States. 66 5.3 Expectation Values.66 5.4 Operators. 67 5.4.1 Operators and Physical Quantities. 69 5.4.2 Classical and Quantum. 69 5.5 How States Evolve. 70 5.5.1 Why Is State Collapse Necessary?. 73 5.5.2 Behind the Veil. 74 5.5.3 Determinism and Free Will. 74
Notes. 75 5.1 5.2 Chapter 6 Interference. 77 How Science Works?. 77 The Double-Slit Experiment.77 6.2.1 The Double Slit with Electrons. 79 6.2.2 Wave/Particle Duality. 82 6.2.3 Wave Nature of Electrons. 82 6.3 Double-Slit Amplitudes. 83 6.3.1 Phase and Physics. 84 6.3.2 An Experiment with Phase. 86 6.3.3 The Interference Term. 87 6.3.4 Amplitudes and Electron Strikes. 87 6.4 Last Thoughts. 88 Notes. 89 6.1 6.2 Chapter 7 Free
Particles. 91 7.1 7.2 The Position Basis. 91 The Amplitude for a Free Particle. 91
ix Contents Classical Waves. 92 The Complex Wave of the Amplitude. 94 Frequency. 95 What Does the Amplitude Tell Us about the Motion of a Free Particle?. 96 7.2.5 Amplitudes, Energy, and Momentum. 97 7.3 Where Next?. 98 Notes. 98 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 Chapter 8 Identical Particles. 99 Some Opening Thoughts. 99 Particle Dodgems. 99 8.2.1 Scattering Amplitudes. 101 8.2.2 The Moral of the Story. 103 8.3 States of More Than One Particle. 104 8.3.1 Identical
Particles. 106 8.3.2 States in Real World. 109 8.3.3 Overall States. Ill 8.3.4 More Than Two Particles. Ill 8.3.5 More General States. 112 8.3.6 A More Elegant Approach. 112 8.4 Final Thoughts. 113 Notes. 113 8.1 8.2 Chapter 9 Scattering Identical Bosons.115 Scattering. 115 The Same, but Different: Identical Particles.117 9.2.1 Using the Whole Detector. 118 9.2.2 And Another Way. 119 9.3 Transitions Away from States. 120
9.3.1 Spontaneous vs Stimulated.122 9.3.2 Lasers. 122 9.4 Bose-Einstein Condensates.123 9.4.1 Einstein’s Argument. 125 Notes. 126 9.1 9.2 Chapter 10 Spin. 127 Fermions, Bosons, andStern-Gerlach Magnets. 127 Angular Momentum. 127 10.2.1 Angular Momentum in Quantum Theory. 129 10.2.2 Eigenstates of Angular Momentum.129 10.2.3 Magnetic Moments. 131 10.2.4 The Magnetic Moment of an Electron.132 10.2.5 Intrinsic Angular Momentum.133 10.3 Spin Operators. 134 10.3.1 Spin
Matrices. 135 10.3.2 Fermions and Bosons. 139 10.4 Quantum Scale, Spin, Spinors and Twistors. 140 Notes. 140 10.1 10.2
x Contents Chapter 11 Fermion States. 143 States, Normalization, and Phase.143 Exchange and Rotation. 144 Rotational Symmetry of States. 145 11.3.1 Reversing the Polarity of the Neutron Flow. 146 11.3.2 Coffee Mugs and Quantum States. 149 11.3.3 Spin, Symmetry, and Exchanges.150 11.4 Time. 151 11.4.1 Spinning Things Round. 153 11.4.2 Rotation for More Fun and Profit.155 11.4.3 So Spin Is?. 156 11.5 Boson Spin States. 157 11.5.1 More on Time Reversal. 158 11.5.2 Time-Reversed Boson States. 159 11.6 Deep
Waters. 160 Notes. 160 11.1 11.2 11.3 Chapter 12 Continuous Bases. 163 12.1 Representations. 163 12.2 Two Issues. 165 12.2.1 Probability Density. 165 12.2.2 Infinite State Expansions.167 12.2.3 The Identity Operator. 168 12.2.4 A Short Aside: Projection Operators.169 12.3 State Functions and Wave Functions. 171 12.4 Observables. 172 12.4.1 The Problem of Momentum. 172 12.4.2 Momentum in Quantum Theory. 173 12.4.3 Operators and
Representations.176 12.4.4 Expectation Values Again. 177 12.4.5 Operators and Variables. 178 Notes.179 Chapter 13 Uncertainty. 181 13.1 Expectation Is Not Enough.181 13.1.1 Developing Uncertainty. 183 13.2 Heisenberg’s Principle. 186 13.2.1 SoWhat?. 186 13.2.2 I’m Not Sure What You Mean by Uncertainty. 187 13.3 Yet More Uncertainty. 188 13.3.1 The Generalized Uncertainty Principle. 189 Notes. 190 Chapter 14 The Equations of Quantum Theory. 191 14.1 The
Schrödinger Equations. 191 14.1.1 É and#. 193 14.1.2 Stationary States. 193
xi Contents 14.2 Ehrenfest’s Theorem. 194 14.2.1 The Classical Limit. 196 14.2.2 Constants of Motion.197 14.3 The Energy-Time Inequality. 197 14.3.1 I Really Don’t Have the Time. 200 14.3.2 Energy/Time Uncertainty. 201 14.4 Time Evolution. 201 14.5 Conclusions. 202 Notes.203 Chapter 15 Constrained Particles. 205 A Particle in a Box. 205 15.1.1 Another Brick in the Wall. 206 15.1.2 Normalization.208 15.1.3 Energy within the
Box. 209 15.1.4 Momentum in the Box. 210 15.1.5 Spatial Distribution. 211 15.1.6 Wave Packets. 212 15.1.7 Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Boxes. 216 15.2 The Hydrogen Atom. 216 15.2.1 Quantum Numbers for Hydrogen. 220 15.2.2 Visualising Hydrogen State Functions. 221 15.3 A Box Containing More Than One Electron.224 15.3.1 Temperature and the Fermi Gas. 225 15.3.2 White Dwarf Stars. 226 Notes. 229 15.1 PART 2 Chapter 16 Genealogy. 233 16.1 The Scientific Community. 233 16.2 “It Was the Best of Times, It Was the Worst of Times”. 234
Notes. 235 Chapter 17 Planck and Einstein. 237 17.1 17.2 17.3 Where to Start?.237 Planck’s Life. 237 Planck Enters Research. 237 17.3.1 Planck’s Formula for Black Body Spectra. 239 17.4 Einstein. 240 17.4.1 Quantization of Light. 241 17.4.2 The Photoelectric Effect. 242 17.4.3 Enter the Photon.242 17.4.4 Bosons. 243 17.5 Final Thoughts. 243 Notes. 244
xii Contents Chapter 18 Bohr. 247 18.1 The Godfather.247 18.2 Early Life. 247 18.3 Atomic Theory. 248 18.3.1 Atomic Spectra.248 18.3.2 Bohr’s Atom. 249 18.3.3 Developments. 252 18.4 Complementarity. 255 18.4.1 Extensions. 256 18.5 Later Life. 257 Notes. 258 Chapter 19 Heisenberg. 259 Early
Days. 259 The Development of Quantum Theory. 259 19.2.1 Cloud Chamber Tracks. 261 19.2.2 The Uncertainty Principle. 261 19.2.3 Quantum Concepts. 263 19.3 Later Life. 264 Notes. 265 19.1 19.2 Chapter 20 De Broglie Schrôdinger. 267 20.1 Beginnings.267 20.1.1 Electron Diffraction. 268 20.2 Enter the Wave Equation. 269 20.2.1 Matter Waves. 270 20.2.2 So What Is ψΊ. 271 20.2.3 Nobel
Prizes. 272 20.3 Schrodinger’s Philosophy. 272 Notes. 273 Chapter 21 Dirac. 275 21.1 Dirac’s Influence onQuantum Physics.275 21.2 Dirac, the Person. 277 21.3 Dirac’s Views on theMeaning of Quantum Theory. 278 Notes. 281 Chapter 22 Conclusions. 283 Notes. 284 PART 3 Chapter 23 Quantum Correlations. 287 23.1 Two Threads. 287 23.2 Is Quantum Theory
Complete?. 287
Contents xiii 23.2.1 The EPR Argument. 288 23.2.2 Follow-Up by David Bohm. 291 23.2.3 Bohr’s Reply to the EPR Argument. 293 23.2.4 Einstein and Bohr. 294 23.3 Schrôdinger Introduces Entanglement. 295 23.3.1 Entanglement and Measurement. 295 23.3.2 The Sorry Tail of Schrodinger’s Cat. 297 23.4 John Bell and Bohm’s EPR. 299 23.4.1 Bell’s Argument. 300 23.4.2 A Toy Model. 301 23.4.3 Bell’s Formula.302 Experimental Correlations, Se. 302 Local Hidden Variable Correlations, S„.303 Quantum Mechanical Correlations, Sq. 305 23.4.4 Aspect’s Experiment. 306 23.5
Implications. 308 Notes. 308 Chapter 24 Quantum Computing. 311 24.1 Historical Perspective. 311 24.2 The Fundamentals of Digital Computing.311 24.2.1 A Bit More Information.312 24.2.2 Logic Gates.312 24.3 Quantum Analogues.313 24.3.1 Qubits. 313 24.3.2 Quantum Gates. 315 24.3.3 The No-Cloning Theorem. 317 24.3.4 What Makes a Quantum Computer Quantum?. 318 24.4 Quantum Teleportation. 319 24.4.1 Experimental Implementation. 322 24.5
Practical Quantum Computers. 322 Notes. 323 Chapter 25 Density Operators. 325 25.1 Great Expectations. 325 25.2 Why Bother?. 327 25.3 The Density Operator and EPR/Bohm-Type Experiments. 329 25.3.1 Representing a State. 330 25.3.2 The Density Operator and Entangled States. 331 25.4 The Density Matrix and the Measurement Problem. 332 Notes. 334 Chapter 26 Interpretations.335 26.1 What is An Interpretation?.335 26.2 A Collection of Problems.336 26.2.1 The Nature of
Probability. 336 26.2.2 Reduction of the State Vector. 340 26.2.3 Entanglement. 342
xiv Contents 26.2.4 Measurement. 343 Important Theorems. 343 26.3.1 Bell’s Inequality.343 26.3.2 The Kochen-Specker Theorem. 344 26.3.3 Proving the Kochen-Specker Theorem.344 Opening Moves. 344 Development. 346 Endgame. 348 26.3.4 Consequences. 352 26.4 Carnegie Hall. 352 Notes. 352 26.3 Chapter 27 The Copenhagen Interpretation. 353 27.1 Bohr’s Influence. 353 27.2 Bohr’s View of Quantum Theory. 354 27.2.1 Classical Concepts Must Be Used to Describe the Results of
Any Experiment. 354 27.2.2 During a Measurement It Is Impossible toSeparate a Quantum Object from the Apparatus. 355 27.2.3 The Results of One Experimental Arrangement Cannot Necessarily Be Related to Another. 358 27.2.4 Classical Explanations. 359 27.2.5 Drawing the Threads Together. 360 27.3 Heisenberg and Potentia. 361 27.4 Von Neumann and Measurement. 363 27.4.1 The Mind of an Observer. 364 27.5 The Deep End. 365 27.6 Criticisms of the Copenhagen View. 367 27.6.1 The Problemof the Cut. 367 27.6.2 Problem of Collapse. 370 Notes. 370 Chapter 28 The Many Worlds
Interpretation. 373 28.1 Everett, Wheeler, Bohr DeWitt. 373 28.2 The Relative State Formulation.374 28.3 Measurement Records. 376 28.3.1 And the Next One. 378 28.4 The Ontological Step. 379 28.5 Many Worlds Arrives. 380 28.6 Many Worlds Matures. 381 28.6.1 The Nature of Probability.381 Everett’s Solution. 382 Other Approaches. 383 Decision Theory Enters the Argument. 383 28.6.2 State Reduction. 387 28.6.3 Entanglement. 387 28.6.4 Measurement. 387
28.6.5 Bell’s Inequality and the K-S Theorem. 387
Contents XV 28.7 Criticisms of the ManyWorlds View. 388 28.8 Time Thoughts. 390 Notes.390 Chapter 29 Assorted Alternatives.393 Being in Two Minds about Something. 393 29.1.1 Mindless Hulks. 394 29.1.2 The Advantagesof Having More Than One Mind. 395 29.2 Objective Collapse. 396 29.2.1 The Penrose Interpretation. 396 Notes. 399 29.1 Chapter 30 Consistent Histories. 401 30.1 30.2 Frameworks. 401 Quantum Reasoning. 405 30.2.1 Moggies and Sample
Spaces. 405 30.2.2 Meaningless Statements. 405 30.2.3 Contextuality. 407 30.2.4 Non-Locality. 407 30.3 Histories. 407 30.3.1 Combining Histories. 408 30.3.2 Probabilities. 409 30.3.3 Consistent Histories.411 30.3.4 Histories and Mach-Zehnder. 412 30.3.5 Measurement. 415 30.3.6 Decoherence and the Classical World. 417 30.3.7 Histories in Cosmology. 419 30.4 Ontology.420 30.4.1 Pre-Probabilities.421 30.4.2
Unicity. 421 30.4.3 Probability (Again.). 422 30.4.4 Other Issues. 422 Notes.423 Chapter 31 The Ontological Interpretation. 425 31.1 Physics and Philosophy. 425 31.2 Wave and Particle.426 31.2.1 Bohm’s Version of the Schrôdinger Equation. 426 31.2.2 The Quantum Potential Energy. 429 31.3 Probability.432 31.4 Quantum Potential Energy in Action. 433 31.4.1 Quantum Potential Energyand the Double Slit Experiment. 433 31.4.2 Quantum Potential Energyand the Particle in a Box.434 31.4.3 Spin. 435 31.4.4
Entanglement. 436 31.5 Information and Wave Function Collapse. 436 31.6 Deeper Waters. 439 31.7 Reactions to Bohm’s Theory.440 Notes. 441
xvi Contents Chapter 32 Quantum Field Theory. 443 Why Are We Doing This?. 443 Taking Identical Particles Seriously. 443 32.2.1 Particle Labels.444 32.2.2 Substance Abuse. 445 32.3 States in Quantum Field Theory.445 32.3.1 Fock States. 446 32.3.2 The Vacuum. 447 32.3.3 Up and Down We Go. 447 32.3.4 Change of Basis. 447 32.3.5 Orderly Matters.448 32.3.6 Fermions and Bosons. 449 32.3.7 The Number Is Up.450 32.3.8 Normalization. 451 32.3.9 Round and Round We
Go. 452 32.3.10 Multiparticle OperatorsRepresenting Observables. 453 32.4 Basis for Progress. 454 32.4.1 So Why Is It Called Quantum Field Theory?. 455 32.4.2 Wave-Particle Duality.457 32.5 Interactions in Quantum Field Theory. 458 32.5.1 Interaction Operators.459 32.5.2 Interaction Potentials. 461 32.6 Vacuum Fluctuations.463 32.6.1 Fields and Numbers. 464 32.7 Quantum Gravity. 465 32.7.1 Loop Quantum Gravity(LQG). 466 32.7.2 String Theory. 466 32.7.3 Prospects. 466 Notes.467 32.1 32.2
Chapter 33 Personal Conclusions. 469 Popular Opinion. 469 Quantum Reality. 469 33.2.1 Critical Realism. 470 33.2.2 Copenhagenism Consistent Histories. 471 33.2.3 Many Worlds and Many Minds. 472 33.2.4 The Ontological Interpretation. 473 33.2.5 Objective Collapse. 473 33.3 Conclusions. 473 Notes. 474 33.1 33.2 Appendix List of Important Rules. 475 Index 477 |
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| author | Allday, Jonathan 1989- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048564070 |
| classification_rvk | UK 1000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1356731064 (DE-599)BVBBV048564070 |
| discipline | Physik |
| discipline_str_mv | Physik |
| edition | Second edition |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV048564070 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T21:00:50Z |
| indexdate | 2025-02-24T11:02:30Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781032127347 9781032122380 |
| language | English |
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| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-703 |
| physical | xxi, 482 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 25,4 cm |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
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| publisher | CRC Press |
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| spelling | Allday, Jonathan 1989- Verfasser (DE-588)119280452X aut Quantum reality theory and philosophy Jonathan Allday Second edition Boca raton ; Lodon ; New York CRC Press 2023 xxi, 482 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 25,4 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Interpretation (DE-588)4072905-9 gnd rswk-swf Philosophie (DE-588)4045791-6 gnd rswk-swf Quantenmechanik (DE-588)4047989-4 gnd rswk-swf Quantentheorie (DE-588)4047992-4 gnd rswk-swf Quantentheorie (DE-588)4047992-4 s Quantenmechanik (DE-588)4047989-4 s Philosophie (DE-588)4045791-6 s DE-604 Interpretation (DE-588)4072905-9 s Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-003-22599-7 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033940199&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Allday, Jonathan 1989- Quantum reality theory and philosophy Interpretation (DE-588)4072905-9 gnd Philosophie (DE-588)4045791-6 gnd Quantenmechanik (DE-588)4047989-4 gnd Quantentheorie (DE-588)4047992-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4072905-9 (DE-588)4045791-6 (DE-588)4047989-4 (DE-588)4047992-4 |
| title | Quantum reality theory and philosophy |
| title_auth | Quantum reality theory and philosophy |
| title_exact_search | Quantum reality theory and philosophy |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Quantum reality theory and philosophy |
| title_full | Quantum reality theory and philosophy Jonathan Allday |
| title_fullStr | Quantum reality theory and philosophy Jonathan Allday |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quantum reality theory and philosophy Jonathan Allday |
| title_short | Quantum reality |
| title_sort | quantum reality theory and philosophy |
| title_sub | theory and philosophy |
| topic | Interpretation (DE-588)4072905-9 gnd Philosophie (DE-588)4045791-6 gnd Quantenmechanik (DE-588)4047989-4 gnd Quantentheorie (DE-588)4047992-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Interpretation Philosophie Quantenmechanik Quantentheorie |
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