Recycling of plastics:
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | German |
| Published: |
Munich
Hanser
[2022]
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXXIII, 836 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781569908563 1569908567 |
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| 020 | |a 9781569908563 |c : circa EUR 249.99 (DE) (freier Preis), circa EUR 257.00 (AT) (freier Preis) |9 978-1-56990-856-3 | ||
| 020 | |a 1569908567 |9 1-56990-856-7 | ||
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| 028 | 5 | 2 | |a Bestellnummer: 559/00856 |
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| 084 | |8 1\p |a 660 |2 23sdnb | ||
| 084 | |a UMW 537 |2 stub | ||
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Recycling of plastics |c Norbert Niessner [editor] |
| 264 | 1 | |a Munich |b Hanser |c [2022] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2022 | |
| 300 | |a XXXIII, 836 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme |c 25 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Recycling |0 (DE-588)4076573-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Kunststoffabfall |0 (DE-588)4166051-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 653 | |a Economic Recycling | ||
| 653 | |a Recycling Technologies | ||
| 653 | |a Sustainability | ||
| 653 | |a FBKTRECY: Recycling | ||
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Kunststoffabfall |0 (DE-588)4166051-1 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Recycling |0 (DE-588)4076573-8 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Niessner, Norbert |0 (DE-588)1273388356 |4 edt | |
| 710 | 2 | |a Hanser Publications |0 (DE-588)1064064051 |4 pbl | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe |z 978-1-56990-857-0 |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe, EPUB |z 978-1-56990-858-7 |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m DNB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033911235&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 883 | 2 | |8 1\p |a dnb |d 20210512 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#dnb | |
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CONTENTS
PREFACE
.
V
FOREWORD
.
VII
FOREWORD
2
.
IX
THE
AUTHORS
.
XI
THE
EDITOR
.
XI
THE
COAUTHORS
.
XII
GLOSSARY
.
XV
PART
A:
FUNDAMENTALS;
LEGISLATIVE,
ECONOMIC,
AND
POLITICAL
CONSIDERATIONS;
LCA
.
1
1
INTRODUCTION
.
3
NORBERT
NIEFINER
1.1
INDUSTRIAL
ASPECTS
.
4
1.2
PLASTICS
POLLUTION
.
9
1.3
PLASTICS
POLLUTION:
BIO
SOLUTION?
.
12
1.4
RECYCLING
METHODS:
CLOSING
THE
LOOP
.
20
1.5
SUMMARY
.
22
2
INTRODUCTION
TO
MAJOR
THERMOPLASTIC
POLYMERS
IN
THE
CONTEXT
OF
RECYCLING
.
25
TRISTAN
KOLB,
ANDREAS
SCHEDL,
HANS-WERNER
SCHMIDT
2.1
CHEMICAL
STRUCTURE
AND
SYNTHESIS
OF
INDUSTRIAL
POLYMERS
.
26
2.1.1
POLYMER
ARCHITECTURE
.
26
2.1.2
POLYMERS
IN
THE
SOLID
STATE
.
30
2.1.3
CATEGORIZATION
OF
POLYMERS
.
31
2.1.4
POLYMERIZATION
.
32
2.1.4.1
CHAIN-GROWTH
POLYMERIZATION
.
33
2.1.4.2
STEP-GROWTH
POLYMERIZATION
.
38
2.2
POLYMER
DEGRADATION
AND
RECYCLING
.
42
2.2.1
PHYSICAL
AGING
.
42
2.2.2
CHEMICAL
AGING
.
43
2.2.2.1
THERMAL
AND
THERMOMECHANICAL
AGING
.
44
2.2.2.2
OXIDATIVE
AGING
.
46
2.2.2.3
AGING
BY
HYDROLYSIS
AND
BIOLOGICAL
PROCESSES
.
48
2.3
THE
WORLD
OF
THERMOPLASTIC
INDUSTRIAL
POLYMERS
.
50
2.3.1
OVERVIEW
OF
POLYMER
CLASSES
AND
USE
.
50
2.3.2
PROFILES
OF
IMPORTANT
COMMERCIAL
POLYMERS
.
53
2.3.2.1
POLYETHYLENE
.
53
2.3.2.2
POLYPROPYLENE
.
55
2.3.2.3
POLYVINYL
CHLORIDE
.
57
2.3.2.4
POLYSTYRENE
.
58
2.3.2.5
POLYETHYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE
.
59
2.3.2.6
POLYAMIDE
.
61
2.3.2.7
POLYCARBONATE
.
64
2.3.2.8
POLY(METHYL
METHACRYLATE)
.
65
2.3.2.9
POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE
.
67
3
LEGISLATION
.
71
MICHAEL
ULBRICH,
SOREN
HORNICKE
3.1
A
CATEGORIZATION
OF
REGULATORY
APPROACHES
TO
PROMOTE
RECYCLING
.
72
3.1.1
LEGAL
MEASURES
.
73
3.1.2
FINANCIAL
MEASURES
.
77
3.2
APPROACHES
IN
VARIOUS
WORLD
REGIONS
.
79
3.2.1
GLOBAL
REGULATION
.
79
3.2.2
EUROPE
.
80
3.2.3
APAC
.
84
3.2.4
NAFTA
.
85
3.2.5
REST
OF
THE
WORLD
.
86
4
ECONOMICS
.
91
MICHAEL
ULBRICH,
MARVIN
STIEFERMANN
4.1
ECONOMIC
CHALLENGES
OF
RECYCLING
PLASTICS
.
91
4.2
FRAMEWORK
FOR
RECYCLING
BUSINESS
CASES
.
93
4.2.1
ILLUSTRATION
1:
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
OF
POLYOLEFINS
.
94
4.2.2
ILLUSTRATION
2:
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
OF
PET
.
96
4.2.3
ILLUSTRATION
3:
MICROWAVE-ASSISTED
DEPOLYMERIZATION
OF
STYRENE
.
97
4.3
IMPLICATIONS
AND
OUTLOOK
.
99
5
POLITICAL
BOUNDARY
CONDITIONS
-
PLASTICS
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
103
KLAUS
WITTSTOCK,
VICTORIA
WESSOLOWSKI
5.1
PLASTICS
RECYCLING
AND
ITS
POLITICAL
RELEVANCE
.
103
5.2
OVERVIEW
OF
POLITICAL
MEASURES
RELATED
TO
PLASTIC
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
115
5.2.1
GLOBAL
PLASTIC
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
.
117
5.2.2
PLASTIC
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
IN
EUROPE
.
121
5.2.3
PLASTIC
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
IN
GERMANY
.
126
5.2.4
PLASTIC
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
IN
CHINA
.
131
5.2.5
PLASTIC
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
IN
THE
UNITED
STATES
OF
AMERICA
.
133
5.3
DEVELOPMENTS
AND
POLITICAL
TRENDS
IN
PLASTIC
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
.
136
5.3.1
HARMONIZATION
OF
LEGAL
ASPECTS
.
136
5.3.2
RESTRICTIONS
ON
MICROPLASTICS
.
139
5.3.3
TRANSPARENCY
ON
CHEMICALS
.
141
5.3.4
ECO-DESIGN,
DESIGN
FOR
RECYCLING
AND
DESIGN
FOR
SUSTAINABILITY
.
143
5.3.5
ECONOMIC
INSTRUMENTS
.
145
5.3.6
NEW
RECYCLING
TECHNOLOGIES
.
150
5.3.7
REPLACEMENT
OF
VIRGIN
BY
RECYCLED
CONTENT
.
152
5.3.8
KEEPING
CARBON
IN
THE
LOOP
.
153
5.3.9
CONCLUSION
.
154
6
LIFE
CYCLE
ASSESSMENT
(LCA)
.
161
6.1
INTRODUCTION:
WHAT
IS
LIFE
CYCLE
ASSESSMENT?
.
161
PETER
SALING
6.1.1
HISTORY
AND
GENERAL
ASPECTS
.
161
6.1.2
LCA
PRINCIPLES
DEFINED
BY
ISO
STANDARDS
.
162
6.1.2.1
DEFINITIONS
.
162
6.1.2.2
GOAL
AND
SCOPE
OF
AN
LCA
STUDY
.
163
6.1.2.3
LIFE
CYCLE
INVENTORIES
.
166
6.1.2.4
PROCESSES
WITH
CO-PRODUCTS
.
166
6.1.2.5
ALLOCATION
IN
RECYCLING
PROCESSES
.
167
6.1.3
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
.
168
6.1.3.1
ENVIRONMENTAL
FOOTPRINT
OF
THE
EU
.
169
6.1.3.2
IMPACT
CATEGORIES
USED
BY
BASF
LCA
METHODS
.
174
6.1.4
INTERPRETATION
.
175
6.1.5
EXAMPLES
OF
LCA
STUDIES
IN
THE
RECYCLING
CONTEXT
.
176
6.1.5.1
RECYCLING
OF
PET
.
176
6.1.5.2
RECYCLING
OF
WEEE
.
177
6.1.5.3
CHEMCYCLINGYY
OF
PLASTIC
WASTE
FROM
PACKAGING
.
179
6.1.5.4
ECO-EFFICIENCY
ANALYSIS
.
181
6.1.6
SUMMARY
.
183
6.2
LIFE
CYCLE
ASSESSMENT
FOR
DIFFERENT
RECYCLING
ROUTES
OF
POLYSTYRENE
.
189
REGINO
WEBER,
THOMAS
NEUMEYER
6.2.1
BACKGROUND
OF
THE
STUDY
.
189
6.2.2
DIFFERENT
RECYCLING
TECHNOLOGIES
FOR
POLYSTYRENE
WASTE
.
190
6.2.3
GOAL
AND
SCOPE
OF
THE
STUDY
.
191
6.2.4
DATA
FOR
LIFE
CYCLE
INVENTORY
(LCI)
.
198
6.2.5
LIFE
CYCLE
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
(LCIA)
RESULTS
.
202
6.2.6
ANALYSIS
AND
INTERPRETATION
.
208
6.2.7
CONCLUSION
.
210
6.3
LIFE
CYCLE
ASSESSMENT
OF
A
NEW
MONOMER
RECYCLING
PROCESS
FOR
PET
.
212
MANDY
PASCHETAG,
HANNES
SCHNEIDER,
STEPHAN
SCHOLL
6.3.1
THE
REVOLPET
PROCESS
.
214
6.3.2
GOAL
AND
SCOPE
OF
THE
STUDY
.
214
6.3.3
DATA
FOR
LIFE
CYCLE
INVENTORY
(LCI)
.
221
6.3.4
RESULTS
OF
THE
LIFE
CYCLE
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
(LCIA)
.
222
6.3.5
ANALYSIS
AND
INTERPRETATION
.
232
PART
B:
MAJOR
RECYCLING
TECHNOLOGIES
.
239
7
OVERVIEW
OF
MAJOR
RECYCLING
TECHNOLOGIES
.
241
CHRISTIAN
HOPMANN,
RAINER
DAHLMANN,
MARTIN
FACKLAM
7.1
INTRODUCTION
.
241
7.2
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
.
247
7.3
FEEDSTOCK
RECYCLING
.
252
7.3.1
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
.
253
7.3.2 SOLVOLYTIC-BASED
RECYCLING
.
256
7.3.3
THERMOCHEMICAL
PROCESSES
.
261
7.3.4
BIODEGRADATION
.
266
8
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
.
275
8.1
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
.
275
ACHIM
SCHMIEMANN
8.1.1
COARSE
OR
PRELIMINARY
SHREDDING
.
279
8.1.2
MEDIUM
SIZE
SHREDDING
.
285
8.1.3
COMMINUTION
OF
BONDED
MATERIALS
.
287
8.1.4
CLASSIFYING
AND
SORTING
.
290
8.1.5
EXTRUSION
.
295
8.2
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
POLYOLEFINS
.
301
MARCO
AMICI
8.2.1
INTRODUCTION
-
MARKET
SIZE
AND
RECYCLING
CHALLENGE
.
301
8.2.2
MAIN
PO
APPLICATIONS
.
301
8.2.3
COMMON
PROCESSES
FOR
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
PO
.
302
8.2.4
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
RIGID
PO:
PROCESSES
AND
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
CHANGES
.
304
8.2.4.1
HIGH-DENSITY
PE
(HDPE)
.
305
8.2.4.2
POLYPROPYLENE
(PP)
.
306
8.2.4.3
PE/PP
BLENDS
.
307
8.2.5
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
FLEXIBLE
PO:
PROCESSES
AND
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
CHANGES
.
313
8.2.5.1
INDUSTRIAL
FILMS
.
313
8.2.5.2
MULTILAYER
FLEXIBLE
PACKAGING
.
314
8.2.6
FOOD
CONTACT
REGULATIONS
FOR
MECHANICALLY
RECYCLED
PO
.
315
8.3
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
PET
.
317
THOMAS
SCHRODER
8.3.1
INTRODUCTION
.
318
8.3.2
MARKET
OVERVIEW
AND
FIELDS
OF
APPLICATION
.
320
8.3.3
CIRCULAR
ECONOMY
OF
PET
BOTTLES
.
322
8.3.4
BOTTLE-TO-BOTTLE
RECYCLING
OF
PET
.
324
8.3.4.1
BOTTLE-TO-FLAKE
PROCESSES
.
324
8.3.4.2
DEEP
CLEANING
PROCESSES
FOR
PET
FLAKES
.
325
8.3.5
BARRIERS
TO
THE
USE
OF
RECYCLED
PET
.
328
8.4
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
STYRENICS
.
331
8.4.1
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
POLYSTYRENE
.
331
HERMAN
VAN
ROOST
8.4.1.1
INTRODUCTION
-
QUALITY-DRIVEN
CIRCULARITY
.
331
8.4.1.2
ADEQUATE
RECYCLATE
QUALITY
.
333
8.4.1.2.1
PRACTICAL
QUALITY
STANDARD
.
333
8.4.1.2.2
VIRGIN
EQUIVALENCY
.
333
8.4.1.2.3
PURITY
VS.
POLYMER
PROPERTIES
.
335
8.4.1.3
THE
IMPORTANCE
OF
FOOD
CONTACT
QUALITY
FOR
RECYCLATES
.
341
8.4.1.3.1
FOOD
CONTACT
IN
THE
VIRGIN
INDUSTRY
CONTEXT
.
341
8.4.1.3.2
THE
PET
BOTTLE
RECYCLING
REFERENCE
.
343
8.4.1.3.3
MANY
WAYS
FOR
A
RECYCLATE
TO
BE
NON-FOOD-CONTACT
.
344
8.4.1.3.4
A
VIRTUOUS
CIRCLE
TOWARDS
PLASTICS
CIRCULARITY
.
346
8.4.1.4
FOOD
CONTACT
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
PROCESS
OF
PS
.
347
8.4.1.4.1
DEEP
SORTING
.
347
8.4.1.4.2
HOT
WASHING
.
349
8.4.1.4.3
FLAKE
SORTING
.
352
8.4.1.4.4
SUPER-CLEANING
.
354
8.4.1.4.5
EXTRUSION
AND
MELT
FILTRATION
.
358
8.4.1.4.6
INDUSTRIAL
BLUEPRINT
FOR
A
HIGH-PURITY
PS
RECYCLING
PLANT
.
359
8.4.1.5
WASTE
FEEDSTOCK
FOR
CIRCULAR
PS
.
361
8.4.1.5.1
PS
PACKAGING
IN
EU
WASTE
STREAMS
.
361
8.4.1.5.2
THE
POTENTIAL
OF
PRE-INCINERATOR
EXTRACTION
.
363
8.4.1.6
CIRCULARITY
OF
POLYMERS
-
THE
UNIQUE
POSITION
OF
PS
365
8.4.1.6.1
OPEN
LOOP
VS.
CLOSED
LOOP:
IS
THAT
REALLY
THE
QUESTION?
.
365
8.4.1.6.2
A
MATERIAL
'
S
CIRCULARITY
AND
CIRCULARITY
MATRIX
.
366
8.4.1.6.3
CIRCULAR
UNIFICATION
OF
RIGID
AND
FOAMED
PS
.
370
8.4.1.7
CIRCULAR
DESIGN
OF
PS
PACKAGES
.
371
8.4.1.7.1
DESIGN
FOR
INCREASED
CIRCULAR
YIELD
.
371
8.4.1.7.2
GENERALIZED
PACKAGING
DESIGN
FOR
FOOD
CONTACT
.
373
8.4.2
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
STYRENE
COPOLYMERS
.
375
EIKE
JAHNKE
8.4.2.1
INTRODUCTION
.
375
8.4.2.2
THE
CHEMISTRY
OF
PS
AND
ABS
DURING
PRODUCTION,
PROCESSING
AND
DURING
THEIR
LIFE
CYCLES
.
378
8.4.2.3
PROSPECTS,
PREREQUISITES
AND
LIMITATIONS
OF
THE
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
STYRENICS
.
384
8.4.2.4
MECHANICALLY
RECYCLED
PCR
ABS
-
AN
ECONOMIC
CASE
STUDY
.
391
8.4.2.5
CONCLUSION
.
394
8.4.3
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
EXPANDABLE
POLYSTYRENE
(EPS)
.
397
NORBERT
NIEJINER
8.5
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
ENGINEERING
THERMOPLASTICS
.
399
HANNAH
MANGOLD,
CAROLINE
BEYER
8.5.1
MARKET
SIZE
AND
RECYCLING
CHALLENGE
.
400
8.5.2
MAJOR
APPLICATIONS
AND
RECYCLING
PROCESS
.
402
8.5.2.1
POLYAMIDES
.
402
8.5.2.1.1
POLYAMIDE
6
.
402
8.5.2.1.2
POLYAMIDE
66
.
404
8.5.2.2
POLYURETHANES
.
406
8.5.2.2.1
REBONDING
WITH
ADHESIVES
.
406
8.5.2.2.2
MOLDING
AND
EXTRUSION
.
406
8.5.2.2.3
REGRINDING
AND
POWDERING
.
407
8.5.2.2.4
SOLVENT-BASED
RECYCLING
.
407
8.5.2.3
OTHER
ENGINEERING
PLASTICS
.
407
8.5.3
MAJOR
APPLICATIONS
OF
RECYCLED
ENGINEERING
PLASTICS
.
408
8.6
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
PVC
.
411
JASON
LEADBITTER
8.6.1
INTRODUCTION
.
411
8.6.2
HOW
IS
PVC
MANUFACTURED?
.
412
8.6.3
PVC
COMPOUNDING
.
413
8.6.4
PVC
APPLICATIONS
IN
USE
.
413
8.6.5
WASTE
HIERARCHY
AND
END-OF-LIFE
OPTIONS
.
414
8.6.6
HOW
TO
GO
ABOUT
RECYCLING
OF
PVC?
.
417
8.6.7
THE
DAWN
OF
A
NEW
INDUSTRY
.
418
8.6.7.1
VINYLPLUS
.
419
8.6.7.2
RECOVINYL
.
419
8.6.7.3
SUCCESSES
OF
THE
VINYLPLUS
INITIATIVE
-
EUROPEAN
RECYCLED
PVC
MARKET
SIZE
.
421
8.6.8
EUROPEAN
MARKETS
FOR
RECYCLED
PVC
.
422
8.6.9
THE
RECYCLABILITY
OF
PVC
.
422
8.6.10
LEGACY
ADDITIVES
AND
REGULATORY
ISSUES
.
424
8.6.10.1
LEAD
STABILIZERS
.
424
8.6.10.2
LOW
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
ORTHOPHTHALATE
PLASTICIZERS
.
425
8.6.11
BENEFITS
OF
PVC
RECYCLING
FROM
A
LIFE
CYCLE
PERSPECTIVE
.
425
8.7
COMPATIBILIZATION
OF
BLENDS
FOR
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
.
426
NORBERT
NIEFINER,
BIANCA
WILHELMUS
8.7.1
CLASSIFICATION
OF
POLYMER
BLENDS
.
426
8.7.2
GENERAL
PRINCIPLE
OF
COMPATIBILIZERS
.
428
8.7.3
SELECTED
EXAMPLES
OF
COMPATIBILIZED
BLENDS
.
429
8.7.4
COMPATIBILIZATION
IN
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
.
431
9
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
.
435
9.1
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
.
435
9.1.1
AN
OVERVIEW
OF
MAJOR
RECYCLING
TECHNOLOGIES
.
435
BIANCA
WILHELMUS
9.1.1.1
INTRODUCTION
.
435
9.1.1.2
TECHNOLOGIES
.
438
9.1.1.3
HISTORICAL
OVERVIEW
OF
THERMOLYTIC
PROCESSES
.
439
9.1.1.4
RECENT
APPROACHES
FOR
PYROLYSIS
AND
GASIFICATION
.
446
9.1.1.5
SOLVOLYTIC
PROCESSES
.
451
9.1.1.5.1
POLYETHYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE
.
451
9.1.1.5.2
POLYURETHANES
.
454
9.1.1.5.3
POLYAMIDES
.
455
9.1.1.5.4
POLYCARBONATE
.
455
9.1.1.6
OUTLOOK
.
455
9.1.2
PETROCHEMICAL
FEEDSTOCK
RECYCLING
.
463
DIETER
STAPF
9.1.2.1
WASTE
&
RECYCLING
.
464
9.1.2.2
THE
WASTE-TO-CHEMICALS
PROCESS
CHAIN
.
468
9.1.2.3
UPGRADING
AND
USE
OF
PYROLYSIS
OIL
AS
PETROCHEMICAL
FEEDSTOCK
.
470
9.1.2.4
DECENTRALIZED
VERSUS
CENTRALIZED
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
.
472
9.1.2.5
THE
STATUS
OF
PETROCHEMICAL
FEEDSTOCK
RECYCLING
.
473
9.1.3
PLASTIC
RECYCLING
BY
DEPOLYMERIZATION
.
474
ACHIM
SCHMIDT-RODENKIRCHEN,
STEPHAN
ASCHAUER,
THORSTEN
GERDES,
NORBERT
NIEFINER
9.1.3.1
INTRODUCTION
.
474
9.1.3.2
DESIGN
ISSUES
FOR
FLUIDIZED-BED
REACTORS
.
476
9.1.3.2.1
THERMODYNAMICS
.
476
9.1.3.2.2
KINETICS
.
477
9.1.3.3
FLUIDIZED-BED
REACTOR
TECHNOLOGY
.
479
9.1.3.3.1
PHYSICAL
BASICS
.
480
9.1.3.3.2
TECHNICAL
DESIGN
.
485
9.1.3.3.3
RAW
GAS
TREATMENT
.
488
9.1.3.3.4
SCALE-UP
.
492
9.1.3.3.5
INDUSTRIAL
APPLICATIONS
OF
FLUIDIZED
BEDS
IN
PLASTIC
RECYCLING
.
494
9.2
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
OF
POLYOLEFINS
.
499
ADRIAN
GRIFFITHS,
ALEJANDRO
SANCHEZ,
STEPHANIE
LOO
9.2.1
INTRODUCTION
.
499
9.2.2
BASIC
TECHNICAL
PRINCIPLE
.
500
9.2.3
EXAMPLES
.
501
9.2.4
PRODUCTS:
PYROLYSIS
OILS
.
503
9.2.5
APPLICATIONS
.
510
9.2.6
MARKET
.
512
9.2.6.1
CAPACITY
.
512
9.2.6.2
COST
.
514
9.2.6.3
COLLABORATORS
.
517
9.2.6.4
CIRCULARITY
.
518
9.2.6.5
CARBON
REDUCTION
.
520
9.2.7
CONCLUSION
.
522
9.3
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
OF
PET
.
525
CARSTEN
EICHERT,
VITALIJ
SALIKOV,
STEPHAN
SCHOLL
9.3.1
INTRODUCTION
.
525
9.3.2
OVERVIEW:
OPTIONS
FOR
RECYCLING
OF
FEED
MATERIALS
.
526
9.3.3
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
AND
ITS
RELEVANCE
FOR
PET
.
529
9.3.3.1
PYROLYSIS
.
529
9.3.3.2
CHEMICAL
DEPOLYMERIZATION
.
530
9.3.4
PET
MONOMERS
.
532
9.3.5
MONOMER
RECYCLING
OF
PET
.
534
9.3.5.1
METHANOLYSIS
.
535
9.3.5.2
GLYCOLYSIS
.
535
9.3.5.3
HYDROLYSIS
.
536
9.4
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
OF
POLYSTYRENE
.
544
NORBERT
NIEFINER,
ACHIM
SCHMIDT-RODENKIRCHEN
9.4.1
INTRODUCTION
.
544
9.4.2
OVERVIEW
AND
CHALLENGES
.
544
9.4.3
LABORATORY
PRE-TRIALS
.
547
9.4.4
TRIALS
IN
THE
FLUID
BED
REACTOR
(INVERTEC)
.
549
9.4.5
TRIALS
WITH
PS
AND
IMPURITIES
.
552
9.4.6
CONCLUSION
.
555
9.5
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
OF
ENGINEERING
THERMOPLASTICS
.
556
HANNAH
MANGOLD,
CAROLINE
BEYER
9.5.1
INTRODUCTION:
MARKET
SIZE
AND
RECYCLING
CHALLENGE
.
556
9.5.2
OVERVIEW
OF
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
PROCESSES
.
558
9.5.2.1
POLYAMIDES
(PA)
.
558
9.5.2.1.1
POLYAMIDE
6
(PA6)
.
558
9.5.2.1.2
POLYAMIDE
66
(PA66)
.
562
9.5.2.2
POLYURETHANES
(PUS)
.
567
9.5.2.2.1
HYDROLYSIS
AND
ALCOHOLYSIS
.
569
9.5.2.2.2
AMINOLYSIS
.
569
9.5.2.2.3
PHOSPHOROLYSIS
.
570
9.5.2.2.4
GLYCOLYSIS
.
570
9.5.2.2.5
THERMOCHEMICAL
RECYCLING
.
571
9.5.2.3
POLYBUTYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE
(PBT)
.
571
9.5.2.4
OTHER
ENGINEERING
PLASTICS
.
572
9.5.3
APPLICATIONS
OF
MAJOR
RECYCLED
ENGINEERING
PLASTICS
.
572
9.6
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
OF
PTFE
(AS
A
MODEL
FOR
OTHER
POLYMERS)
.
577
ACHIM
SCHMIDT-RODENKIRCHEN,
KLAUS
HINTZER,
THORSTEN
GERDES
9.6
A
INTRODUCTION
.
577
9.6.2
MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
FOR
PTFE
AND
OTHER
PERFLUORINATED
POLYMERS
.
579
9.6.3
MECHANISM
OF
PTFE
DEPOLYMERIZATION
.
581
9.6.4
RECYCLING
PTFE
AND
PERFLUORINATED
POLYMER
MATERIALS
.
583
9.6.4.1
PTFE
PRODUCTION
WASTE
.
583
9.6.4.2
PTFE
COMPOSITES
PRODUCTION
WASTE
.
584
9.6.4.3
PERFLUORINATED
THERMOPLASTS
PRODUCTION
WASTE
.
584
9.6.4.4
END-OF-LIFE
(EOL)
PTFE
AND
PERFLUORINATED
MATERIALS
584
9.6.5
RECYCLING
CONCEPTS
FOR
PERFLUORINATED
MATERIALS
.
585
9.6.5.1
THERMAL
RECYCLING
.
586
9.6.5.2
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
.
586
9.6.5.3
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
OF
PERFLUORINATED
POLYMERS
.
587
9.6.6
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASPECTS
OF
THE
PRESENTED
PROCESS
.
591
10
DISSOLUTION
.
595
ANDREAS
MAURER,
MARTIN
SCHLUMMER
10.1
CLASSIFICATION
OF
POLYMER
RECYCLING
BY
DISSOLUTION
.
595
10.2
SOLVENT
SELECTION
.
596
10.3
UNIT
OPERATIONS
.
598
10.3.1
DISSOLUTION
.
599
10.3.2
CLEANING
.
600
10.3.3
PRECIPITATION
.
601
10.3.4
DRYING
AND
SOLVENT
RECOVERY
.
601
10.4
DISSOLUTION
TECHNOLOGIES
IN
CIRCULAR
VALUE
CHAINS
.
602
10.4.1
WASTE
STREAMS
SUGGESTED
FOR
DISSOLUTION
IN
THE
LITERATURE
.
602
10.4.2
HIGH-LEVEL
APPLICABILITY
OF
RECYCLED
MATERIALS
.
603
10.4.3
INDUSTRIAL-SCALE
DISSOLUTION
PROCESSES
.
604
11
THERMOCHEMICAL
PROCESSES
.
609
DIETER
STAPF
11.1
CHALLENGES
AND
APPROACHES
.
610
11.1.1
PLASTIC
WASTE
.
610
11.1.2
PROCESS
PARAMETERS
.
612
11.1.3
FLEXIBLE
THERMOCHEMICAL
TECHNOLOGIES
AND
TECHNOLOGY
READINESS
.
612
11.2
GASIFICATION
FOR
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
AS
PETROCHEMICAL
FEEDSTOCK
.
614
11.2.1
PROCESS
AND
TECHNOLOGIES
.
615
11.2.2
SYNGAS
UPGRADING
-
CLEANING
OF
THE
RAW
SYNTHESIS
GAS
.
617
11.2.3
LARGE-SCALE,
HIGH-TRL
GASIFICATION
APPLICATIONS
FOR
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
.
618
11.2.4
BALANCING
OF
A
GASIFICATION-BASED
WASTE-TO-CHEMICALS
PROCESS
CHAIN
.
620
11.3
PYROLYSIS
FOR
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
AS
PETROCHEMICAL
FEEDSTOCK
.
622
11.3.1
BALANCING
OF
A
PYROLYSIS-BASED
WASTE-TO-CHEMICALS
PROCESS
CHAIN
.
622
11.3.2
PROCESS
AND
TECHNOLOGIES
.
626
11.3.3
LARGE-SCALE
HIGH-TRL
PYROLYSIS
APPLICATIONS
FOR
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
.
629
11.4
OUTLOOK
.
630
12
RECYCLING
OF
COMPOSITES
.
633
MATHIAS
MILHLBACHER,
VOLKER
ALTSTADT
12.1
INTRODUCTION
TO
COMPOSITES
.
633
12.2
THE
COMPOSITES
MARKET
.
636
12.3
COMPOSITE
MANUFACTURING
.
639
12.4
CHALLENGES
AND
AIMS
FOR
COMPOSITE
RECYCLING
.
642
12.5
ROUTES
FOR
COMPOSITE
RECYCLING
.
644
12.6
COMPOSITE
RECYCLING
FOR
THE
WIND
ENERGY
SECTOR
.
647
12.7
COMPOSITE
RECYCLING
FOR
AUTOMOTIVE
.
649
PART
C:
VALUE
CHAIN
.
653
13
COMPARISON
OF
GLOBAL
RECYCLING
PROCESSES
.
655
RAPHAEL
KIESEL
13.1
EUROPE
.
658
13.2
NORTH
AMERICA
.
663
13.2.1
USA
.
664
13.2.2
CANADA
.
667
13.3
ASIA
.
669
13.3.1
CHINA
.
669
13.3.2
INDIA
.
673
13.3.3
JAPAN
.
673
13.3.4
OTHER
ASIAN
COUNTRIES
.
674
13.4
CONCLUSION
&
SUMMARY
.
675
14
VALUE
CHAIN
EMEA
-
COLLECTING
AND
SORTING
.
679
JIIRGEN
EPHAN,
ARNE
KOHNE
14.1
WASTE:
SOURCES
AND
ORIGINS
.
679
14.2
COLLECTION
AND
SORTING
.
686
14.3
RECYCLING
.
689
15
RECYCLING
VALUE
CHAIN
AND
DETECTION/PURIFICATION
TECHNOLOGIES
.
697
JIIRGEN
PRIESTERS
15.1
INTRODUCTION
.
697
15.2
RECYCLING
VALUE
CHAIN
.
697
15.3
MARINE
LITTER
.
699
15.4
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
AND
MATERIALS
.
700
15.4.1
BULKY
WASTE
.
705
15.4.2
COMMERCIAL
AND
INDUSTRIAL
WASTE
.
706
15.4.3
MUNICIPAL
WASTE
.
707
15.4.4
ORGANIC
WASTE
.
709
15.4.5
PACKAGING
WASTE
.
710
15.4.6
PAPER
RECOVERY
.
712
15.4.7
POLYMER
RECOVERY
-
UPGRADING
AND
RECYCLING
.
712
15.5
THE
TECHNOLOGIES
.
717
15.6
EXAMPLE:
ULTIMATE
PURE
SORTING
OF
POLYSTYRENE
.
719
16
REUSE
.
721
JOSEFA
NIIJILEIN,
THOMAS
NEUMEYER
16.1
INTRODUCTION
.
721
16.1.1
DEFINITION
OF
REUSE
.
721
16.1.2
TYPES
OF
REUSE
.
723
16.2
EXAMPLES
.
724
16.2.1
LIFE
CYCLE
EXTENSION
.
724
16.2.2
RELOCATION
.
725
16.2.3
REMANUFACTURING
.
727
16.2.4
COMPONENT
REUSE
.
731
16.2.5
ALTERNATIVE
COMPONENT
REUSE
.
733
16.2.6
REFORM
.
734
16.3
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
OF
REUSE
.
735
16.4
CONSUMER
BEHAVIOR
.
738
16.5
CONCLUSION
.
740
PART
D:
DESIGN
FOR
RECYCLING
.
745
17
DESIGN
FOR
RECYCLING
.
747
ROBIN
FACHTAN,
VOLKER
ALTSTADT
17.1
INTRODUCTION
.
747
17.2
OVERVIEW
OF
DESIGN
FOR
RECYCLING
.
752
17.3
GENERAL
DESIGN
STRATEGIES
.
754
17.4
DESIGN
FOR
RECYCLING
BY
INDUSTRIAL
SECTOR
-
STRATEGIES
AND
RECENT
DEVELOPMENTS
.
756
17.4.1
PACKAGING
INDUSTRY
.
756
17.4.2
TRANSPORTATION
.
762
17.4.2.1
AUTOMOTIVE
INDUSTRY
.
762
17.4.2.2
AVIATION
INDUSTRY
.
770
17.4.3
ELECTRONICS
.
772
17.4.4
BUILDING
AND
CONSTRUCTION
.
776
17.5
CONCLUSION
.
779
PART
E:
FUTURE
TRENDS
AND
DEVELOPMENTS
.
785
18
FUTURE
TRENDS
.
787
HOLGER
RUCKDASCHEL,
TOBIAS
STANDAU
18.1
THINKING
IN
CLOSED
LOOPS
AT
EVERY
STAGE
.
788
18.2
DESIGN
AND
MATERIAL
SELECTION
STAGE
.
789
18.3
USAGE
STAGE
.
793
18.4
END-OF-LIFE
STAGE
.
796
18.5
RECYCLING
STAGE
.
798
18.6
CIRCULAR
ECONOMY
AND
NEW
BUSINESS
MODELS
.
799
19
FUTURE
DEVELOPMENTS
.
803
ACHIM
SCHMIEMANN,
ERIC
HOMEY
19.1
THE
THINNING
EFFECT
.
805
19.2
PREDICTION
OF
PROPERTIES
.
807
19.3
DIGITIZATION
IN
PROCESSING
TECHNOLOGY
.
808
19.3.1
TRACER-BASED
SORTING
.
811
19.3.2
BLACK-BLACK
SORTING
.
812
19.3.3
MFI
SORTING
.
812
19.4
3D
PRINTING
.
814
INDEX
.
825 |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
PREFACE
.
V
FOREWORD
.
VII
FOREWORD
2
.
IX
THE
AUTHORS
.
XI
THE
EDITOR
.
XI
THE
COAUTHORS
.
XII
GLOSSARY
.
XV
PART
A:
FUNDAMENTALS;
LEGISLATIVE,
ECONOMIC,
AND
POLITICAL
CONSIDERATIONS;
LCA
.
1
1
INTRODUCTION
.
3
NORBERT
NIEFINER
1.1
INDUSTRIAL
ASPECTS
.
4
1.2
PLASTICS
POLLUTION
.
9
1.3
PLASTICS
POLLUTION:
BIO
SOLUTION?
.
12
1.4
RECYCLING
METHODS:
CLOSING
THE
LOOP
.
20
1.5
SUMMARY
.
22
2
INTRODUCTION
TO
MAJOR
THERMOPLASTIC
POLYMERS
IN
THE
CONTEXT
OF
RECYCLING
.
25
TRISTAN
KOLB,
ANDREAS
SCHEDL,
HANS-WERNER
SCHMIDT
2.1
CHEMICAL
STRUCTURE
AND
SYNTHESIS
OF
INDUSTRIAL
POLYMERS
.
26
2.1.1
POLYMER
ARCHITECTURE
.
26
2.1.2
POLYMERS
IN
THE
SOLID
STATE
.
30
2.1.3
CATEGORIZATION
OF
POLYMERS
.
31
2.1.4
POLYMERIZATION
.
32
2.1.4.1
CHAIN-GROWTH
POLYMERIZATION
.
33
2.1.4.2
STEP-GROWTH
POLYMERIZATION
.
38
2.2
POLYMER
DEGRADATION
AND
RECYCLING
.
42
2.2.1
PHYSICAL
AGING
.
42
2.2.2
CHEMICAL
AGING
.
43
2.2.2.1
THERMAL
AND
THERMOMECHANICAL
AGING
.
44
2.2.2.2
OXIDATIVE
AGING
.
46
2.2.2.3
AGING
BY
HYDROLYSIS
AND
BIOLOGICAL
PROCESSES
.
48
2.3
THE
WORLD
OF
THERMOPLASTIC
INDUSTRIAL
POLYMERS
.
50
2.3.1
OVERVIEW
OF
POLYMER
CLASSES
AND
USE
.
50
2.3.2
PROFILES
OF
IMPORTANT
COMMERCIAL
POLYMERS
.
53
2.3.2.1
POLYETHYLENE
.
53
2.3.2.2
POLYPROPYLENE
.
55
2.3.2.3
POLYVINYL
CHLORIDE
.
57
2.3.2.4
POLYSTYRENE
.
58
2.3.2.5
POLYETHYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE
.
59
2.3.2.6
POLYAMIDE
.
61
2.3.2.7
POLYCARBONATE
.
64
2.3.2.8
POLY(METHYL
METHACRYLATE)
.
65
2.3.2.9
POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE
.
67
3
LEGISLATION
.
71
MICHAEL
ULBRICH,
SOREN
HORNICKE
3.1
A
CATEGORIZATION
OF
REGULATORY
APPROACHES
TO
PROMOTE
RECYCLING
.
72
3.1.1
LEGAL
MEASURES
.
73
3.1.2
FINANCIAL
MEASURES
.
77
3.2
APPROACHES
IN
VARIOUS
WORLD
REGIONS
.
79
3.2.1
GLOBAL
REGULATION
.
79
3.2.2
EUROPE
.
80
3.2.3
APAC
.
84
3.2.4
NAFTA
.
85
3.2.5
REST
OF
THE
WORLD
.
86
4
ECONOMICS
.
91
MICHAEL
ULBRICH,
MARVIN
STIEFERMANN
4.1
ECONOMIC
CHALLENGES
OF
RECYCLING
PLASTICS
.
91
4.2
FRAMEWORK
FOR
RECYCLING
BUSINESS
CASES
.
93
4.2.1
ILLUSTRATION
1:
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
OF
POLYOLEFINS
.
94
4.2.2
ILLUSTRATION
2:
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
OF
PET
.
96
4.2.3
ILLUSTRATION
3:
MICROWAVE-ASSISTED
DEPOLYMERIZATION
OF
STYRENE
.
97
4.3
IMPLICATIONS
AND
OUTLOOK
.
99
5
POLITICAL
BOUNDARY
CONDITIONS
-
PLASTICS
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
103
KLAUS
WITTSTOCK,
VICTORIA
WESSOLOWSKI
5.1
PLASTICS
RECYCLING
AND
ITS
POLITICAL
RELEVANCE
.
103
5.2
OVERVIEW
OF
POLITICAL
MEASURES
RELATED
TO
PLASTIC
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
115
5.2.1
GLOBAL
PLASTIC
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
.
117
5.2.2
PLASTIC
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
IN
EUROPE
.
121
5.2.3
PLASTIC
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
IN
GERMANY
.
126
5.2.4
PLASTIC
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
IN
CHINA
.
131
5.2.5
PLASTIC
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
IN
THE
UNITED
STATES
OF
AMERICA
.
133
5.3
DEVELOPMENTS
AND
POLITICAL
TRENDS
IN
PLASTIC
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
.
136
5.3.1
HARMONIZATION
OF
LEGAL
ASPECTS
.
136
5.3.2
RESTRICTIONS
ON
MICROPLASTICS
.
139
5.3.3
TRANSPARENCY
ON
CHEMICALS
.
141
5.3.4
ECO-DESIGN,
DESIGN
FOR
RECYCLING
AND
DESIGN
FOR
SUSTAINABILITY
.
143
5.3.5
ECONOMIC
INSTRUMENTS
.
145
5.3.6
NEW
RECYCLING
TECHNOLOGIES
.
150
5.3.7
REPLACEMENT
OF
VIRGIN
BY
RECYCLED
CONTENT
.
152
5.3.8
KEEPING
CARBON
IN
THE
LOOP
.
153
5.3.9
CONCLUSION
.
154
6
LIFE
CYCLE
ASSESSMENT
(LCA)
.
161
6.1
INTRODUCTION:
WHAT
IS
LIFE
CYCLE
ASSESSMENT?
.
161
PETER
SALING
6.1.1
HISTORY
AND
GENERAL
ASPECTS
.
161
6.1.2
LCA
PRINCIPLES
DEFINED
BY
ISO
STANDARDS
.
162
6.1.2.1
DEFINITIONS
.
162
6.1.2.2
GOAL
AND
SCOPE
OF
AN
LCA
STUDY
.
163
6.1.2.3
LIFE
CYCLE
INVENTORIES
.
166
6.1.2.4
PROCESSES
WITH
CO-PRODUCTS
.
166
6.1.2.5
ALLOCATION
IN
RECYCLING
PROCESSES
.
167
6.1.3
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
.
168
6.1.3.1
ENVIRONMENTAL
FOOTPRINT
OF
THE
EU
.
169
6.1.3.2
IMPACT
CATEGORIES
USED
BY
BASF
LCA
METHODS
.
174
6.1.4
INTERPRETATION
.
175
6.1.5
EXAMPLES
OF
LCA
STUDIES
IN
THE
RECYCLING
CONTEXT
.
176
6.1.5.1
RECYCLING
OF
PET
.
176
6.1.5.2
RECYCLING
OF
WEEE
.
177
6.1.5.3
CHEMCYCLINGYY
OF
PLASTIC
WASTE
FROM
PACKAGING
.
179
6.1.5.4
ECO-EFFICIENCY
ANALYSIS
.
181
6.1.6
SUMMARY
.
183
6.2
LIFE
CYCLE
ASSESSMENT
FOR
DIFFERENT
RECYCLING
ROUTES
OF
POLYSTYRENE
.
189
REGINO
WEBER,
THOMAS
NEUMEYER
6.2.1
BACKGROUND
OF
THE
STUDY
.
189
6.2.2
DIFFERENT
RECYCLING
TECHNOLOGIES
FOR
POLYSTYRENE
WASTE
.
190
6.2.3
GOAL
AND
SCOPE
OF
THE
STUDY
.
191
6.2.4
DATA
FOR
LIFE
CYCLE
INVENTORY
(LCI)
.
198
6.2.5
LIFE
CYCLE
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
(LCIA)
RESULTS
.
202
6.2.6
ANALYSIS
AND
INTERPRETATION
.
208
6.2.7
CONCLUSION
.
210
6.3
LIFE
CYCLE
ASSESSMENT
OF
A
NEW
MONOMER
RECYCLING
PROCESS
FOR
PET
.
212
MANDY
PASCHETAG,
HANNES
SCHNEIDER,
STEPHAN
SCHOLL
6.3.1
THE
REVOLPET
PROCESS
.
214
6.3.2
GOAL
AND
SCOPE
OF
THE
STUDY
.
214
6.3.3
DATA
FOR
LIFE
CYCLE
INVENTORY
(LCI)
.
221
6.3.4
RESULTS
OF
THE
LIFE
CYCLE
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
(LCIA)
.
222
6.3.5
ANALYSIS
AND
INTERPRETATION
.
232
PART
B:
MAJOR
RECYCLING
TECHNOLOGIES
.
239
7
OVERVIEW
OF
MAJOR
RECYCLING
TECHNOLOGIES
.
241
CHRISTIAN
HOPMANN,
RAINER
DAHLMANN,
MARTIN
FACKLAM
7.1
INTRODUCTION
.
241
7.2
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
.
247
7.3
FEEDSTOCK
RECYCLING
.
252
7.3.1
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
.
253
7.3.2 SOLVOLYTIC-BASED
RECYCLING
.
256
7.3.3
THERMOCHEMICAL
PROCESSES
.
261
7.3.4
BIODEGRADATION
.
266
8
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
.
275
8.1
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
.
275
ACHIM
SCHMIEMANN
8.1.1
COARSE
OR
PRELIMINARY
SHREDDING
.
279
8.1.2
MEDIUM
SIZE
SHREDDING
.
285
8.1.3
COMMINUTION
OF
BONDED
MATERIALS
.
287
8.1.4
CLASSIFYING
AND
SORTING
.
290
8.1.5
EXTRUSION
.
295
8.2
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
POLYOLEFINS
.
301
MARCO
AMICI
8.2.1
INTRODUCTION
-
MARKET
SIZE
AND
RECYCLING
CHALLENGE
.
301
8.2.2
MAIN
PO
APPLICATIONS
.
301
8.2.3
COMMON
PROCESSES
FOR
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
PO
.
302
8.2.4
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
RIGID
PO:
PROCESSES
AND
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
CHANGES
.
304
8.2.4.1
HIGH-DENSITY
PE
(HDPE)
.
305
8.2.4.2
POLYPROPYLENE
(PP)
.
306
8.2.4.3
PE/PP
BLENDS
.
307
8.2.5
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
FLEXIBLE
PO:
PROCESSES
AND
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
CHANGES
.
313
8.2.5.1
INDUSTRIAL
FILMS
.
313
8.2.5.2
MULTILAYER
FLEXIBLE
PACKAGING
.
314
8.2.6
FOOD
CONTACT
REGULATIONS
FOR
MECHANICALLY
RECYCLED
PO
.
315
8.3
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
PET
.
317
THOMAS
SCHRODER
8.3.1
INTRODUCTION
.
318
8.3.2
MARKET
OVERVIEW
AND
FIELDS
OF
APPLICATION
.
320
8.3.3
CIRCULAR
ECONOMY
OF
PET
BOTTLES
.
322
8.3.4
BOTTLE-TO-BOTTLE
RECYCLING
OF
PET
.
324
8.3.4.1
BOTTLE-TO-FLAKE
PROCESSES
.
324
8.3.4.2
DEEP
CLEANING
PROCESSES
FOR
PET
FLAKES
.
325
8.3.5
BARRIERS
TO
THE
USE
OF
RECYCLED
PET
.
328
8.4
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
STYRENICS
.
331
8.4.1
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
POLYSTYRENE
.
331
HERMAN
VAN
ROOST
8.4.1.1
INTRODUCTION
-
QUALITY-DRIVEN
CIRCULARITY
.
331
8.4.1.2
ADEQUATE
RECYCLATE
QUALITY
.
333
8.4.1.2.1
PRACTICAL
QUALITY
STANDARD
.
333
8.4.1.2.2
VIRGIN
EQUIVALENCY
.
333
8.4.1.2.3
PURITY
VS.
POLYMER
PROPERTIES
.
335
8.4.1.3
THE
IMPORTANCE
OF
FOOD
CONTACT
QUALITY
FOR
RECYCLATES
.
341
8.4.1.3.1
FOOD
CONTACT
IN
THE
VIRGIN
INDUSTRY
CONTEXT
.
341
8.4.1.3.2
THE
PET
BOTTLE
RECYCLING
REFERENCE
.
343
8.4.1.3.3
MANY
WAYS
FOR
A
RECYCLATE
TO
BE
NON-FOOD-CONTACT
.
344
8.4.1.3.4
A
VIRTUOUS
CIRCLE
TOWARDS
PLASTICS
CIRCULARITY
.
346
8.4.1.4
FOOD
CONTACT
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
PROCESS
OF
PS
.
347
8.4.1.4.1
DEEP
SORTING
.
347
8.4.1.4.2
HOT
WASHING
.
349
8.4.1.4.3
FLAKE
SORTING
.
352
8.4.1.4.4
SUPER-CLEANING
.
354
8.4.1.4.5
EXTRUSION
AND
MELT
FILTRATION
.
358
8.4.1.4.6
INDUSTRIAL
BLUEPRINT
FOR
A
HIGH-PURITY
PS
RECYCLING
PLANT
.
359
8.4.1.5
WASTE
FEEDSTOCK
FOR
CIRCULAR
PS
.
361
8.4.1.5.1
PS
PACKAGING
IN
EU
WASTE
STREAMS
.
361
8.4.1.5.2
THE
POTENTIAL
OF
PRE-INCINERATOR
EXTRACTION
.
363
8.4.1.6
CIRCULARITY
OF
POLYMERS
-
THE
UNIQUE
POSITION
OF
PS
365
8.4.1.6.1
OPEN
LOOP
VS.
CLOSED
LOOP:
IS
THAT
REALLY
THE
QUESTION?
.
365
8.4.1.6.2
A
MATERIAL
'
S
CIRCULARITY
AND
CIRCULARITY
MATRIX
.
366
8.4.1.6.3
CIRCULAR
UNIFICATION
OF
RIGID
AND
FOAMED
PS
.
370
8.4.1.7
CIRCULAR
DESIGN
OF
PS
PACKAGES
.
371
8.4.1.7.1
DESIGN
FOR
INCREASED
CIRCULAR
YIELD
.
371
8.4.1.7.2
GENERALIZED
PACKAGING
DESIGN
FOR
FOOD
CONTACT
.
373
8.4.2
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
STYRENE
COPOLYMERS
.
375
EIKE
JAHNKE
8.4.2.1
INTRODUCTION
.
375
8.4.2.2
THE
CHEMISTRY
OF
PS
AND
ABS
DURING
PRODUCTION,
PROCESSING
AND
DURING
THEIR
LIFE
CYCLES
.
378
8.4.2.3
PROSPECTS,
PREREQUISITES
AND
LIMITATIONS
OF
THE
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
STYRENICS
.
384
8.4.2.4
MECHANICALLY
RECYCLED
PCR
ABS
-
AN
ECONOMIC
CASE
STUDY
.
391
8.4.2.5
CONCLUSION
.
394
8.4.3
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
EXPANDABLE
POLYSTYRENE
(EPS)
.
397
NORBERT
NIEJINER
8.5
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
ENGINEERING
THERMOPLASTICS
.
399
HANNAH
MANGOLD,
CAROLINE
BEYER
8.5.1
MARKET
SIZE
AND
RECYCLING
CHALLENGE
.
400
8.5.2
MAJOR
APPLICATIONS
AND
RECYCLING
PROCESS
.
402
8.5.2.1
POLYAMIDES
.
402
8.5.2.1.1
POLYAMIDE
6
.
402
8.5.2.1.2
POLYAMIDE
66
.
404
8.5.2.2
POLYURETHANES
.
406
8.5.2.2.1
REBONDING
WITH
ADHESIVES
.
406
8.5.2.2.2
MOLDING
AND
EXTRUSION
.
406
8.5.2.2.3
REGRINDING
AND
POWDERING
.
407
8.5.2.2.4
SOLVENT-BASED
RECYCLING
.
407
8.5.2.3
OTHER
ENGINEERING
PLASTICS
.
407
8.5.3
MAJOR
APPLICATIONS
OF
RECYCLED
ENGINEERING
PLASTICS
.
408
8.6
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
OF
PVC
.
411
JASON
LEADBITTER
8.6.1
INTRODUCTION
.
411
8.6.2
HOW
IS
PVC
MANUFACTURED?
.
412
8.6.3
PVC
COMPOUNDING
.
413
8.6.4
PVC
APPLICATIONS
IN
USE
.
413
8.6.5
WASTE
HIERARCHY
AND
END-OF-LIFE
OPTIONS
.
414
8.6.6
HOW
TO
GO
ABOUT
RECYCLING
OF
PVC?
.
417
8.6.7
THE
DAWN
OF
A
NEW
INDUSTRY
.
418
8.6.7.1
VINYLPLUS
.
419
8.6.7.2
RECOVINYL
.
419
8.6.7.3
SUCCESSES
OF
THE
VINYLPLUS
INITIATIVE
-
EUROPEAN
RECYCLED
PVC
MARKET
SIZE
.
421
8.6.8
EUROPEAN
MARKETS
FOR
RECYCLED
PVC
.
422
8.6.9
THE
RECYCLABILITY
OF
PVC
.
422
8.6.10
LEGACY
ADDITIVES
AND
REGULATORY
ISSUES
.
424
8.6.10.1
LEAD
STABILIZERS
.
424
8.6.10.2
LOW
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
ORTHOPHTHALATE
PLASTICIZERS
.
425
8.6.11
BENEFITS
OF
PVC
RECYCLING
FROM
A
LIFE
CYCLE
PERSPECTIVE
.
425
8.7
COMPATIBILIZATION
OF
BLENDS
FOR
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
.
426
NORBERT
NIEFINER,
BIANCA
WILHELMUS
8.7.1
CLASSIFICATION
OF
POLYMER
BLENDS
.
426
8.7.2
GENERAL
PRINCIPLE
OF
COMPATIBILIZERS
.
428
8.7.3
SELECTED
EXAMPLES
OF
COMPATIBILIZED
BLENDS
.
429
8.7.4
COMPATIBILIZATION
IN
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
.
431
9
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
.
435
9.1
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
.
435
9.1.1
AN
OVERVIEW
OF
MAJOR
RECYCLING
TECHNOLOGIES
.
435
BIANCA
WILHELMUS
9.1.1.1
INTRODUCTION
.
435
9.1.1.2
TECHNOLOGIES
.
438
9.1.1.3
HISTORICAL
OVERVIEW
OF
THERMOLYTIC
PROCESSES
.
439
9.1.1.4
RECENT
APPROACHES
FOR
PYROLYSIS
AND
GASIFICATION
.
446
9.1.1.5
SOLVOLYTIC
PROCESSES
.
451
9.1.1.5.1
POLYETHYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE
.
451
9.1.1.5.2
POLYURETHANES
.
454
9.1.1.5.3
POLYAMIDES
.
455
9.1.1.5.4
POLYCARBONATE
.
455
9.1.1.6
OUTLOOK
.
455
9.1.2
PETROCHEMICAL
FEEDSTOCK
RECYCLING
.
463
DIETER
STAPF
9.1.2.1
WASTE
&
RECYCLING
.
464
9.1.2.2
THE
WASTE-TO-CHEMICALS
PROCESS
CHAIN
.
468
9.1.2.3
UPGRADING
AND
USE
OF
PYROLYSIS
OIL
AS
PETROCHEMICAL
FEEDSTOCK
.
470
9.1.2.4
DECENTRALIZED
VERSUS
CENTRALIZED
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
.
472
9.1.2.5
THE
STATUS
OF
PETROCHEMICAL
FEEDSTOCK
RECYCLING
.
473
9.1.3
PLASTIC
RECYCLING
BY
DEPOLYMERIZATION
.
474
ACHIM
SCHMIDT-RODENKIRCHEN,
STEPHAN
ASCHAUER,
THORSTEN
GERDES,
NORBERT
NIEFINER
9.1.3.1
INTRODUCTION
.
474
9.1.3.2
DESIGN
ISSUES
FOR
FLUIDIZED-BED
REACTORS
.
476
9.1.3.2.1
THERMODYNAMICS
.
476
9.1.3.2.2
KINETICS
.
477
9.1.3.3
FLUIDIZED-BED
REACTOR
TECHNOLOGY
.
479
9.1.3.3.1
PHYSICAL
BASICS
.
480
9.1.3.3.2
TECHNICAL
DESIGN
.
485
9.1.3.3.3
RAW
GAS
TREATMENT
.
488
9.1.3.3.4
SCALE-UP
.
492
9.1.3.3.5
INDUSTRIAL
APPLICATIONS
OF
FLUIDIZED
BEDS
IN
PLASTIC
RECYCLING
.
494
9.2
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
OF
POLYOLEFINS
.
499
ADRIAN
GRIFFITHS,
ALEJANDRO
SANCHEZ,
STEPHANIE
LOO
9.2.1
INTRODUCTION
.
499
9.2.2
BASIC
TECHNICAL
PRINCIPLE
.
500
9.2.3
EXAMPLES
.
501
9.2.4
PRODUCTS:
PYROLYSIS
OILS
.
503
9.2.5
APPLICATIONS
.
510
9.2.6
MARKET
.
512
9.2.6.1
CAPACITY
.
512
9.2.6.2
COST
.
514
9.2.6.3
COLLABORATORS
.
517
9.2.6.4
CIRCULARITY
.
518
9.2.6.5
CARBON
REDUCTION
.
520
9.2.7
CONCLUSION
.
522
9.3
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
OF
PET
.
525
CARSTEN
EICHERT,
VITALIJ
SALIKOV,
STEPHAN
SCHOLL
9.3.1
INTRODUCTION
.
525
9.3.2
OVERVIEW:
OPTIONS
FOR
RECYCLING
OF
FEED
MATERIALS
.
526
9.3.3
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
AND
ITS
RELEVANCE
FOR
PET
.
529
9.3.3.1
PYROLYSIS
.
529
9.3.3.2
CHEMICAL
DEPOLYMERIZATION
.
530
9.3.4
PET
MONOMERS
.
532
9.3.5
MONOMER
RECYCLING
OF
PET
.
534
9.3.5.1
METHANOLYSIS
.
535
9.3.5.2
GLYCOLYSIS
.
535
9.3.5.3
HYDROLYSIS
.
536
9.4
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
OF
POLYSTYRENE
.
544
NORBERT
NIEFINER,
ACHIM
SCHMIDT-RODENKIRCHEN
9.4.1
INTRODUCTION
.
544
9.4.2
OVERVIEW
AND
CHALLENGES
.
544
9.4.3
LABORATORY
PRE-TRIALS
.
547
9.4.4
TRIALS
IN
THE
FLUID
BED
REACTOR
(INVERTEC)
.
549
9.4.5
TRIALS
WITH
PS
AND
IMPURITIES
.
552
9.4.6
CONCLUSION
.
555
9.5
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
OF
ENGINEERING
THERMOPLASTICS
.
556
HANNAH
MANGOLD,
CAROLINE
BEYER
9.5.1
INTRODUCTION:
MARKET
SIZE
AND
RECYCLING
CHALLENGE
.
556
9.5.2
OVERVIEW
OF
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
PROCESSES
.
558
9.5.2.1
POLYAMIDES
(PA)
.
558
9.5.2.1.1
POLYAMIDE
6
(PA6)
.
558
9.5.2.1.2
POLYAMIDE
66
(PA66)
.
562
9.5.2.2
POLYURETHANES
(PUS)
.
567
9.5.2.2.1
HYDROLYSIS
AND
ALCOHOLYSIS
.
569
9.5.2.2.2
AMINOLYSIS
.
569
9.5.2.2.3
PHOSPHOROLYSIS
.
570
9.5.2.2.4
GLYCOLYSIS
.
570
9.5.2.2.5
THERMOCHEMICAL
RECYCLING
.
571
9.5.2.3
POLYBUTYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE
(PBT)
.
571
9.5.2.4
OTHER
ENGINEERING
PLASTICS
.
572
9.5.3
APPLICATIONS
OF
MAJOR
RECYCLED
ENGINEERING
PLASTICS
.
572
9.6
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
OF
PTFE
(AS
A
MODEL
FOR
OTHER
POLYMERS)
.
577
ACHIM
SCHMIDT-RODENKIRCHEN,
KLAUS
HINTZER,
THORSTEN
GERDES
9.6
A
INTRODUCTION
.
577
9.6.2
MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
FOR
PTFE
AND
OTHER
PERFLUORINATED
POLYMERS
.
579
9.6.3
MECHANISM
OF
PTFE
DEPOLYMERIZATION
.
581
9.6.4
RECYCLING
PTFE
AND
PERFLUORINATED
POLYMER
MATERIALS
.
583
9.6.4.1
PTFE
PRODUCTION
WASTE
.
583
9.6.4.2
PTFE
COMPOSITES
PRODUCTION
WASTE
.
584
9.6.4.3
PERFLUORINATED
THERMOPLASTS
PRODUCTION
WASTE
.
584
9.6.4.4
END-OF-LIFE
(EOL)
PTFE
AND
PERFLUORINATED
MATERIALS
584
9.6.5
RECYCLING
CONCEPTS
FOR
PERFLUORINATED
MATERIALS
.
585
9.6.5.1
THERMAL
RECYCLING
.
586
9.6.5.2
MECHANICAL
RECYCLING
.
586
9.6.5.3
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
OF
PERFLUORINATED
POLYMERS
.
587
9.6.6
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASPECTS
OF
THE
PRESENTED
PROCESS
.
591
10
DISSOLUTION
.
595
ANDREAS
MAURER,
MARTIN
SCHLUMMER
10.1
CLASSIFICATION
OF
POLYMER
RECYCLING
BY
DISSOLUTION
.
595
10.2
SOLVENT
SELECTION
.
596
10.3
UNIT
OPERATIONS
.
598
10.3.1
DISSOLUTION
.
599
10.3.2
CLEANING
.
600
10.3.3
PRECIPITATION
.
601
10.3.4
DRYING
AND
SOLVENT
RECOVERY
.
601
10.4
DISSOLUTION
TECHNOLOGIES
IN
CIRCULAR
VALUE
CHAINS
.
602
10.4.1
WASTE
STREAMS
SUGGESTED
FOR
DISSOLUTION
IN
THE
LITERATURE
.
602
10.4.2
HIGH-LEVEL
APPLICABILITY
OF
RECYCLED
MATERIALS
.
603
10.4.3
INDUSTRIAL-SCALE
DISSOLUTION
PROCESSES
.
604
11
THERMOCHEMICAL
PROCESSES
.
609
DIETER
STAPF
11.1
CHALLENGES
AND
APPROACHES
.
610
11.1.1
PLASTIC
WASTE
.
610
11.1.2
PROCESS
PARAMETERS
.
612
11.1.3
FLEXIBLE
THERMOCHEMICAL
TECHNOLOGIES
AND
TECHNOLOGY
READINESS
.
612
11.2
GASIFICATION
FOR
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
AS
PETROCHEMICAL
FEEDSTOCK
.
614
11.2.1
PROCESS
AND
TECHNOLOGIES
.
615
11.2.2
SYNGAS
UPGRADING
-
CLEANING
OF
THE
RAW
SYNTHESIS
GAS
.
617
11.2.3
LARGE-SCALE,
HIGH-TRL
GASIFICATION
APPLICATIONS
FOR
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
.
618
11.2.4
BALANCING
OF
A
GASIFICATION-BASED
WASTE-TO-CHEMICALS
PROCESS
CHAIN
.
620
11.3
PYROLYSIS
FOR
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
AS
PETROCHEMICAL
FEEDSTOCK
.
622
11.3.1
BALANCING
OF
A
PYROLYSIS-BASED
WASTE-TO-CHEMICALS
PROCESS
CHAIN
.
622
11.3.2
PROCESS
AND
TECHNOLOGIES
.
626
11.3.3
LARGE-SCALE
HIGH-TRL
PYROLYSIS
APPLICATIONS
FOR
CHEMICAL
RECYCLING
.
629
11.4
OUTLOOK
.
630
12
RECYCLING
OF
COMPOSITES
.
633
MATHIAS
MILHLBACHER,
VOLKER
ALTSTADT
12.1
INTRODUCTION
TO
COMPOSITES
.
633
12.2
THE
COMPOSITES
MARKET
.
636
12.3
COMPOSITE
MANUFACTURING
.
639
12.4
CHALLENGES
AND
AIMS
FOR
COMPOSITE
RECYCLING
.
642
12.5
ROUTES
FOR
COMPOSITE
RECYCLING
.
644
12.6
COMPOSITE
RECYCLING
FOR
THE
WIND
ENERGY
SECTOR
.
647
12.7
COMPOSITE
RECYCLING
FOR
AUTOMOTIVE
.
649
PART
C:
VALUE
CHAIN
.
653
13
COMPARISON
OF
GLOBAL
RECYCLING
PROCESSES
.
655
RAPHAEL
KIESEL
13.1
EUROPE
.
658
13.2
NORTH
AMERICA
.
663
13.2.1
USA
.
664
13.2.2
CANADA
.
667
13.3
ASIA
.
669
13.3.1
CHINA
.
669
13.3.2
INDIA
.
673
13.3.3
JAPAN
.
673
13.3.4
OTHER
ASIAN
COUNTRIES
.
674
13.4
CONCLUSION
&
SUMMARY
.
675
14
VALUE
CHAIN
EMEA
-
COLLECTING
AND
SORTING
.
679
JIIRGEN
EPHAN,
ARNE
KOHNE
14.1
WASTE:
SOURCES
AND
ORIGINS
.
679
14.2
COLLECTION
AND
SORTING
.
686
14.3
RECYCLING
.
689
15
RECYCLING
VALUE
CHAIN
AND
DETECTION/PURIFICATION
TECHNOLOGIES
.
697
JIIRGEN
PRIESTERS
15.1
INTRODUCTION
.
697
15.2
RECYCLING
VALUE
CHAIN
.
697
15.3
MARINE
LITTER
.
699
15.4
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
AND
MATERIALS
.
700
15.4.1
BULKY
WASTE
.
705
15.4.2
COMMERCIAL
AND
INDUSTRIAL
WASTE
.
706
15.4.3
MUNICIPAL
WASTE
.
707
15.4.4
ORGANIC
WASTE
.
709
15.4.5
PACKAGING
WASTE
.
710
15.4.6
PAPER
RECOVERY
.
712
15.4.7
POLYMER
RECOVERY
-
UPGRADING
AND
RECYCLING
.
712
15.5
THE
TECHNOLOGIES
.
717
15.6
EXAMPLE:
ULTIMATE
PURE
SORTING
OF
POLYSTYRENE
.
719
16
REUSE
.
721
JOSEFA
NIIJILEIN,
THOMAS
NEUMEYER
16.1
INTRODUCTION
.
721
16.1.1
DEFINITION
OF
REUSE
.
721
16.1.2
TYPES
OF
REUSE
.
723
16.2
EXAMPLES
.
724
16.2.1
LIFE
CYCLE
EXTENSION
.
724
16.2.2
RELOCATION
.
725
16.2.3
REMANUFACTURING
.
727
16.2.4
COMPONENT
REUSE
.
731
16.2.5
ALTERNATIVE
COMPONENT
REUSE
.
733
16.2.6
REFORM
.
734
16.3
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
OF
REUSE
.
735
16.4
CONSUMER
BEHAVIOR
.
738
16.5
CONCLUSION
.
740
PART
D:
DESIGN
FOR
RECYCLING
.
745
17
DESIGN
FOR
RECYCLING
.
747
ROBIN
FACHTAN,
VOLKER
ALTSTADT
17.1
INTRODUCTION
.
747
17.2
OVERVIEW
OF
DESIGN
FOR
RECYCLING
.
752
17.3
GENERAL
DESIGN
STRATEGIES
.
754
17.4
DESIGN
FOR
RECYCLING
BY
INDUSTRIAL
SECTOR
-
STRATEGIES
AND
RECENT
DEVELOPMENTS
.
756
17.4.1
PACKAGING
INDUSTRY
.
756
17.4.2
TRANSPORTATION
.
762
17.4.2.1
AUTOMOTIVE
INDUSTRY
.
762
17.4.2.2
AVIATION
INDUSTRY
.
770
17.4.3
ELECTRONICS
.
772
17.4.4
BUILDING
AND
CONSTRUCTION
.
776
17.5
CONCLUSION
.
779
PART
E:
FUTURE
TRENDS
AND
DEVELOPMENTS
.
785
18
FUTURE
TRENDS
.
787
HOLGER
RUCKDASCHEL,
TOBIAS
STANDAU
18.1
THINKING
IN
CLOSED
LOOPS
AT
EVERY
STAGE
.
788
18.2
DESIGN
AND
MATERIAL
SELECTION
STAGE
.
789
18.3
USAGE
STAGE
.
793
18.4
END-OF-LIFE
STAGE
.
796
18.5
RECYCLING
STAGE
.
798
18.6
CIRCULAR
ECONOMY
AND
NEW
BUSINESS
MODELS
.
799
19
FUTURE
DEVELOPMENTS
.
803
ACHIM
SCHMIEMANN,
ERIC
HOMEY
19.1
THE
THINNING
EFFECT
.
805
19.2
PREDICTION
OF
PROPERTIES
.
807
19.3
DIGITIZATION
IN
PROCESSING
TECHNOLOGY
.
808
19.3.1
TRACER-BASED
SORTING
.
811
19.3.2
BLACK-BLACK
SORTING
.
812
19.3.3
MFI
SORTING
.
812
19.4
3D
PRINTING
.
814
INDEX
.
825 |
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| author2 | Niessner, Norbert |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1350345613 (DE-599)DNB1233372378 |
| discipline | Biologie Umwelt |
| discipline_str_mv | Umwelt |
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| id | DE-604.BV048534586 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:53:22Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T05:42:27Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1064064051 |
| isbn | 9781569908563 1569908567 |
| language | German |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033911235 |
| oclc_num | 1350345613 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-210 DE-12 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-210 DE-12 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-703 |
| physical | XXXIII, 836 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Hanser |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Recycling of plastics Norbert Niessner [editor] Munich Hanser [2022] © 2022 XXXIII, 836 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Recycling (DE-588)4076573-8 gnd rswk-swf Kunststoffabfall (DE-588)4166051-1 gnd rswk-swf Economic Recycling Recycling Technologies Sustainability FBKTRECY: Recycling Kunststoffabfall (DE-588)4166051-1 s Recycling (DE-588)4076573-8 s DE-604 Niessner, Norbert (DE-588)1273388356 edt Hanser Publications (DE-588)1064064051 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-56990-857-0 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-56990-858-7 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033911235&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p dnb 20210512 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#dnb |
| spellingShingle | Recycling of plastics Recycling (DE-588)4076573-8 gnd Kunststoffabfall (DE-588)4166051-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4076573-8 (DE-588)4166051-1 |
| title | Recycling of plastics |
| title_auth | Recycling of plastics |
| title_exact_search | Recycling of plastics |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Recycling of plastics |
| title_full | Recycling of plastics Norbert Niessner [editor] |
| title_fullStr | Recycling of plastics Norbert Niessner [editor] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Recycling of plastics Norbert Niessner [editor] |
| title_short | Recycling of plastics |
| title_sort | recycling of plastics |
| topic | Recycling (DE-588)4076573-8 gnd Kunststoffabfall (DE-588)4166051-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Recycling Kunststoffabfall |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033911235&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT niessnernorbert recyclingofplastics AT hanserpublications recyclingofplastics |