Abyss: the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962
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William Collins
2022
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| Physical Description: | xxxvii, 538 Seiten, 32 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten, Porträts |
| ISBN: | 9780008364991 9780008365004 |
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Contents List of Illustrations xiii Introduction xvii A Timeline of Significant Global Events during the Cold War Era xxvii Principal Participants in the Missile Crisis xxxv Time Zones and Spellings xxxviii prologue: Operation Zapata 17-19 April 1961 1 Cuba Libre 1 THE AMERICAN COLONY 2 GRANMA з THE LIBERATOR 2 Mother Russia 1 TRIUMPH IN SPACE, HUNGER ON EARTH 2 ‘the shark’ з KHRUSHCHEV ABROAD 1 23 23 35 45 58 58 71 84 з NUKES 99 99 107 119 4 The Red Gambit: Operation Anadyr 135 5 The Shock 174 3 Yanquis, Amerikantsy 1 AMERICAN PIE շ jack
6 Drumbeat 1 THE PRESIDENT IS TOLD 2 THE WARMAKERS 7 ‘They Think We’re Slightly Demented on This Subject’ 1 BEHIND CLOSED DOORS շ Tron ass’ 3 THE DECISION 8 The President Speaks 1 KENNEDY CONFRONTS HIS PEOPLE 2 KHRUSHCHEV CONFRONTS DISASTER 9 Blockade 1 HIGH, CONFUSED SEA 2 ‘SHOOT THE RUDDERS OFF!’ 10 ‘The Other Fellow Just Blinked’ 1 HAIR TRIGGERS 2 ‘SHOULD I TAKE OUT CUBA?’ 11 Khrushchev Looks for an Out i ‘everything to prevent war’ 2 THE KREMLIN DECISION 3 ‘a trial of will’ 12 Black Saturday 1 CASTRO FRIGHTENS KHRUSHCHEV 2 THE SOVIETS SHOOT 13 The Brink 1 IMPASSE 2 THE HOUNDING OF B֊59 3 THE OFFER 14 Endgame 1 TIME RUNS OUT 2 THE CUBANS CUT UP ROUGH 209 209 222 234 234 247 253 266 266 285 290 290 309 326 326 330 343 343 352 364 371 371 383 390 390 407 413 424 424 440
15 ‘This Strange and Still Scarcely Explicable Affair’ 450 Acknowledgements Notes and References Bibliography Index 481 485 507 515
Index Absher, Ken, 193,194,196,203, 328 Acheson, Dean, 10,120,231,242,246, 253, 290-2, 367,437,452 Adams, John Quincy, 24 Adenauer, Konrad, 85,290,376 Adzhubei, Aleksei, 140,185 aerial bombardment/air strikes: active USAF preparations for, 274, 326-7, 356,401,421-2; air strikes dubbed ‘fast track’ option, 213; air strikes without warning option, 214,230, 231-2,239,242, 247-8,250,252, 257; chiefs of staff press for, 221, 222,225,233,246,247-8,250,251, 252-3,256,258, 396,402-3,431; EXCOM discussions on, 214-16, 217-18,222,225,230-2,233, 239, 240-1,242,246,256-8, 354, 359; impossibility of destroying all targets, 186-7,215-16,247-8,256, 261-2,360; limited air strike option, 222,225,236,257; ‘surgical air strike’ term, 186-7,216; US air campaign plans, 230,240-1, 256, 257,261-2,367-8,379; US planning for (pre-Crisis), 196-7,216 Aeroflot Flight 902 crash (1962), 66 Afghanistan, Soviet intervention (1979-89), xviii Africa, 145,269 Agafonov, Vitaly, 170,408 Agüero, Andrés, 43 Alducín, Margarita, 55, 57,234 Alekseev, Aleksandr, 135,164-5,442, 464; and Anadyr, 147-8,150,167; and Castro, 52,147,150, 368, 371-3, 374,427,428,440-1 Alfonso, Conchita, 56,374-5 Allison, Graham, 323,406 Almeida, Juan, 32,39,279 Alsop, Joseph, 113,114,121,228, 260, 466 Alyoshin, Valentin, 155,162-3 Anadyr, Operation: and Alekseev, 147-8,150,167; camouflage failure, 168-9,217,239,348-9; Castro agrees to, 149-51; Cuban communications security, 176; Cubans urge openness, 151-2,167; expeditionary force, 152-3,154-9; fantasy claims of fighting/battles, 163; impact of heat on missiles, 160; Kenneth Keating’s
public claims, 181-3; Khrushchev’s thinking, 142, 144-9,165-7,197,217, 226-7, 238-9, 263-4,270,277-8, 285; lack of coherent Soviet strategy, 151,167, 168,169,170-2,217, 223,288-9, 318, 368-70, 384-5; map showing missile sites/bases, 204-5; McCone’s warnings, 176-7,178,179,190, 193-4,196,199, 211, 223, 268-9; Pliev appointed to command mission, 153-4; policy on Pliev’s authority to fire weapons, 168,193, 278,286, 369, 393; RFK meets Dobrynin over (4 September), 184-6; Russians’ relations with locals, 159,160-3,164-5; and SAM anti-aircraft missiles, 155,159,169,
516 ABYSS Anadyr, Operation (cont.) 176,178-9,182-4,186,188, 256, 386-9,402,406,417; and secrecy, 142,145-6,149,152,154-6,163, 165,166,169-70, 174-5,216-17, 277; secret treaty in Moscow (1962), 150; Soviet delegation to Cuba, 148-9; Soviet doubters, 145,147, 148; submarine flotilla, 170-2; transit of ballistic missiles across Cuba, 159-60; US intelligence failures over, 174; US surveillance of, 171,174-80,182,190,198-206, 209, 315, 377, 383-4,404,467-8; utter failure of, 459; weapons/ equipment/manpower deployed, 152-3,155,157,168,169-70,192-3, 235 see aho Cuban Missile Crisis Anderson, Admiral George, 215,250, 265,317, 321-2, 329,334,408,431 Anderson, Jane, 432 Anderson, Major Rudolf, 199,377, 379,404,405-6; shot down over Cuba, 385-9,388,393,400,404-8, 413-14,416,417,422-3,424-5,430, 454 Anderson, Sir John, 305 Andreev, Anatoly, 363 Andropov, Yuri, 144 Angolan Civil War, 460* appeasement policy of 1930s, 248,281, 296,477 Arbenz, Jacobo, 5 Argentina, 7-8 Arkhipov, Captain Vasily, 170,408, 412 Arnaz, Desi, 48 Arrowsmith, Pat, 303 Artemieva, Galina, 58,64-5,67, 72, 77,139, 376 Artime, Manuel, 3-4,16 Atomic Energy Commission, US, 177 Ayer, A.J., 299 Baldwin, Hanson, 467 Ball, George, 108,198,212, 225,253, 257,268,309; correct hunch on Khrushchev’s thinking, 226,239; opposition to military action, 226, 229,230,232-3,239,241 Baltic states, 83,478 Barbachuk, Nina, 67 Barquín, Colonel Ramón, 43 Barrett, David, 282,469 Barsukov, Nikolai, 69,77 Bartlett, Charlie, 318,340,341,466 Batista, Fulgencio, 24-5,26-33,36-43, 44,47,50,51,54-5 Bay of Pigs invasion (Operation Zapata, April
1961), xviii, 1-6,7-22, 54,108,125,139,202,224 BBC, 66,460* Beardsley, Mimi, 116,422 Beloborodov, Col. Nikolai, 286 Beria, Lavrenti, 75,153 Berle, Adolf, 27 Berlin: autobahn access to West Berlin, 96-7,120,127,310; Berlin Wall built (August 1961), 127-8; Blockade (1948-49), xvii, 88,96; brief Soviet nuclear deployment near (1959), 154,269; ‘Checkpoint Charlie,’ 128; fear of retaliatory blockade, 183,187,337; flight of refugees through, 96-7,126-7; JFK’s ‘Ich bin ein Berliner speech, xxi; and Kennedy administration, 124-7, 187,194-6,229,248,250,263-4, 266-7,269,284,288,294,339-40, 360; Khrushchev threatens to cut off access to, 92,98,120; Khrushchev’s ‘ultimatums’/threats, 79,91,97-8, 120-1,124-5,126,135,142, 169, 194-6,243-4,283; and Macmillan, 125-6,127-8,273,284,295-6, 365, 461; as obsession of West, 96-7, 124-8,217,235,248,263-4,266-7, 295-6,322,343,365,461; potential for Great Power showdown in, 57, 97-8,124-8,140,194-6,239, 240, 245-6,248,339-40; Llewellyn Thompson on, 266,269,270,455; Western garrisons of, 96,153, 266, 339,398-9 Berlin, Isaiah, 76 Bevan, Aneurin, 87
INDEX Bianchi, Ciro, 191 Biryuzov, Marshal Sergei, 146,149, 151,166 Bissell, Richard, 6,8,52,207 Blake, Gordon, 235 Bohlen, Charles ‘Chip,’ 75,195-6,209, 213,221,228-9, 238-9,255-6,290 Bolshakov, Georgy, 185,186,197,318, 447,466 Boris Godunov (Mussorgsky opera), 330-1 Borzunov, Sergei, 143 Bowles, Chester, 118 Bradley, Gen. Omar, 119 Braithwaite, Rodric, 121,129,475 Brandon, Henry, 259 Braun, Wernher von, 101 Brazil, 10,214,418-19 Breitweiser, Maj. Gen. Robert, 110, 201-2,435-6 Brezhnev, Leonid, xxxvi Britt, May, 117-18 Brokaw, Tom, 118 Brown, Governor Edmund Gerald ‘Pat,’ 377-8 Brown, George, 305 Brown, Harold, 129 Bruce, David, 291, 292 Buchan, Alastair, 302 Buckley, William F., 101-2,112 Bulganin, Nikolai, 75 Bundy, McGeorge, 108,112,190,197, 199,209-10,246,255, 337,431,447, 469; at 4 September 1962 meeting, 182-3; account of Crisis (1988), 425, 430,453; and Bay of Pigs, 7,8,9,18, 21; ‘Bundy plan’ (bombing schedule), 256; erratic performance during Crisis, 252-3,454; at EXCOM meetings, 217-18,222-3, 226-7,239, 242,269, 316,350, 356, 358,393,400,413,432; on JFK’s 22 October speech, 282, 283; pressures JFK to yield to hawks, xix, 252-3, 258-9,406; on public’s fears during Crisis, 303-4; role in Kennedy White House, 210-12; and Colonel Stimson, 264 517 Burchinal, Lt. Gen. David, 258,381, 436 Burlatsky, Fyodor, 146,168 BURLINGTON (leadership bunker in Wiltshire), 132 Butlin, Wendy, 303 California Institute of Technology, 177 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), 296,297,458 Cardona, José Miró, 9-10 Carmichael, Stokely, 102 Carroll, Lt. Gen. Joseph, 181 Carson, Rachel,
Silent Spring (1962), 103 Carter, Gen. Marshall ‘Pat,’ 182,187, 199,212,213,222 Carter, Jimmy, 360 Casals, Pablo, 115 Castro, Fidel: accepts Soviet weapons, 52, 56-7,135-6,140-1; appears on The Ed Sullivan Show, 25-6; and assassination of JFK, 473-4; background of, 29-30, 31; baiting of USA, 3,4-5; and Bay of Pigs, 3, 5, 14,15,16,18; becomes leader of Cuba, 43-4; behaviour at end of Crisis, 435,439,440-2,444-7; bellicose speeches during crisis, 324, 356,417; as big winner of Crisis, 460; brutal and repressive rule of, 13,18, 45-6, 49, 324, 464; character of, 29-30, 31,40,45,137; and communism, 33,41,54-5,136-7, 145; and Cuban economy, 52; death of (2016), 465; embraced by Khrushchev in New York, 6,138; exaggerated reverence for a peasant ideal, 30; executions in first year of regime, 44,46, 53; exile in Mexico (1955-56), 33-5; first wife Mirta, 30, 31, 33; as hero to young Russians, 139; imprisonment of (1953), 32-3; as incompetent ruler, 45,47-8, 51, 54, 56-7, 136,149, 282,460, 464; interviews with visiting journalist (1957-58), 38, 39, 40; leads ‘the Movement,’ 31-2, 33-44; letter to
518 ABYSS Castro, Fidel {cont.) Khrushchev (27 October), 372-4, 422,427-8; mobilizes armed forces (22 October), 279; and Moncada assault (1953), 31-2, 33; narcissism/ megalomania of, 45,57,137,372-4, 427-8,464; Nixon on, 48,52; oration at show trial of, 32; Pliev’s relations with, 154; recklessness of, 29,137,149-51,323-5,371-4, 427-8; refuses UN on-site monitoring, 441-2,445,448; relationship with Cuban people, 50-2, 284, 305-6, 324,375,399; as a sensationalist, 55, 57,132,323, 371-4,427-8; in Sierra Maestra mountains (1956-58), 37-42; Soviet alliance, 137-41,147-52,178-9, 277-8,324-5,368-9, 371-4, 399; superstar celebrity of, xxi, 3,25-6, 45,48,104,138,464; threatens US planes (25-27 October), 356,368, 369,404; and U Thant, 368,417, 430,441-2; US plans for killing/ overthrow of, 7,20,21,26,52-3, 134,140,165-6,175,179-80,206-8, 357,469; visits to USA, 34,48,52-3, 55,138; visits Voloshchenko’s unit, 159; young Westerners enthused by, 48,104,149,464 Castro, Fidelito, 44,465-6 Castro, Raúl, 7,31-3,37-9,41,46,49, 150,279,466 Central America, 137-8 Chafe, William, 103 Checker, Chubby, 100 chess, 143 Chiang Kai-shek, 166 China, xvii-xviii, 4, 55, 88, 110, 123, 471; armed clash with India (October 1962), 260,297,307-8; as ascendant today, 474,475,476; challenge to Soviets, 95-6,145,195, 450; Nationalists in Formosa, 166, 190; Truman’s ‘loss of,’ 101,118, 165-6,282 Chirakhov, Aziz, 60 Chudik, Gennady, 156,158,446 Chukhrai, Grigory, 70 Churchill, Winston, xxiii, xxiv, 6-7, 23,114,121,243,261,282,478-9; Iron Curtain speech at Fulton, 353 Cienfuegos, Camilo, 39,42,43,44, 45-6
Civil War, Russian, 73 Clifford, Clark, 467-8 Cline, Ray, 209,255 Coffin, William Sloane, 105 Cold War, xvii-xviii, 56-9,89,92, 100-4,121-3,460-1; end of, 465, 474; and human freedom, 474-5; JFK’s desire to win, 113; nostalgia for as discernible today, 475; nuclear weapons as central to, xx, 120-31, 461; ‘owls,’ 119-20,127-8 Collingwood, Charles, 434 Columbus, Christopher, 23 communications: Cuban security, 176; frightening inadequacy of US Navy, 334-5; machinery in Britain for nuclear warning, 131; PentagonKremlin teletype hotline, 471; snail-like pace of during Crisis, 320, 366, 385,389,393,428-9,471; US-UK scrambled ‘Hot Line’ telephone, 293 communism, xxvi; in 1950s Cuba, 27, 28; absence of freedom in totalitarian states, 452; and Castro, 33,41, 54-5,136-7,145; conditions leading to in Latin America, 7-8; fall of the Berlin Wall (1989), 474; of Guevara and Raúl Castro, 41,46; JFK’s need for anti-communist credentials, 5,208; Khrushchev’s absolute faith in, 79-80; McCarthy witch-hunts, 30,64,101,110,116; Soviet-China competition for leadership, 95-6,145,195,450; US fear of, 100,101-2,121-3,177; US view on popularity of, 7,8-9 Congolese Republic, 7 contraceptive pill, 103 Cooper, Chester, 292 Cordier, Andrew, 419 Cornell University, 308
INDEX Costner, Kevin, 212 Covid-19 pandemic, xxv Creech, Col. Wilbur, 261,262 Cronkite, Walter, 304, 340 Crossman, Richard, 87,294-5,299 CUBA ‘Después del triunfo,’ 50-2; ‘26th July Revolutionary Movement’ (M-26-7), 31-42,43-4; at centre stage due to missiles, 151,324,368; dismantling and shipping of missiles, 440; exile community in US, 2-6,8,9-13, 14-17,55,356-7, 359,463-4; hijackings of civilian airliners to, 202; history of (pre-1959), 23-5, 26-34,35-43, 47, 50, 53, 54-5; immaturity/irresponsibility of Castro regime, 47,49,137,149-50, 371-4,427-8; and machismo, 164; military forces, 2,9,12, 374,383-4; misgovernment of Castro regime, 45,47-8,51, 54, 56-7,136,149,282, 460,464; nationalizations of US-owned enterprises, 26,49, 53, 54-5; post-Crisis history of, xxvi, 447-8,459-60,464-6; public reaction to end of Crisis, 439; revolution (1959), 1,4, 25-6,43-4; right of to deploy missiles on its own soil, 191, 350,451; Soviet alliance, 137-41,147-52,178-9,277-8, 324-5, 368-9,371-4, 399; Soviet delegation to (1960), 136-7; storage of Soviet warheads, 369; support for Castro during Crisis, 284, 305-6, 324, 375,399; survival of communist regime in, xxvi, 465-6; united by Bay of Pigs, 13-14,18; US claims/ assumes privileges over, 10,26,191, 198, 339-40, 357,451-2; US obsession with, 98,140,236, 237, 269,272,282,290,301,458; White Russian refugees, 158 Cuba policy group, 197,198-9 Cuba Study Group, 7 Cuban Missile Crisis: B-59 submarine incident, 409-13; ‘the Bohlen plan’ (diplomatic path), 213; ‘Bundy plan’ 519 (bombing schedule), 256; continuing work on missile sites during,
288,339, 348, 350, 359; Cuban escalation (27 October), 383-4,404; danger of accidents/ mistakes, xix-xx, 311,327-8, 379-80,411-12,453,478; Day 1 (Tuesday 16 October), 211-28; Day 2 (Wednesday 17 October), 229-33; Day 3 (Thursday 18 October), 233, 236-47; Day 4 (Friday 19 October), 247-54; Day 5 (Saturday 20 October), 254-9,290; Day 6 (Sunday 21 October), 259-65,290-3; Day 7 (Monday 22 October), 266-85, 293-4; Day 8 (Tuesday 23 October), 285-9,305, 309-23, 324, 328, 330-1; Day 9 (Wednesday 24 October), 326-8,329,331-42,336; Day 10 (Thursday 25 October), 343-54; Day 11 (Friday 26 October), 355-60, 364-70; Day 12 (Saturday 27 October), 371-89,390-406,407, 409-22; Day 13 (Sunday 28 October), 424-35; diplomatic developments of 26 October, 364-5, 366-7; end of (28 October 1962), 431-40; Essex forces Soviet submarine to surface, 332-3,408; ‘fast track’ option (military path), 213; final peace deal, 448-9; fullscale US invasion option, 207-8, 217-18,219,220,236,237,241,247, 250,256-7, 349-50,359-60, 402-3, 431; full-scale US invasion plans, 224, 272, 274-6, 309-10, 356, 379; Havana conference on (1992), xviii; historiography of, xxi, xxiii, xxivxxvi, 253,454; influence of mutual deterrence on the entire debate, 360, 414-15; instinctive disbelief in threat of annihilation, xxi-xxii; JFK-Gromyko meeting (18 October), 241-2,243-5; JFK’s broadcast to nation (22 October), 280-6; JFK’s personal letter for Khrushchev (22 October), 278-9, 285; Khrushchev’s open letter to JFK
520 ABYSS Cuban Missile Crisis (cont.) (27 October), 392-5,399-400; Khrushchev’s private letter to JFK (26 October), 366-7,393-4,402, 415; Khrushchev’s radio missive to JFK (28 October), 429-30,431; Kremlin’s desperate/dangerous confusion of purpose, 288-9,362-4, 369-70, 384-5, 391-6,404; letter to Khrushchev offering terms (27 October), 414,415-16; parameters of US policy established, 189; Pentagon bellicosity as significant factor, 328,342,456; peril/gravity of, xviii, xix-xx; Pliev activates radar on Cuba, 368-9,377,384; as political issue rather than strategic one, xx, 223-4,227-8,360,476-7; Bertrand Russell’s cables to Khrushchev and JFK, 300-1,307,338; Soviet motive issue, 216-17,221,223,226-7,239, 248,348-9; Soviet secrecy as propaganda plus for the US, 269, 282-3,350; telegram from Moscow accepting RFK’s deal (28 October), 427; threat of American force as key, 452-3,478; US graduated escalation idea, 254, 349-50; White House tapes of, xxiii-xxiv, xxv-xxvi, 120, 405; worldwide fears/apprehensions during, 303-4,305,309,374-6, 383-9,420-1 see aho Anadyr, Operation; blockade of Cuba, US; Executive Committee of the National Security Council (EXCOM) Cuban Missile Crisis, US blockade during: Bucharest allowed to proceed (25 October), 347-8, 349; comes into force (24 October), 314-15,331; continues after Crisis ends, 445; declared (22 October), 279,281; enforcement of, 314-17, 319,320-3, 328-9, 331-7, 348-9, 355,361-4,390-1, 399,407-13, 442-4; fear of retaliatory Berlin blockade, 183,187,337; formal declaration of war issue, 240,254; Lyndon Johnson’s view of, 414; lifting
of, 448; Lovett on, 338-9; McNamara requests starting date, 309; military view of, 215,248,250, 251,254,255,256; missiles still on Cuba as critical question, 339-40, 341-2,349,355-6,357-9; most important achievement of, 337, 452-3; as not precluding subsequent bombing/invasion, 254,268,270, 349-50,355-6,359-60; OAS supports, 310,314, 318; opposed as inadequate by right-wing opinion, 248,251,270-1,272,290,338; plan chosen by JFK/EXCOM, 257-8, 263-4,266,268; as policy option, 183,187,196-7,222-3,225-6, 228, 233,237-40,246,247-8,251,253-6; publicly characterized as a 'quarantine,’ 257; quarantine line distance/position, 323,390-1; and Soviet Navy, 265,287,288,314, 317; Soviet response to JFK broadcast, 285-7,311-14; and Soviet submarines, 288,317,329,332-3, 361-4,390,408-13,410; Soviet vessels ordered to turn back (22 October), 285-6,287,328-9,331, 333-4,335,361; stop-and-search orders/procedures, 265,310,314-15, 321-2,337,348,355; views of US allies on, 290-303 Cuban Revolutionary Council, New York, 13,15 Dallek, Robert, 351 Dalley, S/Ldr Kevin, 398 Davies, John Paton, 110 Davis Jr, Sammy, 117-18 de Gaulle, Charles, 94,124,290-2, 463 Dear Comrades! (Andrei Konchalovsky film, 2020), 68 Dennison, Admiral Robert, 196-7, 361,391,400 DePalma, Anthony, 50,151 Diefenbaker, John, 290 Digby, Pamela, 243
INDEX Dilhorne, Lord, 298 Dillon, Douglas, 212,232, 253,256, 268 Direnzo, Vince, 202 Dirksen, Everett, 188,272, 338 Disosway, Major-General Gabriel, 436 Dobbs, Michael, One Minute to Midnight (2008), xxv Dobrynin, Anatoly, 64,98,102,141-2, 195,252,403,431,448; and Bucharest incident, 348; dislike of RFK, 318, 319-20; ignorance of Anadyr, 144,152,181,242,279, 311, 319-20; meets Rusk (22 October), 268,278-9,285; memoirs of, xxv, 124,288; RFK’s 4 September meeting with, 184-6; RFK’s meeting with (23 October), 318-20, 322; RFK’s meeting with (27 October), 414,415,416-17,419,423,426,454, 467; and RFK’s secret Turkish offer, 416,419,423,426,427,467,470; on Zorin, 351 Dole, Robert, 198 Dorticós Torrado, Osvaldo, 47,368, 440 Dr. No (Terence Young film, 1962), 300 Dr. Strangelove (Stanley Kubrick film, 1963), xxii-xxiii, 252, 327 Droller, Gerard (‘Frank Bender’), 4 Dubinskaya, Elvira, 156-8,162,163-4, 446, 473 Dubivko, Captain, 171, 363-4,409, 443-4 Dulles, Allen, 5,6,19,52-3,177,189, 207 Dulles, John Foster, 265 Dylan, Bob, 304 Earman, Jack, 467 East Germany, 95, 96-7,126,127-8 Ecker, Commander Bill, 315 the Economist, 112,259,301,343, 390, 435,437 Eden, Anthony, 457 Edwards Air Force Base, California, 199-200 521 Eisenhower, Dwight, 5, 26, 94,97, 101,115,126,130, 211, 296; briefing of during Crisis, 214, 229, 266-7, 432; CIA anti-Castro activity under, 3, 7, 52, 54; foreclosure of Suez campaign (1956), 297, 344; and golf courses, 48,104,107; and Khrushchev’s official visit (1959), 90,91; support for Latin American dictators, 30,47; and U-2 incident (May 1960), 93-4, 95; and USAF’s
SIOP-62 plan, 128 El Encanto department store, Havana, 13, 26-7 Elizabeth II, Queen, 305 Ellis, Gen. Richard, 180 Escalante, Anibal, 145 Fangio, Juan, 40 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), xli, 375 Feklisov, Aleksandr (Aleksandr Fomin), 364-5,403 Ferguson, Don, 115 Ferrara, José Ramón Linares, 13-14, 46, 51,164, 304, 439 Ferrer, Ada, Cuba: An American History (2021), xxv, 32 film and cinema, 70,164, 300 First World War, 143,296,426; causes of, xviii-xix, 119-20,276,294 Fitzgerald, Desmond, 469 Fleming, Ian, 115, 300 Flynn, Errol, 26 Fokin, Admiral Vitaly, 170 Forbes, Malcolm, 99 Ford, Gerald, 468 Ford Motors, 108-9 Formosa (Taiwan), 166 Fox, Frederic, 117 France, 90, 92, 228-9, 435, 462-3, 471; Algerian war, 21,190 Franco, Francisco, 104 Freedman, Lawrence, 462,474 Frondizi, Arturo, 7-8 Frost, Robert, 172-3,192, 195, 466 Fulbright, Sen. William, 8, 9,105,187, 272, 338
522 ABYSS Gaddis, John Lewis, xx, 327,474 Gadea, Hilda, 34 Gagarin, Yuri, 58, 59,83,145 Gaither, H. Rowan, 100-1 Gaitskell, Hugh, 73,305,461-2 Galbraith, J.K., xix, 58-9,99,112,118, 189,190 Galenkov, Valery, 65,66,306-7 Garbuz, Maj. Gen. Leonid, 385 Garland, Col. Bill, 391 Garst, Roswell, 80 Garthoff, Ray, 121 Gdansk shipyard strikes (1970), xviii Gerchenov, Major, 386, 387 Gerhart, Gen. John, 400 Germano, Eddie, 319 Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe, 330 Gilpatric, Roswell, 131,203,212,252, 256,267,268, 321 Gitlin, Todd, 18,103-4,106 Glanmor Grammar School, Swansea, 303 Glasspoole, Frances, 101,260 Glenn, Col. John, 103 Goelet, Jane Monroe, 221 Goldwater, Barry, 182 Gomez, Maximo, 27,49,50, 55-6 González, María Antonia, 34 Goodwin, Richard, 8,20-1 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 465,476 Gorshkov, Admiral Sergei, 171,287, 409 Gott, Richard, 465 Gould, Loyal, 105-6 Graham, Billy, 376 Graham, Philip, 110 Granma (cruiser), 35-6 Graybeal, Sid, 213 Grechko, Marshal Andrei, 443 Grechko, Lt. Gen. Stepan, 385, 387 Greece, 365 Greene, Graham, Our Man in Havana (1958), 25,450 Gregory, Dick, 104-5 Gribkov, Gen. Anatoly, 148,167,387 Gromyko, Andrei, 148,185,241-2, 243-5,268,320,330-1,358,427 Guantanamo Bay US base, 12,17,41, 101,178,180,198,215,376,384; and Anderson’s U-2 flight, 377,385; imperialist nature of, 28; Operation Quicklift, 260-1; as possible part of Crisis deal, 255,264,445; powerful roving searchlight, 161; Soviet missiles target, 160,383,400 Guardian newspaper, 298-9 Guatemala, training camp in, 4,5,6 Guerrasio, John, 304,376 Guevara, Ernesto ‘Che,’ 20-1,45,46, 49,138,139,149,279,445,464; and
‘26th July Revolutionary Movement’ (M-26-7), 35-6,37,39,41,42,43, 44; first meeting with Castro (1955), 33-4; visits to Soviet Union, 56,150, 167 Guillén, Nicolás, 23 Guseinov, Col. Yuri, 386 Guthrie, Woody, 100 Guys and Dolls (Broadway musical based on Damon Runyon stories, 1950), 24 Halberstam, David, 111, 116,192 Hamer, Fannie Lou, 105 Hammarskjold, Dag, 78 Harriman, Averell, 89,124, 214, 242-3,365-6,471 Harris, Robert, The Second Sleep, xvii Harvey, Bill, 206,468 Havana University, 28,29-30,43-4, 51 Hayter, William, 74, 75,87 Healey, Denis, 224 Heikal, Mohammed, 139 Heller, Joseph, Catch-22,104 Helms, Richard, 20,21 Hemingway, Ernest, 24-5 Hennessy, Peter, xxii Heren, Louis, 97 Hershberg, James, xxiii, 454 Heyser, Major Steve, 199-201,202, 203 Hindenburg, Gen. Paul von, 456 Hines, Jerome, 330 Ho Chi Minh, 45,149,464 Hodgson, Godfrey, 108
INDEX Holland, Max, 282,469 Holloway, Gen. Bruce, 436 Home, Lord, 293,300,434 Hoover, Herbert, 432 Hoover, J. Edgar, 375 Howard, Professor Sir Michael, 84,92, 122,123,477 Hudson, Peter, 292 Hughes, John, 181 Humphrey, Senator Hubert, 86-7 Hungarian Uprising (1956), xviii, 17, 91,136,140,187,248, 346 523 xxii; domestic policy achievements of, 472 Johnson Island, 378 Joseph, Peter, 100 Kagan, Robert, 24 Kaganovich, Lazar, 74,76 Kalatozov, Mikhail, 70 Kamanin, Gen. Nikolai, 85,143 Karzhavin, Fyodor, 23 Keating, Kenneth, 181-3,212,218, 468 Kempton, Murray, 375-6,434 Iglesias, Alexander Correa, xxvi Kennan, George, 221, 238 Ilichev, Leonid, 429 Kennedy, Jacqueline, 114,263, 317 Illingworth (cartoonist), 421 Kennedy, John F.: 4 September 1962 incirlik air base, 327-8, 401 meetings, 182-4, 186-9; and India, 260,297,307-8,479 Addison’s disease, 124; Indiana University, 308 administration’s policy to oust Ingenieros, José, 28 Castro, 20,21,134,165,166,175, international relations: appeasement/ 179-80,207-8,257,357; and compromise needed today, 477-8; Alliance for Progress, 53; anti Cuba’s potential for Great Power communist credentials, 5,208; showdown, 57; difficulties of reading assassination of (22 November intentions of adversaries, 129,179; 1963), 473-4; assumes office as and fog of ignorance, xx; Garthoff President, 98,107; and Bay of Pigs, on, 121; good and evil as always 3, 5, 8-9,10, 13,17,18-20, 21-2; relative, 475; respect as central to, briefs congressional leaders (22 457; scope for catastrophic October), 270-4; broadcast to nation miscalculation today, 475-6; and (22
October), 280-6; as Castro-hater after Bay of Pigs, 20,22,134,472; unexpected/irrational acts, 181 Ireland, 54 cites Tuchman’s August 1914, xviiiItaly, American Jupiter missiles in, 88, xix, 119-20; as Cold War ‘owl,’ 145,151,242, 254, 255, 257, 265, 119-20; conservative attacks on, 365,401,451 101-2, 251, 377-8; and conservative opinion, 5, 6,133,177,189,197-9, Ivan the Terrible (Sergei Eisenstein 227-8,233,236,257,282, 285, 452, film, 1944), 445 Ivanov, Gen., 427 1132-3; consults Acheson, 231-2, 242; and decision of 20 October, 257-8; declared policy in weeks Jaipur, Maharajah of, 317 before Crisis, 194; default posture Janney, Gordon, 174 changes after 24 October, 335-7; Jefferson, Thomas, 198 and diplomatic developments of 26 Jodrell Bank radio-astronomy October, 364-5, 366-7; dislike of installation, 398 Harriman, 243; domestic policy Johnson, Alexis, 212,217-18,227, 311, problems, 112-13,117-18,247,472; 332 and end of Crisis, 431-2; error in Johnson, Lyndon, 117,212, 218-19, assumptions over Soviet thinking, 268,407,414; author’s meeting with,
524 ABYSS Kennedy, JohnF. (cont.) 181,263-4,270; extraordinary discipline of, 269; ‘finalfailure comment, 240; finest hours of Crisis for (evening, 27 October), 406,420; as highly disciplined dissembler, 115-16; hunger for greatness as statesman, 113-14,472; immediate intimates of, 111-12; inner frailty and pain, 116,124; intelligence and culture of, 114-15,189, 237,472; Kamanin on, 85; and Khrushchev’s provocations, 89; Khrushchev’s view of as weak, 17,125; large character flaws, xxi, 116-17,472; meets congressional leaders (24 October), 338; message to Khrushchev (24-25 October), 341-2, 350; Ormsby-Gore friendship, 262-4,322-3,359,434; pledge to put man on the moon, 103; and political consequences of failure, 230, 360,454; pre-Crisis warnings to Moscow over Cuba, 140,181,186,188-9,192-3,226, 280; promotes myth of‘missile gap,’ 89; on prospects for blockade, 317-18; as prudently haunted by consequences, 478,479; rise in approval ratings after Crisis, 435; on risks of mistakes/miscalculations, 311; scheduled campaign trips during Crisis, 229,232,246,247, 251-2,253,254-5; Second World War service, 112, 237, 247; seeks detente with Khrushchev, 123-5, 179; sensitivity to perceptions of other nations, 219, 233-7,290,322, 401; sexual behaviour, 116-17,422, 472; speech at American University (June 1963), 470-1; superb handling of Crisis, 406,452,454,458,459, 473; and targeted killing of national leaders, 6-7; told news of photographic evidence, 211-12; on US support for Batista, 47; usual day at White House, 114; Vienna summit with Khrushchev (June 1961), 124-5, 310; view of
the military, 221-2,240,247,251, 267-8,456; views expressed at 16-27 October meetings, 219,220,224-5, 227,236-7,240,241, 357-8, 359, 414-15; views expressed to Macmillan (24 October), 339-40, 343; views on EXCOM members’ performances, 454-5; and White House tapes of Cuban Missile Crisis, xxiii-xxiv, 120; Profiles in Courage, 117 Kennedy, Joseph, 116,262-3 Kennedy, Robert: at 27 October EXCOM meeting, 395,402-3, 406, 414; on Acheson, 232; and air strikes option, 231-2,256, 354; and all-out invasion option, 219; and Anadyr intelligence, 184,190, 211; appoints McCone, 177-8; as Attorney-general, 111; author’s meeting with, xxii; back-channel dialogue with Russians, 184-6,197, 318,447; and Bay of Pigs, 10, 20; and black civil rights, 117; and blockade of Cuba option, 225-6, 238; and Bohlen’s departure, 229; and Cuba Study Group, 7; and decision of 20 October, 258; dislike of Stevenson, 351; and end of Crisis, 431-2; on EXCOM discussions, 219, 240, 241, 246, 333, 337, 355, 456-7; and graduated escalation, 254; on improved mood of 23 October, 311; on JFK’s view of the military, 221-2,252; on Khrushchev’s open letter (27 October), 394, 395; meeting with Dobrynin (27 October), 414,415, 416-17, 419, 423, 426, 454, 467; on national obsession with Cuba, 272; and Operation Mongoose, 20, 21, 206, 207, 221, 356; opposes no-warning attack, 253-4; on Ormsby-Gore, 263; performance at EXCOM, 454,455; on prospects for blockade, 317-18; secret visit to Soviet embassy (23 October), 318, 319-20, 322; on U-2 shootdown,
INDEX 405-6,416; ultimate endorsement of caution, 226,232; unfair view on Rusk, 455; and White House tapes of Cuban Missile Crisis, xxiii-xxiv; Thirteen Days, 240,470 Kent, Sherman, 193-4,291 Ketov, Captain Ryurik, 170-1 Khariton, Yuli, 88 Khrushchev, Nikita: absolute faith in communism, 79-80,86, 139; acknowledges need to withdraw missiles, 391,423,426; announces withdrawal of missiles (28 October), 429-30; and assassination of JFK, 473-4; background of, 73-4,91,471; and Bay of Pigs, 17; Berlin ‘ultimatums’/threats, 79,91,97-8, 120-1,124-5,126,135,142,169, 194-6,243-4,283; biggest mistakes over Anadyr, 165,166-7,277-8, 350; Castro’s public claims of betrayal, 444-5; change in behaviour after Crisis, 460-1; character of, 73, 74, 75, 77-80,81,84-91,94-8, 124-6,131,138-9,472; comparison with Putin, 475; Cuban alliance, 137-41,147-52,178-9,277-8, 324-5, 368-9,371-4, 399; dacha in the Lenin Hills, 276,422; death of (1971), 463; dictatorial authority of, xxxvi, 146-7,270; domestic policy of, 60,67,68,73,76, 79-81,471; embraced by Castro in New York, 6, 138; embraces ‘Lippmann proposition,’ 391-6, 403,420,423, 425-6,448; EXCOM suggestion of direct approach to, 214,220, 223, 229-30,236,238; foreign policy objectives, 84-8, 89-96,97-8,121, 128,141-2,244; at Geneva (1955), 130; greatly damaged by Crisis outcome, 444,448; illiberal rule of, 67,68-70,71,73,76; impact on of shootdown of Anderson, 422-3, 424-5; and intellectual world, 81-2; irresponsibility of, 192-3,194-5, 217,238,283,471; and Kennedy broadcast (22 October), 276-7; 525 leadership style, 73,78-80,471-2; lends Castro a
plane, 53; letter to Castro (30 October), 441; lies during Anadyr/Crisis, 181,186,197,211, 244,245,282, 350,450,458,471; Mao Zedong’s threat to, 127,128, 195,270; masquerade of defiance towards end of Crisis, 334,341,342, 345,353, 367, 393,426; message to State Department (24 October), 341; as not wanting general war, 196, 226,258,277,289, 366,455; and Novocherkassk massacre, 68-70, 154; nuclear threats/boasts by, 85, 86-7, 89-90,92,121,151,203,283, 471; nuclear weapons as central to defence policy, 82,86-7, 130,143; official response to JFK’s letter/ broadcast, 311-14; official visit to US (1959), 80,90-1, 135-6,472; at the opera (23 October), 330-1; as opportunist/gambler, 135,145,167, 169, 192-3,238,285; orders ships to turn back (22 October), 285-6,287, 328-9, 331, 333-4, 335, 361; ousted in Kremlin coup (1964), 463; political rise of, 74-7,471; at Presidium meetings during Crisis, 276-8,285-8, 345, 346-7, 391-4, 425-8,432-3; and pretence of Soviet strength/success, 85-6, 87,89-90, 132-3,141, 203, 366; provocations and surprises from, 85, 86-7,89-90, 92-3,135,165,194-5,283; as prudently haunted by consequences, 478,479; rage towards the West, 84-90,124-6; recognized as Vozhd (Leader), 76-7; reduces size of army, 82-3; releases of political prisoners by, 73; response to Castro’s letter of 27 October, 373; Robert Frost’s comments, 172-3,195; romantic excitement over Cuba, 138-9, 144-5,152,165; Bertrand Russell’s cables to, 300-1, 307,338; sabotages Paris summit (May 1960), 94-5; ‘secret speech’ denouncing Stalin (1956), 71-2,76; seeks path to
526 ABYSS Khrushchev, Nikita {cont.) retreat, 289,345-7,352-4, 357-8, 361, 362, 367,389,393; sensitivity to perceived Western slights, 63; in small hours of 28 October, 422-3; Soviet public opinion on, 67,69,72, 77,85; and Stalin, xxi, 71-2, 73, 74, 75,77,88; thinking behind Cuban missile deployment, 142,144-9, 165-7,197,217,226-7,238-9, 263-4,269,270,277-8,285; tirades against JFK at Vienna, 124-5,310; tour of Asia (1955), 75; verbal assaults on the West, 87-8,89-91, 93-6,124-5,127,154,169; view of JFK as weak, 17,125,126,172-3, 195; vulnerability to Kremlin hardliners, 94-5,128,142-3,270, 287; White House efforts to give retreat space to, 229,236,239,337, 366,396,457 Khrushchev, Sergei, 69-70,80, 84,86, 135,140,146,289,391,444; on end of Crisis, 433; on JFK’s 22 October speech, 283-4; on removal of missiles, 353 Kim Il-Sung, 45,88 Kim Jong-Un, 479 King, Col. J.C., 52 King, Martin Luther, 105,106 Kirilenko, Andrei, 147 Kirk, Admiral Alan, 112 Kissinger, Henry, 59,122 Knox, William, 331 Korea, partition of (1945), 110 Korean War (1950-53), xvii-xviii, xx, 64, 88,113,118,165-6,231, 315-16, 380 Korolev, Sergei, 59 Korth, Fred, 361 Kosykh, Tamara, 64,66, 306 Kozakov, Nikolai, 77,306, 307-8, 337-8,371,394-5,437-8 Kozlov, Frol, 68-9, 70 Krock, Arthur, 113-14 Ku Klux Klan, 105-6 Kuznetsov, Vice-Admiral Nikolai, 82, 448-9,455 Lancaster, Osbert, 299 Lanovsky, Vasil, 284 Lansdale, Col. Edward, 206,356 Lansky, Meyer, 24,27,43 Lara, José Bell, 51-2,165 Latin America: anti-American feeling during Crisis, 304,390; anti-nuclear sentiment in, 147,148,150; and legend of Castro, 137-8;
and US Alliance for Progress, 53; US domination of, 24,27,30,137-8; US support for murderous tyrannies, 464 Lawrence, David, 467 Ledford, Col. Jack, 198 LeMay, Gen. Curtis, 129,179-80, 186-7,207,215,216,253,258,315, 328; background and character of, 248-50; barrage of insults at JFK (19 October), 251,252; calls for full US invasion of Cuba, 379,403; desire for war with Soviet Union, 88-9; and fire-bombing of Japan, 249,456; prestige among conservative Americans, 251; rage at peaceful outcome to Crisis, 431,436; and tactical nuclear weapons, 327,401 Lenin, V.I., 33, 72,135 Leningrad, siege of, 61-2 Lesnik, Max, 137 Levitan, Yuri, 58,429 Lincoln, Abraham, 282 Lipkin, Leonid, 306,307 Lippmann, Walter, 100,113-14,116, 179,209,260,353-4,392,395,434, 453,477 Liverpool, xxii Logevall, Fred, 454 Lorenz, Marita, 45 Lovett, Robert, 245-6,264, 338-9 Lundahl, Arthur, 203,213,359 Lynd, Alice, 308 Lyon, Cecil, 291 Lysenko, Trofim, 80 Lyubimov, Mikhail, 91,304 MacArthur, Gen. Douglas, xvii-xviii, 88,113,118,166,452
INDEX Macmillan, Harold, xxiii, 56,85, 131-2,263,276, 300, 305, 316, 370, 451,- actions on 27 October, 396-8; on Americans, 237,294-5; and Berlin issue, 125-6,127-8, 273, 284,295-6,365,461; as Cold War ‘owl,’ 119,120,127-8; communications with JFK during Crisis, 273,284-5,292-4, 298, 339-40, 343-4, 354, 365,419-20, 462; on end of Crisis, 433-4; JFK’s respect for, 295; Nassau agreement on Polaris, 462-3; at Paris summit (May 1960), 94, 95; perennial enthusiasm for a summit, 298, 340, 344, 420; view of Crisis in retrospect, 450, 457, 458-9 MacMillan, Professor Margaret, xxvi Maddox, Lester, 105 mafia, US, 24,27,30,43,54-5 The Magnificent Seven (John Sturges film, 1960), 70 Mailer, Norman, 117 Malcolm X, 52 Malenkov, Georgy, 75,76,130,425 Malinovsky, Marshal Rodion, 95, 142-4, 352,382,424,430,463; and Anadyr, 142,144,150,154,166,167, 168, 171,192-3,459; at Presidium meetings during Crisis, 277,278, 286, 287, 425,447 Malraux, André, 115 Mansfield, Senator Mike, 7,187 Mao Zedong, 45, 96,101,127, 128, 149,166,195,464 Marchant, Herbert ‘Bill,’ 450 Marks, Herman, 44 Marshall Islands, 328 Marshall Plan, 108,226 Martí, José, 25 Martin, Edwin, 212 Marvell, Andrew, 115 Marx, Karl, Das Kapital, 33 Mary I, Queen of England, 22 Maslennikov, Ivan, 412 Matos, Huber, 46 Matthews, Herbert, 38,47-8 Maugham, Somerset, 24,33,116 527 Maultsby, Major Charles ‘Chuck,’ 379-82, 384,407 McCarthy, Joseph, 30,64,101,110, 111, 116 McCloy, John J., 126-7,212, 231,264, 352, 356,359,445,448-9, 471 McCone, John, 20,239, 253,270,338, 390,402,463; background of, 177-8; briefs Eisenhower, 229,266; and decision
of 20 October, 258; at EXCOM meetings, 331, 333, 348, 414,415; Kennedy brothers’ dislike of, 468,469; and lack of U-2 overflights, 197; at NSC meeting (22 October), 268-9; and Operation Mongoose, 356; opposes negotiations, 358,359; on perils of invading Cuba, 359-60,415; and ‘photo gap,’ 467,468,469-70; during Second World War, 112; supports ‘Bundy plan,’ 256; warns White House about missiles, 176-7, 178,179,190,193-4,196,199, 211, 223,268-9 McDonald, Iverach, 434 McNamara, Robert: at 16 October EXCOM meetings, 212,214-15, 216,217,218,219,220,222-4,225, 227-8; at 18-26 October EXCOM meetings, 236,242,255-7,258, 309, 317, 332, 333, 348, 349-50, 356, 358; at 27 October EXCOM meetings, 400, 401,402,404,405,413-14,415, 417-18; and Air Reserve mobilization (27 October), 417-18, 421-2; and air strikes option, 236, 239,256; and all-out invasion option, 207-8,219, 220,222,236, 256-7, 272, 356,402,405; and Anadyr intelligence, 176-7,182-3, 190; author’s meeting with, xxii; and Bay of Pigs, 8; on Berlin issue, 195; and blockade of Cuba option, 183, 196-7, 222-3,225-6,228,233, 253, 255-7,258; and bogus ‘missile gap’ claims, 124,132; clashes with Anderson, 321-2,329; corporate management career, 108-9; on
528 ABYSS McNamara, Robert (cont.) danger of accidents/mistakes, 327-8, 453; and decision of 20 October, 258; at Defense, 108-10; denials over Castro assassination plots, 469; Dobrynin on, 318; and enforcement of blockade, 314, 315, 320-2, 323, 329, 332,333,348,364, 391,399; and ‘flexible response’ doctrine, 126, 132; and graduated escalation, 254, 349-50; and Heyser’s U-2F flight images, 201-2,209, 213; hostility to small nuclear arsenals, 295; ignorance of Cuban politics, 220; on Khrushchev’s open letter (27 October), 395; on loose US nuclear safety, 327-8; and Maultsby’s plane, 379-80, 381, 384; and military chiefs, 250,258,320-2,329,431, 437; on Missile Crisis as political issue, 223-4,227-8, 360,451-2; and nuclear warheads issue, 214-15, 216, 217; performance at EXCOM, 454, 455,456; and plans to remove Castro, 165,208,242; resists U-2 overflights, 190,197,198,467; SIOP63 plan, 129; on strategic impact of Cuban missiles, 223-4,227-8, 231, 233,236,237,245; and US fear of communism, 101; and Vietnam War, xviii, 225; as wartime statistician, 108,112 Melgård, Lt Col. Robert, 327 Mellon, Mrs Paul, 439 Melo, Juan, 27, 50-1, 305, 374 Memorias del Subdesarrollo (‘Memories of Underdevelopment,’ Tomas Gutierrez Aiea film, 1968), 164 Meredith, James, 106, 247 Merrell, Lt. Gen. Jack, 180,421 Mexico, 33-5 Meyer, Karl, 40 Miami International Airport, 2, 12-13 Michigan, University of, 308 Midhurst Grammar School, 303 Mikhlova, Svetlana, 60-1 Mikoyan, Anastas, 124,146,147,168, 171,185,197,370,409,411,426; bloodstains on record of, 68-9,136; on Khrushchev, 78-9,93,138,145; memoirs of,
xxv, 69, 74; at Presidium meetings (22-23 October), 278,287; talks with JFK (November 1962), 461; visits Cuba (early November 1962), 444-7; visits Cuba (February 1960), 136-7 Mikoyan, Sergei, 168 Miller Center, Virginia, xxv-xxvi Minnesota, University of, 308 Miret, Pedro, 32 Mississippi, University of, xxi, 106, 247 Modi, Narendra, 479 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 76 Moltke, Helmuth von, 119 Moncada barracks, Santiago, 31-2,33 Mongoose, Operation, 20,21,139-40, 179, 206-7,221,356,439 Monroe, Marilyn, 102,118 Monroe doctrine, 183,301 Moody, Juanita, 175-6,235,351 Moore, Barrington, 308 Morgan, William, 41 Morris, John, 305 Mosnes, Thomas, 41 Mountbatten, Admiral Earl, 235,396 Munich Agreement (1938), 477 Murrow, Ed, 26 NASA, 103 Nassau, 175 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 139,140 NATO, 140,168,217,220, 331,394, 401,402,414,419,451; alert status in Europe, 276,316; and Berlin, 97, 98,120,126; and nuclear missiles in Europe, 87-8,401,405,416; and tactical nuclear weapons, 461; US briefings to, 290 see ako allies of USA Naumov, Vladimir, 74 Nazirov, Romen, 91,438 Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939), 83 Nedelin, Marshal Mitrofan, 123,146
INDEX Nekrasov, Viktor, 71 Neuhan, Major John, 378 Newhart, Bob, 107 Newman, Joseph, 8-9 Nicaragua, 11 Nitze, Paul, 8,100-1,209,265,267, 394,404 Nixon, Richard, 48, 52, 93,115 Noel֊Baker, Philip, 302 NORAD air defence command, Colorado Springs, 424 Norstad, Gen. Lauris, 276,316 North Korea, 123,479 North Vietnam, 45,47,55,464 Novocherkassk massacre (1962), xxi, 68-70,154 nuclear weapons, xvii-xviii, xviii, xix; atmospheric testing of during Crisis, 378-9; atomic bombing of Japan (1945), 88,249; bogus ‘missile gap’ claims in US, 89,121-2,124,132; brief Soviet deployment near Berlin (1959), 154,269; centrality to Cold War, xx, 120-31,461; civil defence preparations for, xxi-xxii, 131-2, 377-8; and Cold War ‘owls,’ 119-20, 127-8; exposure to radioactivity during testing, 81-2; Falcon air-toair missiles, 381; First Strike as only Soviet option, 141; FKR-İ cruise missile-launchers, 168,192,193, 235, 393,442,447; FROGs, 359; IRBMs, 150,152,169,183,236,247, 255,384-5; JFK announces test moratorium/ban, 470-1; JFK on personal authorization, 267-8,327; Khrushchev’s view of, 85, 86-8, 89-90, 92; loose safety protocols, 327-8, 383,401; Luna missiles, 168, 192,193,235, 383,393,400-1,442, 447; map showing sites/bases on Cuba, 204-5·, and McNamara, 109, 129,295; Minuteman missile crews, 328,401; MRBMs, 150,152,178, 183,202,203,222,226-7,247,255; numbers delivered to Cuba by start of blockade, 331; partial test ban treaty (August 1963), 471; Pliev’s 529 discretion removed, 286, 369, 393; post-Crisis Soviet expansion programme, 448; Pugwash disarmament conferences (1960/61), 122-3; R֊ 14
(SS-5) missiles, 168, 203, 352, 369; R-16 liquid-fuelled long-range rockets, 141; Soviet production of its own bomb, 88; Soviet rejection of subtle nuances of strategy, 129-30; Soviet Strategic Rocket Forces, 154; Soviet Tu-95 Bear bombers, 378; SS-4s (R-12s), 202, 345, 346, 348,369,383, 391, 430; Stevenson’s campaign for test ban, 177; strategic impact of Cuban missiles, 223-4,227-8,231,233, 236,237,245; subordinate/local officers’ control of, xix-xx, 168,169, 193,235,278,286,327; symmetry/ comparability question, 191,226-7, 238,269,282,298,302, 331, 353-4, 392,392,451,476-7; T-5 weapons, 362; Thor missiles, 365,397; US chiefs of staff advocate use of, 88-9, 400-1; US strategic superiority, 128, 131,141,203,223-4,454; USAF’s SIOP-62 plan, 128-9 Nuñez, Marta, 28,49-50, 305 Obaturov, Gen. Gennady, 128,149, 438,439 Obote, Milton, 269 O’Connell, Rear-Admiral Edward, 400 O’Donnell, Kenny, 111, 212,228, 268 Oistrakh, David, 376 Oliva, Erneido, 2,4,6,11 On the Beach (Stanley Kramer film, 1959), 130 ‘One Hell of a Gamble’ (Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, 1997), xxiv-xxv, 278 Operation Peter Pan,’ 49 Organization of American States (OAS), 214,218-19,281, 309, 310, 314,318 Orlov, Lt. Vadim, 411,412,413 Ormsby-Gore, David, 262-4,322-3, 359,368,434
530 ABYSS Pakistan, 391 Paris summit conference (May I960), 92,93,94-5 Parrott, Thomas, 111 Pasternak, Boris, 72,81 Pawley, William, 42 Pearson, Drew, 102 Penkovsky, Col. Oleg, 202-3,279-80, 470 Perez, Leander, 105 Perry, Wing-Commander Graham, xxii Petrovna, Nina, 78 Philippines, 24,96 Pike, Sir Thomas, 396 Platt Amendment, 25 Playboy Club, 102,104-5 Pliev, Gen. Issa, 169,288-9, 316, 369-70, 383, 424-5, 442, 447; activates radar on Cuba, 368-9, 377, 384; appointed to command Anadyr, 153-4; and authority to fire weapons, 168,193, 278,286, 369, 393; brutality and ruthlessness of, 153-4; ill health of, 154, 369, 430; and Novocherkassk massacre, 69,154; signals sent to (28 October), 430; and Soviet commitment to withdrawal, 352, 369, 384-5 Pliusch, Leonid, 80-1 Plokhy, Serhii, xxv, 156 Pocock, Chris, 200 Poland, 136,153 Poliansky, Dmitry, 463 Porro, Ricardo, 14 Portes, Col. John des, 379 Power, Gen. Thomas, 121,201, 207, 326-7,328, 342, 379,456,460 Powers, Dave, 114,417,422 Powers, Gary, 93 ‘Prague Spring’ (1968), xviii, 66 Prio Socarras, Carlos, 34,464 Probachai, Nikolai, 161-2 Puerto Rico, 180 Pullman, George, 184 Putin, Vladimir, xx, xxiv, 89,465,474, 475, 477-8,479 Quantrill, Jay, 202 Quevedo, José, 42 race issue in USA: Freedom Riders’ mixed-race bus demonstrations, 105; and Fulbright, 272; and Kennedy administration, 106-7, 112,113,117-18,247; and poverty, 106; Southern racists, 104-6,271; as towering social issue, 104-5; University of Mississippi riot (1962), xxi, 106,247 Radford, Admiral Arthur, 88 Radio Liberty (CIA-funded station), 66 Radio Moscow, 429-30,431 RAND
think-tank, 101,122,326 Rashidov, Sharaf, 149 Rassokho, Admiral Anatoly, 170-1 Reagan presidency, 346 Regueiro, Maria, 50,375 Reston, James ‘Scotty,’ 107,125 Revuelta, Naty, 32,33 Rhee, Syngman, 123 Rice University, USA, 103 Rikhye, Gen. Indar Jit, 442 Rio Pact (1947), 280 Rivas, Filiberto, 55 Rivero, Elena, 151 Rivero, Manuel Ray, 12 Roberts, Frank, 90 Robinson, W/Cdr. Mike, 397 Rockefeller, Nelson, 73 Rodin, Judith, 103 Rodriguez, Zoila, 39 Roosevelt, Franklin, 115-16,218 Roosevelt, Theodore, 24,25, 53 Roselli, John ‘Handsome Johnny,’ 206 Rosenberg, Julius, 365 Rostow, Walt, 21,112, 354,405 Rovere, Richard, 468,473 Rusk, Dean: at 16 October meetings, 213-14,217,222,223; at 23-28 October EXCOM meetings, 309, 310, 332, 333, 357,400, 417,432; admirable behaviour during Crisis, 214,455; and Anadyr intelligence,
INDEX 176-7,182-3,184,190; anger at White House tapes, xxiv; author’s meeting with, xxii; background of, 110; and Bay of Pigs, 8,19; and Bohlen’s departure, 228; and briefing of congressional leaders, 270,338; briefs European ambassadors (26 October), 367-8; on British protests, 301; calls Acheson, 290; and Cordier conversation, 419; and decision of 20 October, 258; and diplomatic developments of 26 October, 364, 365; Dobrynin on, 318-19; favours blockade plan, 254,257; and Heyser’s U-2F flight images, 209; and IRBM evidence, 236; on JFK, 113; at JFK-Gromyko meeting (18 October), 243, 244-5; Kennedy brothers’ view of, 455; and Khrushchev’s escalating rhetoric, 98; and letter to Khrushchev (27 October), 415; meets Dobrynin (22 October), 268,278-9,285; on personal impact of Crisis, 437; questions Khrushchev’s sanity, 125, 310; resists U-2 overflights, 190,197, 198,240 Russell, Bertrand, 296,297-8, 300-1, 307,338,459 Russell, Sen. Richard, 105,187-8, 270-2,273, 338, 344 Russian Federation, 192,465,474,476, 477 Ryan, Gen. John, 391 Ryapenko, Lt. Aleksei, 386,387 Sackellson, James, 107 Sakharov, Andrei, 71,81-2,123 Salinger, Pierre, 19,185,188-9, 260 Samuelson, Paul, 58-9 San Romain, Jose Perez ‘Pepe,’ 1-2,5, 6,8,11,12,15,16,18 Sanchez, Celia, 38,40,42 Sanchez, Universo, 35 Santiago, Cuba, 31-2,43, 44 Sargasso Sea, 171, 362, 408-13 Sarria, Pedro Manuel, 31 531 Savitsky, Captain Valentin, 170,409, 411-12 Scabbards, Operation, 274,356 Scali, John, 364-5,403 Scannell, Vernon, 81 Schlesinger, Arthur, xxii, 7,8-9,20, 98,112,122,189-90,259,267,469; on Castro, 48, 54; on JFK, 114,115;
on McNamara, 108; opposes Bay of Pigs, 9,21; on Ormsby-Gore, 263; role in Kennedy White House, 112; shut out of Excom loop, 366; on State Department, 214; and ‘strategy ofreassurance,’ 177; The Vital Center: The Politics ofFreedom (1949), 111-12 Schoenman, Ralph, 300-1 scientists, Soviet, 70-1,81-2,123 Second World War: fire-bombing of Japan, 249,456; Hitler’s Operation Barbarossa (June 1941), 130; JFK’s service in, 112,237,247; Katyn massacre (1941), 136; and Khrushchev, 74-5; legacy of in Soviet Union, 61-2,63,66,71, 83-4, 97,130,316,456; Malinovsky’s service in, 143; Pliev’s operations during, 153-4; Soviet intelligence in US during, 345-6; in US memory, 113,315,316 Seleznev, Ivan, 63, 77,82, 306,438 Semenozhenkov, Vitaly, 160-1, 374 Semichastny, Vladimir, 280 Senko, Lt. Dmitry, 384 Shackley, Ted, 207 Shakhnazarov, Georgy, 476-7 Shaposhnikov, Gen. Matvey Kuzmich, 69 Shelest, Petr, 60,438 Shostakovich, Dmitri, 76 Shoup, Gen. David, 250,252 Shumkov, Captain Nikolai, 361-2 Shute, Nevil, On the Beach (1957), 130 Sidey, Hugh, 125 Silverman, Sydney, 297 Sizykh, Lyubov Illarionovna, 78 Skelly, Jack, 29
532 ABYSS Skyfotos, 174 Smith, Brigadier Robert, 201 Smith, Earl, 41,42,43 Smith, Major Bill, 109, 247,304,344 Smith, Sydney, 54 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 62,63-4,81, 139 Somoza, Luis, 11 Sorensen, Ted, 111,181,185,197,393, 415,418,470; drafts public broadcast of 22 October, 254-5,282; as EXCOM member, 212,223,268 South Korea, 123,315-16 South Vietnam, 7,464 SOVIET UNION abuse of psychiatric institutions, 83; access to foreign media, 66,306, 307-8; Castro accepts weapons from, 52,56-7,135-6,140-1; chaos of military operations through history, 385; Cold War blunders, xvii, xviii; collapse of (1991), 474; craving for respect at heart of foreign policy, 84,85-8,132-3; delegation to Cuba (1960), 136-7; glasnost, xxiv; imperialism of, 28,45; intelligence services, 185,202-3, 279-80, 304,318, 345-6, 364-5,403, 426,466,470; legacy of Great Patriotic War, 61-2,63,66,71,83-4, 97,130,316,456; low productivity in, 59,61,63; minorities in, 83; national narrative of sacrifice, 61-2, 63, 70,83-4; post-Stalin economy, 58-60,61-3,64-5,67-8, 79-81; Presidium meetings during Crisis, 276-8,285-8, 345,346-7,391-4, 425-8,432-3; public opinion in during Crisis, 306-8,337-8; public opinion/sentiment in Khrushchev era, 58,60-5,66-8,69, 71-2,83-4; public protests/disorder in, 66-7, 68-70,154; public reaction to end of Crisis, 437-8; quality of life in, 60-3, 64-6,67-8,80-1; repression of religion, 83; scientific secret cities, 70-1; shestidesyatniki (‘Sixties generation’), 70; Tu-114 airliner; urbanization in late-1950s, 60; view of US atomic bombing of Japan (1945), 88 Armed Forces: Air Force:
381,382; IL-28 nuclearcapable bombers, 192,193,199,247, 331,442,444,446-7,448; MiG-21 fighters, 182-3,187,188,190,216, 247, 402 Army: 153,160-3,316,374,446; AA units in Cuba, 383-4,385-9,388-, legacy of Great Patriotic War, 316; sexual practices of, 164; S-75 missiles, 93,157 Navy: 153,158-9,170,348,408,430; and US Cuban blockade, 265,287, 288,314,317 Submarines: B-130 boat, 334,361-3, 442-3; B-36 boat, 171,172, 362-4, 409,443; B-4 boat, 361,362,408, 409,442; B-59 boat, xxiii, 170-1, 407-8,409-13,443; B-75 boat, 408; B-88 boat, 408; Foxtrot-class, xix, 170-2,287,288,329,332-3,361-4, 390,408-13,442-4; K-З submarine at North Pole, 66; left in theatre during blockade, 265,288,317,329, 332-3,361-4, 390,408-13,410; not designed for human comfort, 363, 408-9; in post-Crisis era, 461; Zuluclass, 408 Intelligence Services, 144,203,277, 345-6,427; GRU, 185,202-3, 318, 466,470; KGB, 52,69,91,135, 147-8,162,164-5,279-80, 304, 345-6, 364-5,403,426 Ships: Admiral Nakhimov, 156; Aleksandrovsk, 171,287,352,440; Bucharest, 337, 341,347-8,349; Coolangatta (Swedish cargo ship), 364; Divnogorsk, 440; Gagarin, 285-6,328-9,332,334; Grozny (tanker), 354, 391,403,407,417, 430; Kimovsk, 285-6, 323,332, 334; Maria Ulyanova, 155; Maruda (Lebanese vessel), 355; Poltava, 285-6, 334; Stavropol, 158; Vinnitsa, 399
INDEX Space Programme, 58,59,85,101, 139,145; R-16 launch pad disaster, 59,146 Spain, imperialism of, 24,25,28, 53 Spanish-American War (1898), 24,25, 53 Sparkman, John, 104 Spectator magazine, 57,390,434-5 Spreti, Karl von, 182 Sputnik satellite, 58 Stalin, Josef, xxi, 28,61,64, 74, 75,146, 153; accepts 1944-45 deal with West, 86; Berlin Blockade (194849), xvii, 88,96,281; corpse removed from Leaders’ mausoleum, 72; doctors’ plot rumour, 71; Khrushchev denounces (1956), 71-2, 76; Soviet public opinion on, 71, 72, 77; and West Germany, 121, 137 Standard Oil, 304 Statsenko, Maj. Gen. Igor, 286 Steel, Ronald, 453 Steinem, Gloria, 102-3 Stern, Sheldon, xxiii, 454,455,456 Steve Allen Plymouth Show (NBC), 24 Stevenson, Adlai, 104,226,258,265, 339, 341, 350,445; at 26 October EXCOM meeting, 356, 358-9; and Bay of Pigs denials at UN, 13,152, 352; campaign for nuclear test ban, 177; dislike of Kennedy brothers, 351; Kennedy team’s view of, 230, 264, 351, 352,466; opposition to military action, 220-1,229-30, 245-6,257; performance at UN (25 October), 351-2; speech at UN (22 October), 267 Stimson, Col. Henry, 264 Strachey, John, 340 Strong, Gen. Sir Kenneth, 235 submarines, 224,239, 298, 401,461, 462-3 Suez crisis (1956), xviii, 21, 86,187, 248, 295, 297, 344,457 Sullivan, Ed, 25-6 533 Swan Islands, 54 Sweeney, Gen. Walter, 261-2 Taiwan (Formosa), 166,475 TASS news agency, 185 Taubman, William, 74,86 Taylor, A.J.P., 299 Taylor, Gen. Max, 7,201-2,254,431, 467; at 16 October meetings, 212, 215-16,218, 219, 220,222,224, 225, 226; at 18-27 October EXCOM meetings, 237, 239-41,242,256,
257-8, 309, 310, 315, 332, 334, 359, 396,402-3; as chairman of the joint chiefs, 111, 207, 212,215, 239-40, 247-8, 251; as hawk during Crisis, 215-16, 218,219,222,224, 225,226, 229,230,237, 239-40,256,257-8, 456; performance at EXCOM, 455-6; posthumous reputation, 455-6; secret report into Bay of Pigs, 12,15-16,19 Teller, Edward, 130 Tetlow, Edwin, 259 Thatcher, Margaret, 108 Thirteen Days (Roger Donaldson film, 2000), 212 Thomas, George, 114 Thompson, Llewellyn, 93-4,125,195, 221, 229, 237-8, 241, 254, 258, 358, 402; on Cuba as diversion for Berlin, 266,269, 270, 455; Dobrynin on, 318; at JFK-Gromyko meeting (18 October), 243, 244-5; knowledge and experience of Russia, 238-9; performance at EXCOM, 238,454, 455 Thorneycroft, Peter, 399 Times newspaper, 301-2, 303 Titmuss, Richard, 299 Toynbee, Philip, 458 Treaty of Relations (1934), 25 Troyanovsky, Oleg, xxv, 84,92, 96, 128,145,166,173,289,450-1, 460-1; at Presidium meeting (28 October), 425,426-7, 428 Truman, Harry, 118,218, 231,282, 432,452
534 ABYSS Tuchman, Barbara, August 1914 (1962), xviii-xix, 119-20 Tulane University, 102 Turkey, US nuclear missiles in: idea of swap, 237,239,242,254,255,257, 264,265,353-4,391-6,401,403, 404-5,414-15; Khrushchev on, 87-8,142,145,148; Khrushchev embraces swap idea, 391-6,403, 420,423,425-6,448; and launch authorization, 267-8, 327; as openly deployed, 151,227; order for removal of, 436; Polaris replacement option, 401; political constraints on withdrawal of, 132,239, 365, 394, 395-6,401,404-5,416; secret US offer on (27 August), 415,416,419, 423,426,427,433,466-7,470; symmetry/comparability issue, 191, 226-7,238,282, 302,353-4,392, 392,451,476-7; US fear air strikes on, 402 Turner, Admiral Stansfield, 120 Tuxpan, Mexican port, 35 Twining, Gen. Nathan, 101 U Thant, 267, 368, 390-1,419,445; and Castro, 368,417,430,441-2; proposed solution to Crisis (24 October), 339, 340, 341, 344, 350; relays Russian peace proposal (26 October), 364,367, 391,401,415; relays US response (27 October), 401,402; US meeting with (26 October), 356, 358-9,364 U-2 reconnaissance planes: Anderson failed by USAF chiefs, 377; Anderson’s plane shot down, 385-9, 388, 393,400,404-8,413-14,416, 417,422-3,424-5,430,454; detail of surface images, 166-7,200; further flights authorized (16 October), 213; Heyser’s flight over Cuba (13 October 1962), 199-201,202,203, 209; images of SAM sites, 169,176, 178-9,182; lack of pre-Crisis flights over Cuba, 194,197,269; Maultsby’s plane intercepted (27 October), 379-82,384,407; missile photos published (22 October), 281-2; over Soviet Union (1956-60), 95,203;
overflights during Crisis, 236, 377-89; plans for 28 October flights, 404,413-14,417; possibility of shootdown over Cuba, 198-9,217, 256,270,309,377; replaced by space satellite surveillance, 461; resistance to overflights in EXCOM, 190,193, 194, 240,467-8,470; resumption of Cuba overflights, 198-201; shootdown over Russia (May 1960), 92-4,95,197,238,256,298-9 Udall, Stewart, 169,172-3,192 Ukraine, xxv; Russian invasion of (2022), xvii, xxvi, 84,474,475,476, 478; in Soviet era, 60,73-4,75, 83 Ulbricht, Walter, 127 United Fruit Company, 5 United Kingdom: American nuclear deployment in, 151,227,365,451; Anglo-Irish relations, 54; Ballistic Missile Warning System, Fylingdales, 397-8; equivocal support for US during Crisis, 292-3, 295,298, 300,301-3,457-8; French veto of EEC application, 463; imperialism of, 28; intelligence services, 123,202,353,451; and JFK’s friendships, 262-4,322-3, 359, 434; Khrushchev’s nuclear threats against, 90,92; left-wing opinion in, 296-7,298-9,300-1,302,305,340, 458; as nuclear power, 292,295,296, 397; perspective on Cuban Missile Crisis, xxi-xxii, xxiii; public opinion on Crisis, 294,296-7,298-9,302-3, 343-4,458; RAF readiness level on 27 October, 397-9; Royal Air Force (RAF), 292,303,396-9; Royal Navy, 298; Suez crisis (1956), xviii, 21, 86, 187, 248,295,297,344,457; supplies planes to Batista, 40; US treatment of during Crisis, 219,234-5,263-4, 292-3, 295, 365,452; view of SovietCuban alliance, 140,191 Vulcan bombers, RAF V-Force of, 292, 303,
INDEX 396,397,398 see also Macmillan, Harold United Nations: and Bay of Pigs, 13, 152, 352; Castro addresses (September 1960), 52-3, 55,138; Castro refuses on-site-monitoring by, 441-2,445,448; Charter of, 280; during Crisis, 264,281,310-11, 339, 340, 341, 344, 348, 350, 356,358-9, 364,402,415; Khrushchev’s shoe banging at, 96,138; November 1962 meeting, 142,239,244; Security Council meeting (25 October), 310-11, 350-2; as vastly more important forum than it is today, 267,350 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA appeasing of conservative opinion in, 5,6,101-2,112-13,133,177, 251,257,452; atomic bombing of Japan (1945), 88,249; breaks diplomatic relations with Cuba (1961), 53; Castro’s visits to, 34,48, 52-3, 55,138; claims/assumes privileges over Cuba, 10,26,191, 198, 339-40, 357,451-2; Cold War blunders, xvii-xviii; covert hostility to Batista, 40-1,42-3; Cuban exile community in, 2-6, 8,9-13,14-17, 55, 356-7,359,463-4; domestic reverberations of Crisis (1962-3), 466-70; during first year of Castro regime, 46-7,48-9; forces at DEFCON 2 (24 October), 326-7, 328, 342; forces at DEFCON 3 (22 October), 274; Guevara’s proposal to (August 1961), 20-1; imperialism of, 24,25-9, 53,108; Justice Department, US, 221; Khrushchev’s official visit to (1959), 80,90-1, 135-6; left-liberal politics in, 18, 103-4,106, 308; major weakness in moral/political position, 226-7; military preparations for attack on Cuba, 196-7,257,261-2,268, 272, 274-6, 309-10, 326-8, 356, 400-1, 417-18,420-2; native inhabitants of, 24; nuclear weapon-building 535 programme, 121-2; post-1959 relations with Cuba, 53-5, 56-7;
post-war prosperity/contentment, 99-100; power exuded by Kennedy White House, 107-12; preparations for possible invasion, 179-81; public opinion during Crisis, 308,344; Southern racists, 104-6; space programme, US, 103; support for Batista, 24,26,27-9, 30-1,32,40-1, 47, 50, 54-5; twenty-first-century chasm in polity, 457,474; view of Cuban public opinion, 3,7,8-9 Allies of: contingency plans in Europe, 121,131-2; Cuba seen as US obsession, 98,140,236,237,269, 282,290,458; and Cuba’s right to defend itself, 140,166,294,302; fears of US misjudgement, xxiii, 294, 301, 302-3,457-8; as ignorant of Crisis in early days, 234-5; JFK’s recognition of allied opinion, 219, 233-7, 290, 322,401; JFK’s scepticism about fortitude of, 219, 401; praise for JFK’s performance, xxiii, 457; National Intelligence Board, xli; National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC), xli, 175,201, 202,203,213; National Security Agency (NSA), xli, 175-6, 235; National Security Archive, xxv; National Security Council, xli, 268-9 (see also United States, Executive Committee of the National Security Council (EXCOM)); public defence treaties, 167, 227; sensitivity to US arms reduction ideas, 132, 394,401, 404-5; solidarity of, 97, 237,290, 297; and symmetry/comparability issue, 269; terrors aroused by Berlin issue, 90,96-8,295-6,461; US briefings to US on Crisis, 265,267, 273,290; views of during Crisis, xxiii, 273, 276,284-5,290-303, 322, 394,401,404-5; views/interests considered in EXCOM, 214,217, 218-19,222,236-7, 248,257,269, 404-5 see also NATO
536 ABYSS Armed Forces Aerial Reconnaissance/Surveillance: and Anadyr/Cuban missile build-up, 169,174-80,182,190,198-206,209, 467-8; Cubans fire at planes, 383-4, 404; SAC’s 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing, 180; space satellite surveillance, 166,203,461; technical limitations, 193; US Navy, 315, 377,383-4, 404 see also U-2 reconnaissance planes Air Force (USAF): atmospheric testing of nuclear bombs, 378; and bitterness over Bay of Pigs, 202; dislike of McNamara in, 110,381, 437; dispute with CIA over overflights, 199; electronic surveillance aircraft, 180; fighter aircraft, 381,382, 383; fighter bomber squadrons, 327,401; JFK briefed on air strike plan, 261-2; and Maultsby’s plane, 379-82; pre-Crisis concentration in Florida, 180; preparations for air strikes on Cuba, 274,326-7,401,421-2; rage at peaceful outcome to Crisis, 431, 436-7; RAND think-tank, 101,122, 326; SIOP-62 and SIOP-63 plans, 128-9; Strategic Air Command (SAC), xxii—xxiii, 101,121,180,201, 207, 326-7, 328, 342, 379-82; surveillance of Russian ships, 391; and tactical nuclear weapons, 327-8, 401; urging of war by command of, xix, 88-9,121, 179-80,186-7,207, 249-52 see aho LeMay, Gen. Curtis Army: 274, 309,315,316 Army Air Forces (USAAF): 108,249 Marines: 180,274-6, 309,316,420 Navy: Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) capabilities, 361-3; and Bay of Pigs, 16,17; and blockade of Cuba, 314-17,320-3,328-9,331-7, 348, 355,361-4,391,399,407-13, 442-4; and blockade of Cuba option, 196-7,265,314; Flag Plot at Pentagon, 320-2, 329; frightening inadequacy of US communications, 334-5; harassment of Soviet ships/
submarines, 328-9,407-8,409-13, 442-4; Law ofNaval Warfare (1955), 321; Light Photographic Squadron, 315; pre-Crisis concentration near Cuba, 207-8; preparations for possible invasion, 180-1,422; reconnaissance planes, 376; surveillance ships, 176 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): xli, xlii; anti-Castro sentiment/ activity, 3, 7,20,52,54,134,179, 206-7,356,469; and Batista, 40; and Bay of Pigs, 1,2,3-5,6,8-9,11,13, 15-16,17,19,178; confirms missiles removed, 463; and Cuban missile deployment intelligence, 176-7, 178-9,190; dispute with USAF over overflights, 199; Kennedy brothers’ distrust of, 468-9; Office of National Estimates (ONE), xli, 176,193-4, 203,211,283; overthrow of Arbenz in Guatemala, 5; and ‘photo gap,’ 467,468,469-70; propaganda during Missile Crisis, 66 Defense Department: xli, xlii, 108-10, 178 Executive Committee of the National Security Council (EXCOM): xxii, xxiii; absence of plan for post-Castro governance, 220,418; and all-out invasion option, 217-18,219,220, 224,236,237,241,256-7,309-10, 359-60; blockaders prevail on 20 October, 257-8,263-4; high quality of discussions, 192,452,456-7; and idea of military action without warning, 232-3,239,241,247-8, 253-4,256-7; immediate military action rejected, 246-7; keeping knowledge of missiles secret, 218, 219,220,223,246-7,255,259-60; meetings of 16 October, 212-20, 222-8; meeting of 18 October, 236-42; meeting of 20 October, 255-8; meetings of 21 October, 264, 265; meetings of 23 October, 309-11,314-15,316-17; meeting of
INDEX 24 October, 331-7; meetings of 25 October, 348-9, 354; meeting of 26 October, 355-9; meetings of 27 October, 390, 393-6, 399-400, 401-3,404-6,407,413-15,417-19; meeting of 28 October, 432; members of, 212-13; moral issues discussed, 241; and Pearl Harbor analogy, 231-2, 239, 241, 254, 269; and removal of Castro, 242,257, 357; RFK’s ‘we all spoke as equals,’ 240; and timing of making news public, 223,242; White House tapes of proceedings, xxiii-xxiv, xxv-xxvi, 120, 405 Intelligence Services: xli-xlii; archives of, xxiv; codebreaking/cryptography, 175-6,235; fallibility of to present day, 191-2; GMAIC, 203; humint reports from Cuba, 176,194,196, 199,268-9; information from during Crisis, 236,247,255,258-9, 268-9, 310, 331-2, 333-5, 348,351, 354, 359,383; JAEIC, 203; as often wrong, 179; ‘the photo gap’ (autumn 1962), 467-8,469-70; political constraints on, 174,190,194,197, 240, 269,467-8,469-70; President’s Intelligence Board report, 174, 467-8; strategic national intelligence estimate (SNIE), 193,194,258-9; tracking of ships during Crisis, 331-2, 333-5, 336, 348, 351, 354, 361, 391 see also aerial reconnaissance/surveillance, US; Unired States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); U-2 reconnaissance planes Joint Chiefs of Staff: advocates of use of nuclear weapons in, 88-9, 239-40,250,326; air strike plans, 230, 233, 240-1, 256, 257, 379, 402-3,431; air strikes pressed for by, 221, 222, 225, 233, 246, 247-8, 250, 251, 252-3, 256, 258, 396, 402-3, 431; all-out invasion plans, 224, 356, 379, 431; all-out invasion pressed for by, 247, 250, 379, 402-3,431; 537 contempt for
Kennedy White House, 109-10, 202,250,251,258, 321-2, 381; continued hopes for invasion after Crisis, 442,447; desire for war, xix, 88-9,101,179-80, 186-7, 221-2,225-6, 233, 239-40, 248-53, 272, 283-4, 426,454; hubris ofin early 1960s, 315-16,456; JFK’s meetings with during Crisis, 247-51, 268-9; JFK’s view of, 221-2, 267, 456; as mortally dangerous counsellors during Crisis, 215-16, 250; and nuclear weapon authorizations, 267-8,327-8,400-1; power and influence of, 109-10; pressure on JFK from, xix, 224, 225-6, 246,247-53,257-8, 311, 332-3, 344, 453, 454, 455-6; and prospective deaths in nuclear exchange, 128-9, 317; and strategic impact of Cuban missiles, 223,224, 236; support for Bay of Pigs, 6, 250; Max Taylor chairs, 111, 207,212, 215, 239-40, 247-8, 251, 455-6; unchanged posture throughout Crisis, 405 Ships: Beale (destroyer), 409-11; Belmont (surveillance ship), 176; Blandy (destroyer), 440,443; Charles Cecil, 443; Cory (destroyer), 412; Enterprise (carrier), 180,317; Essex (carrier), 180, 260, 332-3, 337, 361-2,408; Independence (carrier), 180; Liberty ( surveillance ship), 176; Okinawa (helicopter-carrier), 274; Oxford (surveillance ship), 176; Perry (destroyer), 364; Pierce (destroyer), 355; Randolph (carrier), 412 State Department: 8,9,40,41,42, 110, 253-4, 309; JFK’s opinion of, 214, 228,455; Thompson as resident Kremlinologist, 221,238-9 USSR see SOVIET UNION Valido, Marcolfa, 50, 51 Vandenberg air base, 328
538 ABYSS Velichko, Sergeant Pavel, 160,162 West Side Story (Robert Wise film, Venezuela, 304 1961), 100 Vicky (cartoonist), 344,392 Westinghouse, 331 Vieques Island, 180 Wheeler, Gen. Earle, 250,258 Vietnam War, xviii, xxii, 10,107-8, White, Lincoln, 366 192,208,250,283,452,458,472; White, Theodore H., 114 and George Ball, 230; Fulbright’s Wigram, Ralph, 305 opposition to, 272; intractable allies Wiley, Sen. Alexander, 187 during, 464; and Kennedy Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 119 administration, 104,189; and Williams, Robert, 54 McNamara, xviii, 225; and members Wilson, Harold, 305,459,461-2 of EXCOM, xviii, 225,357,437,454; Wilson Center, Washington, xxv and USAF’s fondness for bombing, Witcover, Jules, 470 187,249,256; and young Americans, Wohlstetter, Albert, 122 103,308 Wynne, Greville, 202,279 Vinogradova, Dr Lyuba, xxv Voloshchenko, Lt. Vasil, 155-6,159, Xi, President, 474,479 384 Voronkov, Col. Georgi, 384, 386 Yepe, Manuel, 28,46-7,136,164-5 Voroshilov, Marshal Kliment, 437 Yevtushenko, Yevgeny, 147, 306,323 Vronsky, Boris, 67, 307 Yost, Charles, 358-9,364 Wagner, Robert, 48 Wallace, George, 251 Warsaw Pact, 120-1,136,140,195; archives of, 121 Watergate scandal, 283 Waverley, Ava, 305 West Germany, 90,95,96-7,121,145, 376 i Zakirov, Rafael, 158,159,160,374, 446 Zelikow, Philip, 323,406 Zhukov, Marshal, 82,153 Zorin, Valerian, 95,152, 311,351-2, 417 Zulueta, Philip de, 305 Zuniga, Mario (’Juan Garcia’), 13 Bayerische StaatsMIMhi Minchen |
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Contents List of Illustrations xiii Introduction xvii A Timeline of Significant Global Events during the Cold War Era xxvii Principal Participants in the Missile Crisis xxxv Time Zones and Spellings xxxviii prologue: Operation Zapata 17-19 April 1961 1 Cuba Libre 1 THE AMERICAN COLONY 2 GRANMA з THE LIBERATOR 2 Mother Russia 1 TRIUMPH IN SPACE, HUNGER ON EARTH 2 ‘the shark’ з KHRUSHCHEV ABROAD 1 23 23 35 45 58 58 71 84 з NUKES 99 99 107 119 4 The Red Gambit: Operation Anadyr 135 5 The Shock 174 3 Yanquis, Amerikantsy 1 AMERICAN PIE շ jack
6 Drumbeat 1 THE PRESIDENT IS TOLD 2 THE WARMAKERS 7 ‘They Think We’re Slightly Demented on This Subject’ 1 BEHIND CLOSED DOORS շ Tron ass’ 3 THE DECISION 8 The President Speaks 1 KENNEDY CONFRONTS HIS PEOPLE 2 KHRUSHCHEV CONFRONTS DISASTER 9 Blockade 1 HIGH, CONFUSED SEA 2 ‘SHOOT THE RUDDERS OFF!’ 10 ‘The Other Fellow Just Blinked’ 1 HAIR TRIGGERS 2 ‘SHOULD I TAKE OUT CUBA?’ 11 Khrushchev Looks for an Out i ‘everything to prevent war’ 2 THE KREMLIN DECISION 3 ‘a trial of will’ 12 Black Saturday 1 CASTRO FRIGHTENS KHRUSHCHEV 2 THE SOVIETS SHOOT 13 The Brink 1 IMPASSE 2 THE HOUNDING OF B֊59 3 THE OFFER 14 Endgame 1 TIME RUNS OUT 2 THE CUBANS CUT UP ROUGH 209 209 222 234 234 247 253 266 266 285 290 290 309 326 326 330 343 343 352 364 371 371 383 390 390 407 413 424 424 440
15 ‘This Strange and Still Scarcely Explicable Affair’ 450 Acknowledgements Notes and References Bibliography Index 481 485 507 515
Index Absher, Ken, 193,194,196,203, 328 Acheson, Dean, 10,120,231,242,246, 253, 290-2, 367,437,452 Adams, John Quincy, 24 Adenauer, Konrad, 85,290,376 Adzhubei, Aleksei, 140,185 aerial bombardment/air strikes: active USAF preparations for, 274, 326-7, 356,401,421-2; air strikes dubbed ‘fast track’ option, 213; air strikes without warning option, 214,230, 231-2,239,242, 247-8,250,252, 257; chiefs of staff press for, 221, 222,225,233,246,247-8,250,251, 252-3,256,258, 396,402-3,431; EXCOM discussions on, 214-16, 217-18,222,225,230-2,233, 239, 240-1,242,246,256-8, 354, 359; impossibility of destroying all targets, 186-7,215-16,247-8,256, 261-2,360; limited air strike option, 222,225,236,257; ‘surgical air strike’ term, 186-7,216; US air campaign plans, 230,240-1, 256, 257,261-2,367-8,379; US planning for (pre-Crisis), 196-7,216 Aeroflot Flight 902 crash (1962), 66 Afghanistan, Soviet intervention (1979-89), xviii Africa, 145,269 Agafonov, Vitaly, 170,408 Agüero, Andrés, 43 Alducín, Margarita, 55, 57,234 Alekseev, Aleksandr, 135,164-5,442, 464; and Anadyr, 147-8,150,167; and Castro, 52,147,150, 368, 371-3, 374,427,428,440-1 Alfonso, Conchita, 56,374-5 Allison, Graham, 323,406 Almeida, Juan, 32,39,279 Alsop, Joseph, 113,114,121,228, 260, 466 Alyoshin, Valentin, 155,162-3 Anadyr, Operation: and Alekseev, 147-8,150,167; camouflage failure, 168-9,217,239,348-9; Castro agrees to, 149-51; Cuban communications security, 176; Cubans urge openness, 151-2,167; expeditionary force, 152-3,154-9; fantasy claims of fighting/battles, 163; impact of heat on missiles, 160; Kenneth Keating’s
public claims, 181-3; Khrushchev’s thinking, 142, 144-9,165-7,197,217, 226-7, 238-9, 263-4,270,277-8, 285; lack of coherent Soviet strategy, 151,167, 168,169,170-2,217, 223,288-9, 318, 368-70, 384-5; map showing missile sites/bases, 204-5; McCone’s warnings, 176-7,178,179,190, 193-4,196,199, 211, 223, 268-9; Pliev appointed to command mission, 153-4; policy on Pliev’s authority to fire weapons, 168,193, 278,286, 369, 393; RFK meets Dobrynin over (4 September), 184-6; Russians’ relations with locals, 159,160-3,164-5; and SAM anti-aircraft missiles, 155,159,169,
516 ABYSS Anadyr, Operation (cont.) 176,178-9,182-4,186,188, 256, 386-9,402,406,417; and secrecy, 142,145-6,149,152,154-6,163, 165,166,169-70, 174-5,216-17, 277; secret treaty in Moscow (1962), 150; Soviet delegation to Cuba, 148-9; Soviet doubters, 145,147, 148; submarine flotilla, 170-2; transit of ballistic missiles across Cuba, 159-60; US intelligence failures over, 174; US surveillance of, 171,174-80,182,190,198-206, 209, 315, 377, 383-4,404,467-8; utter failure of, 459; weapons/ equipment/manpower deployed, 152-3,155,157,168,169-70,192-3, 235 see aho Cuban Missile Crisis Anderson, Admiral George, 215,250, 265,317, 321-2, 329,334,408,431 Anderson, Jane, 432 Anderson, Major Rudolf, 199,377, 379,404,405-6; shot down over Cuba, 385-9,388,393,400,404-8, 413-14,416,417,422-3,424-5,430, 454 Anderson, Sir John, 305 Andreev, Anatoly, 363 Andropov, Yuri, 144 Angolan Civil War, 460* appeasement policy of 1930s, 248,281, 296,477 Arbenz, Jacobo, 5 Argentina, 7-8 Arkhipov, Captain Vasily, 170,408, 412 Arnaz, Desi, 48 Arrowsmith, Pat, 303 Artemieva, Galina, 58,64-5,67, 72, 77,139, 376 Artime, Manuel, 3-4,16 Atomic Energy Commission, US, 177 Ayer, A.J., 299 Baldwin, Hanson, 467 Ball, George, 108,198,212, 225,253, 257,268,309; correct hunch on Khrushchev’s thinking, 226,239; opposition to military action, 226, 229,230,232-3,239,241 Baltic states, 83,478 Barbachuk, Nina, 67 Barquín, Colonel Ramón, 43 Barrett, David, 282,469 Barsukov, Nikolai, 69,77 Bartlett, Charlie, 318,340,341,466 Batista, Fulgencio, 24-5,26-33,36-43, 44,47,50,51,54-5 Bay of Pigs invasion (Operation Zapata, April
1961), xviii, 1-6,7-22, 54,108,125,139,202,224 BBC, 66,460* Beardsley, Mimi, 116,422 Beloborodov, Col. Nikolai, 286 Beria, Lavrenti, 75,153 Berle, Adolf, 27 Berlin: autobahn access to West Berlin, 96-7,120,127,310; Berlin Wall built (August 1961), 127-8; Blockade (1948-49), xvii, 88,96; brief Soviet nuclear deployment near (1959), 154,269; ‘Checkpoint Charlie,’ 128; fear of retaliatory blockade, 183,187,337; flight of refugees through, 96-7,126-7; JFK’s ‘Ich bin ein Berliner speech, xxi; and Kennedy administration, 124-7, 187,194-6,229,248,250,263-4, 266-7,269,284,288,294,339-40, 360; Khrushchev threatens to cut off access to, 92,98,120; Khrushchev’s ‘ultimatums’/threats, 79,91,97-8, 120-1,124-5,126,135,142, 169, 194-6,243-4,283; and Macmillan, 125-6,127-8,273,284,295-6, 365, 461; as obsession of West, 96-7, 124-8,217,235,248,263-4,266-7, 295-6,322,343,365,461; potential for Great Power showdown in, 57, 97-8,124-8,140,194-6,239, 240, 245-6,248,339-40; Llewellyn Thompson on, 266,269,270,455; Western garrisons of, 96,153, 266, 339,398-9 Berlin, Isaiah, 76 Bevan, Aneurin, 87
INDEX Bianchi, Ciro, 191 Biryuzov, Marshal Sergei, 146,149, 151,166 Bissell, Richard, 6,8,52,207 Blake, Gordon, 235 Bohlen, Charles ‘Chip,’ 75,195-6,209, 213,221,228-9, 238-9,255-6,290 Bolshakov, Georgy, 185,186,197,318, 447,466 Boris Godunov (Mussorgsky opera), 330-1 Borzunov, Sergei, 143 Bowles, Chester, 118 Bradley, Gen. Omar, 119 Braithwaite, Rodric, 121,129,475 Brandon, Henry, 259 Braun, Wernher von, 101 Brazil, 10,214,418-19 Breitweiser, Maj. Gen. Robert, 110, 201-2,435-6 Brezhnev, Leonid, xxxvi Britt, May, 117-18 Brokaw, Tom, 118 Brown, Governor Edmund Gerald ‘Pat,’ 377-8 Brown, George, 305 Brown, Harold, 129 Bruce, David, 291, 292 Buchan, Alastair, 302 Buckley, William F., 101-2,112 Bulganin, Nikolai, 75 Bundy, McGeorge, 108,112,190,197, 199,209-10,246,255, 337,431,447, 469; at 4 September 1962 meeting, 182-3; account of Crisis (1988), 425, 430,453; and Bay of Pigs, 7,8,9,18, 21; ‘Bundy plan’ (bombing schedule), 256; erratic performance during Crisis, 252-3,454; at EXCOM meetings, 217-18,222-3, 226-7,239, 242,269, 316,350, 356, 358,393,400,413,432; on JFK’s 22 October speech, 282, 283; pressures JFK to yield to hawks, xix, 252-3, 258-9,406; on public’s fears during Crisis, 303-4; role in Kennedy White House, 210-12; and Colonel Stimson, 264 517 Burchinal, Lt. Gen. David, 258,381, 436 Burlatsky, Fyodor, 146,168 BURLINGTON (leadership bunker in Wiltshire), 132 Butlin, Wendy, 303 California Institute of Technology, 177 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), 296,297,458 Cardona, José Miró, 9-10 Carmichael, Stokely, 102 Carroll, Lt. Gen. Joseph, 181 Carson, Rachel,
Silent Spring (1962), 103 Carter, Gen. Marshall ‘Pat,’ 182,187, 199,212,213,222 Carter, Jimmy, 360 Casals, Pablo, 115 Castro, Fidel: accepts Soviet weapons, 52, 56-7,135-6,140-1; appears on The Ed Sullivan Show, 25-6; and assassination of JFK, 473-4; background of, 29-30, 31; baiting of USA, 3,4-5; and Bay of Pigs, 3, 5, 14,15,16,18; becomes leader of Cuba, 43-4; behaviour at end of Crisis, 435,439,440-2,444-7; bellicose speeches during crisis, 324, 356,417; as big winner of Crisis, 460; brutal and repressive rule of, 13,18, 45-6, 49, 324, 464; character of, 29-30, 31,40,45,137; and communism, 33,41,54-5,136-7, 145; and Cuban economy, 52; death of (2016), 465; embraced by Khrushchev in New York, 6,138; exaggerated reverence for a peasant ideal, 30; executions in first year of regime, 44,46, 53; exile in Mexico (1955-56), 33-5; first wife Mirta, 30, 31, 33; as hero to young Russians, 139; imprisonment of (1953), 32-3; as incompetent ruler, 45,47-8, 51, 54, 56-7, 136,149, 282,460, 464; interviews with visiting journalist (1957-58), 38, 39, 40; leads ‘the Movement,’ 31-2, 33-44; letter to
518 ABYSS Castro, Fidel {cont.) Khrushchev (27 October), 372-4, 422,427-8; mobilizes armed forces (22 October), 279; and Moncada assault (1953), 31-2, 33; narcissism/ megalomania of, 45,57,137,372-4, 427-8,464; Nixon on, 48,52; oration at show trial of, 32; Pliev’s relations with, 154; recklessness of, 29,137,149-51,323-5,371-4, 427-8; refuses UN on-site monitoring, 441-2,445,448; relationship with Cuban people, 50-2, 284, 305-6, 324,375,399; as a sensationalist, 55, 57,132,323, 371-4,427-8; in Sierra Maestra mountains (1956-58), 37-42; Soviet alliance, 137-41,147-52,178-9, 277-8,324-5,368-9, 371-4, 399; superstar celebrity of, xxi, 3,25-6, 45,48,104,138,464; threatens US planes (25-27 October), 356,368, 369,404; and U Thant, 368,417, 430,441-2; US plans for killing/ overthrow of, 7,20,21,26,52-3, 134,140,165-6,175,179-80,206-8, 357,469; visits to USA, 34,48,52-3, 55,138; visits Voloshchenko’s unit, 159; young Westerners enthused by, 48,104,149,464 Castro, Fidelito, 44,465-6 Castro, Raúl, 7,31-3,37-9,41,46,49, 150,279,466 Central America, 137-8 Chafe, William, 103 Checker, Chubby, 100 chess, 143 Chiang Kai-shek, 166 China, xvii-xviii, 4, 55, 88, 110, 123, 471; armed clash with India (October 1962), 260,297,307-8; as ascendant today, 474,475,476; challenge to Soviets, 95-6,145,195, 450; Nationalists in Formosa, 166, 190; Truman’s ‘loss of,’ 101,118, 165-6,282 Chirakhov, Aziz, 60 Chudik, Gennady, 156,158,446 Chukhrai, Grigory, 70 Churchill, Winston, xxiii, xxiv, 6-7, 23,114,121,243,261,282,478-9; Iron Curtain speech at Fulton, 353 Cienfuegos, Camilo, 39,42,43,44, 45-6
Civil War, Russian, 73 Clifford, Clark, 467-8 Cline, Ray, 209,255 Coffin, William Sloane, 105 Cold War, xvii-xviii, 56-9,89,92, 100-4,121-3,460-1; end of, 465, 474; and human freedom, 474-5; JFK’s desire to win, 113; nostalgia for as discernible today, 475; nuclear weapons as central to, xx, 120-31, 461; ‘owls,’ 119-20,127-8 Collingwood, Charles, 434 Columbus, Christopher, 23 communications: Cuban security, 176; frightening inadequacy of US Navy, 334-5; machinery in Britain for nuclear warning, 131; PentagonKremlin teletype hotline, 471; snail-like pace of during Crisis, 320, 366, 385,389,393,428-9,471; US-UK scrambled ‘Hot Line’ telephone, 293 communism, xxvi; in 1950s Cuba, 27, 28; absence of freedom in totalitarian states, 452; and Castro, 33,41, 54-5,136-7,145; conditions leading to in Latin America, 7-8; fall of the Berlin Wall (1989), 474; of Guevara and Raúl Castro, 41,46; JFK’s need for anti-communist credentials, 5,208; Khrushchev’s absolute faith in, 79-80; McCarthy witch-hunts, 30,64,101,110,116; Soviet-China competition for leadership, 95-6,145,195,450; US fear of, 100,101-2,121-3,177; US view on popularity of, 7,8-9 Congolese Republic, 7 contraceptive pill, 103 Cooper, Chester, 292 Cordier, Andrew, 419 Cornell University, 308
INDEX Costner, Kevin, 212 Covid-19 pandemic, xxv Creech, Col. Wilbur, 261,262 Cronkite, Walter, 304, 340 Crossman, Richard, 87,294-5,299 CUBA ‘Después del triunfo,’ 50-2; ‘26th July Revolutionary Movement’ (M-26-7), 31-42,43-4; at centre stage due to missiles, 151,324,368; dismantling and shipping of missiles, 440; exile community in US, 2-6,8,9-13, 14-17,55,356-7, 359,463-4; hijackings of civilian airliners to, 202; history of (pre-1959), 23-5, 26-34,35-43, 47, 50, 53, 54-5; immaturity/irresponsibility of Castro regime, 47,49,137,149-50, 371-4,427-8; and machismo, 164; military forces, 2,9,12, 374,383-4; misgovernment of Castro regime, 45,47-8,51, 54, 56-7,136,149,282, 460,464; nationalizations of US-owned enterprises, 26,49, 53, 54-5; post-Crisis history of, xxvi, 447-8,459-60,464-6; public reaction to end of Crisis, 439; revolution (1959), 1,4, 25-6,43-4; right of to deploy missiles on its own soil, 191, 350,451; Soviet alliance, 137-41,147-52,178-9,277-8, 324-5, 368-9,371-4, 399; Soviet delegation to (1960), 136-7; storage of Soviet warheads, 369; support for Castro during Crisis, 284, 305-6, 324, 375,399; survival of communist regime in, xxvi, 465-6; united by Bay of Pigs, 13-14,18; US claims/ assumes privileges over, 10,26,191, 198, 339-40, 357,451-2; US obsession with, 98,140,236, 237, 269,272,282,290,301,458; White Russian refugees, 158 Cuba policy group, 197,198-9 Cuba Study Group, 7 Cuban Missile Crisis: B-59 submarine incident, 409-13; ‘the Bohlen plan’ (diplomatic path), 213; ‘Bundy plan’ 519 (bombing schedule), 256; continuing work on missile sites during,
288,339, 348, 350, 359; Cuban escalation (27 October), 383-4,404; danger of accidents/ mistakes, xix-xx, 311,327-8, 379-80,411-12,453,478; Day 1 (Tuesday 16 October), 211-28; Day 2 (Wednesday 17 October), 229-33; Day 3 (Thursday 18 October), 233, 236-47; Day 4 (Friday 19 October), 247-54; Day 5 (Saturday 20 October), 254-9,290; Day 6 (Sunday 21 October), 259-65,290-3; Day 7 (Monday 22 October), 266-85, 293-4; Day 8 (Tuesday 23 October), 285-9,305, 309-23, 324, 328, 330-1; Day 9 (Wednesday 24 October), 326-8,329,331-42,336; Day 10 (Thursday 25 October), 343-54; Day 11 (Friday 26 October), 355-60, 364-70; Day 12 (Saturday 27 October), 371-89,390-406,407, 409-22; Day 13 (Sunday 28 October), 424-35; diplomatic developments of 26 October, 364-5, 366-7; end of (28 October 1962), 431-40; Essex forces Soviet submarine to surface, 332-3,408; ‘fast track’ option (military path), 213; final peace deal, 448-9; fullscale US invasion option, 207-8, 217-18,219,220,236,237,241,247, 250,256-7, 349-50,359-60, 402-3, 431; full-scale US invasion plans, 224, 272, 274-6, 309-10, 356, 379; Havana conference on (1992), xviii; historiography of, xxi, xxiii, xxivxxvi, 253,454; influence of mutual deterrence on the entire debate, 360, 414-15; instinctive disbelief in threat of annihilation, xxi-xxii; JFK-Gromyko meeting (18 October), 241-2,243-5; JFK’s broadcast to nation (22 October), 280-6; JFK’s personal letter for Khrushchev (22 October), 278-9, 285; Khrushchev’s open letter to JFK
520 ABYSS Cuban Missile Crisis (cont.) (27 October), 392-5,399-400; Khrushchev’s private letter to JFK (26 October), 366-7,393-4,402, 415; Khrushchev’s radio missive to JFK (28 October), 429-30,431; Kremlin’s desperate/dangerous confusion of purpose, 288-9,362-4, 369-70, 384-5, 391-6,404; letter to Khrushchev offering terms (27 October), 414,415-16; parameters of US policy established, 189; Pentagon bellicosity as significant factor, 328,342,456; peril/gravity of, xviii, xix-xx; Pliev activates radar on Cuba, 368-9,377,384; as political issue rather than strategic one, xx, 223-4,227-8,360,476-7; Bertrand Russell’s cables to Khrushchev and JFK, 300-1,307,338; Soviet motive issue, 216-17,221,223,226-7,239, 248,348-9; Soviet secrecy as propaganda plus for the US, 269, 282-3,350; telegram from Moscow accepting RFK’s deal (28 October), 427; threat of American force as key, 452-3,478; US graduated escalation idea, 254, 349-50; White House tapes of, xxiii-xxiv, xxv-xxvi, 120, 405; worldwide fears/apprehensions during, 303-4,305,309,374-6, 383-9,420-1 see aho Anadyr, Operation; blockade of Cuba, US; Executive Committee of the National Security Council (EXCOM) Cuban Missile Crisis, US blockade during: Bucharest allowed to proceed (25 October), 347-8, 349; comes into force (24 October), 314-15,331; continues after Crisis ends, 445; declared (22 October), 279,281; enforcement of, 314-17, 319,320-3, 328-9, 331-7, 348-9, 355,361-4,390-1, 399,407-13, 442-4; fear of retaliatory Berlin blockade, 183,187,337; formal declaration of war issue, 240,254; Lyndon Johnson’s view of, 414; lifting
of, 448; Lovett on, 338-9; McNamara requests starting date, 309; military view of, 215,248,250, 251,254,255,256; missiles still on Cuba as critical question, 339-40, 341-2,349,355-6,357-9; most important achievement of, 337, 452-3; as not precluding subsequent bombing/invasion, 254,268,270, 349-50,355-6,359-60; OAS supports, 310,314, 318; opposed as inadequate by right-wing opinion, 248,251,270-1,272,290,338; plan chosen by JFK/EXCOM, 257-8, 263-4,266,268; as policy option, 183,187,196-7,222-3,225-6, 228, 233,237-40,246,247-8,251,253-6; publicly characterized as a 'quarantine,’ 257; quarantine line distance/position, 323,390-1; and Soviet Navy, 265,287,288,314, 317; Soviet response to JFK broadcast, 285-7,311-14; and Soviet submarines, 288,317,329,332-3, 361-4,390,408-13,410; Soviet vessels ordered to turn back (22 October), 285-6,287,328-9,331, 333-4,335,361; stop-and-search orders/procedures, 265,310,314-15, 321-2,337,348,355; views of US allies on, 290-303 Cuban Revolutionary Council, New York, 13,15 Dallek, Robert, 351 Dalley, S/Ldr Kevin, 398 Davies, John Paton, 110 Davis Jr, Sammy, 117-18 de Gaulle, Charles, 94,124,290-2, 463 Dear Comrades! (Andrei Konchalovsky film, 2020), 68 Dennison, Admiral Robert, 196-7, 361,391,400 DePalma, Anthony, 50,151 Diefenbaker, John, 290 Digby, Pamela, 243
INDEX Dilhorne, Lord, 298 Dillon, Douglas, 212,232, 253,256, 268 Direnzo, Vince, 202 Dirksen, Everett, 188,272, 338 Disosway, Major-General Gabriel, 436 Dobbs, Michael, One Minute to Midnight (2008), xxv Dobrynin, Anatoly, 64,98,102,141-2, 195,252,403,431,448; and Bucharest incident, 348; dislike of RFK, 318, 319-20; ignorance of Anadyr, 144,152,181,242,279, 311, 319-20; meets Rusk (22 October), 268,278-9,285; memoirs of, xxv, 124,288; RFK’s 4 September meeting with, 184-6; RFK’s meeting with (23 October), 318-20, 322; RFK’s meeting with (27 October), 414,415,416-17,419,423,426,454, 467; and RFK’s secret Turkish offer, 416,419,423,426,427,467,470; on Zorin, 351 Dole, Robert, 198 Dorticós Torrado, Osvaldo, 47,368, 440 Dr. No (Terence Young film, 1962), 300 Dr. Strangelove (Stanley Kubrick film, 1963), xxii-xxiii, 252, 327 Droller, Gerard (‘Frank Bender’), 4 Dubinskaya, Elvira, 156-8,162,163-4, 446, 473 Dubivko, Captain, 171, 363-4,409, 443-4 Dulles, Allen, 5,6,19,52-3,177,189, 207 Dulles, John Foster, 265 Dylan, Bob, 304 Earman, Jack, 467 East Germany, 95, 96-7,126,127-8 Ecker, Commander Bill, 315 the Economist, 112,259,301,343, 390, 435,437 Eden, Anthony, 457 Edwards Air Force Base, California, 199-200 521 Eisenhower, Dwight, 5, 26, 94,97, 101,115,126,130, 211, 296; briefing of during Crisis, 214, 229, 266-7, 432; CIA anti-Castro activity under, 3, 7, 52, 54; foreclosure of Suez campaign (1956), 297, 344; and golf courses, 48,104,107; and Khrushchev’s official visit (1959), 90,91; support for Latin American dictators, 30,47; and U-2 incident (May 1960), 93-4, 95; and USAF’s
SIOP-62 plan, 128 El Encanto department store, Havana, 13, 26-7 Elizabeth II, Queen, 305 Ellis, Gen. Richard, 180 Escalante, Anibal, 145 Fangio, Juan, 40 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), xli, 375 Feklisov, Aleksandr (Aleksandr Fomin), 364-5,403 Ferguson, Don, 115 Ferrara, José Ramón Linares, 13-14, 46, 51,164, 304, 439 Ferrer, Ada, Cuba: An American History (2021), xxv, 32 film and cinema, 70,164, 300 First World War, 143,296,426; causes of, xviii-xix, 119-20,276,294 Fitzgerald, Desmond, 469 Fleming, Ian, 115, 300 Flynn, Errol, 26 Fokin, Admiral Vitaly, 170 Forbes, Malcolm, 99 Ford, Gerald, 468 Ford Motors, 108-9 Formosa (Taiwan), 166 Fox, Frederic, 117 France, 90, 92, 228-9, 435, 462-3, 471; Algerian war, 21,190 Franco, Francisco, 104 Freedman, Lawrence, 462,474 Frondizi, Arturo, 7-8 Frost, Robert, 172-3,192, 195, 466 Fulbright, Sen. William, 8, 9,105,187, 272, 338
522 ABYSS Gaddis, John Lewis, xx, 327,474 Gadea, Hilda, 34 Gagarin, Yuri, 58, 59,83,145 Gaither, H. Rowan, 100-1 Gaitskell, Hugh, 73,305,461-2 Galbraith, J.K., xix, 58-9,99,112,118, 189,190 Galenkov, Valery, 65,66,306-7 Garbuz, Maj. Gen. Leonid, 385 Garland, Col. Bill, 391 Garst, Roswell, 80 Garthoff, Ray, 121 Gdansk shipyard strikes (1970), xviii Gerchenov, Major, 386, 387 Gerhart, Gen. John, 400 Germano, Eddie, 319 Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe, 330 Gilpatric, Roswell, 131,203,212,252, 256,267,268, 321 Gitlin, Todd, 18,103-4,106 Glanmor Grammar School, Swansea, 303 Glasspoole, Frances, 101,260 Glenn, Col. John, 103 Goelet, Jane Monroe, 221 Goldwater, Barry, 182 Gomez, Maximo, 27,49,50, 55-6 González, María Antonia, 34 Goodwin, Richard, 8,20-1 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 465,476 Gorshkov, Admiral Sergei, 171,287, 409 Gott, Richard, 465 Gould, Loyal, 105-6 Graham, Billy, 376 Graham, Philip, 110 Granma (cruiser), 35-6 Graybeal, Sid, 213 Grechko, Marshal Andrei, 443 Grechko, Lt. Gen. Stepan, 385, 387 Greece, 365 Greene, Graham, Our Man in Havana (1958), 25,450 Gregory, Dick, 104-5 Gribkov, Gen. Anatoly, 148,167,387 Gromyko, Andrei, 148,185,241-2, 243-5,268,320,330-1,358,427 Guantanamo Bay US base, 12,17,41, 101,178,180,198,215,376,384; and Anderson’s U-2 flight, 377,385; imperialist nature of, 28; Operation Quicklift, 260-1; as possible part of Crisis deal, 255,264,445; powerful roving searchlight, 161; Soviet missiles target, 160,383,400 Guardian newspaper, 298-9 Guatemala, training camp in, 4,5,6 Guerrasio, John, 304,376 Guevara, Ernesto ‘Che,’ 20-1,45,46, 49,138,139,149,279,445,464; and
‘26th July Revolutionary Movement’ (M-26-7), 35-6,37,39,41,42,43, 44; first meeting with Castro (1955), 33-4; visits to Soviet Union, 56,150, 167 Guillén, Nicolás, 23 Guseinov, Col. Yuri, 386 Guthrie, Woody, 100 Guys and Dolls (Broadway musical based on Damon Runyon stories, 1950), 24 Halberstam, David, 111, 116,192 Hamer, Fannie Lou, 105 Hammarskjold, Dag, 78 Harriman, Averell, 89,124, 214, 242-3,365-6,471 Harris, Robert, The Second Sleep, xvii Harvey, Bill, 206,468 Havana University, 28,29-30,43-4, 51 Hayter, William, 74, 75,87 Healey, Denis, 224 Heikal, Mohammed, 139 Heller, Joseph, Catch-22,104 Helms, Richard, 20,21 Hemingway, Ernest, 24-5 Hennessy, Peter, xxii Heren, Louis, 97 Hershberg, James, xxiii, 454 Heyser, Major Steve, 199-201,202, 203 Hindenburg, Gen. Paul von, 456 Hines, Jerome, 330 Ho Chi Minh, 45,149,464 Hodgson, Godfrey, 108
INDEX Holland, Max, 282,469 Holloway, Gen. Bruce, 436 Home, Lord, 293,300,434 Hoover, Herbert, 432 Hoover, J. Edgar, 375 Howard, Professor Sir Michael, 84,92, 122,123,477 Hudson, Peter, 292 Hughes, John, 181 Humphrey, Senator Hubert, 86-7 Hungarian Uprising (1956), xviii, 17, 91,136,140,187,248, 346 523 xxii; domestic policy achievements of, 472 Johnson Island, 378 Joseph, Peter, 100 Kagan, Robert, 24 Kaganovich, Lazar, 74,76 Kalatozov, Mikhail, 70 Kamanin, Gen. Nikolai, 85,143 Karzhavin, Fyodor, 23 Keating, Kenneth, 181-3,212,218, 468 Kempton, Murray, 375-6,434 Iglesias, Alexander Correa, xxvi Kennan, George, 221, 238 Ilichev, Leonid, 429 Kennedy, Jacqueline, 114,263, 317 Illingworth (cartoonist), 421 Kennedy, John F.: 4 September 1962 incirlik air base, 327-8, 401 meetings, 182-4, 186-9; and India, 260,297,307-8,479 Addison’s disease, 124; Indiana University, 308 administration’s policy to oust Ingenieros, José, 28 Castro, 20,21,134,165,166,175, international relations: appeasement/ 179-80,207-8,257,357; and compromise needed today, 477-8; Alliance for Progress, 53; anti Cuba’s potential for Great Power communist credentials, 5,208; showdown, 57; difficulties of reading assassination of (22 November intentions of adversaries, 129,179; 1963), 473-4; assumes office as and fog of ignorance, xx; Garthoff President, 98,107; and Bay of Pigs, on, 121; good and evil as always 3, 5, 8-9,10, 13,17,18-20, 21-2; relative, 475; respect as central to, briefs congressional leaders (22 457; scope for catastrophic October), 270-4; broadcast to nation miscalculation today, 475-6; and (22
October), 280-6; as Castro-hater after Bay of Pigs, 20,22,134,472; unexpected/irrational acts, 181 Ireland, 54 cites Tuchman’s August 1914, xviiiItaly, American Jupiter missiles in, 88, xix, 119-20; as Cold War ‘owl,’ 145,151,242, 254, 255, 257, 265, 119-20; conservative attacks on, 365,401,451 101-2, 251, 377-8; and conservative opinion, 5, 6,133,177,189,197-9, Ivan the Terrible (Sergei Eisenstein 227-8,233,236,257,282, 285, 452, film, 1944), 445 Ivanov, Gen., 427 1132-3; consults Acheson, 231-2, 242; and decision of 20 October, 257-8; declared policy in weeks Jaipur, Maharajah of, 317 before Crisis, 194; default posture Janney, Gordon, 174 changes after 24 October, 335-7; Jefferson, Thomas, 198 and diplomatic developments of 26 Jodrell Bank radio-astronomy October, 364-5, 366-7; dislike of installation, 398 Harriman, 243; domestic policy Johnson, Alexis, 212,217-18,227, 311, problems, 112-13,117-18,247,472; 332 and end of Crisis, 431-2; error in Johnson, Lyndon, 117,212, 218-19, assumptions over Soviet thinking, 268,407,414; author’s meeting with,
524 ABYSS Kennedy, JohnF. (cont.) 181,263-4,270; extraordinary discipline of, 269; ‘finalfailure comment, 240; finest hours of Crisis for (evening, 27 October), 406,420; as highly disciplined dissembler, 115-16; hunger for greatness as statesman, 113-14,472; immediate intimates of, 111-12; inner frailty and pain, 116,124; intelligence and culture of, 114-15,189, 237,472; Kamanin on, 85; and Khrushchev’s provocations, 89; Khrushchev’s view of as weak, 17,125; large character flaws, xxi, 116-17,472; meets congressional leaders (24 October), 338; message to Khrushchev (24-25 October), 341-2, 350; Ormsby-Gore friendship, 262-4,322-3,359,434; pledge to put man on the moon, 103; and political consequences of failure, 230, 360,454; pre-Crisis warnings to Moscow over Cuba, 140,181,186,188-9,192-3,226, 280; promotes myth of‘missile gap,’ 89; on prospects for blockade, 317-18; as prudently haunted by consequences, 478,479; rise in approval ratings after Crisis, 435; on risks of mistakes/miscalculations, 311; scheduled campaign trips during Crisis, 229,232,246,247, 251-2,253,254-5; Second World War service, 112, 237, 247; seeks detente with Khrushchev, 123-5, 179; sensitivity to perceptions of other nations, 219, 233-7,290,322, 401; sexual behaviour, 116-17,422, 472; speech at American University (June 1963), 470-1; superb handling of Crisis, 406,452,454,458,459, 473; and targeted killing of national leaders, 6-7; told news of photographic evidence, 211-12; on US support for Batista, 47; usual day at White House, 114; Vienna summit with Khrushchev (June 1961), 124-5, 310; view of
the military, 221-2,240,247,251, 267-8,456; views expressed at 16-27 October meetings, 219,220,224-5, 227,236-7,240,241, 357-8, 359, 414-15; views expressed to Macmillan (24 October), 339-40, 343; views on EXCOM members’ performances, 454-5; and White House tapes of Cuban Missile Crisis, xxiii-xxiv, 120; Profiles in Courage, 117 Kennedy, Joseph, 116,262-3 Kennedy, Robert: at 27 October EXCOM meeting, 395,402-3, 406, 414; on Acheson, 232; and air strikes option, 231-2,256, 354; and all-out invasion option, 219; and Anadyr intelligence, 184,190, 211; appoints McCone, 177-8; as Attorney-general, 111; author’s meeting with, xxii; back-channel dialogue with Russians, 184-6,197, 318,447; and Bay of Pigs, 10, 20; and black civil rights, 117; and blockade of Cuba option, 225-6, 238; and Bohlen’s departure, 229; and Cuba Study Group, 7; and decision of 20 October, 258; dislike of Stevenson, 351; and end of Crisis, 431-2; on EXCOM discussions, 219, 240, 241, 246, 333, 337, 355, 456-7; and graduated escalation, 254; on improved mood of 23 October, 311; on JFK’s view of the military, 221-2,252; on Khrushchev’s open letter (27 October), 394, 395; meeting with Dobrynin (27 October), 414,415, 416-17, 419, 423, 426, 454, 467; on national obsession with Cuba, 272; and Operation Mongoose, 20, 21, 206, 207, 221, 356; opposes no-warning attack, 253-4; on Ormsby-Gore, 263; performance at EXCOM, 454,455; on prospects for blockade, 317-18; secret visit to Soviet embassy (23 October), 318, 319-20, 322; on U-2 shootdown,
INDEX 405-6,416; ultimate endorsement of caution, 226,232; unfair view on Rusk, 455; and White House tapes of Cuban Missile Crisis, xxiii-xxiv; Thirteen Days, 240,470 Kent, Sherman, 193-4,291 Ketov, Captain Ryurik, 170-1 Khariton, Yuli, 88 Khrushchev, Nikita: absolute faith in communism, 79-80,86, 139; acknowledges need to withdraw missiles, 391,423,426; announces withdrawal of missiles (28 October), 429-30; and assassination of JFK, 473-4; background of, 73-4,91,471; and Bay of Pigs, 17; Berlin ‘ultimatums’/threats, 79,91,97-8, 120-1,124-5,126,135,142,169, 194-6,243-4,283; biggest mistakes over Anadyr, 165,166-7,277-8, 350; Castro’s public claims of betrayal, 444-5; change in behaviour after Crisis, 460-1; character of, 73, 74, 75, 77-80,81,84-91,94-8, 124-6,131,138-9,472; comparison with Putin, 475; Cuban alliance, 137-41,147-52,178-9,277-8, 324-5, 368-9,371-4, 399; dacha in the Lenin Hills, 276,422; death of (1971), 463; dictatorial authority of, xxxvi, 146-7,270; domestic policy of, 60,67,68,73,76, 79-81,471; embraced by Castro in New York, 6, 138; embraces ‘Lippmann proposition,’ 391-6, 403,420,423, 425-6,448; EXCOM suggestion of direct approach to, 214,220, 223, 229-30,236,238; foreign policy objectives, 84-8, 89-96,97-8,121, 128,141-2,244; at Geneva (1955), 130; greatly damaged by Crisis outcome, 444,448; illiberal rule of, 67,68-70,71,73,76; impact on of shootdown of Anderson, 422-3, 424-5; and intellectual world, 81-2; irresponsibility of, 192-3,194-5, 217,238,283,471; and Kennedy broadcast (22 October), 276-7; 525 leadership style, 73,78-80,471-2; lends Castro a
plane, 53; letter to Castro (30 October), 441; lies during Anadyr/Crisis, 181,186,197,211, 244,245,282, 350,450,458,471; Mao Zedong’s threat to, 127,128, 195,270; masquerade of defiance towards end of Crisis, 334,341,342, 345,353, 367, 393,426; message to State Department (24 October), 341; as not wanting general war, 196, 226,258,277,289, 366,455; and Novocherkassk massacre, 68-70, 154; nuclear threats/boasts by, 85, 86-7, 89-90,92,121,151,203,283, 471; nuclear weapons as central to defence policy, 82,86-7, 130,143; official response to JFK’s letter/ broadcast, 311-14; official visit to US (1959), 80,90-1, 135-6,472; at the opera (23 October), 330-1; as opportunist/gambler, 135,145,167, 169, 192-3,238,285; orders ships to turn back (22 October), 285-6,287, 328-9, 331, 333-4, 335, 361; ousted in Kremlin coup (1964), 463; political rise of, 74-7,471; at Presidium meetings during Crisis, 276-8,285-8, 345, 346-7, 391-4, 425-8,432-3; and pretence of Soviet strength/success, 85-6, 87,89-90, 132-3,141, 203, 366; provocations and surprises from, 85, 86-7,89-90, 92-3,135,165,194-5,283; as prudently haunted by consequences, 478,479; rage towards the West, 84-90,124-6; recognized as Vozhd (Leader), 76-7; reduces size of army, 82-3; releases of political prisoners by, 73; response to Castro’s letter of 27 October, 373; Robert Frost’s comments, 172-3,195; romantic excitement over Cuba, 138-9, 144-5,152,165; Bertrand Russell’s cables to, 300-1, 307,338; sabotages Paris summit (May 1960), 94-5; ‘secret speech’ denouncing Stalin (1956), 71-2,76; seeks path to
526 ABYSS Khrushchev, Nikita {cont.) retreat, 289,345-7,352-4, 357-8, 361, 362, 367,389,393; sensitivity to perceived Western slights, 63; in small hours of 28 October, 422-3; Soviet public opinion on, 67,69,72, 77,85; and Stalin, xxi, 71-2, 73, 74, 75,77,88; thinking behind Cuban missile deployment, 142,144-9, 165-7,197,217,226-7,238-9, 263-4,269,270,277-8,285; tirades against JFK at Vienna, 124-5,310; tour of Asia (1955), 75; verbal assaults on the West, 87-8,89-91, 93-6,124-5,127,154,169; view of JFK as weak, 17,125,126,172-3, 195; vulnerability to Kremlin hardliners, 94-5,128,142-3,270, 287; White House efforts to give retreat space to, 229,236,239,337, 366,396,457 Khrushchev, Sergei, 69-70,80, 84,86, 135,140,146,289,391,444; on end of Crisis, 433; on JFK’s 22 October speech, 283-4; on removal of missiles, 353 Kim Il-Sung, 45,88 Kim Jong-Un, 479 King, Col. J.C., 52 King, Martin Luther, 105,106 Kirilenko, Andrei, 147 Kirk, Admiral Alan, 112 Kissinger, Henry, 59,122 Knox, William, 331 Korea, partition of (1945), 110 Korean War (1950-53), xvii-xviii, xx, 64, 88,113,118,165-6,231, 315-16, 380 Korolev, Sergei, 59 Korth, Fred, 361 Kosykh, Tamara, 64,66, 306 Kozakov, Nikolai, 77,306, 307-8, 337-8,371,394-5,437-8 Kozlov, Frol, 68-9, 70 Krock, Arthur, 113-14 Ku Klux Klan, 105-6 Kuznetsov, Vice-Admiral Nikolai, 82, 448-9,455 Lancaster, Osbert, 299 Lanovsky, Vasil, 284 Lansdale, Col. Edward, 206,356 Lansky, Meyer, 24,27,43 Lara, José Bell, 51-2,165 Latin America: anti-American feeling during Crisis, 304,390; anti-nuclear sentiment in, 147,148,150; and legend of Castro, 137-8;
and US Alliance for Progress, 53; US domination of, 24,27,30,137-8; US support for murderous tyrannies, 464 Lawrence, David, 467 Ledford, Col. Jack, 198 LeMay, Gen. Curtis, 129,179-80, 186-7,207,215,216,253,258,315, 328; background and character of, 248-50; barrage of insults at JFK (19 October), 251,252; calls for full US invasion of Cuba, 379,403; desire for war with Soviet Union, 88-9; and fire-bombing of Japan, 249,456; prestige among conservative Americans, 251; rage at peaceful outcome to Crisis, 431,436; and tactical nuclear weapons, 327,401 Lenin, V.I., 33, 72,135 Leningrad, siege of, 61-2 Lesnik, Max, 137 Levitan, Yuri, 58,429 Lincoln, Abraham, 282 Lipkin, Leonid, 306,307 Lippmann, Walter, 100,113-14,116, 179,209,260,353-4,392,395,434, 453,477 Liverpool, xxii Logevall, Fred, 454 Lorenz, Marita, 45 Lovett, Robert, 245-6,264, 338-9 Lundahl, Arthur, 203,213,359 Lynd, Alice, 308 Lyon, Cecil, 291 Lysenko, Trofim, 80 Lyubimov, Mikhail, 91,304 MacArthur, Gen. Douglas, xvii-xviii, 88,113,118,166,452
INDEX Macmillan, Harold, xxiii, 56,85, 131-2,263,276, 300, 305, 316, 370, 451,- actions on 27 October, 396-8; on Americans, 237,294-5; and Berlin issue, 125-6,127-8, 273, 284,295-6,365,461; as Cold War ‘owl,’ 119,120,127-8; communications with JFK during Crisis, 273,284-5,292-4, 298, 339-40, 343-4, 354, 365,419-20, 462; on end of Crisis, 433-4; JFK’s respect for, 295; Nassau agreement on Polaris, 462-3; at Paris summit (May 1960), 94, 95; perennial enthusiasm for a summit, 298, 340, 344, 420; view of Crisis in retrospect, 450, 457, 458-9 MacMillan, Professor Margaret, xxvi Maddox, Lester, 105 mafia, US, 24,27,30,43,54-5 The Magnificent Seven (John Sturges film, 1960), 70 Mailer, Norman, 117 Malcolm X, 52 Malenkov, Georgy, 75,76,130,425 Malinovsky, Marshal Rodion, 95, 142-4, 352,382,424,430,463; and Anadyr, 142,144,150,154,166,167, 168, 171,192-3,459; at Presidium meetings during Crisis, 277,278, 286, 287, 425,447 Malraux, André, 115 Mansfield, Senator Mike, 7,187 Mao Zedong, 45, 96,101,127, 128, 149,166,195,464 Marchant, Herbert ‘Bill,’ 450 Marks, Herman, 44 Marshall Islands, 328 Marshall Plan, 108,226 Martí, José, 25 Martin, Edwin, 212 Marvell, Andrew, 115 Marx, Karl, Das Kapital, 33 Mary I, Queen of England, 22 Maslennikov, Ivan, 412 Matos, Huber, 46 Matthews, Herbert, 38,47-8 Maugham, Somerset, 24,33,116 527 Maultsby, Major Charles ‘Chuck,’ 379-82, 384,407 McCarthy, Joseph, 30,64,101,110, 111, 116 McCloy, John J., 126-7,212, 231,264, 352, 356,359,445,448-9, 471 McCone, John, 20,239, 253,270,338, 390,402,463; background of, 177-8; briefs Eisenhower, 229,266; and decision
of 20 October, 258; at EXCOM meetings, 331, 333, 348, 414,415; Kennedy brothers’ dislike of, 468,469; and lack of U-2 overflights, 197; at NSC meeting (22 October), 268-9; and Operation Mongoose, 356; opposes negotiations, 358,359; on perils of invading Cuba, 359-60,415; and ‘photo gap,’ 467,468,469-70; during Second World War, 112; supports ‘Bundy plan,’ 256; warns White House about missiles, 176-7, 178,179,190,193-4,196,199, 211, 223,268-9 McDonald, Iverach, 434 McNamara, Robert: at 16 October EXCOM meetings, 212,214-15, 216,217,218,219,220,222-4,225, 227-8; at 18-26 October EXCOM meetings, 236,242,255-7,258, 309, 317, 332, 333, 348, 349-50, 356, 358; at 27 October EXCOM meetings, 400, 401,402,404,405,413-14,415, 417-18; and Air Reserve mobilization (27 October), 417-18, 421-2; and air strikes option, 236, 239,256; and all-out invasion option, 207-8,219, 220,222,236, 256-7, 272, 356,402,405; and Anadyr intelligence, 176-7,182-3, 190; author’s meeting with, xxii; and Bay of Pigs, 8; on Berlin issue, 195; and blockade of Cuba option, 183, 196-7, 222-3,225-6,228,233, 253, 255-7,258; and bogus ‘missile gap’ claims, 124,132; clashes with Anderson, 321-2,329; corporate management career, 108-9; on
528 ABYSS McNamara, Robert (cont.) danger of accidents/mistakes, 327-8, 453; and decision of 20 October, 258; at Defense, 108-10; denials over Castro assassination plots, 469; Dobrynin on, 318; and enforcement of blockade, 314, 315, 320-2, 323, 329, 332,333,348,364, 391,399; and ‘flexible response’ doctrine, 126, 132; and graduated escalation, 254, 349-50; and Heyser’s U-2F flight images, 201-2,209, 213; hostility to small nuclear arsenals, 295; ignorance of Cuban politics, 220; on Khrushchev’s open letter (27 October), 395; on loose US nuclear safety, 327-8; and Maultsby’s plane, 379-80, 381, 384; and military chiefs, 250,258,320-2,329,431, 437; on Missile Crisis as political issue, 223-4,227-8, 360,451-2; and nuclear warheads issue, 214-15, 216, 217; performance at EXCOM, 454, 455,456; and plans to remove Castro, 165,208,242; resists U-2 overflights, 190,197,198,467; SIOP63 plan, 129; on strategic impact of Cuban missiles, 223-4,227-8, 231, 233,236,237,245; and US fear of communism, 101; and Vietnam War, xviii, 225; as wartime statistician, 108,112 Melgård, Lt Col. Robert, 327 Mellon, Mrs Paul, 439 Melo, Juan, 27, 50-1, 305, 374 Memorias del Subdesarrollo (‘Memories of Underdevelopment,’ Tomas Gutierrez Aiea film, 1968), 164 Meredith, James, 106, 247 Merrell, Lt. Gen. Jack, 180,421 Mexico, 33-5 Meyer, Karl, 40 Miami International Airport, 2, 12-13 Michigan, University of, 308 Midhurst Grammar School, 303 Mikhlova, Svetlana, 60-1 Mikoyan, Anastas, 124,146,147,168, 171,185,197,370,409,411,426; bloodstains on record of, 68-9,136; on Khrushchev, 78-9,93,138,145; memoirs of,
xxv, 69, 74; at Presidium meetings (22-23 October), 278,287; talks with JFK (November 1962), 461; visits Cuba (early November 1962), 444-7; visits Cuba (February 1960), 136-7 Mikoyan, Sergei, 168 Miller Center, Virginia, xxv-xxvi Minnesota, University of, 308 Miret, Pedro, 32 Mississippi, University of, xxi, 106, 247 Modi, Narendra, 479 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 76 Moltke, Helmuth von, 119 Moncada barracks, Santiago, 31-2,33 Mongoose, Operation, 20,21,139-40, 179, 206-7,221,356,439 Monroe, Marilyn, 102,118 Monroe doctrine, 183,301 Moody, Juanita, 175-6,235,351 Moore, Barrington, 308 Morgan, William, 41 Morris, John, 305 Mosnes, Thomas, 41 Mountbatten, Admiral Earl, 235,396 Munich Agreement (1938), 477 Murrow, Ed, 26 NASA, 103 Nassau, 175 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 139,140 NATO, 140,168,217,220, 331,394, 401,402,414,419,451; alert status in Europe, 276,316; and Berlin, 97, 98,120,126; and nuclear missiles in Europe, 87-8,401,405,416; and tactical nuclear weapons, 461; US briefings to, 290 see ako allies of USA Naumov, Vladimir, 74 Nazirov, Romen, 91,438 Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939), 83 Nedelin, Marshal Mitrofan, 123,146
INDEX Nekrasov, Viktor, 71 Neuhan, Major John, 378 Newhart, Bob, 107 Newman, Joseph, 8-9 Nicaragua, 11 Nitze, Paul, 8,100-1,209,265,267, 394,404 Nixon, Richard, 48, 52, 93,115 Noel֊Baker, Philip, 302 NORAD air defence command, Colorado Springs, 424 Norstad, Gen. Lauris, 276,316 North Korea, 123,479 North Vietnam, 45,47,55,464 Novocherkassk massacre (1962), xxi, 68-70,154 nuclear weapons, xvii-xviii, xviii, xix; atmospheric testing of during Crisis, 378-9; atomic bombing of Japan (1945), 88,249; bogus ‘missile gap’ claims in US, 89,121-2,124,132; brief Soviet deployment near Berlin (1959), 154,269; centrality to Cold War, xx, 120-31,461; civil defence preparations for, xxi-xxii, 131-2, 377-8; and Cold War ‘owls,’ 119-20, 127-8; exposure to radioactivity during testing, 81-2; Falcon air-toair missiles, 381; First Strike as only Soviet option, 141; FKR-İ cruise missile-launchers, 168,192,193, 235, 393,442,447; FROGs, 359; IRBMs, 150,152,169,183,236,247, 255,384-5; JFK announces test moratorium/ban, 470-1; JFK on personal authorization, 267-8,327; Khrushchev’s view of, 85, 86-8, 89-90, 92; loose safety protocols, 327-8, 383,401; Luna missiles, 168, 192,193,235, 383,393,400-1,442, 447; map showing sites/bases on Cuba, 204-5·, and McNamara, 109, 129,295; Minuteman missile crews, 328,401; MRBMs, 150,152,178, 183,202,203,222,226-7,247,255; numbers delivered to Cuba by start of blockade, 331; partial test ban treaty (August 1963), 471; Pliev’s 529 discretion removed, 286, 369, 393; post-Crisis Soviet expansion programme, 448; Pugwash disarmament conferences (1960/61), 122-3; R֊ 14
(SS-5) missiles, 168, 203, 352, 369; R-16 liquid-fuelled long-range rockets, 141; Soviet production of its own bomb, 88; Soviet rejection of subtle nuances of strategy, 129-30; Soviet Strategic Rocket Forces, 154; Soviet Tu-95 Bear bombers, 378; SS-4s (R-12s), 202, 345, 346, 348,369,383, 391, 430; Stevenson’s campaign for test ban, 177; strategic impact of Cuban missiles, 223-4,227-8,231,233, 236,237,245; subordinate/local officers’ control of, xix-xx, 168,169, 193,235,278,286,327; symmetry/ comparability question, 191,226-7, 238,269,282,298,302, 331, 353-4, 392,392,451,476-7; T-5 weapons, 362; Thor missiles, 365,397; US chiefs of staff advocate use of, 88-9, 400-1; US strategic superiority, 128, 131,141,203,223-4,454; USAF’s SIOP-62 plan, 128-9 Nuñez, Marta, 28,49-50, 305 Obaturov, Gen. Gennady, 128,149, 438,439 Obote, Milton, 269 O’Connell, Rear-Admiral Edward, 400 O’Donnell, Kenny, 111, 212,228, 268 Oistrakh, David, 376 Oliva, Erneido, 2,4,6,11 On the Beach (Stanley Kramer film, 1959), 130 ‘One Hell of a Gamble’ (Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, 1997), xxiv-xxv, 278 Operation Peter Pan,’ 49 Organization of American States (OAS), 214,218-19,281, 309, 310, 314,318 Orlov, Lt. Vadim, 411,412,413 Ormsby-Gore, David, 262-4,322-3, 359,368,434
530 ABYSS Pakistan, 391 Paris summit conference (May I960), 92,93,94-5 Parrott, Thomas, 111 Pasternak, Boris, 72,81 Pawley, William, 42 Pearson, Drew, 102 Penkovsky, Col. Oleg, 202-3,279-80, 470 Perez, Leander, 105 Perry, Wing-Commander Graham, xxii Petrovna, Nina, 78 Philippines, 24,96 Pike, Sir Thomas, 396 Platt Amendment, 25 Playboy Club, 102,104-5 Pliev, Gen. Issa, 169,288-9, 316, 369-70, 383, 424-5, 442, 447; activates radar on Cuba, 368-9, 377, 384; appointed to command Anadyr, 153-4; and authority to fire weapons, 168,193, 278,286, 369, 393; brutality and ruthlessness of, 153-4; ill health of, 154, 369, 430; and Novocherkassk massacre, 69,154; signals sent to (28 October), 430; and Soviet commitment to withdrawal, 352, 369, 384-5 Pliusch, Leonid, 80-1 Plokhy, Serhii, xxv, 156 Pocock, Chris, 200 Poland, 136,153 Poliansky, Dmitry, 463 Porro, Ricardo, 14 Portes, Col. John des, 379 Power, Gen. Thomas, 121,201, 207, 326-7,328, 342, 379,456,460 Powers, Dave, 114,417,422 Powers, Gary, 93 ‘Prague Spring’ (1968), xviii, 66 Prio Socarras, Carlos, 34,464 Probachai, Nikolai, 161-2 Puerto Rico, 180 Pullman, George, 184 Putin, Vladimir, xx, xxiv, 89,465,474, 475, 477-8,479 Quantrill, Jay, 202 Quevedo, José, 42 race issue in USA: Freedom Riders’ mixed-race bus demonstrations, 105; and Fulbright, 272; and Kennedy administration, 106-7, 112,113,117-18,247; and poverty, 106; Southern racists, 104-6,271; as towering social issue, 104-5; University of Mississippi riot (1962), xxi, 106,247 Radford, Admiral Arthur, 88 Radio Liberty (CIA-funded station), 66 Radio Moscow, 429-30,431 RAND
think-tank, 101,122,326 Rashidov, Sharaf, 149 Rassokho, Admiral Anatoly, 170-1 Reagan presidency, 346 Regueiro, Maria, 50,375 Reston, James ‘Scotty,’ 107,125 Revuelta, Naty, 32,33 Rhee, Syngman, 123 Rice University, USA, 103 Rikhye, Gen. Indar Jit, 442 Rio Pact (1947), 280 Rivas, Filiberto, 55 Rivero, Elena, 151 Rivero, Manuel Ray, 12 Roberts, Frank, 90 Robinson, W/Cdr. Mike, 397 Rockefeller, Nelson, 73 Rodin, Judith, 103 Rodriguez, Zoila, 39 Roosevelt, Franklin, 115-16,218 Roosevelt, Theodore, 24,25, 53 Roselli, John ‘Handsome Johnny,’ 206 Rosenberg, Julius, 365 Rostow, Walt, 21,112, 354,405 Rovere, Richard, 468,473 Rusk, Dean: at 16 October meetings, 213-14,217,222,223; at 23-28 October EXCOM meetings, 309, 310, 332, 333, 357,400, 417,432; admirable behaviour during Crisis, 214,455; and Anadyr intelligence,
INDEX 176-7,182-3,184,190; anger at White House tapes, xxiv; author’s meeting with, xxii; background of, 110; and Bay of Pigs, 8,19; and Bohlen’s departure, 228; and briefing of congressional leaders, 270,338; briefs European ambassadors (26 October), 367-8; on British protests, 301; calls Acheson, 290; and Cordier conversation, 419; and decision of 20 October, 258; and diplomatic developments of 26 October, 364, 365; Dobrynin on, 318-19; favours blockade plan, 254,257; and Heyser’s U-2F flight images, 209; and IRBM evidence, 236; on JFK, 113; at JFK-Gromyko meeting (18 October), 243, 244-5; Kennedy brothers’ view of, 455; and Khrushchev’s escalating rhetoric, 98; and letter to Khrushchev (27 October), 415; meets Dobrynin (22 October), 268,278-9,285; on personal impact of Crisis, 437; questions Khrushchev’s sanity, 125, 310; resists U-2 overflights, 190,197, 198,240 Russell, Bertrand, 296,297-8, 300-1, 307,338,459 Russell, Sen. Richard, 105,187-8, 270-2,273, 338, 344 Russian Federation, 192,465,474,476, 477 Ryan, Gen. John, 391 Ryapenko, Lt. Aleksei, 386,387 Sackellson, James, 107 Sakharov, Andrei, 71,81-2,123 Salinger, Pierre, 19,185,188-9, 260 Samuelson, Paul, 58-9 San Romain, Jose Perez ‘Pepe,’ 1-2,5, 6,8,11,12,15,16,18 Sanchez, Celia, 38,40,42 Sanchez, Universo, 35 Santiago, Cuba, 31-2,43, 44 Sargasso Sea, 171, 362, 408-13 Sarria, Pedro Manuel, 31 531 Savitsky, Captain Valentin, 170,409, 411-12 Scabbards, Operation, 274,356 Scali, John, 364-5,403 Scannell, Vernon, 81 Schlesinger, Arthur, xxii, 7,8-9,20, 98,112,122,189-90,259,267,469; on Castro, 48, 54; on JFK, 114,115;
on McNamara, 108; opposes Bay of Pigs, 9,21; on Ormsby-Gore, 263; role in Kennedy White House, 112; shut out of Excom loop, 366; on State Department, 214; and ‘strategy ofreassurance,’ 177; The Vital Center: The Politics ofFreedom (1949), 111-12 Schoenman, Ralph, 300-1 scientists, Soviet, 70-1,81-2,123 Second World War: fire-bombing of Japan, 249,456; Hitler’s Operation Barbarossa (June 1941), 130; JFK’s service in, 112,237,247; Katyn massacre (1941), 136; and Khrushchev, 74-5; legacy of in Soviet Union, 61-2,63,66,71, 83-4, 97,130,316,456; Malinovsky’s service in, 143; Pliev’s operations during, 153-4; Soviet intelligence in US during, 345-6; in US memory, 113,315,316 Seleznev, Ivan, 63, 77,82, 306,438 Semenozhenkov, Vitaly, 160-1, 374 Semichastny, Vladimir, 280 Senko, Lt. Dmitry, 384 Shackley, Ted, 207 Shakhnazarov, Georgy, 476-7 Shaposhnikov, Gen. Matvey Kuzmich, 69 Shelest, Petr, 60,438 Shostakovich, Dmitri, 76 Shoup, Gen. David, 250,252 Shumkov, Captain Nikolai, 361-2 Shute, Nevil, On the Beach (1957), 130 Sidey, Hugh, 125 Silverman, Sydney, 297 Sizykh, Lyubov Illarionovna, 78 Skelly, Jack, 29
532 ABYSS Skyfotos, 174 Smith, Brigadier Robert, 201 Smith, Earl, 41,42,43 Smith, Major Bill, 109, 247,304,344 Smith, Sydney, 54 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 62,63-4,81, 139 Somoza, Luis, 11 Sorensen, Ted, 111,181,185,197,393, 415,418,470; drafts public broadcast of 22 October, 254-5,282; as EXCOM member, 212,223,268 South Korea, 123,315-16 South Vietnam, 7,464 SOVIET UNION abuse of psychiatric institutions, 83; access to foreign media, 66,306, 307-8; Castro accepts weapons from, 52,56-7,135-6,140-1; chaos of military operations through history, 385; Cold War blunders, xvii, xviii; collapse of (1991), 474; craving for respect at heart of foreign policy, 84,85-8,132-3; delegation to Cuba (1960), 136-7; glasnost, xxiv; imperialism of, 28,45; intelligence services, 185,202-3, 279-80, 304,318, 345-6, 364-5,403, 426,466,470; legacy of Great Patriotic War, 61-2,63,66,71,83-4, 97,130,316,456; low productivity in, 59,61,63; minorities in, 83; national narrative of sacrifice, 61-2, 63, 70,83-4; post-Stalin economy, 58-60,61-3,64-5,67-8, 79-81; Presidium meetings during Crisis, 276-8,285-8, 345,346-7,391-4, 425-8,432-3; public opinion in during Crisis, 306-8,337-8; public opinion/sentiment in Khrushchev era, 58,60-5,66-8,69, 71-2,83-4; public protests/disorder in, 66-7, 68-70,154; public reaction to end of Crisis, 437-8; quality of life in, 60-3, 64-6,67-8,80-1; repression of religion, 83; scientific secret cities, 70-1; shestidesyatniki (‘Sixties generation’), 70; Tu-114 airliner; urbanization in late-1950s, 60; view of US atomic bombing of Japan (1945), 88 Armed Forces: Air Force:
381,382; IL-28 nuclearcapable bombers, 192,193,199,247, 331,442,444,446-7,448; MiG-21 fighters, 182-3,187,188,190,216, 247, 402 Army: 153,160-3,316,374,446; AA units in Cuba, 383-4,385-9,388-, legacy of Great Patriotic War, 316; sexual practices of, 164; S-75 missiles, 93,157 Navy: 153,158-9,170,348,408,430; and US Cuban blockade, 265,287, 288,314,317 Submarines: B-130 boat, 334,361-3, 442-3; B-36 boat, 171,172, 362-4, 409,443; B-4 boat, 361,362,408, 409,442; B-59 boat, xxiii, 170-1, 407-8,409-13,443; B-75 boat, 408; B-88 boat, 408; Foxtrot-class, xix, 170-2,287,288,329,332-3,361-4, 390,408-13,442-4; K-З submarine at North Pole, 66; left in theatre during blockade, 265,288,317,329, 332-3,361-4, 390,408-13,410; not designed for human comfort, 363, 408-9; in post-Crisis era, 461; Zuluclass, 408 Intelligence Services, 144,203,277, 345-6,427; GRU, 185,202-3, 318, 466,470; KGB, 52,69,91,135, 147-8,162,164-5,279-80, 304, 345-6, 364-5,403,426 Ships: Admiral Nakhimov, 156; Aleksandrovsk, 171,287,352,440; Bucharest, 337, 341,347-8,349; Coolangatta (Swedish cargo ship), 364; Divnogorsk, 440; Gagarin, 285-6,328-9,332,334; Grozny (tanker), 354, 391,403,407,417, 430; Kimovsk, 285-6, 323,332, 334; Maria Ulyanova, 155; Maruda (Lebanese vessel), 355; Poltava, 285-6, 334; Stavropol, 158; Vinnitsa, 399
INDEX Space Programme, 58,59,85,101, 139,145; R-16 launch pad disaster, 59,146 Spain, imperialism of, 24,25,28, 53 Spanish-American War (1898), 24,25, 53 Sparkman, John, 104 Spectator magazine, 57,390,434-5 Spreti, Karl von, 182 Sputnik satellite, 58 Stalin, Josef, xxi, 28,61,64, 74, 75,146, 153; accepts 1944-45 deal with West, 86; Berlin Blockade (194849), xvii, 88,96,281; corpse removed from Leaders’ mausoleum, 72; doctors’ plot rumour, 71; Khrushchev denounces (1956), 71-2, 76; Soviet public opinion on, 71, 72, 77; and West Germany, 121, 137 Standard Oil, 304 Statsenko, Maj. Gen. Igor, 286 Steel, Ronald, 453 Steinem, Gloria, 102-3 Stern, Sheldon, xxiii, 454,455,456 Steve Allen Plymouth Show (NBC), 24 Stevenson, Adlai, 104,226,258,265, 339, 341, 350,445; at 26 October EXCOM meeting, 356, 358-9; and Bay of Pigs denials at UN, 13,152, 352; campaign for nuclear test ban, 177; dislike of Kennedy brothers, 351; Kennedy team’s view of, 230, 264, 351, 352,466; opposition to military action, 220-1,229-30, 245-6,257; performance at UN (25 October), 351-2; speech at UN (22 October), 267 Stimson, Col. Henry, 264 Strachey, John, 340 Strong, Gen. Sir Kenneth, 235 submarines, 224,239, 298, 401,461, 462-3 Suez crisis (1956), xviii, 21, 86,187, 248, 295, 297, 344,457 Sullivan, Ed, 25-6 533 Swan Islands, 54 Sweeney, Gen. Walter, 261-2 Taiwan (Formosa), 166,475 TASS news agency, 185 Taubman, William, 74,86 Taylor, A.J.P., 299 Taylor, Gen. Max, 7,201-2,254,431, 467; at 16 October meetings, 212, 215-16,218, 219, 220,222,224, 225, 226; at 18-27 October EXCOM meetings, 237, 239-41,242,256,
257-8, 309, 310, 315, 332, 334, 359, 396,402-3; as chairman of the joint chiefs, 111, 207, 212,215, 239-40, 247-8, 251; as hawk during Crisis, 215-16, 218,219,222,224, 225,226, 229,230,237, 239-40,256,257-8, 456; performance at EXCOM, 455-6; posthumous reputation, 455-6; secret report into Bay of Pigs, 12,15-16,19 Teller, Edward, 130 Tetlow, Edwin, 259 Thatcher, Margaret, 108 Thirteen Days (Roger Donaldson film, 2000), 212 Thomas, George, 114 Thompson, Llewellyn, 93-4,125,195, 221, 229, 237-8, 241, 254, 258, 358, 402; on Cuba as diversion for Berlin, 266,269, 270, 455; Dobrynin on, 318; at JFK-Gromyko meeting (18 October), 243, 244-5; knowledge and experience of Russia, 238-9; performance at EXCOM, 238,454, 455 Thorneycroft, Peter, 399 Times newspaper, 301-2, 303 Titmuss, Richard, 299 Toynbee, Philip, 458 Treaty of Relations (1934), 25 Troyanovsky, Oleg, xxv, 84,92, 96, 128,145,166,173,289,450-1, 460-1; at Presidium meeting (28 October), 425,426-7, 428 Truman, Harry, 118,218, 231,282, 432,452
534 ABYSS Tuchman, Barbara, August 1914 (1962), xviii-xix, 119-20 Tulane University, 102 Turkey, US nuclear missiles in: idea of swap, 237,239,242,254,255,257, 264,265,353-4,391-6,401,403, 404-5,414-15; Khrushchev on, 87-8,142,145,148; Khrushchev embraces swap idea, 391-6,403, 420,423,425-6,448; and launch authorization, 267-8, 327; as openly deployed, 151,227; order for removal of, 436; Polaris replacement option, 401; political constraints on withdrawal of, 132,239, 365, 394, 395-6,401,404-5,416; secret US offer on (27 August), 415,416,419, 423,426,427,433,466-7,470; symmetry/comparability issue, 191, 226-7,238,282, 302,353-4,392, 392,451,476-7; US fear air strikes on, 402 Turner, Admiral Stansfield, 120 Tuxpan, Mexican port, 35 Twining, Gen. Nathan, 101 U Thant, 267, 368, 390-1,419,445; and Castro, 368,417,430,441-2; proposed solution to Crisis (24 October), 339, 340, 341, 344, 350; relays Russian peace proposal (26 October), 364,367, 391,401,415; relays US response (27 October), 401,402; US meeting with (26 October), 356, 358-9,364 U-2 reconnaissance planes: Anderson failed by USAF chiefs, 377; Anderson’s plane shot down, 385-9, 388, 393,400,404-8,413-14,416, 417,422-3,424-5,430,454; detail of surface images, 166-7,200; further flights authorized (16 October), 213; Heyser’s flight over Cuba (13 October 1962), 199-201,202,203, 209; images of SAM sites, 169,176, 178-9,182; lack of pre-Crisis flights over Cuba, 194,197,269; Maultsby’s plane intercepted (27 October), 379-82,384,407; missile photos published (22 October), 281-2; over Soviet Union (1956-60), 95,203;
overflights during Crisis, 236, 377-89; plans for 28 October flights, 404,413-14,417; possibility of shootdown over Cuba, 198-9,217, 256,270,309,377; replaced by space satellite surveillance, 461; resistance to overflights in EXCOM, 190,193, 194, 240,467-8,470; resumption of Cuba overflights, 198-201; shootdown over Russia (May 1960), 92-4,95,197,238,256,298-9 Udall, Stewart, 169,172-3,192 Ukraine, xxv; Russian invasion of (2022), xvii, xxvi, 84,474,475,476, 478; in Soviet era, 60,73-4,75, 83 Ulbricht, Walter, 127 United Fruit Company, 5 United Kingdom: American nuclear deployment in, 151,227,365,451; Anglo-Irish relations, 54; Ballistic Missile Warning System, Fylingdales, 397-8; equivocal support for US during Crisis, 292-3, 295,298, 300,301-3,457-8; French veto of EEC application, 463; imperialism of, 28; intelligence services, 123,202,353,451; and JFK’s friendships, 262-4,322-3, 359, 434; Khrushchev’s nuclear threats against, 90,92; left-wing opinion in, 296-7,298-9,300-1,302,305,340, 458; as nuclear power, 292,295,296, 397; perspective on Cuban Missile Crisis, xxi-xxii, xxiii; public opinion on Crisis, 294,296-7,298-9,302-3, 343-4,458; RAF readiness level on 27 October, 397-9; Royal Air Force (RAF), 292,303,396-9; Royal Navy, 298; Suez crisis (1956), xviii, 21, 86, 187, 248,295,297,344,457; supplies planes to Batista, 40; US treatment of during Crisis, 219,234-5,263-4, 292-3, 295, 365,452; view of SovietCuban alliance, 140,191 Vulcan bombers, RAF V-Force of, 292, 303,
INDEX 396,397,398 see also Macmillan, Harold United Nations: and Bay of Pigs, 13, 152, 352; Castro addresses (September 1960), 52-3, 55,138; Castro refuses on-site-monitoring by, 441-2,445,448; Charter of, 280; during Crisis, 264,281,310-11, 339, 340, 341, 344, 348, 350, 356,358-9, 364,402,415; Khrushchev’s shoe banging at, 96,138; November 1962 meeting, 142,239,244; Security Council meeting (25 October), 310-11, 350-2; as vastly more important forum than it is today, 267,350 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA appeasing of conservative opinion in, 5,6,101-2,112-13,133,177, 251,257,452; atomic bombing of Japan (1945), 88,249; breaks diplomatic relations with Cuba (1961), 53; Castro’s visits to, 34,48, 52-3, 55,138; claims/assumes privileges over Cuba, 10,26,191, 198, 339-40, 357,451-2; Cold War blunders, xvii-xviii; covert hostility to Batista, 40-1,42-3; Cuban exile community in, 2-6, 8,9-13,14-17, 55, 356-7,359,463-4; domestic reverberations of Crisis (1962-3), 466-70; during first year of Castro regime, 46-7,48-9; forces at DEFCON 2 (24 October), 326-7, 328, 342; forces at DEFCON 3 (22 October), 274; Guevara’s proposal to (August 1961), 20-1; imperialism of, 24,25-9, 53,108; Justice Department, US, 221; Khrushchev’s official visit to (1959), 80,90-1, 135-6; left-liberal politics in, 18, 103-4,106, 308; major weakness in moral/political position, 226-7; military preparations for attack on Cuba, 196-7,257,261-2,268, 272, 274-6, 309-10, 326-8, 356, 400-1, 417-18,420-2; native inhabitants of, 24; nuclear weapon-building 535 programme, 121-2; post-1959 relations with Cuba, 53-5, 56-7;
post-war prosperity/contentment, 99-100; power exuded by Kennedy White House, 107-12; preparations for possible invasion, 179-81; public opinion during Crisis, 308,344; Southern racists, 104-6; space programme, US, 103; support for Batista, 24,26,27-9, 30-1,32,40-1, 47, 50, 54-5; twenty-first-century chasm in polity, 457,474; view of Cuban public opinion, 3,7,8-9 Allies of: contingency plans in Europe, 121,131-2; Cuba seen as US obsession, 98,140,236,237,269, 282,290,458; and Cuba’s right to defend itself, 140,166,294,302; fears of US misjudgement, xxiii, 294, 301, 302-3,457-8; as ignorant of Crisis in early days, 234-5; JFK’s recognition of allied opinion, 219, 233-7, 290, 322,401; JFK’s scepticism about fortitude of, 219, 401; praise for JFK’s performance, xxiii, 457; National Intelligence Board, xli; National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC), xli, 175,201, 202,203,213; National Security Agency (NSA), xli, 175-6, 235; National Security Archive, xxv; National Security Council, xli, 268-9 (see also United States, Executive Committee of the National Security Council (EXCOM)); public defence treaties, 167, 227; sensitivity to US arms reduction ideas, 132, 394,401, 404-5; solidarity of, 97, 237,290, 297; and symmetry/comparability issue, 269; terrors aroused by Berlin issue, 90,96-8,295-6,461; US briefings to US on Crisis, 265,267, 273,290; views of during Crisis, xxiii, 273, 276,284-5,290-303, 322, 394,401,404-5; views/interests considered in EXCOM, 214,217, 218-19,222,236-7, 248,257,269, 404-5 see also NATO
536 ABYSS Armed Forces Aerial Reconnaissance/Surveillance: and Anadyr/Cuban missile build-up, 169,174-80,182,190,198-206,209, 467-8; Cubans fire at planes, 383-4, 404; SAC’s 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing, 180; space satellite surveillance, 166,203,461; technical limitations, 193; US Navy, 315, 377,383-4, 404 see also U-2 reconnaissance planes Air Force (USAF): atmospheric testing of nuclear bombs, 378; and bitterness over Bay of Pigs, 202; dislike of McNamara in, 110,381, 437; dispute with CIA over overflights, 199; electronic surveillance aircraft, 180; fighter aircraft, 381,382, 383; fighter bomber squadrons, 327,401; JFK briefed on air strike plan, 261-2; and Maultsby’s plane, 379-82; pre-Crisis concentration in Florida, 180; preparations for air strikes on Cuba, 274,326-7,401,421-2; rage at peaceful outcome to Crisis, 431, 436-7; RAND think-tank, 101,122, 326; SIOP-62 and SIOP-63 plans, 128-9; Strategic Air Command (SAC), xxii—xxiii, 101,121,180,201, 207, 326-7, 328, 342, 379-82; surveillance of Russian ships, 391; and tactical nuclear weapons, 327-8, 401; urging of war by command of, xix, 88-9,121, 179-80,186-7,207, 249-52 see aho LeMay, Gen. Curtis Army: 274, 309,315,316 Army Air Forces (USAAF): 108,249 Marines: 180,274-6, 309,316,420 Navy: Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) capabilities, 361-3; and Bay of Pigs, 16,17; and blockade of Cuba, 314-17,320-3,328-9,331-7, 348, 355,361-4,391,399,407-13, 442-4; and blockade of Cuba option, 196-7,265,314; Flag Plot at Pentagon, 320-2, 329; frightening inadequacy of US communications, 334-5; harassment of Soviet ships/
submarines, 328-9,407-8,409-13, 442-4; Law ofNaval Warfare (1955), 321; Light Photographic Squadron, 315; pre-Crisis concentration near Cuba, 207-8; preparations for possible invasion, 180-1,422; reconnaissance planes, 376; surveillance ships, 176 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): xli, xlii; anti-Castro sentiment/ activity, 3, 7,20,52,54,134,179, 206-7,356,469; and Batista, 40; and Bay of Pigs, 1,2,3-5,6,8-9,11,13, 15-16,17,19,178; confirms missiles removed, 463; and Cuban missile deployment intelligence, 176-7, 178-9,190; dispute with USAF over overflights, 199; Kennedy brothers’ distrust of, 468-9; Office of National Estimates (ONE), xli, 176,193-4, 203,211,283; overthrow of Arbenz in Guatemala, 5; and ‘photo gap,’ 467,468,469-70; propaganda during Missile Crisis, 66 Defense Department: xli, xlii, 108-10, 178 Executive Committee of the National Security Council (EXCOM): xxii, xxiii; absence of plan for post-Castro governance, 220,418; and all-out invasion option, 217-18,219,220, 224,236,237,241,256-7,309-10, 359-60; blockaders prevail on 20 October, 257-8,263-4; high quality of discussions, 192,452,456-7; and idea of military action without warning, 232-3,239,241,247-8, 253-4,256-7; immediate military action rejected, 246-7; keeping knowledge of missiles secret, 218, 219,220,223,246-7,255,259-60; meetings of 16 October, 212-20, 222-8; meeting of 18 October, 236-42; meeting of 20 October, 255-8; meetings of 21 October, 264, 265; meetings of 23 October, 309-11,314-15,316-17; meeting of
INDEX 24 October, 331-7; meetings of 25 October, 348-9, 354; meeting of 26 October, 355-9; meetings of 27 October, 390, 393-6, 399-400, 401-3,404-6,407,413-15,417-19; meeting of 28 October, 432; members of, 212-13; moral issues discussed, 241; and Pearl Harbor analogy, 231-2, 239, 241, 254, 269; and removal of Castro, 242,257, 357; RFK’s ‘we all spoke as equals,’ 240; and timing of making news public, 223,242; White House tapes of proceedings, xxiii-xxiv, xxv-xxvi, 120, 405 Intelligence Services: xli-xlii; archives of, xxiv; codebreaking/cryptography, 175-6,235; fallibility of to present day, 191-2; GMAIC, 203; humint reports from Cuba, 176,194,196, 199,268-9; information from during Crisis, 236,247,255,258-9, 268-9, 310, 331-2, 333-5, 348,351, 354, 359,383; JAEIC, 203; as often wrong, 179; ‘the photo gap’ (autumn 1962), 467-8,469-70; political constraints on, 174,190,194,197, 240, 269,467-8,469-70; President’s Intelligence Board report, 174, 467-8; strategic national intelligence estimate (SNIE), 193,194,258-9; tracking of ships during Crisis, 331-2, 333-5, 336, 348, 351, 354, 361, 391 see also aerial reconnaissance/surveillance, US; Unired States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); U-2 reconnaissance planes Joint Chiefs of Staff: advocates of use of nuclear weapons in, 88-9, 239-40,250,326; air strike plans, 230, 233, 240-1, 256, 257, 379, 402-3,431; air strikes pressed for by, 221, 222, 225, 233, 246, 247-8, 250, 251, 252-3, 256, 258, 396, 402-3, 431; all-out invasion plans, 224, 356, 379, 431; all-out invasion pressed for by, 247, 250, 379, 402-3,431; 537 contempt for
Kennedy White House, 109-10, 202,250,251,258, 321-2, 381; continued hopes for invasion after Crisis, 442,447; desire for war, xix, 88-9,101,179-80, 186-7, 221-2,225-6, 233, 239-40, 248-53, 272, 283-4, 426,454; hubris ofin early 1960s, 315-16,456; JFK’s meetings with during Crisis, 247-51, 268-9; JFK’s view of, 221-2, 267, 456; as mortally dangerous counsellors during Crisis, 215-16, 250; and nuclear weapon authorizations, 267-8,327-8,400-1; power and influence of, 109-10; pressure on JFK from, xix, 224, 225-6, 246,247-53,257-8, 311, 332-3, 344, 453, 454, 455-6; and prospective deaths in nuclear exchange, 128-9, 317; and strategic impact of Cuban missiles, 223,224, 236; support for Bay of Pigs, 6, 250; Max Taylor chairs, 111, 207,212, 215, 239-40, 247-8, 251, 455-6; unchanged posture throughout Crisis, 405 Ships: Beale (destroyer), 409-11; Belmont (surveillance ship), 176; Blandy (destroyer), 440,443; Charles Cecil, 443; Cory (destroyer), 412; Enterprise (carrier), 180,317; Essex (carrier), 180, 260, 332-3, 337, 361-2,408; Independence (carrier), 180; Liberty ( surveillance ship), 176; Okinawa (helicopter-carrier), 274; Oxford (surveillance ship), 176; Perry (destroyer), 364; Pierce (destroyer), 355; Randolph (carrier), 412 State Department: 8,9,40,41,42, 110, 253-4, 309; JFK’s opinion of, 214, 228,455; Thompson as resident Kremlinologist, 221,238-9 USSR see SOVIET UNION Valido, Marcolfa, 50, 51 Vandenberg air base, 328
538 ABYSS Velichko, Sergeant Pavel, 160,162 West Side Story (Robert Wise film, Venezuela, 304 1961), 100 Vicky (cartoonist), 344,392 Westinghouse, 331 Vieques Island, 180 Wheeler, Gen. Earle, 250,258 Vietnam War, xviii, xxii, 10,107-8, White, Lincoln, 366 192,208,250,283,452,458,472; White, Theodore H., 114 and George Ball, 230; Fulbright’s Wigram, Ralph, 305 opposition to, 272; intractable allies Wiley, Sen. Alexander, 187 during, 464; and Kennedy Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 119 administration, 104,189; and Williams, Robert, 54 McNamara, xviii, 225; and members Wilson, Harold, 305,459,461-2 of EXCOM, xviii, 225,357,437,454; Wilson Center, Washington, xxv and USAF’s fondness for bombing, Witcover, Jules, 470 187,249,256; and young Americans, Wohlstetter, Albert, 122 103,308 Wynne, Greville, 202,279 Vinogradova, Dr Lyuba, xxv Voloshchenko, Lt. Vasil, 155-6,159, Xi, President, 474,479 384 Voronkov, Col. Georgi, 384, 386 Yepe, Manuel, 28,46-7,136,164-5 Voroshilov, Marshal Kliment, 437 Yevtushenko, Yevgeny, 147, 306,323 Vronsky, Boris, 67, 307 Yost, Charles, 358-9,364 Wagner, Robert, 48 Wallace, George, 251 Warsaw Pact, 120-1,136,140,195; archives of, 121 Watergate scandal, 283 Waverley, Ava, 305 West Germany, 90,95,96-7,121,145, 376 i Zakirov, Rafael, 158,159,160,374, 446 Zelikow, Philip, 323,406 Zhukov, Marshal, 82,153 Zorin, Valerian, 95,152, 311,351-2, 417 Zulueta, Philip de, 305 Zuniga, Mario (’Juan Garcia’), 13 Bayerische StaatsMIMhi Minchen |
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| author | Hastings, Max 1945- |
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| author_facet | Hastings, Max 1945- |
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| bvnumber | BV048534253 |
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| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV048534253 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:53:14Z |
| indexdate | 2024-11-27T11:07:51Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780008364991 9780008365004 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033910909 |
| oclc_num | 1351547417 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xxxvii, 538 Seiten, 32 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten, Porträts |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20221122 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | William Collins |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Hastings, Max 1945- Verfasser (DE-588)12319900X aut Abyss the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 Max Hastings London William Collins 2022 xxxvii, 538 Seiten, 32 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten, Porträts txt rdacontent sti rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Kubakrise (DE-588)4136402-8 gnd rswk-swf Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 1962 Kubakrise (DE-588)4136402-8 s Geschichte z DE-604 Äquivalent Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 978-0-00-836500-4 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-00-836501-1 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033910909&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033910909&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Hastings, Max 1945- Abyss the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 Kubakrise (DE-588)4136402-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4136402-8 |
| title | Abyss the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 |
| title_auth | Abyss the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 |
| title_exact_search | Abyss the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Abyss the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 |
| title_full | Abyss the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 Max Hastings |
| title_fullStr | Abyss the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 Max Hastings |
| title_full_unstemmed | Abyss the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 Max Hastings |
| title_short | Abyss |
| title_sort | abyss the cuban missile crisis 1962 |
| title_sub | the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 |
| topic | Kubakrise (DE-588)4136402-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kubakrise |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033910909&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033910909&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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