The scientific method: a guide to finding useful knowledge
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge ; New York, NY ; Port Melbourne ; New Delhi ; Singapore
Cambridge University Press
2022
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xix, 220 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781316515167 9781009096423 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS List of Tables and Checklists x Foreword by Vernon L. Smith xi Acknowledgments xvi Who Is This Book For? xviii Authors’ Oath for The Scientific Method 1 Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2 xx i Plan of This Book շ Scientific Method versus Scientist Opinion 3 Objective of the Scientific Method 5 Objectives of Scientific Practice Subverting Science Operational Guidelines for Scientific Practice 7 Defining the Scientific Method 10 2.1 An Aspirational Definition 10 2.2 Criteria for Complying with the Scientific Method 5 12 3 Checklist for the Scientific Method 24 3.1 Development of the Compliance With Science Checklist 24 3.2 Using the Checklist: For What, How, and by Whom 28 3.3 Not All Checklists Are Useful 29 3.4 Ensuring That Checklists Are Used 30 4 Assessing the Quality of Scientific Practice 31 4.1 How We Reviewed Evidence on Research Practice 32 4.2 Do Journal Papers Help Readers to Make Better Decisions? 4.3 More Replications of Important Papers Needed 34 4.4 Are Papers in Scientific Journals Replicable? 35 4.5 How Much of a Concern Is Cheating? 40 4.6 How Efficient Is Research? 42 5 Scientific Practice: Problem of Advocacy 44 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 57 Unnaturalness of Objectivity 44 Confirmation Bias 47 How Advocacy Is Practiced 48 Prevalence and Acceptance of Advocacy 33
viii I Contents 6 Scientific Practice: Problem of Journal Reviews 61 6.1 Failure to Find Errors 63 6.2 Advocacy by Reviewers and Editors 63 6.3 Unreliable Reviews 65 6.4 Failure to Improve Papers 65 6.5 Fooled by Fraudulent Reviews and Bafflegab 66 6.6 Distracted by Statistical Significance Tests 68 6.7 Blind to Importance of Authors’ Previous Contributions 70 6.8 Long Delays in Publication 71 7 Scientific Practice: Problem of Government Involvement 7.1 Being Useful 72 7.2 Funding 74 7.3 Regulation 83 8 What It Takes To Be a Good Scientist 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 88 General Mental Ability 88 Family Propensity 89 Early Desire to Do Scientific Research 90 Personality 91 Motivated by Intrinsic Rewards 91 Self-Control 92 Skepticism 95 Your Decision 97 Navigating a Doctoral Program 98 Acting as a Scientist in all Relevant Roles 98 9 How Scientists Can Discover Useful Knowledge 9.1 Identifying Important Problems too 9.2 Selecting a Problem 105 9.3 Designing a Study 109 9.4 Collecting Data 117 9.5 Analyzing Data 119 100 10 How Scientists Can Disseminate Useful Findings 10 . i Writing a Scientific Paper 121 10 .2 Disseminating Findings 128 121 11 How Stakeholders Can Help Science ii.i Universities 139 139 72
ix I Contents ii. z Scientific Journals 147 11.3 Governments, Regulators, and Courts 160 11.4 Media and Interested Groups and Individuals 12 Rescuing Science from Advocacy 164 12.i From Where Should Funding Come? 165 12.2 Advocacy 166 12.3 Bureaucracy and Irrelevant Incentives 166 12.4 How Stakeholders Can Contribute 167 Afterword by Terence Kealey References 176 Index 201 ту о 162
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| adam_txt |
CONTENTS List of Tables and Checklists x Foreword by Vernon L. Smith xi Acknowledgments xvi Who Is This Book For? xviii Authors’ Oath for The Scientific Method 1 Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2 xx i Plan of This Book շ Scientific Method versus Scientist Opinion 3 Objective of the Scientific Method 5 Objectives of Scientific Practice Subverting Science Operational Guidelines for Scientific Practice 7 Defining the Scientific Method 10 2.1 An Aspirational Definition 10 2.2 Criteria for Complying with the Scientific Method 5 12 3 Checklist for the Scientific Method 24 3.1 Development of the Compliance With Science Checklist 24 3.2 Using the Checklist: For What, How, and by Whom 28 3.3 Not All Checklists Are Useful 29 3.4 Ensuring That Checklists Are Used 30 4 Assessing the Quality of Scientific Practice 31 4.1 How We Reviewed Evidence on Research Practice 32 4.2 Do Journal Papers Help Readers to Make Better Decisions? 4.3 More Replications of Important Papers Needed 34 4.4 Are Papers in Scientific Journals Replicable? 35 4.5 How Much of a Concern Is Cheating? 40 4.6 How Efficient Is Research? 42 5 Scientific Practice: Problem of Advocacy 44 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 57 Unnaturalness of Objectivity 44 Confirmation Bias 47 How Advocacy Is Practiced 48 Prevalence and Acceptance of Advocacy 33
viii I Contents 6 Scientific Practice: Problem of Journal Reviews 61 6.1 Failure to Find Errors 63 6.2 Advocacy by Reviewers and Editors 63 6.3 Unreliable Reviews 65 6.4 Failure to Improve Papers 65 6.5 Fooled by Fraudulent Reviews and Bafflegab 66 6.6 Distracted by Statistical Significance Tests 68 6.7 Blind to Importance of Authors’ Previous Contributions 70 6.8 Long Delays in Publication 71 7 Scientific Practice: Problem of Government Involvement 7.1 Being Useful 72 7.2 Funding 74 7.3 Regulation 83 8 What It Takes To Be a Good Scientist 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 88 General Mental Ability 88 Family Propensity 89 Early Desire to Do Scientific Research 90 Personality 91 Motivated by Intrinsic Rewards 91 Self-Control 92 Skepticism 95 Your Decision 97 Navigating a Doctoral Program 98 Acting as a Scientist in all Relevant Roles 98 9 How Scientists Can Discover Useful Knowledge 9.1 Identifying Important Problems too 9.2 Selecting a Problem 105 9.3 Designing a Study 109 9.4 Collecting Data 117 9.5 Analyzing Data 119 100 10 How Scientists Can Disseminate Useful Findings 10 . i Writing a Scientific Paper 121 10 .2 Disseminating Findings 128 121 11 How Stakeholders Can Help Science ii.i Universities 139 139 72
ix I Contents ii. z Scientific Journals 147 11.3 Governments, Regulators, and Courts 160 11.4 Media and Interested Groups and Individuals 12 Rescuing Science from Advocacy 164 12.i From Where Should Funding Come? 165 12.2 Advocacy 166 12.3 Bureaucracy and Irrelevant Incentives 166 12.4 How Stakeholders Can Contribute 167 Afterword by Terence Kealey References 176 Index 201 ту о 162 |
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| spelling | Armstrong, J. Scott 1937- Verfasser (DE-588)137393741 aut The scientific method a guide to finding useful knowledge J. Scott Armstrong, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Kesten C. Green, University of South Australia Cambridge ; New York, NY ; Port Melbourne ; New Delhi ; Singapore Cambridge University Press 2022 xix, 220 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten (DE-588)4066571-9 gnd rswk-swf Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten (DE-588)4066571-9 s DE-604 Green, Kesten 1960- Verfasser (DE-588)1263674402 aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-00-909226-5 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033909885&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title_short | The scientific method |
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