Racism in Metropolitan Areas:
For several decades, a political discourse, which incites exclusion and hatred againt those who are perceived as different, has been gaining ground, most notably in affluent and developed countries. Focusing on the growth of racism in large cities and urban areas, this volume presents the views of i...
Gespeichert in:
Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
---|---|
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
New York ; Oxford
Berghahn Books
[2005]
|
Schriftenreihe: | Culture and Politics/Politics and Culture
3 |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | DE-1046 DE-1043 DE-858 DE-859 DE-860 DE-739 DE-473 Volltext |
Zusammenfassung: | For several decades, a political discourse, which incites exclusion and hatred againt those who are perceived as different, has been gaining ground, most notably in affluent and developed countries. Focusing on the growth of racism in large cities and urban areas, this volume presents the views of international scholars who work in the social sciences and statements by non-practicing academics such as journalists and policy makers. The contributions of the scientists and the non-academic specialists are grouped around common themes, highlighting existing debates and bringing together widely scattered information. The book explores the ways in which old forms of racism persist in the urban context, and how traditional exclusion systems like casteism can be likened to contemporary forms like racism directed at refugees |
Beschreibung: | Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (publisher's Web site, viewed 04. Okt 2022) |
Beschreibung: | 1 Online-Ressource (200 Seiten) |
ISBN: | 9781782387909 |
DOI: | 10.1515/9781782387909 |
Internformat
MARC
LEADER | 00000nam a2200000zcb4500 | ||
---|---|---|---|
001 | BV048516933 | ||
003 | DE-604 | ||
007 | cr|uuu---uuuuu | ||
008 | 221018s2005 xx o|||| 00||| eng d | ||
020 | |a 9781782387909 |9 978-1-78238-790-9 | ||
024 | 7 | |a 10.1515/9781782387909 |2 doi | |
035 | |a (ZDB-23-DGG)9781782387909 | ||
035 | |a (OCoLC)1349550347 | ||
035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV048516933 | ||
040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
041 | 0 | |a eng | |
049 | |a DE-1043 |a DE-1046 |a DE-858 |a DE-859 |a DE-860 |a DE-473 |a DE-739 | ||
082 | 0 | |a 305.8/009173/2 |2 22 | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a Racism in Metropolitan Areas |c ed. by Rik Pinxten, Ellen Preckler |
264 | 1 | |a New York ; Oxford |b Berghahn Books |c [2005] | |
264 | 4 | |c © 2005 | |
300 | |a 1 Online-Ressource (200 Seiten) | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b c |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b cr |2 rdacarrier | ||
490 | 0 | |a Culture and Politics/Politics and Culture |v 3 | |
500 | |a Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (publisher's Web site, viewed 04. Okt 2022) | ||
520 | |a For several decades, a political discourse, which incites exclusion and hatred againt those who are perceived as different, has been gaining ground, most notably in affluent and developed countries. Focusing on the growth of racism in large cities and urban areas, this volume presents the views of international scholars who work in the social sciences and statements by non-practicing academics such as journalists and policy makers. The contributions of the scientists and the non-academic specialists are grouped around common themes, highlighting existing debates and bringing together widely scattered information. The book explores the ways in which old forms of racism persist in the urban context, and how traditional exclusion systems like casteism can be likened to contemporary forms like racism directed at refugees | ||
546 | |a In English | ||
650 | 7 | |a SOCIAL SCIENCE / Discrimination & Race Relations |2 bisacsh | |
650 | 4 | |a Group identity | |
650 | 4 | |a Intergroup relations | |
650 | 4 | |a Racism | |
650 | 4 | |a Visual perception | |
700 | 1 | |a Duster, Troy |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Ford, Glyn |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Gingrich, André |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Gundara, Jagdish S. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Gupta, Dipankar |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Hervik, Peter |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Jans, Erwin |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Janssens, Patrick |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Judd, Mary |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Leman, Johan |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Marx, Emanuel |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Nader, Laura |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Peirs, Marc |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Pinxten, Rik |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Pinxten, Rik |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Poppe, Guy |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Preckler, Ellen |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Preckler, Ellen |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Robotham, Donald |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Rubinstein, Robert A. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Sarkar, Sumit |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Seward, Eric |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
856 | 4 | 0 | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782387909 |x Verlag |z URL des Erstveröffentlichers |3 Volltext |
912 | |a ZDB-23-DGG | ||
943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033893871 | |
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782387909 |l DE-1046 |p ZDB-23-DGG |q FAW_PDA_DGG |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782387909 |l DE-1043 |p ZDB-23-DGG |q FAB_PDA_DGG |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782387909 |l DE-858 |p ZDB-23-DGG |q FCO_PDA_DGG |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782387909 |l DE-859 |p ZDB-23-DGG |q FKE_PDA_DGG |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782387909 |l DE-860 |p ZDB-23-DGG |q FLA_PDA_DGG |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782387909 |l DE-739 |p ZDB-23-DGG |q UPA_PDA_DGG |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782387909 |l DE-473 |p ZDB-23-DGG |q UBG_PDA_DGG |x Verlag |3 Volltext |
Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1824508126302306304 |
---|---|
adam_text | |
adam_txt | |
any_adam_object | |
any_adam_object_boolean | |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV048516933 |
collection | ZDB-23-DGG |
ctrlnum | (ZDB-23-DGG)9781782387909 (OCoLC)1349550347 (DE-599)BVBBV048516933 |
dewey-full | 305.8/009173/2 |
dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
dewey-ones | 305 - Groups of people |
dewey-raw | 305.8/009173/2 |
dewey-search | 305.8/009173/2 |
dewey-sort | 3305.8 49173 12 |
dewey-tens | 300 - Social sciences |
discipline | Soziologie |
discipline_str_mv | Soziologie |
doi_str_mv | 10.1515/9781782387909 |
format | Electronic eBook |
fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000zcb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV048516933</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">cr|uuu---uuuuu</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">221018s2005 xx o|||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781782387909</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-78238-790-9</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="024" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">10.1515/9781782387909</subfield><subfield code="2">doi</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(ZDB-23-DGG)9781782387909</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1349550347</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV048516933</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-1043</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-1046</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-858</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-859</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-860</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-473</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-739</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">305.8/009173/2</subfield><subfield code="2">22</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Racism in Metropolitan Areas</subfield><subfield code="c">ed. by Rik Pinxten, Ellen Preckler</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">New York ; Oxford</subfield><subfield code="b">Berghahn Books</subfield><subfield code="c">[2005]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2005</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1 Online-Ressource (200 Seiten)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Culture and Politics/Politics and Culture</subfield><subfield code="v">3</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (publisher's Web site, viewed 04. Okt 2022)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">For several decades, a political discourse, which incites exclusion and hatred againt those who are perceived as different, has been gaining ground, most notably in affluent and developed countries. Focusing on the growth of racism in large cities and urban areas, this volume presents the views of international scholars who work in the social sciences and statements by non-practicing academics such as journalists and policy makers. The contributions of the scientists and the non-academic specialists are grouped around common themes, highlighting existing debates and bringing together widely scattered information. The book explores the ways in which old forms of racism persist in the urban context, and how traditional exclusion systems like casteism can be likened to contemporary forms like racism directed at refugees</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="546" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">In English</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">SOCIAL SCIENCE / Discrimination & Race Relations</subfield><subfield code="2">bisacsh</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Group identity</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Intergroup relations</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Racism</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Visual perception</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Duster, Troy</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Ford, Glyn</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Gingrich, André</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Gundara, Jagdish S.</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Gupta, Dipankar</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hervik, Peter</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Jans, Erwin</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Janssens, Patrick</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Judd, Mary</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Leman, Johan</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Marx, Emanuel</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Nader, Laura</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Peirs, Marc</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Pinxten, Rik</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Pinxten, Rik</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Poppe, Guy</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Preckler, Ellen</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Preckler, Ellen</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Robotham, Donald</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Rubinstein, Robert A.</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Sarkar, Sumit</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Seward, Eric</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782387909</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="z">URL des Erstveröffentlichers</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033893871</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782387909</subfield><subfield code="l">DE-1046</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield><subfield code="q">FAW_PDA_DGG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782387909</subfield><subfield code="l">DE-1043</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield><subfield code="q">FAB_PDA_DGG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782387909</subfield><subfield code="l">DE-858</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield><subfield code="q">FCO_PDA_DGG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782387909</subfield><subfield code="l">DE-859</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield><subfield code="q">FKE_PDA_DGG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782387909</subfield><subfield code="l">DE-860</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield><subfield code="q">FLA_PDA_DGG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782387909</subfield><subfield code="l">DE-739</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield><subfield code="q">UPA_PDA_DGG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782387909</subfield><subfield code="l">DE-473</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield><subfield code="q">UBG_PDA_DGG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
id | DE-604.BV048516933 |
illustrated | Not Illustrated |
index_date | 2024-07-03T20:48:57Z |
indexdate | 2025-02-19T17:35:40Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9781782387909 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033893871 |
oclc_num | 1349550347 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-1043 DE-1046 DE-858 DE-859 DE-860 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-739 |
owner_facet | DE-1043 DE-1046 DE-858 DE-859 DE-860 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-739 |
physical | 1 Online-Ressource (200 Seiten) |
psigel | ZDB-23-DGG ZDB-23-DGG FAW_PDA_DGG ZDB-23-DGG FAB_PDA_DGG ZDB-23-DGG FCO_PDA_DGG ZDB-23-DGG FKE_PDA_DGG ZDB-23-DGG FLA_PDA_DGG ZDB-23-DGG UPA_PDA_DGG ZDB-23-DGG UBG_PDA_DGG |
publishDate | 2005 |
publishDateSearch | 2005 |
publishDateSort | 2005 |
publisher | Berghahn Books |
record_format | marc |
series2 | Culture and Politics/Politics and Culture |
spelling | Racism in Metropolitan Areas ed. by Rik Pinxten, Ellen Preckler New York ; Oxford Berghahn Books [2005] © 2005 1 Online-Ressource (200 Seiten) txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier Culture and Politics/Politics and Culture 3 Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (publisher's Web site, viewed 04. Okt 2022) For several decades, a political discourse, which incites exclusion and hatred againt those who are perceived as different, has been gaining ground, most notably in affluent and developed countries. Focusing on the growth of racism in large cities and urban areas, this volume presents the views of international scholars who work in the social sciences and statements by non-practicing academics such as journalists and policy makers. The contributions of the scientists and the non-academic specialists are grouped around common themes, highlighting existing debates and bringing together widely scattered information. The book explores the ways in which old forms of racism persist in the urban context, and how traditional exclusion systems like casteism can be likened to contemporary forms like racism directed at refugees In English SOCIAL SCIENCE / Discrimination & Race Relations bisacsh Group identity Intergroup relations Racism Visual perception Duster, Troy Sonstige oth Ford, Glyn Sonstige oth Gingrich, André Sonstige oth Gundara, Jagdish S. Sonstige oth Gupta, Dipankar Sonstige oth Hervik, Peter Sonstige oth Jans, Erwin Sonstige oth Janssens, Patrick Sonstige oth Judd, Mary Sonstige oth Leman, Johan Sonstige oth Marx, Emanuel Sonstige oth Nader, Laura Sonstige oth Peirs, Marc Sonstige oth Pinxten, Rik Sonstige oth Poppe, Guy Sonstige oth Preckler, Ellen Sonstige oth Robotham, Donald Sonstige oth Rubinstein, Robert A. Sonstige oth Sarkar, Sumit Sonstige oth Seward, Eric Sonstige oth https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782387909 Verlag URL des Erstveröffentlichers Volltext |
spellingShingle | Racism in Metropolitan Areas SOCIAL SCIENCE / Discrimination & Race Relations bisacsh Group identity Intergroup relations Racism Visual perception |
title | Racism in Metropolitan Areas |
title_auth | Racism in Metropolitan Areas |
title_exact_search | Racism in Metropolitan Areas |
title_exact_search_txtP | Racism in Metropolitan Areas |
title_full | Racism in Metropolitan Areas ed. by Rik Pinxten, Ellen Preckler |
title_fullStr | Racism in Metropolitan Areas ed. by Rik Pinxten, Ellen Preckler |
title_full_unstemmed | Racism in Metropolitan Areas ed. by Rik Pinxten, Ellen Preckler |
title_short | Racism in Metropolitan Areas |
title_sort | racism in metropolitan areas |
topic | SOCIAL SCIENCE / Discrimination & Race Relations bisacsh Group identity Intergroup relations Racism Visual perception |
topic_facet | SOCIAL SCIENCE / Discrimination & Race Relations Group identity Intergroup relations Racism Visual perception |
url | https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782387909 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT dustertroy racisminmetropolitanareas AT fordglyn racisminmetropolitanareas AT gingrichandre racisminmetropolitanareas AT gundarajagdishs racisminmetropolitanareas AT guptadipankar racisminmetropolitanareas AT hervikpeter racisminmetropolitanareas AT janserwin racisminmetropolitanareas AT janssenspatrick racisminmetropolitanareas AT juddmary racisminmetropolitanareas AT lemanjohan racisminmetropolitanareas AT marxemanuel racisminmetropolitanareas AT naderlaura racisminmetropolitanareas AT peirsmarc racisminmetropolitanareas AT pinxtenrik racisminmetropolitanareas AT poppeguy racisminmetropolitanareas AT precklerellen racisminmetropolitanareas AT robothamdonald racisminmetropolitanareas AT rubinsteinroberta racisminmetropolitanareas AT sarkarsumit racisminmetropolitanareas AT sewarderic racisminmetropolitanareas |