Serbian paramilitaries and the breakup of Yugoslavia: state connections and patterns of violence
"This is the first book to offer a comprehensive analysis of the emergence, nature, and function of Serbian paramilitary units during the violent breakup of Yugoslavia. The book investigates the nature and functions of paramilitary units throughout the 1990s, and their ties to the state and Pre...
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London ; New York
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
2022
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| Series: | Contemporary security studies
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Summary: | "This is the first book to offer a comprehensive analysis of the emergence, nature, and function of Serbian paramilitary units during the violent breakup of Yugoslavia. The book investigates the nature and functions of paramilitary units throughout the 1990s, and their ties to the state and President Slobodan Milošević. The work relies on the archives of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague, which conducted dozens of trials relating to paramilitary violence, and records from judicial proceedings in the region. It discusses how and why certain important paramilitary units emerged, how they functioned and transformed through the decade, what their relationships and entanglements were with the state, the Milošević regime, and organized crime. The study thus investigates the interrelated ideological, political, and social factors and processes, fueling paramilitary engagement, and assesses the impact of this engagement on victims of paramilitary violence and on the state and society for which the units purportedly fought. It argues that coordinated action by a number of state institutions gave rise to paramilitaries tasked with altering borders while maintaining plausible deniability for the sponsoring regime. The outsourcing of violence by the state to paramilitaries led to a significant weakening of the very state these units and their sponsors swore to protect. The book also analyzes differences between the units and how they attacked civilians, arguing that the different forms of violence stemmed not only from the function they fulfilled for the state but also the ways in which they were set up and operated. The final chapter brings the different strands of the argument together into a coherent whole, suggesting avenues for further research, in the former Yugoslavia and beyond [...]." |
| Physical Description: | xi, 217 Seiten 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781032044453 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a "This is the first book to offer a comprehensive analysis of the emergence, nature, and function of Serbian paramilitary units during the violent breakup of Yugoslavia. The book investigates the nature and functions of paramilitary units throughout the 1990s, and their ties to the state and President Slobodan Milošević. The work relies on the archives of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague, which conducted dozens of trials relating to paramilitary violence, and records from judicial proceedings in the region. It discusses how and why certain important paramilitary units emerged, how they functioned and transformed through the decade, what their relationships and entanglements were with the state, the Milošević regime, and organized crime. The study thus investigates the interrelated ideological, political, and social factors and processes, fueling paramilitary engagement, and assesses the impact of this engagement on victims of paramilitary violence and on the state and society for which the units purportedly fought. It argues that coordinated action by a number of state institutions gave rise to paramilitaries tasked with altering borders while maintaining plausible deniability for the sponsoring regime. The outsourcing of violence by the state to paramilitaries led to a significant weakening of the very state these units and their sponsors swore to protect. The book also analyzes differences between the units and how they attacked civilians, arguing that the different forms of violence stemmed not only from the function they fulfilled for the state but also the ways in which they were set up and operated. The final chapter brings the different strands of the argument together into a coherent whole, suggesting avenues for further research, in the former Yugoslavia and beyond [...]." | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents Acknowledgments Acronyms and Abbreviations 1 Introduction x xii 1 2 Emergence of Paramilitary Units 32 3 Functioning of Paramilitary Units 72 4 Transformation of Paramilitary Units 105 5 Paramilitary Violence in the Breakup of Yugoslavia 132 6 Conclusion 170 References Index 189 213
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References 209 FHP-PM. Slobodan Sorgic FHP-PM. Steva Ilic i drugi FHP-PM. Stevo Bolic i drugi FHP-PM. Stojan Gugleta FHP-PM. Svetislav Bjelic i drugi FHP-PM. Veljko Kuga FHP-PM. Vladimir Marcic i drugi FHP-PM. Vojislav Gavran i drugi FHP-PM. Zdravko Dobrijevic FHP-PM. Zdravko Obradovic FHP-PM. Zoran Veselinovic i drugi Reports, presentations, and interviews Anastasijevic, Dejan. “Organized Crime in the Western Balkans.” Project presenta tion at HUMSEC, Ljubljana, 2006. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Report on the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. Washington, DC.: Endowment for International Peace, 1914. Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia, ed. Human Rights and Collective Identity: Serbia 2004. Belgrade: Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia, 2005. Human Rights Watch (HRW). The Individuals Involved in the Ethnic Cleansing of Bijeljina. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2000. https://www.hrw.org/ reports/2000/bosnia/Bosn005-05.htm. HRW. Under Orders: War Crimes in Kosovo. 26 October 2001. https://www.hrw.org/ legacy/reports/2001/kosovo. HRW. Weighing the Evidence: Lessonsfrom the Slobodan Milosevic Trial. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2006. Humanitarian Law Center. Dossier: The Cover-up of Evidence of Crimes during the War in Kosovo: The Concealment of Bodies Operation. Belgrade: Humanitarian Law Center, 2017. Humanitarian Law Center. Dossier: The 10th Sabotage Detachment of the Main Staffof the Army of Republika Srpska. Belgrade: Humanitarian Law Center, 2011 Humanitarian Law Center. Filing to the
Supreme Court of the Republic of Serbia. Belgrade, 28 May 2001. Humanitarian Law Center. “Kosovo Memory Book.” Presentation and evaluation. 4 February 2015. Accessed 26 August 2021. http://www.kosovskaknjigapamcenja. org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Transcript_KMB_Data_Evaluation_Press_ Conference_February_2_and_6_2015.pdf. Humanitarian Law Center. Otmica и Strpcima: Analiza sudenja za ratni zlocin, cinjenice, pravnapitanja ipoliticke implikacije. Belgrade: Humanitarian Law Center, 2003. Humanitarian Law Center. Skorpioni od zlocina do pravde. Beograd: Fond za humanitarno pravo, 2008. Jovanovic, Predrag, and Danilo Sukovic. “A Decade Under Sanctions.” Beograd: Transparentnost, n.d. Accessed 13 August 2021. http://www.transparentnost.org.rs/ stari/dokumenti/dOI2.html.
210 References Kadriu, Aurela, and Donjetë Berisha. “Interview with Saranda Bogujevci.” Oral History Kosovo (7 February 2018). https://oralhistorykosovo.org/wp-content/ uploads/2018/06/Saranda-Bogujevci_ENG.pdf. King, Kimmy Lynn et al. Echoes of Testimonies: A Pilot Study into the Long-Term Impact of Bearing Witness before the ICTY. ICTY and University of North Texas and Castleberry Peace Institute, 2016. http://www.icty.0rg/x/file/Ab0ut/Registry/ Witnesses/Echoes-Full-Report_EN.pdf. Kljaic, Marina. Report on War Crimes Trials in Serbia during 2020, edited by Ivana Zanic. Humanitarian Law Center: Belgrade, 2021. http://hlc-rdc.org/ wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Report_on_War_Crimes_Trials_in_Serbia_ during_2020.pdf. Nielsen, Christian Axboe. “The Hague Tribunal Has Written a Decent Historical Draft of the Breakup of the former Yugoslavia.” Interview by Jelena Grujic Zindovic. Recom, 25 February 2016. https://www.recom.link/en/137750-2. Opacic, Gorab, Vladimir Jovic, Borislav Radovic, and Goran Knezevic. “Redress in Action: Consequences of forcible mobilization of refugees in 1995.” IAN International Aid Network, Belgrade, 2006. OSCE. Delivering Justice in Bosnia and Herzegovina: An Overview of War Crimes Processing from 2005 to 2010. Published by OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sarajevo, May 2011. https://www.0sce.0rg/files/f/d0cuments/ e/e/108103.pdf. OSCE. Kosovo!Kosova: As Seen as Told: An Analysis of the Human Rights Findings of the OSCE Kosovo Verification Mission October 1998 to June 1999. 2003. https:// www.osce.org/odihr/17772?download=true. OSCE. Reforma
Policije и Srbiji: Ka stvaranju savremene i odgovorne policijske sluibe. Odeljenje za sprovodenje zakona Misija OEBS u Srbiji i Crnoj Gori, 2004. Terzic, Tea, ed. Organized Crime and Transition in Western Balkans. Belgrade: Forum for Ethnic Relations, 2002. Documentaries and audiovisual material Baljak, Janko, and Drago Hedi. “Vukovar - Posljednji rez.” Belgrade: B92, 2006. Uploaded 18 November 2012. 2:08:46. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= cKwH8PVObMw ab. “Bijeljina ‘92-Ron Haviv-Evidence ofEthnic Cleansing.” Uploaded 3 October 2012. 5:35. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4POqAfBm_ss ab_channel=PLBIH . “Crimes before the ICTY: Visegrad.” ICTY. Uploaded 1 July 2016. 52:11. https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQL2edzoJ5M. “Dokumentarni film: Voz 671 - Slucaj Strpci.” Uploaded 30 March 2016. 35:32. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPsAaZPgKBs. “Dosije - Milorad Ulemek Legija.” Prva TV, 2014. Uploaded 1 December 2017. 1:05:26. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h6QMvzE4AE t=ls. “Dosije - Zemunski klan.” Three episodes. Prva TV, 2014. Uploaded 10 June 2016. 3:38:32. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dgm9CyaqmrI . “Dve strane medalje: Prica о crvenim beretkama.” Uploaded 10 December 2012. 30:32. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=soXJ4zrBaow. Fond za humanitarno pravo. “Skorpioni - Spomenar.” 2007. Uploaded 29 September 2016. 51:28. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqsDRw04Z6U.
References 211 “Goli zivot, intervju Vojin Vuckovic Zuca.” Interview by Milomir Maric. TV Happy, 2014. Uploaded 7 June 2015. 1:47:58. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=xFldQ3WSILs. “Goli zivot - Vuk Draskovic.” Interview by Milomir Maric. TV Happy, 2013. Uploaded 15 May 2015.1:36:36. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzevZHLWly8. “Grim History of Bosnia’s ‘Rape Hotel.’” BBC News. Uploaded 8 April 2016. 6:03. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPgK8wfbxTY. “Intervju: Mihajlo Ulemek - Sluzba je ubila Arkana, jer je postao pretnja Milosevicu!” Balkan Info, 1 February 2018. Uploaded 13 February 2018. 3:34:47. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5FxklLBj32Q t=ls. “Intervju: Mile Novakovic - Zemunski klan je na vrhuncu mislio da je mocniji od drzave.” Balkan Info, 16 March 2018. Uploaded 22 March 2018. 3:04:19. https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwlBURS3IYk. “Intervju: Vojin Vuckovic Zuca.” Interview by Tesa Tesanovic. Balkan Info, 2016. Uploaded 28 December 2016. 2:16:38. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= sMYhjKrwiPg t=20s. “Konacni obracun - dokumentarni film о Petom oktobru ili kako je srusen Milosevic.” Vreme film, 2010. Uploaded 26 February 2015. 1:35:17. https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=6fTMatYw4SY . “Moj gost njegova istina.” Interview by Risto Dogo, 1994. Uploaded 12 February 2018. 1:02:09. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXmUh6u2hVc. Novakovic, Mile. “Pad Krajine.” Vremefilm, 2007. 1:42:41. https://www.vreme.com/ projekat/pad-krajine. “Otmica u sjeverinu.” B92, 2002. Uploaded 16 September 2013. 46:21. https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=TXbaegPCYC8 . “Peti oktobar - Kako je otisao
Milosevic.” Documentary. RTS, 2005. Uploaded 21 December 2015. 58:20. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FbzR_AgyJk t=2s. “Protest JSO.” Uploaded 5 February 2014. 15:57. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=v-T5CUomOIM t=315s. Ristic, Marija. “The Unidentified.” BIRN, 2016. https://vimeo.com/178172497 . “Sluzbe drzavne bezbednosti - Sluzbena tajna - Insajder.” Episode 1. B92, 2 October 2008. Uploaded 19 May 2015. 47:46. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=959H7fLlVYA t=ls. Stankovic, Brankica. “Paravojna jedinica Skorpioni (Patriote) - Insajder.” Belgrade, 2006. Uploaded 7 May 2015.46:58. https.7/www.youtube.com/watch?v= hQNePutCvPk. Stojanovic, Lazar. “Skorpioni - Spomenar.” Documentary. Beograd: Fond za humanitarno pravo, 2007. Uploaded 29 September 2016. 51:28. https://www. youtube. com/watch?v=nqsDRw04Z6U. Svarm, Filip. “Jedinica.” Episode 1. Documentary. Uploaded 21 May 2013. 55:39. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n-UO71m_5S4 . Svarm, Filip. “Jedinica.” Episode 2. Documentary. Uploaded 21 May 2013. 54:51. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAuupgnu720. Svarm, Filip. “Jedinica.” Episode 3. Documentary. Uploaded 21 May 2013. 54:23. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSDBVu3SKJQ ab. “Sverc cigareta - Marko Milosevic (Mreza) - Insajder.” B92, 20 February 2006. Uploaded 8 May 2015.48:21. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0RZVTB2upbw.
212 References “Svjedok Zebra Turjacanin iz Visegrada - da se ne zaboravi.” Uploaded 22 November 2014. 0:44. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WDpqWPXfxek. “Ubistvo na Ibarskoj magistrali.” Three episodes. Insajder, 2005.48:16,47:26,42:47. https://insajder.net/emisije/serijali/ibarska. “Visegrad Genocidal Rape.” Uploaded 21 March 2009. 9:29. https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=ctKcknXP4F8. “Yellow Wasps - Anatomy of a War Crime. Genocide in Bosnia 4/7.” Segment from Ilan and O’Conner, Yellow Wasps: Anatomy of a War Crime. Uploaded 13 November 2007. 10:47. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3yx-v6m37s. “Zehra Turjacanin.” Interview. 1992. Uploaded 17 April 2014. 1:05:50. https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=qlQe-2EjJsI. “Zeljko Raznatovic Arkan - uhicen u Hrvatskoj.” Interview by Croatian authorities. Uploaded 7 July 2014. 6:29. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HvF38pNCjrU. Ziv, Ilan, and Rory O’Conner. “Yellow Wasps: Anatomy of a War Crime.” USA, 1995. 70 minutes, https://www.films.com/id/27827 . “Zvezdan Jovanovic - Fruska Gora 2003.” Uploaded 29 January 2015.10:03. https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnqPOPbfLo8. “Zvezdan Jovanovic - sudjenje.” Excerpt from a news report by RTS 1. Uploaded 25 October 2010. 1:36. https://www.youtube.com/watch7v-8pqVDXLqZg. Note 1 All of these cases were accessed in February 2022.
212 References “Svjedok Zehra Turjacanin iz Visegrada - da se ne zaboravi.” Uploaded 22 November 2014. 0:44. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WDpqWPXfxek. “Ubistvo na Ibarskoj magistral!.” Three episodes. Insajder, 2005.48:16,47:26,42:47. https://insajder.net/emisije/serijali/ibarska. “Visegrad Genocidal Rape.” Uploaded 21 March 2009. 9:29. https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=ctKcknXP4F8. “Yellow Wasps - Anatomy of a War Crime. Genocide in Bosnia 4/7.” Segment from Ilan and O’Conner, Yellow Wasps: Anatomy of a War Crime. Uploaded 13 November 2007. 10:47. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3yx-v6m37s. “Zehra Turjacanin.” Interview. 1992. Uploaded 17 April 2014. 1:05:50. https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=qlQe-2EjJsI. “Zeljko Raznatovic Arkan - uhicen u Hrvatskoj.” Interview by Croatian authorities. Uploaded 7 July 2014. 6:29. https.7/www.youtube.com/watch?v=HvF38pNCjrU. Ziv, Ilan, and Rory O’Conner. “Yellow Wasps: Anatomy of a War Crime.” USA, 1995. 70 minutes, https://www.films.com/id/27827. “Zvezdan Jovanovic - Fruska Gora 2003.” Uploaded 29 January 2015. 10:03. https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnqPOPbfLo8. “Zvezdan Jovanovic - sudjenje.” Excerpt from a news report by RTS 1. Uploaded 25 October 2010. 1:36. https://www.youtube.com/watch7v-8pqVDXLqZg. Note 1 All of these cases were accessed in February 2022.
Index Note: Page numbers followed by “n” refer to notes. Aleksic, Slavko 79 Anastasijevic, Dejan 15, 35, 57n24, 69nl97, 711221, 88,138 Anti-terrorist Action Unit (JATD) 77-78, 83, 86-87 Arkan, Zeljko Raznatovic 43,47; assassination of 113; deployment of SDG 75-78; disapproval of alcohol consumption 136; looting by 89-90; see also Serbian Volunteer Guard (SDG) Arkan’s Tigers/Arkan’s men see Serbian Volunteer Guard (SDG) Army of Yugoslavia (VJ) 10, 14, 39,40, 45-46, 63nl08, 74, 79, 91,109-111, 171, 172, 182 assassinations 1, 6,113; of Arkan 113; of Dindic 119-121, 123; state of emergency 121-122 Avengers 140, 143-144,174, 176-177 Babic, Milan 37 Badza, Radovan Stojicic 34,42-44, 51, 62nl05, 82,105,152 Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 11-12 Belgrade 37, 39-40; anti-government protests in 47, 62nl05; proliferation and diversity of units in 55; tensions and disagreements between Bosnian Serbs and 72, 74; uprising of Special Operations Unit 117 Beli, Dorde Matic 50, 69nl83 Biorcevic, Andrija 83,100nll2, 137,139 Boca, Slobodan Medic 44, 71n225, 78, 91, 139 Bogdanovic, Radmilo 34,42-43, 51, 84, 88 Bokan, Dragoslav 50 Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) 1,4, 36, 55, 73, 80-83, 105-107, 109, 111-112, 120, 122, 122-123, 123, 144-145,147, 152,171-174,178-179, 182; Chetnik units 141; form of criminality in 73; paramilitaries deployed in 74-80; professionalized units’ violence in 55, 139; SDS in 38 Bosnian Serb Army (Vojska Republike Srpske, VRS) 10,16, 39-40, 75, 79, 81, 84-85, 91, 94nl4, 133,147,171, 182; provision of arms 61n93 Bosnian Serbs 33, 38-39, 61n93, 62n98, 78, 84; financial assistance
93n8; leadership 72; military dominance 74; rejection of Vance-Owen peace plan 74, 92; tensions and disagreements between Belgrade and 72, 74 Bosnian War 37-38,44, 138 Bracanovic, Milorad 118 Brne, Branislav Gavrilovic 79 Buzov, Tomo 144-145 Ceca, Svetlana Raznatovic 121 Chetnik groups 1,12, 48-49, 79, 111, 140-141, 154 criminalization of state structures 105-109,112-115; see also paramilitarism; paramilitary units; paramilitary violence Crni, Dragan Dordevic 76, 80 Croatia 1-2,4-6, 10, 13,18, 32-33, 35-40, 36,42,44-45,48-50, 52, 73, 76, 78-82, 88, 109-111,173, 179; dealing with perpetrators 178, 180, 182; ICTY conviction for
214 Index paramilitary violence 174; Luc camp 148; mass killing during war in 140; nature and function of paramilitary units 171-175; Operation Storm 107, 147; Pajzos camp 76; paramilitaries deployed in 74-80; paramilitary violence in 74,91-92,122-123,136, 150, 153, 156; Serb forces in 45; TOs _ in 44-45, 55,174 Cume, Ljubisa Buha 113,116-117,119 Davidovic, Milorad 152 Dayton Peace Accords 107 death squads 7, 14 Debeli, Srecko Radovanovic 80 deniability of paramilitary units 85-89, 111-112 Depth Two operation 112 Dindic, Prime Minister Zoran 1, 2, 105-106,115-117; assassination of 119-121,123 Dogo, Gojko 36 Dordevic, Vlastimir 109 Draskovic, Vuk 50 drug trade 113-115,123 Duca, Dusan Spasojevic 112-113 Dugi, Branko Lainovic, 50, 69nl83 ethnic cleansing 11,13-14 Fica, Dragan Filipovic 76 Fikret Abdic 77 Frenki, Franko Simatovic 17,42-43,47, 53, 63nl08, 69n200, 75-76, 78, 82, 85, 88, 90, 92,105 Fujii, Lee Ann 134 functioning of paramilitary units 5; ambiguity of affiliation and control 73, 85-89,93; authority and system of control 80-85; deniability 85-89, 111-112; formal and informal control 82-84; limits of paramilitary power 84-85; lines of authority 72-73; mutually beneficial relationship 72; professionalized MUP affiliates 92; profit-driven criminality 89-93; unit deployment in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina 74-80 Gendarmerie 121 genocide 2,4, 8,10-11,20,22nl7,49, 53, 151, 170, 177, 182,184-185 Giska, Dorde Bozovic 50, 69nl83, 69nl89 Glavasevic, Sinisa 141 Greater Serbia project 13, 34-40; cooperation and resource mobilization 38-40 Grey Wolves 80, 137 guerilla
warfare 12 Habsburg empire 11, 57n25 Hadzic, Goran 43,46, 79, 86,137 hajduks 11 Humanitarian Law Centre 164nl26 International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY, later IRMCT) 2-5, 16,22nl7, 36,119, 170, 179; Appeals Chamber 18; archives 16-20, 170; documents 18-21; investigation interviews 19; length of proceedings 18; prosecution 17; Stanisic Simatovic trial 57n24, 61n95, 62nl00, 70n211,94nl8, 179; testimony 17, 71n220; trials 17-18, 37,39 International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (IRMCT) see International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY, later IRMCT) Ivanovic, Zika 152 Ivanovic, Zivojin 76 Izetbegovic, Alija 36 Jackals 110-111, 174, 179 Jovic, Borisav 45 Kameni, Milan Lancuzanin 49, 79 Karadzic, Radovan 16,21, 36, 39-40, 47, 73-74, 84, 151 Karlobag-Ogulin-Karlovac-Virovitica line 36 Karlovic, Vilim 141 Kertes, Mihalj 34, 51 Klempo, Goran Opacic 76 Knindze 40-41, 52, 70n207, 86 Kojic, Ilija 67nl55, 87, 91 Kosovo Liberation Army (Ushtria Clirimtare e Kosoves, UCK, KLA) 109 Kum, Mile Lukovic 112 League of Communists-Movement for Yugoslavia 34 Legija 117,119-120 Legija, Milorad Ulemek 72,105,113, 121,123
Index 215 Leva Supoderica 45 Lilic, Zoran 39 looting by paramilitaries 89-93; extraction of valuable resources 91; of home appliances 90; of property of non-Serbs 89-90; shipping of looted property 90; stealing of Volkswagen cars 89,151-152 Lugar, Slobodan Miljkovic 80,137 Lukic, Milan 17, 53,143-145,152,155 Lukovic, Mile 121, 123 Markovic, Mira 33 Markovic, Rade 105, 108,110-111,114, 116, 118 Martie, Milan 38-39,43 Medic, Aleksandar 139,156 Medo, Milan Radonjic 76 mercenaries 7 Mihajlovic, Dusan 118 military professionalism 54 military violence 6; see also paramilitary violence Milosevic, President Slobodan 1,15, 21, 37-41,45-47,49-53, 55, 66nl38, 73-74, 80, 82, 87-89,91-92,105-106, 108,110-118,122-123,145,155, 165nl45,173-174,176,178-179; assassinations of political opponents 105; clash with Seselj, 84, 88, 92; fall of 115-117; leadership 33; networks of allies and supporters 33,42-43; objective of Serbian political project 34-40; RAM plan 35, 56n23; regime and its partners 32-34; siege of Vukovar 42,45 Milosevic trial 16, 37,40, 56n23, 58n36, 138,161n74 Milovanovic, Manojlo 82 Mladic, Ratko 16, 38-40,75, 81-83, 85, 94nl4,182 Moljevic, Stevan 13 Mrgud, Milan Milanovic 44, 64nl23, 86, 91 Mrtvi, Nebojsa Minic 110 non-professionalized units 54-55, 74, 84, 90,107,132,136,140,145,153-154, 171,175,178,181; deployment of78-80 Novakovic, Zack 48-49 Operation Pauk (Spider) 75, 77-78, 107 Operation Sablja (Sabre) 121-122, 129n98 Operation Storm 107,147 organized crime 2,4,14-15, 105-106, 119-123; material gains 15; networks 15; nexus of war crimes and 15; role of state security
112-115; in Serbia 15 Ottoman empire 11-12 paramilitarism 12; as a cooperative project 40-47; post- Milosevic 117-124; research on 182-185; transformation in Serbia 109-112 paramilitary ecologies 5, 54,181-182 paramilitary recruitment 47; Knindie 40-41, 52, 70n207, 86; perceptions of masculinity as a driving force 47; radicalizing Serbs 50; volunteers 48-51, 63nll3 paramilitary units 1-4, 171-175; accountability 9; in Bosnia 10; Brcko camp 76; capacity building 51-53; as death squads 14; definition 6-8; degrees of loyalty and autonomy 7; distinction between military and 6; in ethnic cleansing 13-14; factors propelling engagement in war, 92-93; as football clubs 60n81, 71n221; function and utility of 13-14; mobilization and deployment 47-51; Pajzos camp 76; as perpetrators of mass violence 8-10; professionalism 54-55; reactivation of select 109-111; in Serbia 10-13; setting up units 43; structure and functions 7; training of volunteers 43; use by government 8; in Yugoslavia 10; see also functioning of paramilitary units paramilitary violence 3, 5-6, 9, 12-13, 78, 88,132-133; abductions of civilians 144-145; accountability 178-181; during armed conflict 134; arresting and detaining Serb refugees 147-148; attacks on civilian populations 150-156; attitude of permissiveness and 151; Avengers’ violent behavior 144; during Balkan Wars 12; car theft 89, 151-152; cruelty 135; differences between unit members and 156; expressive violence 140-144; forced mobilization 148-150; instrumental violence 135-140; involvement of Serbian police with Arkan’s men 147-148; at macro and micro
level 134; massacres 135; patterns of 175-178; perpetration
216 Index of 133 135, 145, 154, 157, 157n3; practice of impunity 150-157, 182; sexual violence 145, 156; slaughter of Croats 154; use by state and government 9; violent crimes against non-Serbs 150-151,156; violent displays 134-135; see also looting by paramilitaries Peace Accords 37 Petkovic, 79 Policijski dosije 69nl87 Poplasen, Nikola 79 “Praetorian guard” see Red Berets/ Special Operations Unit profit-driven criminality 89-93 pro-government militias (PGMs) 7 Public Security Service (JB or SJB) 41 Puskar, Vojkan Durkovic 89 Rajo, Radojica Bozovic 44, 52, 76, 78, 80, 136, 182 Red Berets/Special Operations Unit 1-2, 14,41,43-44,48, 52-53, 80-81, 83-88, 91, 99nl09, 105-123, 124n7, 130n23, 136-137, 147-148, 152-156, 171-172, 174, 182; deployment of 75-78; objection to ICTY trials 118; profit-driven criminality by 91; signature headgear 84; training centers in Serbia 76; uprising of 117-119,180; Red Star Belgrade 72 Republika Srpska Krajina (RSK) 37-39, 41,44, 46, 52, 57n25, 72, 74, 77-78, 86-87,91,147-148 Sabanovic, Tifa 137 Sarajevo-Romanija Corps of the VRS 79,81 Scorpions 1,16,43-44,48, 53, 55, 64nll8, 64nl23, 64nl27, 71n221, 75-78, 82-83, 84, 86-87, 91,102n60, 110, 111, 122, 136,138-139,147-148, 153, 156, 160n61,171, 174,179 Serbian Autonomous Regions (SAO) 37,47, 86 Serbian Chetnik Movement (Srpski cetnickipokret, SCP) 48 Serbian Democratic Party (Srpska demokratska stranka. SDS) 36, 38, 46, 651133—134, 73, 84 Serbian Guard 50, 68nl81 Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ministarstvo unutrasnjih poslova, MUP) 14, 35,40-44,47-48, 52, 54-55, 63nl08, 71n220, 72, 75-78,
80-81, 83-88, 90-92,96n47, 107, 109-112, 121-123, 136,139-140, 147-153, 155, 1671198, 172-173,175, 177, 180, 182 Serbian National Renewal (SNO) 50-51, 79 Serb(ian) paramilitaries 2, 6-8,11 Serbian Radical Party (SRS) 48,50-51, 78, 80, 84,140-141, 182 Serbian Renewal Movement (Srpski pokret obnove, SPO) 50-51,68nl81,114 Serbian State Security 47, 51 Serbian uprisings in 1804 and 1815 11 Serbian Volunteer Guard (SDG) 1,13, 14,40,41,43,48, 55, 60n77, 61n88, 621107, 631108, 63nll 1, 681181, 69nl99, 75-78, 79, 81, 82-83, 84, 86, 90,91, 105,107,110,122, 136, 137-138, 146, 147, 149, 152,153,155, 1651134, 171 174, 177,182 Serb Territorial Defense 44 Seseljevci 48, 54, 75, 78-79, 84, 88, 90, 92, 110, 141, 172,174,184 Seselj, Vojislav 13, 34, 36,49,75, 83-84, 92, 140 Six Strategic Goals 36-37 Slavonia Baranja Corps of the Army of RSK (SVK) 39, 77, 147,164nl27, 171 Smith, Rupert 40 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) 10, 39,44-46, 66nl36 Socialist Party of Serbia (Socijalisticka partija Srbije, SPS) 33 socialization 9 Spasojevic, Dusan 121, 123 Special Antiterrorist Unit (Specijalna antiteroristickajedinica, SAJ) 110,121 Special Operations Unit (Jedinica za specijalne operacije, JSO) see Red Berets/Special Operations Unit Special Purpose Unit (JPN) 63nl 16, 77 Srpska vojska Krajine (SVK) 10, 39, 77-78, 91, 147, 164, 171 Stanisic, Jovica 17, 34, 38,42, 47,51, 62n98, 78, 105, 13 8 Stanisic, Mico 151-152, 156 State Security Service (Drzavna bezbednost, DB or SDB) 14, 18, 41-43, 46-47, 50-54, 62nl00, 63nl08,63nlll, 69nl99-200, 73, 76-78, 80, 82-84,
Index 217 86-88, 91-92,105, 107-111,113-118, 121-122, 128n97,130nl27, 138,148, 152,171-174 state-sponsored proxy forces 6-7,11 Stevanovic, General Obrad 111 Stojanovic, Nebojsa 48 Stoparic, Goran 44,49, 64nl26, 69nl97, „ 84, 87, 91-92, 138,139,156 Stuka 141 Supoderica, Leva 79,140-141 Svarm, Filip 50 Vaske, Vasilije Vidovic 141 Vaso, Vasilije Mijovic 52, 76, 78-79,141 vigilantes 7 violence see paramilitary violence Vojska Republike Srpske (VRS) 10, 16, 39-40, 75, 79, 81, 84-85, 91,94nl4, 133,147,171,182 Taylor, Kathleen 135 Territorial Defense (TO) 40-46, 55, 81, 62nl07, 65nl34, 75, 79, 88, 91, 1021176, 152,174 Theunens Report, 2007 57n35, 65nl33, 67nl51 Tito, Josip Broz 12 Tomic, Aco 119,121 Tudman, President Franjo 33 Yellow Wasps 45, 85,142,151-153,174 Yugoslav Army (Vojska Jugoslavije, VJ) see Army of Yugoslavia (VJ) Yugoslav Left (Jugoslovenska levica, JUL) 34 Yugoslavia, social and political polarization in 41 Yugoslav People’s Army (Jugoslavenska narodna armija, JNA) 10, 14, 35, 39,41,44-47,49, 51, 54, 74, 79, 83, 88,90-91, 137, 139-141, 145,161n74, 171-172,179,182; First Guards Brigade 79; intelligence and counter intelligence 35; Novi Sad Corps 83; security organs 83 Yugoslav State Security 14-15 Unified Court Records (UCR) database 16 Vance-Owen peace agreement 74,92 Vance peace plan 81, 86 Vasic, Milos 85 Vasiljevic, Aleksandar 35, 39, 83, 111, 153 Vasiljevic, Mitar 143,155 Vasiljkovic, Dragan (Captain Dragan) 43, 52-53, 76, 151 Bayerische Staatabibilothek München war crimes 2,4,13, 15, 53, 67nl61, 112, 170, 178,179,184-185 Witness VS-002 48 Zemunclan 112-115,
122 Zmija, Zvezdan Jovanovic 1, 52,76, 87, 107, 120-121,123,180 Zvornik operation 75, 90
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Contents Acknowledgments Acronyms and Abbreviations 1 Introduction x xii 1 2 Emergence of Paramilitary Units 32 3 Functioning of Paramilitary Units 72 4 Transformation of Paramilitary Units 105 5 Paramilitary Violence in the Breakup of Yugoslavia 132 6 Conclusion 170 References Index 189 213
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References 209 FHP-PM. Slobodan Sorgic FHP-PM. Steva Ilic i drugi FHP-PM. Stevo Bolic i drugi FHP-PM. Stojan Gugleta FHP-PM. Svetislav Bjelic i drugi FHP-PM. Veljko Kuga FHP-PM. Vladimir Marcic i drugi FHP-PM. Vojislav Gavran i drugi FHP-PM. Zdravko Dobrijevic FHP-PM. Zdravko Obradovic FHP-PM. Zoran Veselinovic i drugi Reports, presentations, and interviews Anastasijevic, Dejan. “Organized Crime in the Western Balkans.” Project presenta tion at HUMSEC, Ljubljana, 2006. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Report on the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. Washington, DC.: Endowment for International Peace, 1914. Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia, ed. Human Rights and Collective Identity: Serbia 2004. Belgrade: Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia, 2005. Human Rights Watch (HRW). The Individuals Involved in the Ethnic Cleansing of Bijeljina. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2000. https://www.hrw.org/ reports/2000/bosnia/Bosn005-05.htm. HRW. Under Orders: War Crimes in Kosovo. 26 October 2001. https://www.hrw.org/ legacy/reports/2001/kosovo. HRW. Weighing the Evidence: Lessonsfrom the Slobodan Milosevic Trial. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2006. Humanitarian Law Center. Dossier: The Cover-up of Evidence of Crimes during the War in Kosovo: The Concealment of Bodies Operation. Belgrade: Humanitarian Law Center, 2017. Humanitarian Law Center. Dossier: The 10th Sabotage Detachment of the Main Staffof the Army of Republika Srpska. Belgrade: Humanitarian Law Center, 2011 Humanitarian Law Center. Filing to the
Supreme Court of the Republic of Serbia. Belgrade, 28 May 2001. Humanitarian Law Center. “Kosovo Memory Book.” Presentation and evaluation. 4 February 2015. Accessed 26 August 2021. http://www.kosovskaknjigapamcenja. org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Transcript_KMB_Data_Evaluation_Press_ Conference_February_2_and_6_2015.pdf. Humanitarian Law Center. Otmica и Strpcima: Analiza sudenja za ratni zlocin, cinjenice, pravnapitanja ipoliticke implikacije. Belgrade: Humanitarian Law Center, 2003. Humanitarian Law Center. Skorpioni od zlocina do pravde. Beograd: Fond za humanitarno pravo, 2008. Jovanovic, Predrag, and Danilo Sukovic. “A Decade Under Sanctions.” Beograd: Transparentnost, n.d. Accessed 13 August 2021. http://www.transparentnost.org.rs/ stari/dokumenti/dOI2.html.
210 References Kadriu, Aurela, and Donjetë Berisha. “Interview with Saranda Bogujevci.” Oral History Kosovo (7 February 2018). https://oralhistorykosovo.org/wp-content/ uploads/2018/06/Saranda-Bogujevci_ENG.pdf. King, Kimmy Lynn et al. Echoes of Testimonies: A Pilot Study into the Long-Term Impact of Bearing Witness before the ICTY. ICTY and University of North Texas and Castleberry Peace Institute, 2016. http://www.icty.0rg/x/file/Ab0ut/Registry/ Witnesses/Echoes-Full-Report_EN.pdf. Kljaic, Marina. Report on War Crimes Trials in Serbia during 2020, edited by Ivana Zanic. Humanitarian Law Center: Belgrade, 2021. http://hlc-rdc.org/ wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Report_on_War_Crimes_Trials_in_Serbia_ during_2020.pdf. Nielsen, Christian Axboe. “The Hague Tribunal Has Written a Decent Historical Draft of the Breakup of the former Yugoslavia.” Interview by Jelena Grujic Zindovic. Recom, 25 February 2016. https://www.recom.link/en/137750-2. Opacic, Gorab, Vladimir Jovic, Borislav Radovic, and Goran Knezevic. “Redress in Action: Consequences of forcible mobilization of refugees in 1995.” IAN International Aid Network, Belgrade, 2006. OSCE. Delivering Justice in Bosnia and Herzegovina: An Overview of War Crimes Processing from 2005 to 2010. Published by OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sarajevo, May 2011. https://www.0sce.0rg/files/f/d0cuments/ e/e/108103.pdf. OSCE. Kosovo!Kosova: As Seen as Told: An Analysis of the Human Rights Findings of the OSCE Kosovo Verification Mission October 1998 to June 1999. 2003. https:// www.osce.org/odihr/17772?download=true. OSCE. Reforma
Policije и Srbiji: Ka stvaranju savremene i odgovorne policijske sluibe. Odeljenje za sprovodenje zakona Misija OEBS u Srbiji i Crnoj Gori, 2004. Terzic, Tea, ed. Organized Crime and Transition in Western Balkans. Belgrade: Forum for Ethnic Relations, 2002. Documentaries and audiovisual material Baljak, Janko, and Drago Hedi. “Vukovar - Posljednji rez.” Belgrade: B92, 2006. Uploaded 18 November 2012. 2:08:46. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= cKwH8PVObMw ab. “Bijeljina ‘92-Ron Haviv-Evidence ofEthnic Cleansing.” Uploaded 3 October 2012. 5:35. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4POqAfBm_ss ab_channel=PLBIH . “Crimes before the ICTY: Visegrad.” ICTY. Uploaded 1 July 2016. 52:11. https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQL2edzoJ5M. “Dokumentarni film: Voz 671 - Slucaj Strpci.” Uploaded 30 March 2016. 35:32. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPsAaZPgKBs. “Dosije - Milorad Ulemek Legija.” Prva TV, 2014. Uploaded 1 December 2017. 1:05:26. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h6QMvzE4AE t=ls. “Dosije - Zemunski klan.” Three episodes. Prva TV, 2014. Uploaded 10 June 2016. 3:38:32. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dgm9CyaqmrI . “Dve strane medalje: Prica о crvenim beretkama.” Uploaded 10 December 2012. 30:32. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=soXJ4zrBaow. Fond za humanitarno pravo. “Skorpioni - Spomenar.” 2007. Uploaded 29 September 2016. 51:28. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqsDRw04Z6U.
References 211 “Goli zivot, intervju Vojin Vuckovic Zuca.” Interview by Milomir Maric. TV Happy, 2014. Uploaded 7 June 2015. 1:47:58. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=xFldQ3WSILs. “Goli zivot - Vuk Draskovic.” Interview by Milomir Maric. TV Happy, 2013. Uploaded 15 May 2015.1:36:36. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzevZHLWly8. “Grim History of Bosnia’s ‘Rape Hotel.’” BBC News. Uploaded 8 April 2016. 6:03. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPgK8wfbxTY. “Intervju: Mihajlo Ulemek - Sluzba je ubila Arkana, jer je postao pretnja Milosevicu!” Balkan Info, 1 February 2018. Uploaded 13 February 2018. 3:34:47. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5FxklLBj32Q t=ls. “Intervju: Mile Novakovic - Zemunski klan je na vrhuncu mislio da je mocniji od drzave.” Balkan Info, 16 March 2018. Uploaded 22 March 2018. 3:04:19. https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwlBURS3IYk. “Intervju: Vojin Vuckovic Zuca.” Interview by Tesa Tesanovic. Balkan Info, 2016. Uploaded 28 December 2016. 2:16:38. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= sMYhjKrwiPg t=20s. “Konacni obracun - dokumentarni film о Petom oktobru ili kako je srusen Milosevic.” Vreme film, 2010. Uploaded 26 February 2015. 1:35:17. https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=6fTMatYw4SY . “Moj gost njegova istina.” Interview by Risto Dogo, 1994. Uploaded 12 February 2018. 1:02:09. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXmUh6u2hVc. Novakovic, Mile. “Pad Krajine.” Vremefilm, 2007. 1:42:41. https://www.vreme.com/ projekat/pad-krajine. “Otmica u sjeverinu.” B92, 2002. Uploaded 16 September 2013. 46:21. https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=TXbaegPCYC8 . “Peti oktobar - Kako je otisao
Milosevic.” Documentary. RTS, 2005. Uploaded 21 December 2015. 58:20. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FbzR_AgyJk t=2s. “Protest JSO.” Uploaded 5 February 2014. 15:57. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=v-T5CUomOIM t=315s. Ristic, Marija. “The Unidentified.” BIRN, 2016. https://vimeo.com/178172497 . “Sluzbe drzavne bezbednosti - Sluzbena tajna - Insajder.” Episode 1. B92, 2 October 2008. Uploaded 19 May 2015. 47:46. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=959H7fLlVYA t=ls. Stankovic, Brankica. “Paravojna jedinica Skorpioni (Patriote) - Insajder.” Belgrade, 2006. Uploaded 7 May 2015.46:58. https.7/www.youtube.com/watch?v= hQNePutCvPk. Stojanovic, Lazar. “Skorpioni - Spomenar.” Documentary. Beograd: Fond za humanitarno pravo, 2007. Uploaded 29 September 2016. 51:28. https://www. youtube. com/watch?v=nqsDRw04Z6U. Svarm, Filip. “Jedinica.” Episode 1. Documentary. Uploaded 21 May 2013. 55:39. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n-UO71m_5S4 . Svarm, Filip. “Jedinica.” Episode 2. Documentary. Uploaded 21 May 2013. 54:51. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAuupgnu720. Svarm, Filip. “Jedinica.” Episode 3. Documentary. Uploaded 21 May 2013. 54:23. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSDBVu3SKJQ ab. “Sverc cigareta - Marko Milosevic (Mreza) - Insajder.” B92, 20 February 2006. Uploaded 8 May 2015.48:21. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0RZVTB2upbw.
212 References “Svjedok Zebra Turjacanin iz Visegrada - da se ne zaboravi.” Uploaded 22 November 2014. 0:44. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WDpqWPXfxek. “Ubistvo na Ibarskoj magistrali.” Three episodes. Insajder, 2005.48:16,47:26,42:47. https://insajder.net/emisije/serijali/ibarska. “Visegrad Genocidal Rape.” Uploaded 21 March 2009. 9:29. https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=ctKcknXP4F8. “Yellow Wasps - Anatomy of a War Crime. Genocide in Bosnia 4/7.” Segment from Ilan and O’Conner, Yellow Wasps: Anatomy of a War Crime. Uploaded 13 November 2007. 10:47. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3yx-v6m37s. “Zehra Turjacanin.” Interview. 1992. Uploaded 17 April 2014. 1:05:50. https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=qlQe-2EjJsI. “Zeljko Raznatovic Arkan - uhicen u Hrvatskoj.” Interview by Croatian authorities. Uploaded 7 July 2014. 6:29. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HvF38pNCjrU. Ziv, Ilan, and Rory O’Conner. “Yellow Wasps: Anatomy of a War Crime.” USA, 1995. 70 minutes, https://www.films.com/id/27827 . “Zvezdan Jovanovic - Fruska Gora 2003.” Uploaded 29 January 2015.10:03. https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnqPOPbfLo8. “Zvezdan Jovanovic - sudjenje.” Excerpt from a news report by RTS 1. Uploaded 25 October 2010. 1:36. https://www.youtube.com/watch7v-8pqVDXLqZg. Note 1 All of these cases were accessed in February 2022.
212 References “Svjedok Zehra Turjacanin iz Visegrada - da se ne zaboravi.” Uploaded 22 November 2014. 0:44. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WDpqWPXfxek. “Ubistvo na Ibarskoj magistral!.” Three episodes. Insajder, 2005.48:16,47:26,42:47. https://insajder.net/emisije/serijali/ibarska. “Visegrad Genocidal Rape.” Uploaded 21 March 2009. 9:29. https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=ctKcknXP4F8. “Yellow Wasps - Anatomy of a War Crime. Genocide in Bosnia 4/7.” Segment from Ilan and O’Conner, Yellow Wasps: Anatomy of a War Crime. Uploaded 13 November 2007. 10:47. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3yx-v6m37s. “Zehra Turjacanin.” Interview. 1992. Uploaded 17 April 2014. 1:05:50. https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=qlQe-2EjJsI. “Zeljko Raznatovic Arkan - uhicen u Hrvatskoj.” Interview by Croatian authorities. Uploaded 7 July 2014. 6:29. https.7/www.youtube.com/watch?v=HvF38pNCjrU. Ziv, Ilan, and Rory O’Conner. “Yellow Wasps: Anatomy of a War Crime.” USA, 1995. 70 minutes, https://www.films.com/id/27827. “Zvezdan Jovanovic - Fruska Gora 2003.” Uploaded 29 January 2015. 10:03. https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnqPOPbfLo8. “Zvezdan Jovanovic - sudjenje.” Excerpt from a news report by RTS 1. Uploaded 25 October 2010. 1:36. https://www.youtube.com/watch7v-8pqVDXLqZg. Note 1 All of these cases were accessed in February 2022.
Index Note: Page numbers followed by “n” refer to notes. Aleksic, Slavko 79 Anastasijevic, Dejan 15, 35, 57n24, 69nl97, 711221, 88,138 Anti-terrorist Action Unit (JATD) 77-78, 83, 86-87 Arkan, Zeljko Raznatovic 43,47; assassination of 113; deployment of SDG 75-78; disapproval of alcohol consumption 136; looting by 89-90; see also Serbian Volunteer Guard (SDG) Arkan’s Tigers/Arkan’s men see Serbian Volunteer Guard (SDG) Army of Yugoslavia (VJ) 10, 14, 39,40, 45-46, 63nl08, 74, 79, 91,109-111, 171, 172, 182 assassinations 1, 6,113; of Arkan 113; of Dindic 119-121, 123; state of emergency 121-122 Avengers 140, 143-144,174, 176-177 Babic, Milan 37 Badza, Radovan Stojicic 34,42-44, 51, 62nl05, 82,105,152 Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 11-12 Belgrade 37, 39-40; anti-government protests in 47, 62nl05; proliferation and diversity of units in 55; tensions and disagreements between Bosnian Serbs and 72, 74; uprising of Special Operations Unit 117 Beli, Dorde Matic 50, 69nl83 Biorcevic, Andrija 83,100nll2, 137,139 Boca, Slobodan Medic 44, 71n225, 78, 91, 139 Bogdanovic, Radmilo 34,42-43, 51, 84, 88 Bokan, Dragoslav 50 Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) 1,4, 36, 55, 73, 80-83, 105-107, 109, 111-112, 120, 122, 122-123, 123, 144-145,147, 152,171-174,178-179, 182; Chetnik units 141; form of criminality in 73; paramilitaries deployed in 74-80; professionalized units’ violence in 55, 139; SDS in 38 Bosnian Serb Army (Vojska Republike Srpske, VRS) 10,16, 39-40, 75, 79, 81, 84-85, 91, 94nl4, 133,147,171, 182; provision of arms 61n93 Bosnian Serbs 33, 38-39, 61n93, 62n98, 78, 84; financial assistance
93n8; leadership 72; military dominance 74; rejection of Vance-Owen peace plan 74, 92; tensions and disagreements between Belgrade and 72, 74 Bosnian War 37-38,44, 138 Bracanovic, Milorad 118 Brne, Branislav Gavrilovic 79 Buzov, Tomo 144-145 Ceca, Svetlana Raznatovic 121 Chetnik groups 1,12, 48-49, 79, 111, 140-141, 154 criminalization of state structures 105-109,112-115; see also paramilitarism; paramilitary units; paramilitary violence Crni, Dragan Dordevic 76, 80 Croatia 1-2,4-6, 10, 13,18, 32-33, 35-40, 36,42,44-45,48-50, 52, 73, 76, 78-82, 88, 109-111,173, 179; dealing with perpetrators 178, 180, 182; ICTY conviction for
214 Index paramilitary violence 174; Luc camp 148; mass killing during war in 140; nature and function of paramilitary units 171-175; Operation Storm 107, 147; Pajzos camp 76; paramilitaries deployed in 74-80; paramilitary violence in 74,91-92,122-123,136, 150, 153, 156; Serb forces in 45; TOs _ in 44-45, 55,174 Cume, Ljubisa Buha 113,116-117,119 Davidovic, Milorad 152 Dayton Peace Accords 107 death squads 7, 14 Debeli, Srecko Radovanovic 80 deniability of paramilitary units 85-89, 111-112 Depth Two operation 112 Dindic, Prime Minister Zoran 1, 2, 105-106,115-117; assassination of 119-121,123 Dogo, Gojko 36 Dordevic, Vlastimir 109 Draskovic, Vuk 50 drug trade 113-115,123 Duca, Dusan Spasojevic 112-113 Dugi, Branko Lainovic, 50, 69nl83 ethnic cleansing 11,13-14 Fica, Dragan Filipovic 76 Fikret Abdic 77 Frenki, Franko Simatovic 17,42-43,47, 53, 63nl08, 69n200, 75-76, 78, 82, 85, 88, 90, 92,105 Fujii, Lee Ann 134 functioning of paramilitary units 5; ambiguity of affiliation and control 73, 85-89,93; authority and system of control 80-85; deniability 85-89, 111-112; formal and informal control 82-84; limits of paramilitary power 84-85; lines of authority 72-73; mutually beneficial relationship 72; professionalized MUP affiliates 92; profit-driven criminality 89-93; unit deployment in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina 74-80 Gendarmerie 121 genocide 2,4, 8,10-11,20,22nl7,49, 53, 151, 170, 177, 182,184-185 Giska, Dorde Bozovic 50, 69nl83, 69nl89 Glavasevic, Sinisa 141 Greater Serbia project 13, 34-40; cooperation and resource mobilization 38-40 Grey Wolves 80, 137 guerilla
warfare 12 Habsburg empire 11, 57n25 Hadzic, Goran 43,46, 79, 86,137 hajduks 11 Humanitarian Law Centre 164nl26 International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY, later IRMCT) 2-5, 16,22nl7, 36,119, 170, 179; Appeals Chamber 18; archives 16-20, 170; documents 18-21; investigation interviews 19; length of proceedings 18; prosecution 17; Stanisic Simatovic trial 57n24, 61n95, 62nl00, 70n211,94nl8, 179; testimony 17, 71n220; trials 17-18, 37,39 International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (IRMCT) see International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY, later IRMCT) Ivanovic, Zika 152 Ivanovic, Zivojin 76 Izetbegovic, Alija 36 Jackals 110-111, 174, 179 Jovic, Borisav 45 Kameni, Milan Lancuzanin 49, 79 Karadzic, Radovan 16,21, 36, 39-40, 47, 73-74, 84, 151 Karlobag-Ogulin-Karlovac-Virovitica line 36 Karlovic, Vilim 141 Kertes, Mihalj 34, 51 Klempo, Goran Opacic 76 Knindze 40-41, 52, 70n207, 86 Kojic, Ilija 67nl55, 87, 91 Kosovo Liberation Army (Ushtria Clirimtare e Kosoves, UCK, KLA) 109 Kum, Mile Lukovic 112 League of Communists-Movement for Yugoslavia 34 Legija 117,119-120 Legija, Milorad Ulemek 72,105,113, 121,123
Index 215 Leva Supoderica 45 Lilic, Zoran 39 looting by paramilitaries 89-93; extraction of valuable resources 91; of home appliances 90; of property of non-Serbs 89-90; shipping of looted property 90; stealing of Volkswagen cars 89,151-152 Lugar, Slobodan Miljkovic 80,137 Lukic, Milan 17, 53,143-145,152,155 Lukovic, Mile 121, 123 Markovic, Mira 33 Markovic, Rade 105, 108,110-111,114, 116, 118 Martie, Milan 38-39,43 Medic, Aleksandar 139,156 Medo, Milan Radonjic 76 mercenaries 7 Mihajlovic, Dusan 118 military professionalism 54 military violence 6; see also paramilitary violence Milosevic, President Slobodan 1,15, 21, 37-41,45-47,49-53, 55, 66nl38, 73-74, 80, 82, 87-89,91-92,105-106, 108,110-118,122-123,145,155, 165nl45,173-174,176,178-179; assassinations of political opponents 105; clash with Seselj, 84, 88, 92; fall of 115-117; leadership 33; networks of allies and supporters 33,42-43; objective of Serbian political project 34-40; RAM plan 35, 56n23; regime and its partners 32-34; siege of Vukovar 42,45 Milosevic trial 16, 37,40, 56n23, 58n36, 138,161n74 Milovanovic, Manojlo 82 Mladic, Ratko 16, 38-40,75, 81-83, 85, 94nl4,182 Moljevic, Stevan 13 Mrgud, Milan Milanovic 44, 64nl23, 86, 91 Mrtvi, Nebojsa Minic 110 non-professionalized units 54-55, 74, 84, 90,107,132,136,140,145,153-154, 171,175,178,181; deployment of78-80 Novakovic, Zack 48-49 Operation Pauk (Spider) 75, 77-78, 107 Operation Sablja (Sabre) 121-122, 129n98 Operation Storm 107,147 organized crime 2,4,14-15, 105-106, 119-123; material gains 15; networks 15; nexus of war crimes and 15; role of state security
112-115; in Serbia 15 Ottoman empire 11-12 paramilitarism 12; as a cooperative project 40-47; post- Milosevic 117-124; research on 182-185; transformation in Serbia 109-112 paramilitary ecologies 5, 54,181-182 paramilitary recruitment 47; Knindie 40-41, 52, 70n207, 86; perceptions of masculinity as a driving force 47; radicalizing Serbs 50; volunteers 48-51, 63nll3 paramilitary units 1-4, 171-175; accountability 9; in Bosnia 10; Brcko camp 76; capacity building 51-53; as death squads 14; definition 6-8; degrees of loyalty and autonomy 7; distinction between military and 6; in ethnic cleansing 13-14; factors propelling engagement in war, 92-93; as football clubs 60n81, 71n221; function and utility of 13-14; mobilization and deployment 47-51; Pajzos camp 76; as perpetrators of mass violence 8-10; professionalism 54-55; reactivation of select 109-111; in Serbia 10-13; setting up units 43; structure and functions 7; training of volunteers 43; use by government 8; in Yugoslavia 10; see also functioning of paramilitary units paramilitary violence 3, 5-6, 9, 12-13, 78, 88,132-133; abductions of civilians 144-145; accountability 178-181; during armed conflict 134; arresting and detaining Serb refugees 147-148; attacks on civilian populations 150-156; attitude of permissiveness and 151; Avengers’ violent behavior 144; during Balkan Wars 12; car theft 89, 151-152; cruelty 135; differences between unit members and 156; expressive violence 140-144; forced mobilization 148-150; instrumental violence 135-140; involvement of Serbian police with Arkan’s men 147-148; at macro and micro
level 134; massacres 135; patterns of 175-178; perpetration
216 Index of 133 135, 145, 154, 157, 157n3; practice of impunity 150-157, 182; sexual violence 145, 156; slaughter of Croats 154; use by state and government 9; violent crimes against non-Serbs 150-151,156; violent displays 134-135; see also looting by paramilitaries Peace Accords 37 Petkovic, 79 Policijski dosije 69nl87 Poplasen, Nikola 79 “Praetorian guard” see Red Berets/ Special Operations Unit profit-driven criminality 89-93 pro-government militias (PGMs) 7 Public Security Service (JB or SJB) 41 Puskar, Vojkan Durkovic 89 Rajo, Radojica Bozovic 44, 52, 76, 78, 80, 136, 182 Red Berets/Special Operations Unit 1-2, 14,41,43-44,48, 52-53, 80-81, 83-88, 91, 99nl09, 105-123, 124n7, 130n23, 136-137, 147-148, 152-156, 171-172, 174, 182; deployment of 75-78; objection to ICTY trials 118; profit-driven criminality by 91; signature headgear 84; training centers in Serbia 76; uprising of 117-119,180; Red Star Belgrade 72 Republika Srpska Krajina (RSK) 37-39, 41,44, 46, 52, 57n25, 72, 74, 77-78, 86-87,91,147-148 Sabanovic, Tifa 137 Sarajevo-Romanija Corps of the VRS 79,81 Scorpions 1,16,43-44,48, 53, 55, 64nll8, 64nl23, 64nl27, 71n221, 75-78, 82-83, 84, 86-87, 91,102n60, 110, 111, 122, 136,138-139,147-148, 153, 156, 160n61,171, 174,179 Serbian Autonomous Regions (SAO) 37,47, 86 Serbian Chetnik Movement (Srpski cetnickipokret, SCP) 48 Serbian Democratic Party (Srpska demokratska stranka. SDS) 36, 38, 46, 651133—134, 73, 84 Serbian Guard 50, 68nl81 Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ministarstvo unutrasnjih poslova, MUP) 14, 35,40-44,47-48, 52, 54-55, 63nl08, 71n220, 72, 75-78,
80-81, 83-88, 90-92,96n47, 107, 109-112, 121-123, 136,139-140, 147-153, 155, 1671198, 172-173,175, 177, 180, 182 Serbian National Renewal (SNO) 50-51, 79 Serb(ian) paramilitaries 2, 6-8,11 Serbian Radical Party (SRS) 48,50-51, 78, 80, 84,140-141, 182 Serbian Renewal Movement (Srpski pokret obnove, SPO) 50-51,68nl81,114 Serbian State Security 47, 51 Serbian uprisings in 1804 and 1815 11 Serbian Volunteer Guard (SDG) 1,13, 14,40,41,43,48, 55, 60n77, 61n88, 621107, 631108, 63nll 1, 681181, 69nl99, 75-78, 79, 81, 82-83, 84, 86, 90,91, 105,107,110,122, 136, 137-138, 146, 147, 149, 152,153,155, 1651134, 171 174, 177,182 Serb Territorial Defense 44 Seseljevci 48, 54, 75, 78-79, 84, 88, 90, 92, 110, 141, 172,174,184 Seselj, Vojislav 13, 34, 36,49,75, 83-84, 92, 140 Six Strategic Goals 36-37 Slavonia Baranja Corps of the Army of RSK (SVK) 39, 77, 147,164nl27, 171 Smith, Rupert 40 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) 10, 39,44-46, 66nl36 Socialist Party of Serbia (Socijalisticka partija Srbije, SPS) 33 socialization 9 Spasojevic, Dusan 121, 123 Special Antiterrorist Unit (Specijalna antiteroristickajedinica, SAJ) 110,121 Special Operations Unit (Jedinica za specijalne operacije, JSO) see Red Berets/Special Operations Unit Special Purpose Unit (JPN) 63nl 16, 77 Srpska vojska Krajine (SVK) 10, 39, 77-78, 91, 147, 164, 171 Stanisic, Jovica 17, 34, 38,42, 47,51, 62n98, 78, 105, 13 8 Stanisic, Mico 151-152, 156 State Security Service (Drzavna bezbednost, DB or SDB) 14, 18, 41-43, 46-47, 50-54, 62nl00, 63nl08,63nlll, 69nl99-200, 73, 76-78, 80, 82-84,
Index 217 86-88, 91-92,105, 107-111,113-118, 121-122, 128n97,130nl27, 138,148, 152,171-174 state-sponsored proxy forces 6-7,11 Stevanovic, General Obrad 111 Stojanovic, Nebojsa 48 Stoparic, Goran 44,49, 64nl26, 69nl97, „ 84, 87, 91-92, 138,139,156 Stuka 141 Supoderica, Leva 79,140-141 Svarm, Filip 50 Vaske, Vasilije Vidovic 141 Vaso, Vasilije Mijovic 52, 76, 78-79,141 vigilantes 7 violence see paramilitary violence Vojska Republike Srpske (VRS) 10, 16, 39-40, 75, 79, 81, 84-85, 91,94nl4, 133,147,171,182 Taylor, Kathleen 135 Territorial Defense (TO) 40-46, 55, 81, 62nl07, 65nl34, 75, 79, 88, 91, 1021176, 152,174 Theunens Report, 2007 57n35, 65nl33, 67nl51 Tito, Josip Broz 12 Tomic, Aco 119,121 Tudman, President Franjo 33 Yellow Wasps 45, 85,142,151-153,174 Yugoslav Army (Vojska Jugoslavije, VJ) see Army of Yugoslavia (VJ) Yugoslav Left (Jugoslovenska levica, JUL) 34 Yugoslavia, social and political polarization in 41 Yugoslav People’s Army (Jugoslavenska narodna armija, JNA) 10, 14, 35, 39,41,44-47,49, 51, 54, 74, 79, 83, 88,90-91, 137, 139-141, 145,161n74, 171-172,179,182; First Guards Brigade 79; intelligence and counter intelligence 35; Novi Sad Corps 83; security organs 83 Yugoslav State Security 14-15 Unified Court Records (UCR) database 16 Vance-Owen peace agreement 74,92 Vance peace plan 81, 86 Vasic, Milos 85 Vasiljevic, Aleksandar 35, 39, 83, 111, 153 Vasiljevic, Mitar 143,155 Vasiljkovic, Dragan (Captain Dragan) 43, 52-53, 76, 151 Bayerische Staatabibilothek München war crimes 2,4,13, 15, 53, 67nl61, 112, 170, 178,179,184-185 Witness VS-002 48 Zemunclan 112-115,
122 Zmija, Zvezdan Jovanovic 1, 52,76, 87, 107, 120-121,123,180 Zvornik operation 75, 90 |
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| id | DE-604.BV048508860 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:46:57Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:40:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781032044453 |
| language | English |
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| publishDate | 2022 |
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| publisher | Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |
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| spelling | Vukusic, Iva 1981- Verfasser (DE-588)1271020505 aut Serbian paramilitaries and the breakup of Yugoslavia state connections and patterns of violence Iva Vukušić London ; New York Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2022 xi, 217 Seiten 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Contemporary security studies "This is the first book to offer a comprehensive analysis of the emergence, nature, and function of Serbian paramilitary units during the violent breakup of Yugoslavia. The book investigates the nature and functions of paramilitary units throughout the 1990s, and their ties to the state and President Slobodan Milošević. The work relies on the archives of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague, which conducted dozens of trials relating to paramilitary violence, and records from judicial proceedings in the region. It discusses how and why certain important paramilitary units emerged, how they functioned and transformed through the decade, what their relationships and entanglements were with the state, the Milošević regime, and organized crime. The study thus investigates the interrelated ideological, political, and social factors and processes, fueling paramilitary engagement, and assesses the impact of this engagement on victims of paramilitary violence and on the state and society for which the units purportedly fought. It argues that coordinated action by a number of state institutions gave rise to paramilitaries tasked with altering borders while maintaining plausible deniability for the sponsoring regime. The outsourcing of violence by the state to paramilitaries led to a significant weakening of the very state these units and their sponsors swore to protect. The book also analyzes differences between the units and how they attacked civilians, arguing that the different forms of violence stemmed not only from the function they fulfilled for the state but also the ways in which they were set up and operated. The final chapter brings the different strands of the argument together into a coherent whole, suggesting avenues for further research, in the former Yugoslavia and beyond [...]." Paramilitärischer Verband (DE-588)4192344-3 gnd rswk-swf Jugoslawienkriege (DE-588)4875209-5 gnd rswk-swf Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 gnd rswk-swf Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 g Paramilitärischer Verband (DE-588)4192344-3 s Jugoslawienkriege (DE-588)4875209-5 s DE-604 Äquivalent Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 978-1-03-204447-7 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-003-19322-7 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033885955&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033885955&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033885955&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Vukusic, Iva 1981- Serbian paramilitaries and the breakup of Yugoslavia state connections and patterns of violence Paramilitärischer Verband (DE-588)4192344-3 gnd Jugoslawienkriege (DE-588)4875209-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4192344-3 (DE-588)4875209-5 (DE-588)4054598-2 |
| title | Serbian paramilitaries and the breakup of Yugoslavia state connections and patterns of violence |
| title_auth | Serbian paramilitaries and the breakup of Yugoslavia state connections and patterns of violence |
| title_exact_search | Serbian paramilitaries and the breakup of Yugoslavia state connections and patterns of violence |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Serbian paramilitaries and the breakup of Yugoslavia state connections and patterns of violence |
| title_full | Serbian paramilitaries and the breakup of Yugoslavia state connections and patterns of violence Iva Vukušić |
| title_fullStr | Serbian paramilitaries and the breakup of Yugoslavia state connections and patterns of violence Iva Vukušić |
| title_full_unstemmed | Serbian paramilitaries and the breakup of Yugoslavia state connections and patterns of violence Iva Vukušić |
| title_short | Serbian paramilitaries and the breakup of Yugoslavia |
| title_sort | serbian paramilitaries and the breakup of yugoslavia state connections and patterns of violence |
| title_sub | state connections and patterns of violence |
| topic | Paramilitärischer Verband (DE-588)4192344-3 gnd Jugoslawienkriege (DE-588)4875209-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Paramilitärischer Verband Jugoslawienkriege Serbien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033885955&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033885955&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033885955&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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