Jewish lives under communism: new perspectives
"This volume provides new, groundbreaking views of Jewish life in various countries of the pro-Soviet bloc from the end of the Second World War until the collapse of Communism in late 1989. The authors, twelve leading historians and anthropologists from Europe, Israel and the United States, loo...
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New Brunswick, Camden ; Newark, New Jersey ; London
Rutgers University Press
[2022]
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| Zusammenfassung: | "This volume provides new, groundbreaking views of Jewish life in various countries of the pro-Soviet bloc from the end of the Second World War until the collapse of Communism in late 1989. The authors, twelve leading historians and anthropologists from Europe, Israel and the United States, look at the experience of Jews under Communism by digging beyond formal state policy and instead examining the ways in which Jews creatively seized opportunities to develop and express their identities, religious and secular, even under great duress. The volume shifts the focus from Jews being objects of Communist state policy (and from anti-Jewish prejudices in Communist societies) to the agency of Jews and their creativity in Communist Europe after the Holocaust. The examination of Jewish history from a transnational vantage point challenges a dominant strand in history writing today, by showing instead the wide variety of Jewish experiences in law, traditions and institutional frameworks as conceived from one Communist country to another and even within a single country, such as Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, East Germany, and the Soviet Union. By focusing on networks across east-central Europe and beyond and on the forms of identity open to Jews in this important period, the volume begins a crucial rethinking of social and cultural life under Communist regimes"-- |
| Beschreibung: | viii, 270 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781978830790 9781978830806 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a "This volume provides new, groundbreaking views of Jewish life in various countries of the pro-Soviet bloc from the end of the Second World War until the collapse of Communism in late 1989. The authors, twelve leading historians and anthropologists from Europe, Israel and the United States, look at the experience of Jews under Communism by digging beyond formal state policy and instead examining the ways in which Jews creatively seized opportunities to develop and express their identities, religious and secular, even under great duress. The volume shifts the focus from Jews being objects of Communist state policy (and from anti-Jewish prejudices in Communist societies) to the agency of Jews and their creativity in Communist Europe after the Holocaust. The examination of Jewish history from a transnational vantage point challenges a dominant strand in history writing today, by showing instead the wide variety of Jewish experiences in law, traditions and institutional frameworks as conceived from one Communist country to another and even within a single country, such as Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, East Germany, and the Soviet Union. By focusing on networks across east-central Europe and beyond and on the forms of identity open to Jews in this important period, the volume begins a crucial rethinking of social and cultural life under Communist regimes"-- | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS i Introduction KATEŘINA ČAPKOVÁ, KAMIL KIJEK, AND STEPHAN STACH PART I: PERIPHERY AND CENTER 1 A New Life ? Lhe Pre-Holocaust Past and Post-Holocaust Present in the Life of the Jewish Community of Dzierżoniów, Lower Silesia, 1945-1950 15 KAMIL KIJEK 2 Erased from History: Jewish Migrants in Postwar Czechoslovakia 35 KATEŘINA ČAPKOVÁ 3 On the Borders of Legality: Connections between Traditional Culture and the Informal Economy in Jewish Life in the Soviet Provinces 54 VALERY DYMSHITS PART II: PERCEPTIONS OF JEWISHNESS 4 From Friends to Enemies? The Soviet State and Its Jews in the Aftermath of the Holocaust 71 DIANA DUMITRU 5 “I Was Not Like Everybody Else”: Soviet Jewish Doctors Remember the Doctors’ Plot 91 ANNA SHTERNSHIS 6 “After Auschwitz You Must Take Your Origins Seriously”: Perceptions ofJewishness among Communists of Jewish Origin in the Early German Democratic Republic 111 ANNA KOCH 7 Being Jewish in Soviet Birobidzhan: Between Stigma and Cynicism 131 AGATA MAKSIMOWSKA vii
viii Contents PART III: TRANSNATIONALISM 8 An Alternatíve World: Jews in the German Democratic Republic, Their Transnational Networks, and a Global Jewish Communist Community 153 DAVID SHNEER 9 Soviet Yiddish Cultural Diplomacy in the Post-Stalinist 1950s 174 GENNADY ESTRAIKH 10 Family Discourse, Migration, and Nation-Building in Poland and Israel in the Late 1950s 195 MARCOS SILBER PART IV: DISSIDENTS 11 Three Jewish Social Networks: A (Non-) Encounter in Malakhovka 215 GALINA ZELENINA 12 The Opposition of the Opposition: New Jewish Identities in the Illegal Underground Public Sphere in Late Communist Hungary 236 KATA BOHUS Acknowledgments Notes on Contributors Index 25 3 255 259
INDEX Abusch, Alexander, 112, ii8,122, 123 acculturation, 132,139 Ackermann, Gertrude, 37 Adler, Gertrude, 46 Adler, Mojžíš, 37 agency, Jewish, 1,2,7,196 Aguda Party 22 AHEYM (Archives of Historical and Ethnographic Yiddish Memories) project, 56 Aleichem, Sholem, 22,137,139, 181, 185-190 Aleksandrovich, Mikhail, 188,189 Alexandrov, Georgii, 75,77,80 Aliyah events, 219,220,221,230 Altshuler, Mordechai, 55 Ambijan (American Committee for the Settlement ofJews in Birobizhan), 75,141, 176 American Federation of Polish Jews, 17 Anatolyevich, Semen, 144 Antalfi, Mária, 238 anthropology, 3,131,228; social and cultural, 55; “thin and thick” cultures, 56 antisemitism, 16,17,26-27,112,117; absent from Bohemian Lands, 39; in Czechoslovakia, 41, 42; decline in postwar United States, 155; in Hungary, 236,241-242,245,246,247,248; as political tool, 120-121. See also Holocaust/ Shoah; pogroms antisemitism, Soviet, 55,60,63,75,86,139-140; “Antisemity” [Antisemites] (Vysotsky song), 224; classification by nationality and, 143; derogatory terms for Jews in USSR, 142,149ՈՏ9; embraced by Soviet state, 71; Jewish revival and, 219; of late Stalinist period, 223; Stalin’s role in, 72 Antisemitismus und Rassenhetze [Antisemitism and Racial Hatred] (Kahn, 1948), 116 Aragon, Louis, 183-184 archives, local, 3 Aris, Helmut, 168 Aronstein, Georges, 163 assimilation, 3,66,132,206; in Birobidzhan, 139; into Communist identity in GDR, 124-125; in Hungary, 236,239-240; as myth, 6; pressure of, 7,55 atheism, 45,113,117,124,145 Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp, 19, 42,47; deportations of Hungarian Jews
to, 246,248; liberation of, 119; memorial museums, 7; survivors of, 158,161,164 Austria, 84,90Ո66 autonomy, Jewish, 4-5,27 Averbuch, Leonid, 79 Axen, Hermann, 121,122 Azhaev, Vasili, 180,188 Baltic states, 215 Barghoom, Frederick C., 190 bar mitzvah ceremony, 44,122 Baron, Salo, 49 Bauman, Irma, 166 Bauman, Max, 158 Bauman, Mordecai, 166 Belarus, 55,63,95; Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR), 83,84; Doctors’ Plot and, 93; remnants of Yiddish culture in, 215 Bemporad, Elissa, 1,55,94 Bengelsdorf, Mikhail, 136 Bergelson, David, 180,184-185 Bergeisen, Tsipa (Tsilya), 184 Beria, Lavrentii, 73-74,105 Berliner, Clara, 114 Berman, Adolf, 25 Beszélő (Hungarian samizdat journal), 239, 242,247,252Ո58 Bewitched Tailor, The (Aleichem), 188,193Ո74 Bezymenski, Alexander, 185 Bhabha, Homi K., 145,146 Bialik, H. N., 189 Bibó, István, 252Ո68 Birobidzhan, 5,75; Aleichem’s place in Soviet literary canon and, 187; Bauhaus architec tural plan for, 140; Birobidzhan Affair, 133; Jewish acculturation in, 143-147; Jewish culture in, 133-140; Jews as percentage of population, 176; “passive Jewish identity” in, 132; rumors ofJews’ deporta tion to, 92,186; Soviet propaganda and, 175-186; utopian idea of, 131. See also Jewish Autonomous Region (JAR) 259
2Ó0 Index Birobidzhaner Shtern (Yiddish-language newspaper), 138,176,177 Birobidzhan State Yiddish Theater, 176 Black Book of Soviet Jewry, The, 76-77 blood libel, 29,94 Bohemian Lands, 35,37,38,40,49. See also Czechoslovakia Bohus, Kata, 7 Bolków training camp, 23 Bolsheviks/Bolshevism, 71,245 borders, changes in, 8 Brandt, Heinz, 120 Bratislava (Slovakia), city of, 42 Brent, Jonathan, 72 Brezhnev, Leonid, 63,181 Břicha movement, 85-86,90Ո71 Brno, city of, 35 Brod, Max, 42 Broderson, Moyshe, 179 Bronfman, Itsik, 138 Bruller, Jean, 183 Buber, Martin, 237 Buchenwald concentration camp, 159,161,162, 167,168 Bulgaria, 4,9 Bund/Bundism, 4,22,27,28,96 burial societies (chevra kadisha), 134 Butler, Judith, 150Ո75 Caldwell, Melissa L., 222,229 Canada, 84,165-166 Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC), 165,173Ո62 Cang, Joel, 185,189 Čapek, Karel, 42 Čapková, Kateřina, 3,5,6 Carpathian Ruthenia, 36,45; annexation to Soviet Union, 37; Jews “repatriated” to Soviet Union from, 38; religious Jews from, 40,48 Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 240-241 cemeteries, 21,134,167,169; in GDR, 157,162, 169; gravestones taken from, 81; in Malakhovka, 217,218 censorship, 4,25 Central Committee of Polish Jews (19441950). See CKŻP [Centralny Komitet Żydów Polskich] Central Committee of the Jewish Communi ties in Slovakia, 50 Chaumont, Jean-Michel, 88Ո31 Cheberiak, Vera, 105,110Ո50 children, care of, 6 Chudíš, Pavlo, sinu CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 85,176 CKŻP [Centralny Komitet Żydów Polskich] (Central Committee of Polish Jews), 4,16, 17,27, 28,29 Claims Conference, 42 Cold War, 29,49,153,155; creation of state
of Israel and, 83; end of, 1; Jewish antifascism in GDR and, 155-157,155-161; Yiddish as cultural diplomatic tool in, 189 coloniahsm, 154 Communism: authoritarianism of, 29; coalitions dominated by, 5; Czech religious Jews’ attitude toward, 43; fall of, 249; as forcefully imposed foreign import, 18; propaganda against religion, 43; seen initially as a hope, 4; stereotype ofJewish Communism, 245 Communist Party, Czechoslovak, 43 Communist Party, Hungarian (Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party), 239,241,250Ո32 Communist Party, in interwar Germany, 111 Communist Party, Israeli, 156 Communist Party, Polish (Polish United Workers’ Party [PZPR]), 2,197,200,202, 210П19 Communist Party, Soviet, 63,101; Agitprop department of, 75,77-78,81; Central Committee (CC), 74; Doctors’ Plot and, 105; Jewish members of, 84; Personnel Dep’t. in Central Committee, 174; Politburo, 78,85; XX Party congress, Khrushchev’s speech at, 42 Communist Party USA, 166 concentration camps: commemorated on GDR postage stamps, 159-160; in Czechoslovakia, 38,39,46,48; GrossRosen, 16; Jewish prisoners liberated from, 71; Romanian-run, 59; transformed into memorial sites, 161-163. See also Buchen wald; Ravensbrück; Theresienstadt/Terezin cosmopolitanism, Jews identified with, 82,92, 99,121 Council of the Jewish Community in the Bohemian Lands, 50 Crimea, 89Ո39,219 Csurka, István, 242,249 Cyrankiewicz, Józef, 198
Index Czech Jews, 35,36,163; dominant narrative about secular Jews, 47-50; Germanspeaking, 38-39,45,49; marriage to non-Jews, 45,46; religious Jews under secular Communism, 39-47 Czech language, 35,41,47,50 Czechoslovak Army Corps, First, 37 Czechoslovakia, 1,3,4,7,35-36; Germans expelled from, 37,41; German-speaking Jews in, 38-39; Hungarian minority in, 240-141; marginalization/exoticization of Jewish history in, 9; migration and periphery in, 36-39. See also Slánský, Rudolf, show trial of (1952) Dahlem, Fritz, 121 Davidovič, Chaja and Emil, 37 Děčín, city of, 48 Deckname, Der [The Alias] (Abusch memoir), 122-123 Demokrata [Democrat] (Hungarian samizdat journal), 241,247 Demszky, Gábor, 244 Dennis, John, 40-41,49 Deutscher, Isaac, 123,124 diaries, 3,230 Dimanstein, Semyon, 141 Dimitrov, Georgi, 92 dissidents, 7,8,106,235Ո72 Doctors’ Plot (1952-1953), 3,54,91-94,100, ւշ8ո59; end of, 105-106; foreign influence among doctors feared, 97; Holocaust survivors’ responses to, 104; Jewish doctors interviewed about memories of, 95-97; Jewish names and identities hidden during, 97-99; Jews exclusion from Soviet informal networks and, 102-103; legacies of, 106-107; Malakhovka synagogue and, 217; mutual aid strategies to survive in face of, 99-102; non-Jews in medical institutions and, 100; normalization of antisemitic discourse, 99; patients with antisemitic attitudes and, 95, 96,109Ո23; as secularized blood libel, 94; as Stalin’s “final solution,” 71; three stages of, 93 doyikeit (hereness), 4,21 DP (Displaced Persons) camps, in postwar Germany, nni6,38,114 Dreifuß, Alfred,
113,115 Drizin, İsrail, 93 261 Dumitru, Diana, 3 Dymshits, Valery, 3,5 Dzierżoniów (Poland), town of, 15,20,23,25, 30; Jewish Committee, 26; Jewish culture after the Holocaust, 19; Jewish farms in area of, 23-24; Jewish population of, 17; Yidishe Yishev in, 16-17; Zionist movement in, 21 DZWUR (Lower Silesian Radio Factory), 23 East Berlin, Jewish Community in, 114,117,154, 158,164,173Ո73; transnationalism and, 165; Yiddish theater and, 158-159. See also GDR [German Democratic Republic] Egit, Yaacov, 22,28 Egorov (accused in Doctors’ Plot), 93 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 94 Eisler, Gerhart, 126П16 Eisler, Hanns, 164,166 Elenevskaia, Mariia, 56 El mole rachamim (Jewish prayer), 157,164 Englander, Tibor, 238 Enlightenment, 4,22 Erős, Ferenc, 238,248 Esbenshade, Richard S., 244 Eschwege, Helmut, 116-117,123 Esther Rokhel Kaminska State Jewish Theater, 168 Estraikh, Gennady, 1,8 ethnic cleansing, 49 ethnonationahsm, 205,208 Etinger (accused in Doctors’ Plot), 91 Everything Was Forever, until It Was No More (Yurchak), 228 Eynikayt [Unity] (newspaper of JAFC), 68ոշւ, 9б Fadeev, Alexander, 187 Farkaš, Rabbi Bernard, 42,45 fascism, 154,167,246 Fast, Howard, 183,184 Federation of the Jewish Communities in the Bohemian Lands, 43 Fefer, Itzik, 73,7$, 76,180 Feistmann, Rudolf, 112,118 Feldman (accused in Doctors’ Plot), 91 Feuchtwanger, Marta, 124 Feuerlicht, Cantor Victor, 48 Fialkova, Larisa, 56 Field, Noel, 118 Fink, Wilfried, 172Ո50
2Ó2 Index Fockler, Alfred, 85,90Ո66 Folkism, 4 Folks-shtime [Peoples Voice] (Warsaw Yiddish newspaper), 177,182 Forverts [The Forward] (U.S. journal), 29,180 France, 85 Freies Deutschland (journal), 112 FRG [Federal Republie of Germany] (West Germany), 46,49,84,113,153,169Ո2 Friedman, Perry, 164-165 Funke, Otto, 167-168 Gadó, György, 239,240,244,246-247 Galushka, Luka Matveeich, 97 Gazun, Andrei, 80 GDR [German Democratic Republic] (East Germany), 1,113,150Ո75,153-15$; antifascist narrative of, 115,157-158; antisemitism and, 120; Cold War Jewish antifascism in, 155-157; Committee for Antifascist Resistance Fighters (formerly WN), 159, 167-168; constitution of, 121,129Ո77; differences with other Eastern European countries, 4; GDR antifascist ideology made Jewish, 157-158; German Jewish Communists as “fighters,” 115-116; Jewish Communist lieux de mémoire in, 161-163; Jewish population of, 154,169Ո2; memorial culture of, 154,156,157,169; musical rituals of Cold War Jewish antifascism in, 158-161; opposition to Israel and Zionism, 118; party purges in, 119; Slánský show trial and, 119-122,153,156; Soviet Occupied Zone (SBZ), 105,113,114,116,126Ո19; transna tional Communist Jewish community and, 164-168; Volksbühne (People’s Theater), 113; Warsaw Ghetto uprising commemo rated in, 159,169,170-171Ո24. See also East Berlin, Jewish Community in; SED [Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands] Gebirtik, Mordechai, 158,164 Geertz, Clifford, 56 Gelshtein (accused in Doctors’ Plot), 93 gender, 6,19 6 Genis, Alexander, 219 German language, 47,164 Germany, East. See GDR [German Demo
cratic Republic] Germany, West. See FRG [Federal Republic of Germany] Gershenovich, Rosa, 80 Gersherson, Olga, 145 Gessen, Esther, 224,227 Gilman, Sander, 143 Ginzburg, Lydia, 227 Gitelman, Zvi, 56,132,136 Glikl ofHameln Demands Justice (Bauman play), 158-159 Globke, Hans-Maria, 161 Goldschmitt, Harry, 172Ո56 Goldstein, Kurt, 115,117 Golomb, Mikhail, 96 “Gordonia” organization, 24,84-85 Gorovets (Horoverts), Emil, 188,189 Gott, Karel, 44 Götting, Gerald, 160 Granovetter, Mark, 231 Great Patriotic War, Soviet, 68ոշւ, 135,215. See also World War II Gromyko, Andrei, 85 Grossman, Vasily, 174 Grossmann, Atina, iini6 Grünbaum, Yitzhak, 25 Grundig, Lea, 115 Gutman, Mordechai, 179 Gysi, Klaus, 121,122 Haganah (paramilitary units in Palestine), 25 Halkin, Shmuel, 179,180,182,183,185,188 Hapoel HaMizrachi, 21 HaShomer HaDati, 21 HaShomer HaTzair youth movement, 21,24 Hasidim, 47 Hausner, Gideon, 163 Hebrew language, 21,52Ո21,83 Hegerová, Hana, 44 Heinrich Heine Club, 112 Heitiinger, Alena, 35,44,46 Hernádi, Gyula, 242 Herrnstadt, Rudolf, 128Ո59 Herškovič family, 48 Heydrich, Reinhard, 162 Hírmondó [Messenger] (Hungarian samizdat journal), 236,239,240,245 Hirsch, Baron de, 165 Hitler, Adolf, 39,104,105,111,112,202. See also Nazis/Nazi Germany Hofimann, Malvína Adlerová, 45 Hofstein, David, 180 Holocaust/Shoah, 2,5,19,29,35,37,38,86; as alleged end of Jewish history in East
Index Central Europe, 9; in Czechoslovakia, 42, 45,46; Doctors’ Plot and, 104; in Hungary, 239; Jewish Communists, 123; Jewish identity and, 6-7; Jews subsumed under “victims of fascism” narrative, 77,88Ո31; Judenrats (Jewish councils in ghettos), 109Ո43; memorialization of victims of, 8, 56; memory of, 6,7; Soviet Jews and, 71; in Soviet Ukraine, 80; survivors, ís, 16,18; Vinnitsa ghetto and, 104 Holzer, Charlotte, 114 Honecker, Erich, 168 Horthy, Miklós, 246 Hungarian Independent Jewish Peace Group (Magyar Független Zsidó Békecsoport). See SALOM group Hungarian language, 41,47 Hungary, 1,4, 8,44, 248-249; Magyar Zsidó [Hungarian Jew] (samizdat journal), 7, 243-248; marginalization/exoticization of Jewish history in, 9; népi (folkist, ruralist) movement, 242-243,244,247-248,251Ո39; as primary node ofJudaism in Communist Europe, 163-164; SALOM group, 237-243, 244,245,248; surviving Jewish population of, 249Ո2; urbánus (urban, internationalist) movement, 243,247-248,251039 Ichud, 24,27 ICOR (Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia), 141 identification documents, rejection of, 139-140,148Ո44 identities, Jewish, 3$, 239,240,248,249; of “Accented Jews,” 145; acknowledgment of, 140; defined in national terms, 139; defined in religious terms, 237; hidden or denied, 47; Holocaust as shared experience, 7; Hungarian identity and, 244-245; in Hungary, 236; Jewishness contrasted with, 112; “passive,” 132; persistence and transformation of, 5-7; quest for authentic ity and, 231; refusenik milieu and, 230; Six-Day War (1967) and, 237; Soviet, 1; as “thin culture,” 226
intelligentsia, 70,133; assimilated Soviet Jewish, 215,219,226,228; dacha life and, 222, 223,224,225; Hungarian, 242; Moldavian, 70; Russian, 226,230; Yiddish, 135 International Federation of Resistance Fighters, 168,173Ո73 2Ó3 interwar period, 5,18,29,47,71 In the Shadow of the Shtetl (Veidlinger, 2013), 56 In the Shadows of the Holocaust and Commu nism: Czech and Slovak Jews after 194s (Heitlinger, 2006), 35 Isaacs, Bernard, 193Ո74 Israel, State of, 7,9,45,54,119; Cold War and, 83; Communist countries’ relations with, 8; Communists in, 156; creation of, 72,154; Declaration of Independence (1948), 25; as insurance policy against genocide, 155; Maccabiah Games in, 220; as site ofJewish rebirth, 162; Soviet campaign against, 55; Soviet Jews’ emigration to, 87Ո2; Stalin’s policy toward, 29; ties to Soviet Jews, 87; Yiddish culture/language in, 189. See also Polish Jews, migration to Israel; Six-Day War; Zionism Italy, 84,199 lushchinskii, Andrei, 110Ո50 Izsák, Andor, 160 Jacobson, Israel, 39 Jakubovič, David, 44-45 Jaldati, Lin, 7,8,121,123,158,172Ո56; in North America, 165-166; Ravensbrückmemorial concert (1959), 162; transnational Commu nist Jewish community and, 164-165; Warsaw Ghetto uprising commemoration and, 159,170-171Ո24 JDC (American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee), 8,35,38,39-40,42; Agro-Joint organization, 89Ո39; in Czechoslovakia, 44, 49; Jewish Communists in Soviet-occupied Germany and, 114; Soviet state accusations against, 85 Jewish Agency, migrants’ debts to, 203,211Ո48 Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC), 54, 68Ո21,72-78,155; members arrested and
killed, 78,184; parent organization of, 178 Jewish Autonomous Region (JAR), 5,78,132, 175-176; difficulty of early years in, 133; establishment of (1934), 134; as failed experiment, 131; situation for Jews compared with rest of USSR, 140-142. See also Birobidzhan Jewish Chronicle (London), 185,186 Jewish Inter-Party Committee, 22 Jewishness, 206,224; as ethnic versus religious category, 226,248; hidden or denied, 249; Holocaust and, 6; as stigma, 35
2Ó4 Index Jewishness, German Communism and, 113,117, 118,122,123-125; antifascism and, 112,114, 124; “Non-Jewish Jews, 123; of non-Jews, 119 Jewishness, of Birobidzhan, 132,133,136,138, 142; maintained within self and family, 144; Russian non-Jews immersed in, 146; as unchangeable point of reference, 143 “Jewish Question,” 54,82,103,215; in Hungary, 236; socialism as solution to, 117 “Jewish Question, The” (Ginzburg, 2012), 227 Jewish Settlement in Lower Silesia, The (documentary film, 1947), 22 jokes, 223 “Jönnek” [They Are Coming] (Spirò), 247 Jubilee Synagogue (Prague), 40,43 Judaism, 21,62,111,116,124; Budapest Rabbinic Seminary, 163,172Ո50; rejection of, 122; status in Soviet Union, 134; JudeoBolshevism, myth of, 2,78 Jungmann, Erich, 112 Kádár, János, 241,245,246,247 Kaddish recitation, 6¡ Kafka, Franz, 42 Kaganovich, Lazar, 85 Kaganovich Birobidzhan State Jewish Theater, 136 Kahn, Siegbert, 116 Kalinin, Mikhail, 141 Kalinka, Emanuel, 189 Kaminger (Břicha leader), 86 Kaminska, Ida, 155,158 Kantorowicz, Alfred, 121,124; 129Ո80 Karner, Stefan, 90Ո66 Katz, Dovid, $5 Katz, Otto, 112 Kazakevich, Emanuel, 179 kehila (Jewish Community), 5 KEMT (Birobidzhan Jewish Chamber Music Theater), 142 Kerler, Dov-Ber, 55 KGB (Soviet Committee for State Security), 106,220,221,241 Khrushchev, Nikita, 60,174,176,181,188,189; campaign against refigion (i960), 217; Holocaust/Shoah survivors and, 73; speech at XX Party Congress (1956), 42; visit to United States (1959), 186 kibbutzim (collective farms), 21,23,24 Kielce pogrom (Poland, 1946), 16,17,27,28 Kijek, Kamil, 3,5 Kirchner, Peter,
168 Kis, János, 240,245 Kisch, Egon Erwin, 42,112 Kishinev, city of, 80,82,84 Klemperer, Victor, 122 Klub der Jugend und Sportler (GDR), 164 Knepler, George, 172Ո56 Koch, Anna, 7 Kogan, В. (accused in Doctors’ Plot), 91 Kolesnikova, Olga, 93 Komsomol (Communist youth organization), Ó2 Kondakov, N., 74 Konrád, Gyorgy, 242,252Ո64 Kopelowitz, Lionel, 168 Korchminsky, Naum, 178 Kornfeld, Leonid, 80-81 kosher meat distribution, 8 Kostyrchenko, Gennady, 72,92,174 Kosygin, Alexei, 237 Koderman, Boris, 133 Kovács, András, 238,248 Kraków (Poland), city of, 27 Krassó, Gyorgy, 244 Kraus, František R., 42,44 Kraus, Tomáš, 42 Kristallnacht (November 1938), commemo rated in GDR, 54,155,158,159-160,170Ո20; former Nazis participating in, 161; fortieth anniversary of (1978), 168; thirtieth anniversary of (1968), 163,164 Kruman, Shaia, 80 Krupnik, Igor, 137,139 Kuczyński, Jürgen, 121, ւշ8ո$4 Kushkova, Anna, 231,232Ո9 Kvitko, Leyb, 76, i8o, 184 Landerer, Samuel, 42 Latour, Bruno, 208 Leikina, Elenka, 100-101 Leningrad, city of, 59,77 Leo Baeck Institute, 49 Leonhard, Rudolf, 124 Lessing, Doris, 183 Levi, Carlo, 183 Levy, Hyman, 181 Lewandowski, Louis, 1Ժ0 Lidice (Czechoslovakia), village of, 162
Index lieux de mémoire (sites of memory), 156, 161-164 Life and Fate (Grossman), 174-175 Lifshitz (Lifshitsaite), Nehama, 188,189 Lithuania, 55 Liubomirsky, Isaiah, 182 Łódź (Poland), city of, 21,25 Lorand, Cantor Marlon, 160,164 Lovász, Ferenc, 258 Lovell, Stephen, 222 LöwbenBecalel, R. Jehuda (the Maharal), 49 Lower Silesia, 5,15,19,21,163; concentration of Polish Jews in, ւճ; Jewish Committee, 28; productivization in, 22-24; Religious Zionism in, 21-22 Lozovskii, Solomon, 74 luftmensch (impractical person), 22 Lugosi, László, 164 Lurie, Noah, 179 Lutskii, V., 81 Lutwak, Alice, 37,38 Magyar Zsidó [Hungarian Jew] (samizdat journal), 7,243-248 Majdanek extermination camp, 19 Maksimowska, Agata, 3,5 Malakhovka (suburb of Moscow), 3,232Ո9; history of, 216-217; Jewish dacha subculture in, 222-231; “refusenik” gatherings near, 219-222; synagogue and Jewish community 265 Mikoyan, Anastas, 186 Miller, Buzi (Boris), 138,176 mimicry, identity and, 145-146 Minsk, city of, 84 minyan (prayer quorum), 30,40,62,218 Mizrachi Party, 21,22 modernism, 141 Mogilev-Podolskii, city of, 59,63,68Ո36; Jewish Community institutions in, 65; Kirov Plant, 60-61,66 Moldova, 55,57; Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (MSSR), 80,81, 84,85; remnants ofYiddish culture in, 215 Molotov, Viacheslav, 73,75,83,84 “Moorsoldaten” (German antifascist song, 1930s), 161,162,171Ո28 Moravia, Alberto, 183 Moravia-Silesia, 35,36,40 Morgn-frayhayt (New York Yiddish newspa per), 178,179,182,183,185 Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears [Moskva slezam ne verit] (film, 1979), 230 Moscow Guberniya Memorial Books
(Pamyatnye knizhki), 216-217 Moykher-Sforim, Mendele, 189 music, Cold War Jewish antifascism and, 158-161 matzah, 8,62,217 Mayer, Hans, 113,124 melameds (Judaism teachers), 22,64 Menorah (German-speaking Jewish refugee organization), 112 Natan, Simkhe, 19 nationalism, Jewish, 4,28,29,76 nationalism, Ukrainian, 79 nationalities, Czechoslovak, 38 nationalities, Soviet, 75,84,85,132; Doctors’ Plot and, 95,107,108; in GDR, 125; Soviet Jews as diaspora nationality, 83 Naumov, Vladimir, 72 Nazis/Nazi Germany, 77,86,89Ո39,104,121; in Czechoslovakia, 48; denazification policy in GDR, 113,126Ո19; genocide of European Jews by, 78,154,155; Hungary in wartime alliance with, 246; Israel compared to, 237; Jewish Communists’ flight from, 111,112; Nuremberg Laws (1941), 111,161,246; Merker, Paul, 118,120,121,123 Mexico, German Jewish refugees in, 112,113-114 Meyer, Ernst Hermann, 172Ո56 Meyer, Hannes, 140 Meyer, Julius, 114,120 MGB (Soviet Ministry of State Security), 85,92 persecution ofJews and Communists under, 115; Soviet POWs tortured and murdered by, 77,89Ո37; Soviet role in defeat of, 71; Ukraine occupied by, 83 “Neolog” Jews, 40,52Ո22 népi (folkisi, ruralist) movement, 242-243, in, 217-219, 224,232—23ՅՈ17 Malenkov, Georgii, 74,75,80,84 Malenkov, Grigory, 92 Markish, Peretz, 180,182,184 Markish-Lazebnikova, Esther, 182 Markovič family, 48 Masur, Kurt, 163 Matuška, Waldemar, 44 Mikhoels, Solomon, 7Յ, 75,76, 9 b 110Ո52,136 244,247-248,251039
շօճ Index Neues Deutschland [New Germany] (GDR newspaper), ião, 158-159,167,168 Neuhaus, Rudolf, 161 Neumann, Abraham, 168 Nezlin (accused in Doctors’ Plot), 93 Niether, Hendrik, 156 Nixon, Richard, 175 NKVD (People’s Commissariat for Internal Atfairs), 73,109Ո43 Noel Field Affair, 119,121 “Non-Jewish Jew, lhe” (Deutscher), 12 Nora, Pierre, 156 Notowicz, Nathan, 172Ո56 Novick, Paul (Peysekh), 178-179,188 Nyushko, Fyodor Kirrilovich, 95-96 October/Russian Revolution (1917), 57,58,71 Odessa, city of, 79 Old-New Synagogue (Prague), 40,49 Öllös, László, 240 Oneg Shabat group (Hungary), 238 “Open Letter to Hungarian Society and Hungarian Jewry” (SALOM, 1984), 239 oral history, 3,56,59,107,218 Organization of Victims of the Nazi Regime, 116 ORT (Society for Handicraft and Agricultural Work among the Jews), 23,32Ո38 Orthodox Christianity, 226 Orthodox Judaism, 36,37,45,124 OSE (Œuvre de Secours aux Enfants), 38 Other/Otherness, 145,146 Ötvös, Attila János, 244 Ovrazhki “refusenik” gatherings, 219-222 Oyslender, Naum (Nokhem), 180-181 OZET (Society for Settling Toiling Jews on the Land), 141 Pale of Settlement, in Russian Empire, 57,215, 217 Palestine, 21,25,83,84,115,217; founding of Jewish state in, 113; Jewish emigration to, 86 Palestine Liberation Organization, 167 Pappenheim, Bertha, 117 Passover, 62,64,133,136 Pat, Yaacov (Jacob), 19 Patriotic Peoples Front (Hungary), 241,250Ո32 Peretz, Yitskhok Leybush, 189 Petersburg Judaica Center (European University at St. Petersburg), 56,59 Peysakhovich, Zunya (Semion Petrovich), 97-99 photo albums, 3,35,49 Pieck, Wilhelm, 114 Poalei
Zion, 23,25,27 Podolia (Vinnytsa Oblast of Ukraine), Jewish settlement of, 58-59; “illegal” religious and economic activities, 61-63,68Ո39; Cooperative Shechita, 63-64; synagogue congregants in, 64-65; traditional forms of social prestige/hierarchy in, 59; transforma tion ofJewish Community, 65-67 padriads (seasonal matzah bakeries), 62,63 pogroms, 27,81,165; Kielce pogrom (1946), 16, 17,27,28,199; Przytyk pogrom (1936), 158. See also Kristallnacht Poland, 1,3,7,43,84; anti-Jewish policies of regime, 2; antisemitic campaign (1968), 29, 207; Border Protection Troops (Wojska Ochrony Pogranicza), 206; coalition government (1945-1947), 28; collapse of Stalinism in, 30,197-198; Communism as forcefully imposed foreign import, 18; differences with other Eastern European countries, 4; “Exhibition of Regained Lands” (1948), 29; harvest campaign (1945)) 26; Institute of National Remem brance (IPN), 206; marginalization/ exoticization of Jewish history in, 9; nationalistic historiography on Communist period, 2; non-exit migration policy, 197; pogroms in, 16,17,27,28,158,199; Second Republic, 18,19; security services, 207; Warsaw Yiddish theater, 187. See also Lower Silesia Polevoy, Boris, 178,183,188 Polish Jews: antisemitism and, 26; in Bohemian Lands, 38,49; Communists, 28; concentration in Lower Silesia, 16; in GDR, 157; old and new political culture and, 18-22; Orthodox, 21; productivization and Jewish cooperatives, 22-24; repatriated from Soviet Union, 200-201; in the Soviet Union, 224; “surviving remnant” after Holocaust, 15; transnationalism and, 24-26 Polish Jews, migration
to Israel, 29,30,195-197, 207-208; “family reunification” discourse and, 198,199,204,205; female perspective on disputed right ofreturn, 200-206; individual agency and, 206-207; male
Index perspective in family discourse about, 197-200; non-Jewish spouses and, 203-206; reasons behind individual decisions to emigrate, 196; special status of, 210Ո28 Polish Socialist Party, 29 postage stamps, antifascist memorial culture and, 159-160,171Ո28 PPR [Polska Partia Robotnicza] (Polish Workers Party), 28,29 Prague, city of, 35,36,38,40,50; Fefer and Mikhoels in, 76; secular Jews in, 44 Prantner, József, 237 Pravda (Soviet newspaper), 91,92,93,105,139; Birobidzhaner Shtern as copy of, 177 prayerbooks, 8 Preobrazhensky (accused in Doctors’ Plot), 93 PROCOR (Society to Assist the Productiviza֊ tion of the Economically Ruined Jewish Masses in the Soviet Union), 141 Przytyk pogrom (Poland, 1936), 158 public sphere, 18 PZPR (Polish United Workers Party), 29 Rabinovich, Semen (Solomon/Shloyme), 178, 179 Rafes, Julian, 95,96,105-106 Raj, Rabbi Tamás, 238 Rákosi, Mátyás, 245 Rappoport (accused in Doctors’ Plot), 93 Ratman, Abram, 27 Ravensbrück concentration camp, 161,168 Ravensbrückmemorial concert (1959), J59, 167 Rebling, Eberhard, 161,164,165 Rebhng, Jada, 161 Redlich, Shimon, 72,73 Reform Judaism, 37,52Ո22 refusenik milieu, 3,219-222,228 Reichenbach (Rychbach), town of, 15,16,17, 19, μ Religion and Jewish Identity in the Soviet Union, 1941-1964. (Altshuler), 55 “restratification” programs, 22 Riesenburger, Rabbi Martin, 157,158,160,162, 164 Robeson, Paul, 188 Romania, 4,7,44,84,86; diplomatic relations with Israel, 8,237; Hungarian minority in, 240-241; marginalization/exoticization of Jewish history in, 9 2Ó7 Romani people, 7 Romanova, Elena, 183 Romm, Mokhail, 174
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 161 Rosenberg, Ethel and Julius, 156 Rosenblüth, Leo, 168 Rosenzweig, Franz, 237 Rosh Hashanah, 136 Rothschild, Recha, 117 Rubenstein, Joshua, 106 Russia, 95,107 Russian archives, opening of, 72 Russian language, 56,137,138,143,144-145,187 Sachsenhausen concentration camp, 161,162, 167,168 Salamon, Ervin, 163 Saigo, Laszlo, 168 Salisbury, Harrison E., 177 Salnikov, Nikolai Evgenievich, 102 Salogor, Nikita, 80 SALOM group (Hungary), 7,237-243,244, 245,148 Sandier, Boris, 188 “S brenť [It Is Burning] (Gebirtnik song), 158, 164 Scheiber, Sándor, 238 Schneiderman, Shmuel Leyb (Samuel Leib), 19,23 Schramm, Katharina, 39 Scott, James, 141 SED [Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutsch lands] (Socialist Unity Party), 114,116,117, 124; antisemitism and, 121,123; ZPKK (Central Party Control Commission), 117, 118. See also GDR [German Democratic Republic] (East Germany) SEFER Center for University Teaching of Jewish Civilization (Moscow), 56,59 Seghers, Anna, 112,114,124,164 Selbiger, Fritz, 115 Shapiro, Fedya, 96 Shapiro, Moisei, 93 Shcherbakov, Aleksandr, 74,80,92 Shereshevsky (accused in Doctors’ Plot), 93 Shilman, Berta, 136 Shkiriatov, Matvei, 76 Shmeruk (Szmeruk), Chone, 181 Shneer, David, 1,7,8,121,123,14s Shoah. See Holocaust/Shoah
2Ó8 Index shochet (kosher butcher), 8,27,63,218 Shoshkes, Chaim (Henry), 182,184 Shternberg, Yakov, 182 Shternshis, Anna, 1,3,43,57,134 Shtetl, the 21st Century (edited collection), 59 shtetls, former, ss, 57,58,63,66,225 Shul’man, Evgenii, too, 101 Shulman, Gennady, 101-102 Shulshteyn, Moshe, 19,23 Siberia, 92,93 Sicher, Chief Rabbi Gustav, 43 Silber, Marcos, 7 Simchat Torah festival, 181,220 Singer, Isaac Bashevis, 187 Singer, Ödön, 164,172Ո50 Six-Day War (1967), 43 48,237, 239, ^49 Skriabin, Konstantin, 100,101,109Ո33 Slánský, Rudolf, show trial of (1952), 41,42,47; GDR and, 119,120,121,122,153 Šlitr, Jiří, 44 Sloterdijk, Peter, 145 Slovakia, 39,45,48,240 Slovak Jews, 35,49 Sloves, Chaim (Henry), 178,182 sociology, relational, 229 Sovetish heymland [Soviet Homeland] (Yiddish journal), 136,189 Soviet Jews, 54-56,86-87; “Accented Jews,” 145; as “community of fate,” 132; derogatory terms for, 142,149Ո59; disenchantment of, 71; “fifth point” and discrimination against, 174-175; foreign connections seen as alarming by Soviet state, 83-86; as “Jews of Silence,” 55; lishenets status (stripped of civil rights), 217; “Odessan humor,” 145 Soviet Union (USSR), 1,25,44; antisemitism opposed in interwar period, 78-82; blat (connections), 223,229,235Ո76; changing socioeconomic structure ofJewish society in, 56-58; Communist holidays, 135; deportations of minorities, 92; eugenics in, 140-141; Far East, 5-6; former shtetls on territory of, 55,57,58,63,66; German invasion of (1941), 58; Great Terror, 83; “internationalism” of, 139,143; Jewish emigration from, 15,87Ո2; NEP (New Economic
Policy), 57; perestroika era, 62, 65; Politburo, 78; “publics of svoi՞ in, 228, 230,231,235Ո71; repatriation from Czechoslovakia to, 38,51mi; repatriation of Polish Jews from, 21; “shadow” economy of, 55,60,66,67; SMERSH (Death to Spies Department), 97,109Ո27; territorial expansion of, 78-79; World War II victory of, 106. See also Birobidzhan; Jewish Autonomous Region (JAR); Malakhovka Soviet Writers Union, 178,179,180,182,183; Vergehe as Yiddish frontman at, 185; Yiddish publishing and, 189 Sovinformburo (Soviet Information Bureau), 74, 75, 76,178,179 Spartacus League [Spartakusbund] (German sociahst group, 1914-1918), 117,128Ո49 Spirò, György, 247 Sputnik treťegofestivalin evreiskoi pesni (Companion to the Third Festival Song), 220 Srebnik, Henry, 167 Stalin, Joseph, 2,80,84,181; death of, 30,71, 106,133; Doctors’ Plot and, 71,91,106; evolution of antisemitism and, 72,83; Great Purges of, 124,133,217 Stalinism, 4,8,16,29,60,82; antisemitic campaigns and, 223; collapse of, 197-198; de-Stalinization, 136; fears of betrayal by Soviet Jews, 87; in Hungary, 245,246; purges and, 176; regime on brink of collapse in World War II, 78 Stasi (East German security/intelligence service), 124 State Yiddish Theater (Warsaw), 158 Steinberger, Nathan, 124 stereotypes, 82,143,245 Strauss, Richard, 161 Studená, Věra Herškovič, 45,53Ո42 Suchý, Jiří, 44 Suller, Chaim, 180,182 summer camps, international, 8 Surkov, Aleksei, 182,188 Suslov, Mikhail, 85,181-182,186 Świątkowski, Henryk, 200 synagogues, 5,21,169; in Birobidzhan, 133, 134; in Czechoslovakia, 40,41,45; destroyed under Nazi regime,
44; Dohány Street Synagogue (Budapest), 163-164; in Dzierżoniów, 22; Leningrad Synagogue, 181; in Malakhovka, 217-219; Moscow Choral Synagogue, 220,221; in the Soviet Union, 55, 60,62,64-65 Szabó, Miklós, 236,240 Szántó, Gábor, 244
Index Talmud, 60 Talmud Torah, 65 Tekisin, Zinovy (Ziarna), 181 Tenenbaum, Joseph, 19 Tenner, Giinter, 119 Teplice, city of, 41,46 Thaw, post-Stalinist, so, 197,219 Thayer, Robert H., 175 Iheresienstadt/Terezin concentration camp, 7,46-47,162 “thin and thick cultures,” 56,57,216 Timashuk, Lydia, 91-92,93,94,105 Timm, Angelika, 116 Timofeevna, Mariia, 105 Tkachev report (1950), 84-85 Torah, 63,66,134,218-219 Torah VaAvodah (Torah [Study] and Labor), 21 Toronto Labour League, 165 totalitarianism,” 18 transnationalism, 7-9,15,24-26 Transnistria, 58-59,79 Trebhnka extermination camp, 19 Triolet, Elsa, 183 “Trotskyists,” 119 Tsanin, Mordechai, 189 Tsipkin, Boris, 93 TSKŻ [Towarzystwo Społeczno Kulturalne Żydów w Polsce] (Jewish Socio-Cultural Association), 30,43 Turkey, 84 Turkow, Jonas, 27 Tushunov, A., 85 UJPO (United Jewish People’s Order), 165, 173Ո62 Ukraine, 55,57,63,95; alternative medicine and legacy of Doctors’ Plot in, 107; antisemitism in, 79-80; Communist Party of, 73; Jewish agricultural colonies in, 89Ո39; Nikolaev Medical Research Institute, 97; NKGB of Ukrainian SSR, 79,80; remnants of Yiddish culture in, 215; southwestern Podolia, 58-66; Ukrainian SSR, 83. See also Podolia Ulbricht, Walter, 118,124 United Kingdom (UK), 84,85,86 United Nations (UN), 23,237; Rehef and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), 39,84,89Ո59 269 United States, 9,24,54,84,154; decline of antisemitism in, 155; emigration of Polish Jews to, 196; House Un-American Activities Committee, 126Ո16; Jewish relatives in, 45; Rebhng family tour in, 166-167,1Ճ8; socialist and hberal Jewish press in,
29; State Department, 118; US intelligence agents/services, 85,90Ո66,90Ո71,91,92; Workmen’s Circle activists in, 185 urbánus (urban, internationalist) movement, 143,247-148,251Ո39 USO (United Services Organization), 166 Ústí nad Labem (Czechoslovakia), city of, 36, 37,4L 41,45,4б, so Vaiľ, Petr, 219 Valter, Naum, 189 Vanishing Diaspora (Wasserstein, 1996), 35 Veidhnger, Jeffrey, 1, ss, 56,92; on assimilated Soviet Jewish intelligentsia, 215; on Jews of USSR as diaspora nationality, 83 Vergehs, Aron, 180,182,183,185-186,188, 189-190 Věstník židovské náboženské obce v Praze [Bulletin of the Jewish Community in Prague] (journal), 47,48,50 Vinogradov, Vladimir, 92 Vladimirski, Boris, 189 vnye (outside), 228 Vovsi, Miron, 91,106,110Ո52 Vyshinskii, Andrei, 85 Vysotsky, Vladimir, 215, 224 Wagner, Richard, 161 Waitz, Robert, 88Ո31 Wallenberg, Raoul, 241,242 Warsaw Ghetto, 19,199 Warsaw Ghetto uprising commemorations, 159,166,169,171Ո24 Wasserstein, Bernard, 35 Weinberg, Robert, 131 Wendroff, Zalman, 179-180 Western Jewish institutions, 29 White, Harrison, 229-230 Winter, Jack, 165 Winter, Lotte Fleischhacker, 111,124 WKŻP [Wojewódzki Komitet Żydów Polskich] (Voivodship Committee of Polish Jews), 16-17,23,26; transnationalism and, 24; Zionists purged from, 29
270 Index Workers International Relief, ա World and American Federation of Polish Jews, 19 World Jewish Congress, 29,83,243 World War II, 7,8,9,49,77,164; as fight between fascism and antifascism, 246; Hungarian Jews saved during, 24։; as legitimizing event for Soviet statehood, 715 Romanian occupation zone in Ukraine, 58. See also Communist Party, Soviet; Great Patriotic War, Soviet Wroclaw (Poland), city of, 25,29 Yekelchyk, Serhy, 174 Yiddish culture/language, 4,6,25,29; Aleichem and, 185-190; antifascism and, 7, 8; antifascist concerts, 159,161-162; Birobidzhan and, 133,136-139,144-145,176; cultural diplomacy, 8; cultural diplomacy and, 175; in Czechoslovakia, 41,47; fieldwork interviews in Yiddish, 56; folk music, 167; in GDR, 157,158-159,168; German Jewish Communists and, 123; last native speakers, 55; literacy in, 57; newspapers, 19; in Poland, 155; in Romania, 155; songs, 158; Soviet policy on literature, 179-186; in the Soviet Union, 54,56,57,58, 60,175; theater, 19,182 YKUF (Argentinian Jewish Cultural Association), 183 Yom Kippur, 62,133,134,135,218 Yugoslavia, 4,8,9,43,44 Yurchak, Alexei, 145,216,228,235Ո72 Yuzefovich, Eleazar, 222 Zawadzki, Stanislaw, 203 Zelenin (accused in Doctors’ Plot), 93 Zelenina, Galina, 3 Zeltzer, Arkady, 1,55,60 Zhdanov, Andrei, 76,91-92 Zionism, 4,6,24,120,168,227; as code word used by Soviet media, 92; Communist opposition to, 28,72,79,85,138,238; Doctors’ Plot and, 91; German Jews’ support of, 155; “Gordonia” organization, 84-85; Hashomer Hatzair youth move ment, 21; Left Zionism, 4,23; migration policy and, 201,202; “refuseniks”
and, 220; Rehgious Zionist movements, 21-22; secular, 22; Soviet official discourse on, 55. See also Israel, State of Zog nit keymoľ [Never Say] (Glik song), 158 Zorin, Valerian, 85 Zuckermann, Leo, 112,113-114,121,128Ո59 Zweig, Arnold, 121,124 Zylberberg, Bezalel Moshe, 27 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek MQnchan
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CONTENTS i Introduction KATEŘINA ČAPKOVÁ, KAMIL KIJEK, AND STEPHAN STACH PART I: PERIPHERY AND CENTER 1 A New Life ? Lhe Pre-Holocaust Past and Post-Holocaust Present in the Life of the Jewish Community of Dzierżoniów, Lower Silesia, 1945-1950 15 KAMIL KIJEK 2 Erased from History: Jewish Migrants in Postwar Czechoslovakia 35 KATEŘINA ČAPKOVÁ 3 On the Borders of Legality: Connections between Traditional Culture and the Informal Economy in Jewish Life in the Soviet Provinces 54 VALERY DYMSHITS PART II: PERCEPTIONS OF JEWISHNESS 4 From Friends to Enemies? The Soviet State and Its Jews in the Aftermath of the Holocaust 71 DIANA DUMITRU 5 “I Was Not Like Everybody Else”: Soviet Jewish Doctors Remember the Doctors’ Plot 91 ANNA SHTERNSHIS 6 “After Auschwitz You Must Take Your Origins Seriously”: Perceptions ofJewishness among Communists of Jewish Origin in the Early German Democratic Republic 111 ANNA KOCH 7 Being Jewish in Soviet Birobidzhan: Between Stigma and Cynicism 131 AGATA MAKSIMOWSKA vii
viii Contents PART III: TRANSNATIONALISM 8 An Alternatíve World: Jews in the German Democratic Republic, Their Transnational Networks, and a Global Jewish Communist Community 153 DAVID SHNEER 9 Soviet Yiddish Cultural Diplomacy in the Post-Stalinist 1950s 174 GENNADY ESTRAIKH 10 Family Discourse, Migration, and Nation-Building in Poland and Israel in the Late 1950s 195 MARCOS SILBER PART IV: DISSIDENTS 11 Three Jewish Social Networks: A (Non-) Encounter in Malakhovka 215 GALINA ZELENINA 12 The Opposition of the Opposition: New Jewish Identities in the Illegal Underground Public Sphere in Late Communist Hungary 236 KATA BOHUS Acknowledgments Notes on Contributors Index 25 3 255 259
INDEX Abusch, Alexander, 112, ii8,122, 123 acculturation, 132,139 Ackermann, Gertrude, 37 Adler, Gertrude, 46 Adler, Mojžíš, 37 agency, Jewish, 1,2,7,196 Aguda Party 22 AHEYM (Archives of Historical and Ethnographic Yiddish Memories) project, 56 Aleichem, Sholem, 22,137,139, 181, 185-190 Aleksandrovich, Mikhail, 188,189 Alexandrov, Georgii, 75,77,80 Aliyah events, 219,220,221,230 Altshuler, Mordechai, 55 Ambijan (American Committee for the Settlement ofJews in Birobizhan), 75,141, 176 American Federation of Polish Jews, 17 Anatolyevich, Semen, 144 Antalfi, Mária, 238 anthropology, 3,131,228; social and cultural, 55; “thin and thick” cultures, 56 antisemitism, 16,17,26-27,112,117; absent from Bohemian Lands, 39; in Czechoslovakia, 41, 42; decline in postwar United States, 155; in Hungary, 236,241-242,245,246,247,248; as political tool, 120-121. See also Holocaust/ Shoah; pogroms antisemitism, Soviet, 55,60,63,75,86,139-140; “Antisemity” [Antisemites] (Vysotsky song), 224; classification by nationality and, 143; derogatory terms for Jews in USSR, 142,149ՈՏ9; embraced by Soviet state, 71; Jewish revival and, 219; of late Stalinist period, 223; Stalin’s role in, 72 Antisemitismus und Rassenhetze [Antisemitism and Racial Hatred] (Kahn, 1948), 116 Aragon, Louis, 183-184 archives, local, 3 Aris, Helmut, 168 Aronstein, Georges, 163 assimilation, 3,66,132,206; in Birobidzhan, 139; into Communist identity in GDR, 124-125; in Hungary, 236,239-240; as myth, 6; pressure of, 7,55 atheism, 45,113,117,124,145 Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp, 19, 42,47; deportations of Hungarian Jews
to, 246,248; liberation of, 119; memorial museums, 7; survivors of, 158,161,164 Austria, 84,90Ո66 autonomy, Jewish, 4-5,27 Averbuch, Leonid, 79 Axen, Hermann, 121,122 Azhaev, Vasili, 180,188 Baltic states, 215 Barghoom, Frederick C., 190 bar mitzvah ceremony, 44,122 Baron, Salo, 49 Bauman, Irma, 166 Bauman, Max, 158 Bauman, Mordecai, 166 Belarus, 55,63,95; Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR), 83,84; Doctors’ Plot and, 93; remnants of Yiddish culture in, 215 Bemporad, Elissa, 1,55,94 Bengelsdorf, Mikhail, 136 Bergelson, David, 180,184-185 Bergeisen, Tsipa (Tsilya), 184 Beria, Lavrentii, 73-74,105 Berliner, Clara, 114 Berman, Adolf, 25 Beszélő (Hungarian samizdat journal), 239, 242,247,252Ո58 Bewitched Tailor, The (Aleichem), 188,193Ո74 Bezymenski, Alexander, 185 Bhabha, Homi K., 145,146 Bialik, H. N., 189 Bibó, István, 252Ո68 Birobidzhan, 5,75; Aleichem’s place in Soviet literary canon and, 187; Bauhaus architec tural plan for, 140; Birobidzhan Affair, 133; Jewish acculturation in, 143-147; Jewish culture in, 133-140; Jews as percentage of population, 176; “passive Jewish identity” in, 132; rumors ofJews’ deporta tion to, 92,186; Soviet propaganda and, 175-186; utopian idea of, 131. See also Jewish Autonomous Region (JAR) 259
2Ó0 Index Birobidzhaner Shtern (Yiddish-language newspaper), 138,176,177 Birobidzhan State Yiddish Theater, 176 Black Book of Soviet Jewry, The, 76-77 blood libel, 29,94 Bohemian Lands, 35,37,38,40,49. See also Czechoslovakia Bohus, Kata, 7 Bolków training camp, 23 Bolsheviks/Bolshevism, 71,245 borders, changes in, 8 Brandt, Heinz, 120 Bratislava (Slovakia), city of, 42 Brent, Jonathan, 72 Brezhnev, Leonid, 63,181 Břicha movement, 85-86,90Ո71 Brno, city of, 35 Brod, Max, 42 Broderson, Moyshe, 179 Bronfman, Itsik, 138 Bruller, Jean, 183 Buber, Martin, 237 Buchenwald concentration camp, 159,161,162, 167,168 Bulgaria, 4,9 Bund/Bundism, 4,22,27,28,96 burial societies (chevra kadisha), 134 Butler, Judith, 150Ո75 Caldwell, Melissa L., 222,229 Canada, 84,165-166 Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC), 165,173Ո62 Cang, Joel, 185,189 Čapek, Karel, 42 Čapková, Kateřina, 3,5,6 Carpathian Ruthenia, 36,45; annexation to Soviet Union, 37; Jews “repatriated” to Soviet Union from, 38; religious Jews from, 40,48 Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 240-241 cemeteries, 21,134,167,169; in GDR, 157,162, 169; gravestones taken from, 81; in Malakhovka, 217,218 censorship, 4,25 Central Committee of Polish Jews (19441950). See CKŻP [Centralny Komitet Żydów Polskich] Central Committee of the Jewish Communi ties in Slovakia, 50 Chaumont, Jean-Michel, 88Ո31 Cheberiak, Vera, 105,110Ո50 children, care of, 6 Chudíš, Pavlo, sinu CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 85,176 CKŻP [Centralny Komitet Żydów Polskich] (Central Committee of Polish Jews), 4,16, 17,27, 28,29 Claims Conference, 42 Cold War, 29,49,153,155; creation of state
of Israel and, 83; end of, 1; Jewish antifascism in GDR and, 155-157,155-161; Yiddish as cultural diplomatic tool in, 189 coloniahsm, 154 Communism: authoritarianism of, 29; coalitions dominated by, 5; Czech religious Jews’ attitude toward, 43; fall of, 249; as forcefully imposed foreign import, 18; propaganda against religion, 43; seen initially as a hope, 4; stereotype ofJewish Communism, 245 Communist Party, Czechoslovak, 43 Communist Party, Hungarian (Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party), 239,241,250Ո32 Communist Party, in interwar Germany, 111 Communist Party, Israeli, 156 Communist Party, Polish (Polish United Workers’ Party [PZPR]), 2,197,200,202, 210П19 Communist Party, Soviet, 63,101; Agitprop department of, 75,77-78,81; Central Committee (CC), 74; Doctors’ Plot and, 105; Jewish members of, 84; Personnel Dep’t. in Central Committee, 174; Politburo, 78,85; XX Party congress, Khrushchev’s speech at, 42 Communist Party USA, 166 concentration camps: commemorated on GDR postage stamps, 159-160; in Czechoslovakia, 38,39,46,48; GrossRosen, 16; Jewish prisoners liberated from, 71; Romanian-run, 59; transformed into memorial sites, 161-163. See also Buchen wald; Ravensbrück; Theresienstadt/Terezin cosmopolitanism, Jews identified with, 82,92, 99,121 Council of the Jewish Community in the Bohemian Lands, 50 Crimea, 89Ո39,219 Csurka, István, 242,249 Cyrankiewicz, Józef, 198
Index Czech Jews, 35,36,163; dominant narrative about secular Jews, 47-50; Germanspeaking, 38-39,45,49; marriage to non-Jews, 45,46; religious Jews under secular Communism, 39-47 Czech language, 35,41,47,50 Czechoslovak Army Corps, First, 37 Czechoslovakia, 1,3,4,7,35-36; Germans expelled from, 37,41; German-speaking Jews in, 38-39; Hungarian minority in, 240-141; marginalization/exoticization of Jewish history in, 9; migration and periphery in, 36-39. See also Slánský, Rudolf, show trial of (1952) Dahlem, Fritz, 121 Davidovič, Chaja and Emil, 37 Děčín, city of, 48 Deckname, Der [The Alias] (Abusch memoir), 122-123 Demokrata [Democrat] (Hungarian samizdat journal), 241,247 Demszky, Gábor, 244 Dennis, John, 40-41,49 Deutscher, Isaac, 123,124 diaries, 3,230 Dimanstein, Semyon, 141 Dimitrov, Georgi, 92 dissidents, 7,8,106,235Ո72 Doctors’ Plot (1952-1953), 3,54,91-94,100, ւշ8ո59; end of, 105-106; foreign influence among doctors feared, 97; Holocaust survivors’ responses to, 104; Jewish doctors interviewed about memories of, 95-97; Jewish names and identities hidden during, 97-99; Jews' exclusion from Soviet informal networks and, 102-103; legacies of, 106-107; Malakhovka synagogue and, 217; mutual aid strategies to survive in face of, 99-102; non-Jews in medical institutions and, 100; normalization of antisemitic discourse, 99; patients with antisemitic attitudes and, 95, 96,109Ո23; as secularized blood libel, 94; as Stalin’s “final solution,” 71; three stages of, 93 doyikeit (hereness), 4,21 DP (Displaced Persons) camps, in postwar Germany, nni6,38,114 Dreifuß, Alfred,
113,115 Drizin, İsrail, 93 261 Dumitru, Diana, 3 Dymshits, Valery, 3,5 Dzierżoniów (Poland), town of, 15,20,23,25, 30; Jewish Committee, 26; Jewish culture after the Holocaust, 19; Jewish farms in area of, 23-24; Jewish population of, 17; Yidishe Yishev in, 16-17; Zionist movement in, 21 DZWUR (Lower Silesian Radio Factory), 23 East Berlin, Jewish Community in, 114,117,154, 158,164,173Ո73; transnationalism and, 165; Yiddish theater and, 158-159. See also GDR [German Democratic Republic] Egit, Yaacov, 22,28 Egorov (accused in Doctors’ Plot), 93 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 94 Eisler, Gerhart, 126П16 Eisler, Hanns, 164,166 Elenevskaia, Mariia, 56 El mole rachamim (Jewish prayer), 157,164 Englander, Tibor, 238 Enlightenment, 4,22 Erős, Ferenc, 238,248 Esbenshade, Richard S., 244 Eschwege, Helmut, 116-117,123 Esther Rokhel Kaminska State Jewish Theater, 168 Estraikh, Gennady, 1,8 ethnic cleansing, 49 ethnonationahsm, 205,208 Etinger (accused in Doctors’ Plot), 91 Everything Was Forever, until It Was No More (Yurchak), 228 Eynikayt [Unity] (newspaper of JAFC), 68ոշւ, 9б Fadeev, Alexander, 187 Farkaš, Rabbi Bernard, 42,45 fascism, 154,167,246 Fast, Howard, 183,184 Federation of the Jewish Communities in the Bohemian Lands, 43 Fefer, Itzik, 73,7$, 76,180 Feistmann, Rudolf, 112,118 Feldman (accused in Doctors’ Plot), 91 Feuchtwanger, Marta, 124 Feuerlicht, Cantor Victor, 48 Fialkova, Larisa, 56 Field, Noel, 118 Fink, Wilfried, 172Ո50
2Ó2 Index Fockler, Alfred, 85,90Ո66 Folkism, 4 Folks-shtime [Peoples Voice] (Warsaw Yiddish newspaper), 177,182 Forverts [The Forward] (U.S. journal), 29,180 France, 85 Freies Deutschland (journal), 112 FRG [Federal Republie of Germany] (West Germany), 46,49,84,113,153,169Ո2 Friedman, Perry, 164-165 Funke, Otto, 167-168 Gadó, György, 239,240,244,246-247 Galushka, Luka Matveeich, 97 Gazun, Andrei, 80 GDR [German Democratic Republic] (East Germany), 1,113,150Ո75,153-15$; antifascist narrative of, 115,157-158; antisemitism and, 120; Cold War Jewish antifascism in, 155-157; Committee for Antifascist Resistance Fighters (formerly WN), 159, 167-168; constitution of, 121,129Ո77; differences with other Eastern European countries, 4; GDR antifascist ideology made Jewish, 157-158; German Jewish Communists as “fighters,” 115-116; Jewish Communist lieux de mémoire in, 161-163; Jewish population of, 154,169Ո2; memorial culture of, 154,156,157,169; musical rituals of Cold War Jewish antifascism in, 158-161; opposition to Israel and Zionism, 118; party purges in, 119; Slánský show trial and, 119-122,153,156; Soviet Occupied Zone (SBZ), 105,113,114,116,126Ո19; transna tional Communist Jewish community and, 164-168; Volksbühne (People’s Theater), 113; Warsaw Ghetto uprising commemo rated in, 159,169,170-171Ո24. See also East Berlin, Jewish Community in; SED [Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands] Gebirtik, Mordechai, 158,164 Geertz, Clifford, 56 Gelshtein (accused in Doctors’ Plot), 93 gender, 6,19 6 Genis, Alexander, 219 German language, 47,164 Germany, East. See GDR [German Demo
cratic Republic] Germany, West. See FRG [Federal Republic of Germany] Gershenovich, Rosa, 80 Gersherson, Olga, 145 Gessen, Esther, 224,227 Gilman, Sander, 143 Ginzburg, Lydia, 227 Gitelman, Zvi, 56,132,136 Glikl ofHameln Demands Justice (Bauman play), 158-159 Globke, Hans-Maria, 161 Goldschmitt, Harry, 172Ո56 Goldstein, Kurt, 115,117 Golomb, Mikhail, 96 “Gordonia” organization, 24,84-85 Gorovets (Horoverts), Emil, 188,189 Gott, Karel, 44 Götting, Gerald, 160 Granovetter, Mark, 231 Great Patriotic War, Soviet, 68ոշւ, 135,215. See also World War II Gromyko, Andrei, 85 Grossman, Vasily, 174 Grossmann, Atina, iini6 Grünbaum, Yitzhak, 25 Grundig, Lea, 115 Gutman, Mordechai, 179 Gysi, Klaus, 121,122 Haganah (paramilitary units in Palestine), 25 Halkin, Shmuel, 179,180,182,183,185,188 Hapoel HaMizrachi, 21 HaShomer HaDati, 21 HaShomer HaTzair youth movement, 21,24 Hasidim, 47 Hausner, Gideon, 163 Hebrew language, 21,52Ո21,83 Hegerová, Hana, 44 Heinrich Heine Club, 112 Heitiinger, Alena, 35,44,46 Hernádi, Gyula, 242 Herrnstadt, Rudolf, 128Ո59 Herškovič family, 48 Heydrich, Reinhard, 162 Hírmondó [Messenger] (Hungarian samizdat journal), 236,239,240,245 Hirsch, Baron de, 165 Hitler, Adolf, 39,104,105,111,112,202. See also Nazis/Nazi Germany Hofimann, Malvína Adlerová, 45 Hofstein, David, 180 Holocaust/Shoah, 2,5,19,29,35,37,38,86; as alleged end of Jewish history in East
Index Central Europe, 9; in Czechoslovakia, 42, 45,46; Doctors’ Plot and, 104; in Hungary, 239; Jewish Communists, 123; Jewish identity and, 6-7; Jews subsumed under “victims of fascism” narrative, 77,88Ո31; Judenrats (Jewish councils in ghettos), 109Ո43; memorialization of victims of, 8, 56; memory of, 6,7; Soviet Jews and, 71; in Soviet Ukraine, 80; survivors, ís, 16,18; Vinnitsa ghetto and, 104 Holzer, Charlotte, 114 Honecker, Erich, 168 Horthy, Miklós, 246 Hungarian Independent Jewish Peace Group (Magyar Független Zsidó Békecsoport). See SALOM group Hungarian language, 41,47 Hungary, 1,4, 8,44, 248-249; Magyar Zsidó [Hungarian Jew] (samizdat journal), 7, 243-248; marginalization/exoticization of Jewish history in, 9; népi (folkist, ruralist) movement, 242-243,244,247-248,251Ո39; as primary node ofJudaism in Communist Europe, 163-164; SALOM group, 237-243, 244,245,248; surviving Jewish population of, 249Ո2; urbánus (urban, internationalist) movement, 243,247-248,251039 Ichud, 24,27 ICOR (Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia), 141 identification documents, rejection of, 139-140,148Ո44 identities, Jewish, 3$, 239,240,248,249; of “Accented Jews,” 145; acknowledgment of, 140; defined in national terms, 139; defined in religious terms, 237; hidden or denied, 47; Holocaust as shared experience, 7; Hungarian identity and, 244-245; in Hungary, 236; Jewishness contrasted with, 112; “passive,” 132; persistence and transformation of, 5-7; quest for authentic ity and, 231; refusenik milieu and, 230; Six-Day War (1967) and, 237; Soviet, 1; as “thin culture,” 226
intelligentsia, 70,133; assimilated Soviet Jewish, 215,219,226,228; dacha life and, 222, 223,224,225; Hungarian, 242; Moldavian, 70; Russian, 226,230; Yiddish, 135 International Federation of Resistance Fighters, 168,173Ո73 2Ó3 interwar period, 5,18,29,47,71 In the Shadow of the Shtetl (Veidlinger, 2013), 56 In the Shadows of the Holocaust and Commu nism: Czech and Slovak Jews after 194s (Heitlinger, 2006), 35 Isaacs, Bernard, 193Ո74 Israel, State of, 7,9,45,54,119; Cold War and, 83; Communist countries’ relations with, 8; Communists in, 156; creation of, 72,154; Declaration of Independence (1948), 25; as insurance policy against genocide, 155; Maccabiah Games in, 220; as site ofJewish rebirth, 162; Soviet campaign against, 55; Soviet Jews’ emigration to, 87Ո2; Stalin’s policy toward, 29; ties to Soviet Jews, 87; Yiddish culture/language in, 189. See also Polish Jews, migration to Israel; Six-Day War; Zionism Italy, 84,199 lushchinskii, Andrei, 110Ո50 Izsák, Andor, 160 Jacobson, Israel, 39 Jakubovič, David, 44-45 Jaldati, Lin, 7,8,121,123,158,172Ո56; in North America, 165-166; Ravensbrückmemorial concert (1959), 162; transnational Commu nist Jewish community and, 164-165; Warsaw Ghetto uprising commemoration and, 159,170-171Ո24 JDC (American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee), 8,35,38,39-40,42; Agro-Joint organization, 89Ո39; in Czechoslovakia, 44, 49; Jewish Communists in Soviet-occupied Germany and, 114; Soviet state accusations against, 85 Jewish Agency, migrants’ debts to, 203,211Ո48 Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC), 54, 68Ո21,72-78,155; members arrested and
killed, 78,184; parent organization of, 178 Jewish Autonomous Region (JAR), 5,78,132, 175-176; difficulty of early years in, 133; establishment of (1934), 134; as failed experiment, 131; situation for Jews compared with rest of USSR, 140-142. See also Birobidzhan Jewish Chronicle (London), 185,186 Jewish Inter-Party Committee, 22 Jewishness, 206,224; as ethnic versus religious category, 226,248; hidden or denied, 249; Holocaust and, 6; as stigma, 35
2Ó4 Index Jewishness, German Communism and, 113,117, 118,122,123-125; antifascism and, 112,114, 124; “Non-Jewish Jews," 123; of non-Jews, 119 Jewishness, of Birobidzhan, 132,133,136,138, 142; maintained within self and family, 144; Russian non-Jews immersed in, 146; as unchangeable point of reference, 143 “Jewish Question,” 54,82,103,215; in Hungary, 236; socialism as solution to, 117 “Jewish Question, The” (Ginzburg, 2012), 227 Jewish Settlement in Lower Silesia, The (documentary film, 1947), 22 jokes, 223 “Jönnek” [They Are Coming] (Spirò), 247 Jubilee Synagogue (Prague), 40,43 Judaism, 21,62,111,116,124; Budapest Rabbinic Seminary, 163,172Ո50; rejection of, 122; status in Soviet Union, 134; JudeoBolshevism, myth of, 2,78 Jungmann, Erich, 112 Kádár, János, 241,245,246,247 Kaddish recitation, 6¡ Kafka, Franz, 42 Kaganovich, Lazar, 85 Kaganovich Birobidzhan State Jewish Theater, 136 Kahn, Siegbert, 116 Kalinin, Mikhail, 141 Kalinka, Emanuel, 189 Kaminger (Břicha leader), 86 Kaminska, Ida, 155,158 Kantorowicz, Alfred, 121,124; 129Ո80 Karner, Stefan, 90Ո66 Katz, Dovid, $5 Katz, Otto, 112 Kazakevich, Emanuel, 179 kehila (Jewish Community), 5 KEMT (Birobidzhan Jewish Chamber Music Theater), 142 Kerler, Dov-Ber, 55 KGB (Soviet Committee for State Security), 106,220,221,241 Khrushchev, Nikita, 60,174,176,181,188,189; campaign against refigion (i960), 217; Holocaust/Shoah survivors and, 73; speech at XX Party Congress (1956), 42; visit to United States (1959), 186 kibbutzim (collective farms), 21,23,24 Kielce pogrom (Poland, 1946), 16,17,27,28 Kijek, Kamil, 3,5 Kirchner, Peter,
168 Kis, János, 240,245 Kisch, Egon Erwin, 42,112 Kishinev, city of, 80,82,84 Klemperer, Victor, 122 Klub der Jugend und Sportler (GDR), 164 Knepler, George, 172Ո56 Koch, Anna, 7 Kogan, В. (accused in Doctors’ Plot), 91 Kolesnikova, Olga, 93 Komsomol (Communist youth organization), Ó2 Kondakov, N., 74 Konrád, Gyorgy, 242,252Ո64 Kopelowitz, Lionel, 168 Korchminsky, Naum, 178 Kornfeld, Leonid, 80-81 kosher meat distribution, 8 Kostyrchenko, Gennady, 72,92,174 Kosygin, Alexei, 237 Koderman, Boris, 133 Kovács, András, 238,248 Kraków (Poland), city of, 27 Krassó, Gyorgy, 244 Kraus, František R., 42,44 Kraus, Tomáš, 42 Kristallnacht (November 1938), commemo rated in GDR, 54,155,158,159-160,170Ո20; former Nazis participating in, 161; fortieth anniversary of (1978), 168; thirtieth anniversary of (1968), 163,164 Kruman, Shaia, 80 Krupnik, Igor, 137,139 Kuczyński, Jürgen, 121, ւշ8ո$4 Kushkova, Anna, 231,232Ո9 Kvitko, Leyb, 76, i8o, 184 Landerer, Samuel, 42 Latour, Bruno, 208 Leikina, Elenka, 100-101 Leningrad, city of, 59,77 Leo Baeck Institute, 49 Leonhard, Rudolf, 124 Lessing, Doris, 183 Levi, Carlo, 183 Levy, Hyman, 181 Lewandowski, Louis, 1Ժ0 Lidice (Czechoslovakia), village of, 162
Index lieux de mémoire (sites of memory), 156, 161-164 Life and Fate (Grossman), 174-175 Lifshitz (Lifshitsaite), Nehama, 188,189 Lithuania, 55 Liubomirsky, Isaiah, 182 Łódź (Poland), city of, 21,25 Lorand, Cantor Marlon, 160,164 Lovász, Ferenc, 258 Lovell, Stephen, 222 LöwbenBecalel, R. Jehuda (the Maharal), 49 Lower Silesia, 5,15,19,21,163; concentration of Polish Jews in, ւճ; Jewish Committee, 28; productivization in, 22-24; Religious Zionism in, 21-22 Lozovskii, Solomon, 74 luftmensch (impractical person), 22 Lugosi, László, 164 Lurie, Noah, 179 Lutskii, V., 81 Lutwak, Alice, 37,38 Magyar Zsidó [Hungarian Jew] (samizdat journal), 7,243-248 Majdanek extermination camp, 19 Maksimowska, Agata, 3,5 Malakhovka (suburb of Moscow), 3,232Ո9; history of, 216-217; Jewish dacha subculture in, 222-231; “refusenik” gatherings near, 219-222; synagogue and Jewish community 265 Mikoyan, Anastas, 186 Miller, Buzi (Boris), 138,176 mimicry, identity and, 145-146 Minsk, city of, 84 minyan (prayer quorum), 30,40,62,218 Mizrachi Party, 21,22 modernism, 141 Mogilev-Podolskii, city of, 59,63,68Ո36; Jewish Community institutions in, 65; Kirov Plant, 60-61,66 Moldova, 55,57; Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (MSSR), 80,81, 84,85; remnants ofYiddish culture in, 215 Molotov, Viacheslav, 73,75,83,84 “Moorsoldaten” (German antifascist song, 1930s), 161,162,171Ո28 Moravia, Alberto, 183 Moravia-Silesia, 35,36,40 Morgn-frayhayt (New York Yiddish newspa per), 178,179,182,183,185 Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears [Moskva slezam ne verit] (film, 1979), 230 Moscow Guberniya Memorial Books
(Pamyatnye knizhki), 216-217 Moykher-Sforim, Mendele, 189 music, Cold War Jewish antifascism and, 158-161 matzah, 8,62,217 Mayer, Hans, 113,124 melameds (Judaism teachers), 22,64 Menorah (German-speaking Jewish refugee organization), 112 Natan, Simkhe, 19 nationalism, Jewish, 4,28,29,76 nationalism, Ukrainian, 79 nationalities, Czechoslovak, 38 nationalities, Soviet, 75,84,85,132; Doctors’ Plot and, 95,107,108; in GDR, 125; Soviet Jews as diaspora nationality, 83 Naumov, Vladimir, 72 Nazis/Nazi Germany, 77,86,89Ո39,104,121; in Czechoslovakia, 48; denazification policy in GDR, 113,126Ո19; genocide of European Jews by, 78,154,155; Hungary in wartime alliance with, 246; Israel compared to, 237; Jewish Communists’ flight from, 111,112; Nuremberg Laws (1941), 111,161,246; Merker, Paul, 118,120,121,123 Mexico, German Jewish refugees in, 112,113-114 Meyer, Ernst Hermann, 172Ո56 Meyer, Hannes, 140 Meyer, Julius, 114,120 MGB (Soviet Ministry of State Security), 85,92 persecution ofJews and Communists under, 115; Soviet POWs tortured and murdered by, 77,89Ո37; Soviet role in defeat of, 71; Ukraine occupied by, 83 “Neolog” Jews, 40,52Ո22 népi (folkisi, ruralist) movement, 242-243, in, 217-219, 224,232—23ՅՈ17 Malenkov, Georgii, 74,75,80,84 Malenkov, Grigory, 92 Markish, Peretz, 180,182,184 Markish-Lazebnikova, Esther, 182 Markovič family, 48 Masur, Kurt, 163 Matuška, Waldemar, 44 Mikhoels, Solomon, 7Յ, 75,76, 9 b 110Ո52,136 244,247-248,251039
շօճ Index Neues Deutschland [New Germany] (GDR newspaper), ião, 158-159,167,168 Neuhaus, Rudolf, 161 Neumann, Abraham, 168 Nezlin (accused in Doctors’ Plot), 93 Niether, Hendrik, 156 Nixon, Richard, 175 NKVD (People’s Commissariat for Internal Atfairs), 73,109Ո43 Noel Field Affair, 119,121 “Non-Jewish Jew, lhe” (Deutscher), 12 Nora, Pierre, 156 Notowicz, Nathan, 172Ո56 Novick, Paul (Peysekh), 178-179,188 Nyushko, Fyodor Kirrilovich, 95-96 October/Russian Revolution (1917), 57,58,71 Odessa, city of, 79 Old-New Synagogue (Prague), 40,49 Öllös, László, 240 Oneg Shabat group (Hungary), 238 “Open Letter to Hungarian Society and Hungarian Jewry” (SALOM, 1984), 239 oral history, 3,56,59,107,218 Organization of Victims of the Nazi Regime, 116 ORT (Society for Handicraft and Agricultural Work among the Jews), 23,32Ո38 Orthodox Christianity, 226 Orthodox Judaism, 36,37,45,124 OSE (Œuvre de Secours aux Enfants), 38 Other/Otherness, 145,146 Ötvös, Attila János, 244 Ovrazhki “refusenik” gatherings, 219-222 Oyslender, Naum (Nokhem), 180-181 OZET (Society for Settling Toiling Jews on the Land), 141 Pale of Settlement, in Russian Empire, 57,215, 217 Palestine, 21,25,83,84,115,217; founding of Jewish state in, 113; Jewish emigration to, 86 Palestine Liberation Organization, 167 Pappenheim, Bertha, 117 Passover, 62,64,133,136 Pat, Yaacov (Jacob), 19 Patriotic Peoples Front (Hungary), 241,250Ո32 Peretz, Yitskhok Leybush, 189 Petersburg Judaica Center (European University at St. Petersburg), 56,59 Peysakhovich, Zunya (Semion Petrovich), 97-99 photo albums, 3,35,49 Pieck, Wilhelm, 114 Poalei
Zion, 23,25,27 Podolia (Vinnytsa Oblast of Ukraine), Jewish settlement of, 58-59; “illegal” religious and economic activities, 61-63,68Ո39; Cooperative Shechita, 63-64; synagogue congregants in, 64-65; traditional forms of social prestige/hierarchy in, 59; transforma tion ofJewish Community, 65-67 padriads (seasonal matzah bakeries), 62,63 pogroms, 27,81,165; Kielce pogrom (1946), 16, 17,27,28,199; Przytyk pogrom (1936), 158. See also Kristallnacht Poland, 1,3,7,43,84; anti-Jewish policies of regime, 2; antisemitic campaign (1968), 29, 207; Border Protection Troops (Wojska Ochrony Pogranicza), 206; coalition government (1945-1947), 28; collapse of Stalinism in, 30,197-198; Communism as forcefully imposed foreign import, 18; differences with other Eastern European countries, 4; “Exhibition of Regained Lands” (1948), 29; harvest campaign (1945)) 26; Institute of National Remem brance (IPN), 206; marginalization/ exoticization of Jewish history in, 9; nationalistic historiography on Communist period, 2; non-exit migration policy, 197; pogroms in, 16,17,27,28,158,199; Second Republic, 18,19; security services, 207; Warsaw Yiddish theater, 187. See also Lower Silesia Polevoy, Boris, 178,183,188 Polish Jews: antisemitism and, 26; in Bohemian Lands, 38,49; Communists, 28; concentration in Lower Silesia, 16; in GDR, 157; old and new political culture and, 18-22; Orthodox, 21; productivization and Jewish cooperatives, 22-24; repatriated from Soviet Union, 200-201; in the Soviet Union, 224; “surviving remnant” after Holocaust, 15; transnationalism and, 24-26 Polish Jews, migration
to Israel, 29,30,195-197, 207-208; “family reunification” discourse and, 198,199,204,205; female perspective on disputed right ofreturn, 200-206; individual agency and, 206-207; male
Index perspective in family discourse about, 197-200; non-Jewish spouses and, 203-206; reasons behind individual decisions to emigrate, 196; special status of, 210Ո28 Polish Socialist Party, 29 postage stamps, antifascist memorial culture and, 159-160,171Ո28 PPR [Polska Partia Robotnicza] (Polish Workers Party), 28,29 Prague, city of, 35,36,38,40,50; Fefer and Mikhoels in, 76; secular Jews in, 44 Prantner, József, 237 Pravda (Soviet newspaper), 91,92,93,105,139; Birobidzhaner Shtern as copy of, 177 prayerbooks, 8 Preobrazhensky (accused in Doctors’ Plot), 93 PROCOR (Society to Assist the Productiviza֊ tion of the Economically Ruined Jewish Masses in the Soviet Union), 141 Przytyk pogrom (Poland, 1936), 158 public sphere, 18 PZPR (Polish United Workers Party), 29 Rabinovich, Semen (Solomon/Shloyme), 178, 179 Rafes, Julian, 95,96,105-106 Raj, Rabbi Tamás, 238 Rákosi, Mátyás, 245 Rappoport (accused in Doctors’ Plot), 93 Ratman, Abram, 27 Ravensbrück concentration camp, 161,168 Ravensbrückmemorial concert (1959), J59, 167 Rebling, Eberhard, 161,164,165 Rebhng, Jada, 161 Redlich, Shimon, 72,73 Reform Judaism, 37,52Ո22 refusenik milieu, 3,219-222,228 Reichenbach (Rychbach), town of, 15,16,17, 19, μ Religion and Jewish Identity in the Soviet Union, 1941-1964. (Altshuler), 55 “restratification” programs, 22 Riesenburger, Rabbi Martin, 157,158,160,162, 164 Robeson, Paul, 188 Romania, 4,7,44,84,86; diplomatic relations with Israel, 8,237; Hungarian minority in, 240-241; marginalization/exoticization of Jewish history in, 9 2Ó7 Romani people, 7 Romanova, Elena, 183 Romm, Mokhail, 174
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 161 Rosenberg, Ethel and Julius, 156 Rosenblüth, Leo, 168 Rosenzweig, Franz, 237 Rosh Hashanah, 136 Rothschild, Recha, 117 Rubenstein, Joshua, 106 Russia, 95,107 Russian archives, opening of, 72 Russian language, 56,137,138,143,144-145,187 Sachsenhausen concentration camp, 161,162, 167,168 Salamon, Ervin, 163 Saigo, Laszlo, 168 Salisbury, Harrison E., 177 Salnikov, Nikolai Evgenievich, 102 Salogor, Nikita, 80 SALOM group (Hungary), 7,237-243,244, 245,148 Sandier, Boris, 188 “S'brenť [It Is Burning] (Gebirtnik song), 158, 164 Scheiber, Sándor, 238 Schneiderman, Shmuel Leyb (Samuel Leib), 19,23 Schramm, Katharina, 39 Scott, James, 141 SED [Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutsch lands] (Socialist Unity Party), 114,116,117, 124; antisemitism and, 121,123; ZPKK (Central Party Control Commission), 117, 118. See also GDR [German Democratic Republic] (East Germany) SEFER Center for University Teaching of Jewish Civilization (Moscow), 56,59 Seghers, Anna, 112,114,124,164 Selbiger, Fritz, 115 Shapiro, Fedya, 96 Shapiro, Moisei, 93 Shcherbakov, Aleksandr, 74,80,92 Shereshevsky (accused in Doctors’ Plot), 93 Shilman, Berta, 136 Shkiriatov, Matvei, 76 Shmeruk (Szmeruk), Chone, 181 Shneer, David, 1,7,8,121,123,14s Shoah. See Holocaust/Shoah
2Ó8 Index shochet (kosher butcher), 8,27,63,218 Shoshkes, Chaim (Henry), 182,184 Shternberg, Yakov, 182 Shternshis, Anna, 1,3,43,57,134 Shtetl, the 21st Century (edited collection), 59 shtetls, former, ss, 57,58,63,66,225 Shul’man, Evgenii, too, 101 Shulman, Gennady, 101-102 Shulshteyn, Moshe, 19,23 Siberia, 92,93 Sicher, Chief Rabbi Gustav, 43 Silber, Marcos, 7 Simchat Torah festival, 181,220 Singer, Isaac Bashevis, 187 Singer, Ödön, 164,172Ո50 Six-Day War (1967), 43 48,237, 239, ^49 Skriabin, Konstantin, 100,101,109Ո33 Slánský, Rudolf, show trial of (1952), 41,42,47; GDR and, 119,120,121,122,153 Šlitr, Jiří, 44 Sloterdijk, Peter, 145 Slovakia, 39,45,48,240 Slovak Jews, 35,49 Sloves, Chaim (Henry), 178,182 sociology, relational, 229 Sovetish heymland [Soviet Homeland] (Yiddish journal), 136,189 Soviet Jews, 54-56,86-87; “Accented Jews,” 145; as “community of fate,” 132; derogatory terms for, 142,149Ո59; disenchantment of, 71; “fifth point” and discrimination against, 174-175; foreign connections seen as alarming by Soviet state, 83-86; as “Jews of Silence,” 55; lishenets status (stripped of civil rights), 217; “Odessan humor,” 145 Soviet Union (USSR), 1,25,44; antisemitism opposed in interwar period, 78-82; blat (connections), 223,229,235Ո76; changing socioeconomic structure ofJewish society in, 56-58; Communist holidays, 135; deportations of minorities, 92; eugenics in, 140-141; Far East, 5-6; former shtetls on territory of, 55,57,58,63,66; German invasion of (1941), 58; Great Terror, 83; “internationalism” of, 139,143; Jewish emigration from, 15,87Ո2; NEP (New Economic
Policy), 57; perestroika era, 62, 65; Politburo, 78; “publics of svoi՞ in, 228, 230,231,235Ո71; repatriation from Czechoslovakia to, 38,51mi; repatriation of Polish Jews from, 21; “shadow” economy of, 55,60,66,67; SMERSH (Death to Spies Department), 97,109Ո27; territorial expansion of, 78-79; World War II victory of, 106. See also Birobidzhan; Jewish Autonomous Region (JAR); Malakhovka Soviet Writers Union, 178,179,180,182,183; Vergehe as Yiddish frontman at, 185; Yiddish publishing and, 189 Sovinformburo (Soviet Information Bureau), 74, 75, 76,178,179 Spartacus League [Spartakusbund] (German sociahst group, 1914-1918), 117,128Ո49 Spirò, György, 247 Sputnik treťegofestivalin evreiskoi pesni (Companion to the Third Festival Song), 220 Srebnik, Henry, 167 Stalin, Joseph, 2,80,84,181; death of, 30,71, 106,133; Doctors’ Plot and, 71,91,106; evolution of antisemitism and, 72,83; Great Purges of, 124,133,217 Stalinism, 4,8,16,29,60,82; antisemitic campaigns and, 223; collapse of, 197-198; de-Stalinization, 136; fears of betrayal by Soviet Jews, 87; in Hungary, 245,246; purges and, 176; regime on brink of collapse in World War II, 78 Stasi (East German security/intelligence service), 124 State Yiddish Theater (Warsaw), 158 Steinberger, Nathan, 124 stereotypes, 82,143,245 Strauss, Richard, 161 Studená, Věra Herškovič, 45,53Ո42 Suchý, Jiří, 44 Suller, Chaim, 180,182 summer camps, international, 8 Surkov, Aleksei, 182,188 Suslov, Mikhail, 85,181-182,186 Świątkowski, Henryk, 200 synagogues, 5,21,169; in Birobidzhan, 133, 134; in Czechoslovakia, 40,41,45; destroyed under Nazi regime,
44; Dohány Street Synagogue (Budapest), 163-164; in Dzierżoniów, 22; Leningrad Synagogue, 181; in Malakhovka, 217-219; Moscow Choral Synagogue, 220,221; in the Soviet Union, 55, 60,62,64-65 Szabó, Miklós, 236,240 Szántó, Gábor, 244
Index Talmud, 60 Talmud Torah, 65 Tekisin, Zinovy (Ziarna), 181 Tenenbaum, Joseph, 19 Tenner, Giinter, 119 Teplice, city of, 41,46 Thaw, post-Stalinist, so, 197,219 Thayer, Robert H., 175 Iheresienstadt/Terezin concentration camp, 7,46-47,162 “thin and thick cultures,” 56,57,216 Timashuk, Lydia, 91-92,93,94,105 Timm, Angelika, 116 Timofeevna, Mariia, 105 Tkachev report (1950), 84-85 Torah, 63,66,134,218-219 Torah VaAvodah (Torah [Study] and Labor), 21 Toronto Labour League, 165 "totalitarianism,” 18 transnationalism, 7-9,15,24-26 Transnistria, 58-59,79 Trebhnka extermination camp, 19 Triolet, Elsa, 183 “Trotskyists,” 119 Tsanin, Mordechai, 189 Tsipkin, Boris, 93 TSKŻ [Towarzystwo Społeczno Kulturalne Żydów w Polsce] (Jewish Socio-Cultural Association), 30,43 Turkey, 84 Turkow, Jonas, 27 Tushunov, A., 85 UJPO (United Jewish People’s Order), 165, 173Ո62 Ukraine, 55,57,63,95; alternative medicine and legacy of Doctors’ Plot in, 107; antisemitism in, 79-80; Communist Party of, 73; Jewish agricultural colonies in, 89Ո39; Nikolaev Medical Research Institute, 97; NKGB of Ukrainian SSR, 79,80; remnants of Yiddish culture in, 215; southwestern Podolia, 58-66; Ukrainian SSR, 83. See also Podolia Ulbricht, Walter, 118,124 United Kingdom (UK), 84,85,86 United Nations (UN), 23,237; Rehef and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), 39,84,89Ո59 269 United States, 9,24,54,84,154; decline of antisemitism in, 155; emigration of Polish Jews to, 196; House Un-American Activities Committee, 126Ո16; Jewish relatives in, 45; Rebhng family tour in, 166-167,1Ճ8; socialist and hberal Jewish press in,
29; State Department, 118; US intelligence agents/services, 85,90Ո66,90Ո71,91,92; Workmen’s Circle activists in, 185 urbánus (urban, internationalist) movement, 143,247-148,251Ո39 USO (United Services Organization), 166 Ústí nad Labem (Czechoslovakia), city of, 36, 37,4L 41,45,4б, so Vaiľ, Petr, 219 Valter, Naum, 189 Vanishing Diaspora (Wasserstein, 1996), 35 Veidhnger, Jeffrey, 1, ss, 56,92; on assimilated Soviet Jewish intelligentsia, 215; on Jews of USSR as diaspora nationality, 83 Vergehs, Aron, 180,182,183,185-186,188, 189-190 Věstník židovské náboženské obce v Praze [Bulletin of the Jewish Community in Prague] (journal), 47,48,50 Vinogradov, Vladimir, 92 Vladimirski, Boris, 189 vnye (outside), 228 Vovsi, Miron, 91,106,110Ո52 Vyshinskii, Andrei, 85 Vysotsky, Vladimir, 215, 224 Wagner, Richard, 161 Waitz, Robert, 88Ո31 Wallenberg, Raoul, 241,242 Warsaw Ghetto, 19,199 Warsaw Ghetto uprising commemorations, 159,166,169,171Ո24 Wasserstein, Bernard, 35 Weinberg, Robert, 131 Wendroff, Zalman, 179-180 Western Jewish institutions, 29 White, Harrison, 229-230 Winter, Jack, 165 Winter, Lotte Fleischhacker, 111,124 WKŻP [Wojewódzki Komitet Żydów Polskich] (Voivodship Committee of Polish Jews), 16-17,23,26; transnationalism and, 24; Zionists purged from, 29
270 Index Workers International Relief, ա World and American Federation of Polish Jews, 19 World Jewish Congress, 29,83,243 World War II, 7,8,9,49,77,164; as fight between fascism and antifascism, 246; Hungarian Jews saved during, 24։; as legitimizing event for Soviet statehood, 715 Romanian occupation zone in Ukraine, 58. See also Communist Party, Soviet; Great Patriotic War, Soviet Wroclaw (Poland), city of, 25,29 Yekelchyk, Serhy, 174 Yiddish culture/language, 4,6,25,29; Aleichem and, 185-190; antifascism and, 7, 8; antifascist concerts, 159,161-162; Birobidzhan and, 133,136-139,144-145,176; cultural diplomacy, 8; cultural diplomacy and, 175; in Czechoslovakia, 41,47; fieldwork interviews in Yiddish, 56; folk music, 167; in GDR, 157,158-159,168; German Jewish Communists and, 123; last native speakers, 55; literacy in, 57; newspapers, 19; in Poland, 155; in Romania, 155; songs, 158; Soviet policy on literature, 179-186; in the Soviet Union, 54,56,57,58, 60,175; theater, 19,182 YKUF (Argentinian Jewish Cultural Association), 183 Yom Kippur, 62,133,134,135,218 Yugoslavia, 4,8,9,43,44 Yurchak, Alexei, 145,216,228,235Ո72 Yuzefovich, Eleazar, 222 Zawadzki, Stanislaw, 203 Zelenin (accused in Doctors’ Plot), 93 Zelenina, Galina, 3 Zeltzer, Arkady, 1,55,60 Zhdanov, Andrei, 76,91-92 Zionism, 4,6,24,120,168,227; as code word used by Soviet media, 92; Communist opposition to, 28,72,79,85,138,238; Doctors’ Plot and, 91; German Jews’ support of, 155; “Gordonia” organization, 84-85; Hashomer Hatzair youth move ment, 21; Left Zionism, 4,23; migration policy and, 201,202; “refuseniks”
and, 220; Rehgious Zionist movements, 21-22; secular, 22; Soviet official discourse on, 55. See also Israel, State of "Zog nit keymoľ [Never Say] (Glik song), 158 Zorin, Valerian, 85 Zuckermann, Leo, 112,113-114,121,128Ո59 Zweig, Arnold, 121,124 Zylberberg, Bezalel Moshe, 27 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek MQnchan |
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| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>04801nam a2200793 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV048506171</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20230824 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">221011s2022 |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781978830790</subfield><subfield code="c">paperback</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-978830-79-0</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781978830806</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-978830-80-6</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1349543715</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV048506171</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-355</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-M457</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">HIST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">BD 9420</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)10435:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NY 4620</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)132348:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NY 4770</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)132359:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NY 4780</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)132360:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NY 4790</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)132361:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Jewish lives under communism</subfield><subfield code="b">new perspectives</subfield><subfield code="c">edited by Kateřina Čapková and Kamil Kijek</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">New Brunswick, Camden ; Newark, New Jersey ; London</subfield><subfield code="b">Rutgers University Press</subfield><subfield code="c">[2022]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2022</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">viii, 270 Seiten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"This volume provides new, groundbreaking views of Jewish life in various countries of the pro-Soviet bloc from the end of the Second World War until the collapse of Communism in late 1989. The authors, twelve leading historians and anthropologists from Europe, Israel and the United States, look at the experience of Jews under Communism by digging beyond formal state policy and instead examining the ways in which Jews creatively seized opportunities to develop and express their identities, religious and secular, even under great duress. The volume shifts the focus from Jews being objects of Communist state policy (and from anti-Jewish prejudices in Communist societies) to the agency of Jews and their creativity in Communist Europe after the Holocaust. The examination of Jewish history from a transnational vantage point challenges a dominant strand in history writing today, by showing instead the wide variety of Jewish experiences in law, traditions and institutional frameworks as conceived from one Communist country to another and even within a single country, such as Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, East Germany, and the Soviet Union. 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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 gnd Deutschland DDR (DE-588)4011890-3 gnd Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ostmitteleuropa Deutschland DDR Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV048506171 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:46:08Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:39:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781978830790 9781978830806 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033883322 |
| oclc_num | 1349543715 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-M457 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-M457 |
| physical | viii, 270 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230210 DHB_BSB_FID |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Rutgers University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Jewish lives under communism new perspectives edited by Kateřina Čapková and Kamil Kijek New Brunswick, Camden ; Newark, New Jersey ; London Rutgers University Press [2022] © 2022 viii, 270 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "This volume provides new, groundbreaking views of Jewish life in various countries of the pro-Soviet bloc from the end of the Second World War until the collapse of Communism in late 1989. The authors, twelve leading historians and anthropologists from Europe, Israel and the United States, look at the experience of Jews under Communism by digging beyond formal state policy and instead examining the ways in which Jews creatively seized opportunities to develop and express their identities, religious and secular, even under great duress. The volume shifts the focus from Jews being objects of Communist state policy (and from anti-Jewish prejudices in Communist societies) to the agency of Jews and their creativity in Communist Europe after the Holocaust. The examination of Jewish history from a transnational vantage point challenges a dominant strand in history writing today, by showing instead the wide variety of Jewish experiences in law, traditions and institutional frameworks as conceived from one Communist country to another and even within a single country, such as Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, East Germany, and the Soviet Union. By focusing on networks across east-central Europe and beyond and on the forms of identity open to Jews in this important period, the volume begins a crucial rethinking of social and cultural life under Communist regimes"-- Sozialgeschichte 1945-1991 gnd rswk-swf Sozialismus (DE-588)4055785-6 gnd rswk-swf Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 gnd rswk-swf Deutschland DDR (DE-588)4011890-3 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Jews / Communist countries / Social conditions Jews / Communist countries / Social life and customs Communist countries / Ethnic relations Jews / Identity Ethnic relations Jews / Social conditions Jews / Social life and customs Communist countries (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 g Deutschland DDR (DE-588)4011890-3 g Sozialismus (DE-588)4055785-6 s Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Sozialgeschichte 1945-1991 z DE-604 Čapková, Kateřina 1973- (DE-588)136695779 edt Kijek, Kamil 1981- (DE-588)1098159578 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-978830-81-3 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-978830-82-0 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033883322&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033883322&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Jewish lives under communism new perspectives Sozialismus (DE-588)4055785-6 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4055785-6 (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4075753-5 (DE-588)4011890-3 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Jewish lives under communism new perspectives |
| title_auth | Jewish lives under communism new perspectives |
| title_exact_search | Jewish lives under communism new perspectives |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Jewish lives under communism new perspectives |
| title_full | Jewish lives under communism new perspectives edited by Kateřina Čapková and Kamil Kijek |
| title_fullStr | Jewish lives under communism new perspectives edited by Kateřina Čapková and Kamil Kijek |
| title_full_unstemmed | Jewish lives under communism new perspectives edited by Kateřina Čapková and Kamil Kijek |
| title_short | Jewish lives under communism |
| title_sort | jewish lives under communism new perspectives |
| title_sub | new perspectives |
| topic | Sozialismus (DE-588)4055785-6 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sozialismus Juden Ostmitteleuropa Deutschland DDR Sowjetunion Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033883322&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033883322&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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