Holdings: Jihad in the Western Balkans

Jihad in the Western Balkans: (evolution, implications and lessons learned)

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Demiraj, Dritan Baki 1969- (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English Albanian
Published:	Tirana Botimet M&B 2021
Series:	[Kolana "Al-Qaeda"] 45
Subjects:	Geschichte Islam Internationaler Terrorismus Fundamentalismus Albaner Dschihadismus Westbalkanstaaten
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis
Physical Description:	608 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts, Karten 24 cm
ISBN:	9789928353320

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Record in the Search Index

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adam_text	TABLE OF CONTENT FOREWORD.......................................................................................... 19 FOREWORD BY DRITAN DEMIRAJ, PH.D. - INTRODUCTION TO THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ISLAM AND THE JIHADI MINDSET OF TERRORISTS............................................................................................................ 29 INTRODUCTION BY DRITAN DEMIRAJ, PH.D. ALBANIAN JIHADISTS IN SYRIA AND IRAQ”. SHORT HISTORYOFTHEJIHAD IN THE BALKANS..... 42 1. WHAT IS THE CONNECTION OF ALBANIAN FOREIGN FIGHTERS TO ISIS?....................................................................................... 46 2. HOW MANY FOREIGN FIGHTERS HAVE JOINED JIHADIST GROUPS IN IRAQ AND SYRIA................ 47 3. HOW ARE ALBANIAN JIHADISTS INFLUENCED BY ISIS AND AL-QAEDA PROPAGANDA?..................................................................... 54 4. WHY SERBIAN SECRET SERVICES ARE INVOLVED IN THE ALBANIAN-JIHADIST PROPAGANDA?.................................................. 55 5. WHY THE RUSSIAN DIPLOMACY IS LAUNCHING A CAMPAIGN TO HAMPER THE NORMALIZATION AND THE RESPECTIVE RECOGNITION BETWEEN KOSOVO AND SERBIA?........................ 65 6. WHAT IS THE EXTENT OF ISIS TRAINING CAMPS IN THE WESTERN BALKANS?........... ........... 71 7. WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES OF SECURITY SERVICES IN EUROPE AND THE WESTERN BALKANS?........................................................... 71 THE ROLE OF ISLAMIC NGOS IN THE RADICALIZATION OF ALBANIAN CITIZENS?.................................................................................................................73 WHAT IS THE ROLE OF SAUDI-FUNDED NGO-S IN RADICALIZATION OF THE WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES?.......................................................... 74 WHICH SPECIFIC NGO-S ARE ENGAGED IN RADICALIZATION?................. 76 WHAT ARE THE MAIN ACTIVITIES OF THESE JIHADISTS OF BALKAN ORIGIN....................................................................................................................... 86 WHAT IS THE THREAT FROM ALBANIAN JIHADISTS TODAY?................................................................................................................95 RADICAL ALBANIAN VISITORS IN SWITZERLAND......................................... 98 WHAT IS THE ROLE OF AMERICAN EXPATS AND WOMEN IN ALBANIAN JIHAD? 100 CONCLUSION............................................................................................................... 102 7 CHAPTER 1 1-1. CONCEPTS OF RADICALISATION AND EXTREMISM............................ 105 1.2. THEROOTSOFCONSERVATIVERELIGIOUSIDEASINTHEWORLD.109 1-3. THE ROOTS OF VIOLENT EXTREMIST IDEAS........................................ 114 1-4. DISSEMINATION OF CONSERVATIVE RELIGIOUS IDEAS IN ALBANIA, KOSOVO AND MACEDONIA 120 1-5. BASIC CAUSES OF RADICALISATION 144 1-6. FACTORS THAT INCITE RADICALISATION IN ALBANIA AND KOSOVO.................... 147 1-7. WAYS, FORMS AND TECHNIQUES OF EXTREMISTS BRAINWASHING...................................................................................... 161 CHAPTER 2 2. DIFFERENT VIEWS ON JIHAD AND RADICALISATION........................... 169 2-1. THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF ISLAM AND DEMOCRACY...................... 169 2-2. VIOLENCE, TERRORISM AND JIHAD ACCORDING TO ISLAMIC VIEW.................................................................................... 177 2-3. HOW TO UNDERSTAND JIHAD?................................................................... 192 2-4. THE NATURE OF JIHAD IN ISLAM.............................................................. 196 2-5.13 TYPES OF JIHAD.......................................................................................... 203 2-6. CIVIL, STATE, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, EDUCATIONAL, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL JIHAD 205 2-7. MISUSE OF JIHAD IN THE POLICIES OF ISIS / AL-QAEDA / AL-NUSRA. HISTORY OF ISLAMIC CULTURE 210 2-8. CHARACTERISTICS OF AQ AND ISIS CULTURE......................................219 2-9. METHODOLOGY OF RADICALIZATION OF AQ AND ISIS......................224 CHAPTER 3 3.1. A SHORT HISTORY OF THE SYRIAN JIHAD (2011-2019).................... 229 3-2. JABHAT AL-NUSRA FRONT / JABHAT FATEH AL-SHAM..................... 239 3-2.1. THE LEADERS OF JABHAT AL-NUSRA (JN)................................ 240 3-2.2. DECLARATION OF CALIPHATE (MAY-AUGUST 2014)............. 241 3-2.3. JABHAT FATAH AL-SHAM JFS (JULY 2016 - PRESENT).......... 243 3-2. 4. HAYAT TAHRIR AL-SHAM (HTS) IN SYRIA............................... 243 3-3. WHO ARE THE FOREIGN WARRIORS FIGHTING IN SYRIA?.............247 3-4. CONCLUSION ON THE CONFLICT IN SYRIA............................................ 248 3-5. ISLAMIC STATE (2003-2019) ....................................................................... 251 8 3-6. FROM AL-QAEDA (AQ) TO THE ISLAMIC STATE (ISIS); ITS FIVE GENERATIONS........................................................................ 252 3-6.1. HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AQ BY GENERATIONS (1988-2009)............................................................................................ 252 3-6.2 WHAT ARE THE COMMONS OF THE MISSION DURING THE FOUR GENERATIONS OF AQ........................................ 253 1. AL-QAEDA, FIRST GENERATION - PHASE OF LEADERSHIP AND PHILOSOPHY (1988-1991)............................................................. 254 2. AL-QAEDA, SECOND GENERATION ֊ PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT OF TERRORISM LEADERS (1991-1996)................................ 255 3. AL-QAEDA, THIRD GENERATION - PHASE OF TERRORIST CONFRONTATION AND INSPIRATION AT GLOBAL LEVEL, (1997-2003).....................................................................................257 4. AL-QAEDA, FOURTH GENERATION - THE INVASION OF IRAQ AND CONTINUATION OF THE WAR AGAINST THE WEST (2003-2011).................................................................... 258 5. AL-QAEDA, FIFTH GENERATION - CREATION OF ISIS (FIRST GENERATION, 2011-2021)............................................. 259 3-6. 3. OPERATION: LIONS OF ALLAH AL-BILAWI - PHASE 1. CAMPAIGN TO TAKE THE WESTERN IRAQ UNDER CONTROL...260 3-6. 4. THE LAST DECLARATION OF ISIS INDEPENDENCE FROM AL-QAEDA..................................................................................... 262 3-6. 5. OPERATION LIONS OF ALLAH AL-BILAWI - PHASE 2. CAMPAIGN TO SEIZE THE CITIES OF MOSUL, AL-ANBAR AND CENTRAL IRAQ..................................................................... 263 3-6. 6. THE MISSION WAS COMPLETED ACCORDING TO ISIS TACTICS................................................................................................... 267 3-6.7. FOREIGN FIGHTERS OF ISIS............................................................ 269 3-7. HOW MANY MEMBERS DID THE ISLAMIC STATE HAVE?.................... 275 CHAPTER4 4-1. HISTORICAL MINIATURE OF THE ALBANIAN MUSLIM IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION....................................................................................... 279 4-1.1. THE SITUATION OF ALBANIA BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF THE OTTOMANS............................................................................ 280 4-1.2. PRESENCE OF THE FIRST MUSLIMS AND THE ARRIVAL OF THE OTTOMANS IN THE ALBANIAN TERRITORIES................ 282 4-1.3. THE NEW ISLAMIC IDENTITY OF ALBANIANS, A NATURAL AND MULTIFACTORIAL PROCESS.................................................. 285 9 4-1.4 WEAKENING OF THE CHRISTIAN CLERGY................................285 4-1.5. HISTORICAL LIES ABOUT VIOLENCE AND PRESSURE OF THE OSMAN CONVERTERS..................................................................... 287 4-1.6. CONCLUSIONS.................................................................................. 293 4-2. ALBANIA’S SECESSION FROM THE OTTOMAN CALIPHATE AND THE EFFORTS FOR THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE ALBANIAN MOSQUE...294 4-3. MUSLIM RELIGION IN ALBANIAN AREAS............................................. 309 4-4. THE PERIOD OF THE COMMUNIST REGIME IN ALBANIA (1944-1967)............................................................................................314 4.4.1 ALBANIA IS THE ONLY ATHEIST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD (1967-1990)........................................................................... 315 4-5. THE PERIOD BEFORE THE SECOND WORLD WAR IN KOSOVO...... 317 4-6. THE PERIOD OF THE YUGOSLAV COMMUNIST DICTATORSHIP IN KOSOVO.......................................................................................... 321 4-7. THE PERIOD OF YUGOSLAV LIBERALISM ............................................ 322 4-8. THE PERIOD OF REBIRTH OF THE RELIGIOUS FAITH AFTER 1990 IN ALBANIA.......................................................................................... 323 CHAPTER 5 5. JIHAD AND DIFFERENT UNDERSTANDING AMOMG ALBANIANS...... 327 5-1. INSTRUMENTS THAT HAVE FACILITATED VIOLENT EXTREMISM IN BOSNIA, ALBANIA, KOSOVO AND MACEDONIA................................. 327 5-1-1. ALBANIA’S MEMBERSHIP INTO THE ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC CONFERENCE (OIC) 327 5-1.2. BEGINNING OF THE ARMED CONFLICT IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA AGAINST THE MILOSEVIC MASSACRES AND GENOCIDE (1992-1995).................................................................328 5-1-3. CONNECTION OF WAR IN BOSNIA TO AL-QAEDA................329 5-1-4. DISTRIBUTION OF RADICAL LITERATURE AND BOOKS...... 331 5-1-5. DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC AGITATION AND PROPAGANDA....................................................................... 331 5-1-6. INCENTIVE MATERIAL...................................................................334 5-1-7. PLACES FOR EXECUTION OF IMPRISONMENT (PRISONS)...335 5-1-8. ESTABLISHMENT OF TRAINING CAMPS 335 5-2. THE ISSUE OF MOSQUES AND IMAMS 337 5-3. DORMITORIES AND OTHER PRIVATE PREMISES................................ 338 5-4. INTERNETAND SOCIAL MEDIA.............................................................. 339 5-4.1 TYPES OF UNITS THAT PRODUCE VIDEOS................................ 344 5-4.2 ISIS NEWSPAPER, DABIQ”............................................................ 344 10 5-5. FINANCING....................................................................................................... 346 5-6. WHAT WAS THE REACTION OF STATE INSTITUTIONS IN ALBANIA AND KOSOVO, ETC.?...................................................................... 353 5-6.1. MEASURES TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA AND KOSOVO.............................................................. 356 5-6.2. MUSLIM COMMUNITY OF ALBANIA, (KMSH)........................... 362 5-6.3. STATE CULT COMMUNITY (ACC)................................................... 363 5-6.4. CIVIL SOCIETY...................................................................................... 363 5-7. HOW CAN ALBANIAN FIGHTERS OF ALBANIAN ORIGIN BE REHABILITATED AND REINTEGRATED?........................................ 365 5-8. RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE IN ALBANIA, A SPECIAL EXAMPLE ALL OVER THE WORLD........................................................................................................ 369 CHAPTER 6 6. ALBANIANS INVOLVED IN ISIS AND AL-NUSRA FRONT.........................383 6.1. FOREIGN FIGHTERS OF KOSOVO IN IRAQ/SYRIA..................................... 383 1. LAVDRIM MUHAXHERI (A.K.A ABU ABDULLAH AL-KOSOVI) MARCH 1989-7 JUNE 2017.................................................................386 6-1.1 LAVDRIM MUHAXHERI’S COMBAT ACTIVITY........................... 387 6-1.2. LAVDRIM MUHAXHERI THREATENS ALBANIA WITH BOMB ATTACKS AND SUICIDE BOMBERS.................... 389 6-1.3. REFUSAL OF INTERVIEW................................................................ 392 6-1.4. THE THREAT OF LAVDRIM MUHAXHERI................................... 396 6-1.5. FOLLOWING INTENSIVE INVESTIGATIONS: LAVDRIM MUHAXHERI ORDERED THE ATTACKS DURING THE MATCH ALBANIA-ISRAEL................................................................................. 398 6-1.6. SECRET CONVERSATIONS WITH LAVDRIM MUHAXHERI ARE REVEALED, HOW THE TERRORIST ATTACK WOULD BE CARRIED OUTDURINGTHEALBANIA-ISRAELMATCH?.................................. 399 6-1.7. THE HEAD OF THE WIRETAPPING IN SHISH IS THREATENED WITH LIFE, AFTER THEY HAVE REVEALED THE TERRORIST THREAT AGAINST THE ISRAELI TEAM.............................. 400 6-1.8. IN NOVEMBER 2016, 4 PEOPLE WERE ARRESTED WHO PLOTTED THE ATTACK ON THE ALBANIA-ISRAEL MATCH..... 401 6-1.9. STATE INTELLIGENCE SERVICE (SHISH) AND THE PROSECUTION OF SERIOUS CRIMES WIRETAPPED THE SHKODRA BELIEVERS, LAVDRIM MUHAXHERI’S CONVERSATIONS WERE TRANSCRIBED BY THE ISRAELI ANTI-TERROR UNIT.........................................................................402 11 6-1.10. LAVDRIM MUHAXHERI APPEARS IN IRAQ ON DECEMBER 29,2015....................................................................................403 6-1.11. DEATH OF LAVDRIM MUHAXHERI............................................ 404 6-1.12. COVERAGE OF MUHAXHERI S MURDER BY INTERNATIONAL NEWSPAPERS......................................................................... 406 6-1.13. RIDVAN HAQIFI (A.KA. ABU MUQATIL, 1990-8 FEBRUARY 2017)................................................ 407 6-1.14. NAMAN DEMOLLI............................................................................ 409 6-1.15. BLERIM PODVORICA (A.K.A. EBU ZEJD KOSOVI)..................410 6-1.16. BETİM IBRAHIMA)........................................................................... 411 6-1. 17. BLERIM HETA.................................................................................. 412 6-1.18. VALDET GASHI..................................................................................412 6-1. 19. BEKIM MULLOLLI.............................................................. 413 6-1. 20. AGON MIŠINI.................................................................................... 413 6.2. FOREIGN FIGHTERS OF ALBANIA IN IRAQ/SYRIA............................... 414 6-2.1. ALMIR DACI 33 YEARS OLD (A.K.A. ABU BELKISE AL-ALBANI). IMAM, COMMANDER OF GROUND TROOPS AND RECRUITERS OF ISIS................................................................................................................. 415 6-2. 2. ABU USAMA AL-ALBANI.................................................................. 416 6-2. 3. LEONARDO HYSENI FROM BERAT............................................... 417 6-2.4.ALBANIANSWHOJOINEDISISINSYRIAANDIRAQ................... 418 6-2. 5. ALBANIANS KILLED IN SYRIA IN 2013-2015.......................... 418 6-2.6. GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA TAKES MEASURES AGAINST TERRORISM..................................419 6-2. 7. WHO WAS TWO IMAMS OF “MILITANT JIHAD ?.................... 421 6-2. 8. THE IMAM OF THE UNAZA E RE , GENCI BALLA HAD MADE A PUBLIC CALL TO GO TO SYRIA........................ 424 6-2. 9. ERZEN UKA ARRESTED FOR TERRORISM.............................. 426 6-2.10. BLEDAR IBRAHIMI (A.K.A. YAHYA IBRAHIMI)....................... 427 6-2.11. DIEGO MARADONA, THE “DEAF TERRORIST WITH THE ORIGIN FROM RUSSIA, IS ARRESTED IN TIRANA. 429 6-2.12. SHISH ANALYSES HOW ALBANIA FIGHTS TERRORISM...................................................................................... 430 6.3. FOREIGN FIGHTERS OF NORTH MACEDONIA, SERBIA [PRESHEVO VALLEY AND MEDVEGJA) IN IRAQ/SYRIA............ 433 6-3.1. DOZENS OF VOLUNTEERS FROM NORTH MACEDONIA ARE HEADING TO SYRIA................................................................... 433 6-3.2 ORHAN RAMADANI (A.K.A.DANIELAL-ALBANI,26YEARS,KILLEDINMAY2017)..... 434 12 6-3.3. ABDUL JASHARI (A.K.A. SHEIKH ABU QATADA AL-ALBANI)......................................................................................... 435 6-3.4. ADNAN REXHEPI.............................................................................436 6-3. 5. MUHAMED ZEKIRI.......................................................................... 437 6-3. 6. IMAM SAMI ABDULLAHU FROM SKOPJE................................. 437 6-3. 7. OTHER NORTH MACEDONIAN ALBANIANS WHO FOUGHT IN ISIS................................................................................................ 438 6-3. 8. FOREIGN FIGHTERS FROM THE PRESHEVO VALLEY AND BUJANOVC...............................................................................439 6-3.9. THE ISIS RECRUITER IMAMS FROM NORTH MACEDONIA....439 6-3.10. IMAM SHUKRI ALIU...................................................................... 439 6-3.11. IMAM REXHEP MEMISHI............................................................ 440 6-3.12. SERBIAN SECRET SERVICE ENCOURAGES ALBANIANS TO GO TO SYRIA...................................... 441 6-3.13. ANTI-TERROR LAW REFORMS UNDERTAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT OF NORTH MACEDONIA... 442 6-3.14. PREVENTION OF TERRORIST ATTACKS IN NORTH MACEDONIA................................................................... 443 6-3.15.17 ALBANIANS FROM KOSOVO AND PRESHEVO ON THE SYRIAN FRONTS: WE ARE HERE TO PROTECT ALBANIANS FROM AL-ASAD REGIME.................................... 444 6-3.16. VOLUNTEERS FROM KOSOVO AND PRESHEVO IN SYRIA: WE ARE HERE TO FIGHT TERRORISM AND TO PROTECT OUR BROTHERS AND SISTERS FROM THE REGIME OF THE SYRIAN ‘MILOSEVIC’.”..................... 445 6-4. FOREIGN FIGHTERS OF ALBANIAN ORIGIN WHO HAVE JOINED THE ALBANIAN JAMAAT (XHEMATI ALBAN) UNIT FIGHTING FOR THE JIHADIST GROUP HAYAT TAHRIR AL-SHAM (HTS) IN IDLIB, SYRIA................................................................................................................ 447 6.5. FIGHTERS OF ALBANIAN ORIGIN INVOLVED IN ISIS, AL-NUSRA FRONT, FREE SYRIAN ARMY AND TERRORIST ATTACKS IN USA AND EUROPE.................................................................................................. 455 6-5.1. ZYLFI HOXHA (A.K.A. ABU HAMZA AL-AMRIKI)...................455 6-5.2. SAJMIR ALIMEHMETI (A.K.A. SAHZH’-MEER AH-LEE-MEH-MEH -TEE)....................457 6-5.3. SAMI ÔSMAKA (25 YEARS OLD). ATTEMPT FOR TERRORIST ATTACK IN FLORIDA, USA IN 2012........................................... 458 6-5.4. ARID UKA. THE KILLING OF AMERICANS AT FRANKFURT AIRPORT IN GERMANY ON MARCH 2, 2011............................. 460 13 6-5.5. ATTEMPTED TERROR PLOT ON FORT DÍX MILITARY BASE IN NEW JERSEY, USA IN MAY 2007..................................................... 460 6-5.6. PLANNED ATTACK IN NORTH CAROLINA, USA BY THE JIHADIST GROUP RALEIGH WHOSE MEMBER WAS ALSO 27 YEAR OLD KOSOVAR, HYSEN SHERIFI, AND SIX OF HIS FRIENDS................................................................................... 461 6-5.7. AGRON HASBAJRAMI PLOTTED AN ATTACK ON MANHATTAN, USA IN 2011............................................................................. 463 6-5.8. BETİM KAZIU ATTEMPTS TO CARRY OUT A TERRORIST ATTACK IN NEW YORK, IN 2009................................... 463 6-5.9. AN ALBANIAN ALDO KORTUZI AND MARIA JULIA SERGOI (AKA FATIMA) ARE ARRESTED IN ITALY FOR TERRORISM................................................................................ 464 6-5.10. LORENZ К WAS ARRESTED IN 2016 FOR TERRORIST ACTIVITY IN VIENNA, AUSTRIA...................................... 464 6-5.11. THE ALBANIAN ANDREA (45 YEARS OLD) IS ARRESTED IN ATHENS, GREECE FOR SUPPORTING ISIS MATERIAL.................................................................................... 464 6-5.12. VENICE, ITALY. THE WIRETAPS FOR TERRORIST ATTACKS OF KOSOVARS FISNIK BEKAJ, DAKË HAZIRAJ AND ARJAN BABAJ ARE UNCOVERED..........................................465 6-5.13. ARTA KACABUNI (44 YEARS OLD) RECRUITED WOMEN FOR ISIS, AND ITALY IMMEDIATELY EXPELS ALBANIAN............ 467 6-5.14. THE ALBANIAN IMAM ZEJNULLAH SADIKI IS EXPELLED FROM ITALY, FOR THE SUSPICION OF HAVING LINKS WITH ISIS............................................................................................. 467 6-5.15. FABJAN ALAMETİ ARRESTED IN THE USA............................. 468 6-5.16. 27-YEAR-OLD KOSOVO JIHADIST GAFURR DIBRANI IS ARRESTED IN BRESCIA, ITALY................................. 469 6-6. FOREIGN FIGHTERS FROM BOSNIA HERZEGOVINA IN IRAQ/ SYRIA.................................................................................................................... 471 1. NUSRET IMAMOVIÇ. (AL-NUSRA FRONT).......................................... 471 2. TWO BOSNIAN CITIZENS WILL BE REPATRIATED TO BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA.................................................................................. 472 3. KEY ARRESTS BY THE GOVERNMENT OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA............................................................................... 473 4. THE SALAFI LEADER HUSEIN BILAL BOSNIÇ.................................. 474 5. MUNIBAHMETSPAHIC............................................................ 477 14 CHAPTER 7 7-1. DANGER FROM FOREIGN FIGHTERS...................................................... 481 7-2. RETURNEES .................................................................................................. 481 7-3. REMOTE RADICALIZATION....................................................................... 483 7-4. ALBANIAN GOVERNMENT STRATEGY AND PLANNING FOR THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM 484 7-5. IDENTIFICATION AND PREVENTION OF TERRORISM...................... 488 A. WATCHLISTING...............................................................................488 B. EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION BETWEEN AGENCIES..........489 C. PREVENTION ACTIVITIES............................................................. 491 D. DETECTION AND PROHIBITION OF TERRORISTS................ 495 CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................ 497 THE PRESIDENTIAL AWARDS OF DRITAN DEMIRAJ AND THE PUBLICATIONS OF HIS BOOKS 501 COMMON ISLAMIC TERMS................................................................................. 563 ABBREVIATIONS.................................................................................................... 568 BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................................................................................577 CIVIL PUBLICATIONS............................................................................................584 NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES AND WEBSITE ARTICLES...............................595 15 BIBLIOGRAFIA Botime të Qeverisë Amerikáne, Europiane, autorit Dritan Demiraj, database, video dhe libra të fundit q ë kaně lidhje me studimin e terrorizmit. • Al-Qaida’s Jihad in Europe , The Afghan Bosnia Network, Evan E Kohlmann, Berg, Oxford, New York, 2004. • Al-Qaeda’s Revenge: The 2004 Madrid Train Bombings”, Fernando Reinares, December 27, 2016, USA. • Al-Qaeda Declares War”, Tod Hoffman, University Press of New England, 2014. • Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), Organizational Behavior Profile , Dr. Michael S. 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adam_txt	TABLE OF CONTENT FOREWORD. 19 FOREWORD BY DRITAN DEMIRAJ, PH.D. - INTRODUCTION TO THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ISLAM AND THE JIHADI MINDSET OF TERRORISTS. 29 INTRODUCTION BY DRITAN DEMIRAJ, PH.D. 'ALBANIAN JIHADISTS IN SYRIA AND IRAQ”. SHORT HISTORYOFTHEJIHAD IN THE BALKANS. 42 1. WHAT IS THE CONNECTION OF ALBANIAN FOREIGN FIGHTERS TO ISIS?. 46 2. HOW MANY FOREIGN FIGHTERS HAVE JOINED JIHADIST GROUPS IN IRAQ AND SYRIA. 47 3. HOW ARE ALBANIAN JIHADISTS INFLUENCED BY ISIS AND AL-QAEDA PROPAGANDA?. 54 4. WHY SERBIAN SECRET SERVICES ARE INVOLVED IN THE ALBANIAN-JIHADIST PROPAGANDA?. 55 5. WHY THE RUSSIAN DIPLOMACY IS LAUNCHING A CAMPAIGN TO HAMPER THE NORMALIZATION AND THE RESPECTIVE RECOGNITION BETWEEN KOSOVO AND SERBIA?. 65 6. WHAT IS THE EXTENT OF ISIS TRAINING CAMPS IN THE WESTERN BALKANS?. . 71 7. WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES OF SECURITY SERVICES IN EUROPE AND THE WESTERN BALKANS?. 71 THE ROLE OF ISLAMIC NGOS IN THE RADICALIZATION OF ALBANIAN CITIZENS?.73 WHAT IS THE ROLE OF SAUDI-FUNDED NGO-S IN RADICALIZATION OF THE WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES?. 74 WHICH SPECIFIC NGO-S ARE ENGAGED IN RADICALIZATION?. 76 WHAT ARE THE MAIN ACTIVITIES OF THESE JIHADISTS OF BALKAN ORIGIN. 86 WHAT IS THE THREAT FROM ALBANIAN JIHADISTS TODAY?.95 RADICAL ALBANIAN VISITORS IN SWITZERLAND. 98 WHAT IS THE ROLE OF AMERICAN EXPATS AND WOMEN IN ALBANIAN JIHAD? 100 CONCLUSION. 102 7 CHAPTER 1 1-1. CONCEPTS OF RADICALISATION AND EXTREMISM. 105 1.2. THEROOTSOFCONSERVATIVERELIGIOUSIDEASINTHEWORLD.109 1-3. THE ROOTS OF VIOLENT EXTREMIST IDEAS. 114 1-4. DISSEMINATION OF CONSERVATIVE RELIGIOUS IDEAS IN ALBANIA, KOSOVO AND MACEDONIA 120 1-5. BASIC CAUSES OF RADICALISATION 144 1-6. FACTORS THAT INCITE RADICALISATION IN ALBANIA AND KOSOVO. 147 1-7. WAYS, FORMS AND TECHNIQUES OF EXTREMISTS BRAINWASHING. 161 CHAPTER 2 2. DIFFERENT VIEWS ON JIHAD AND RADICALISATION. 169 2-1. THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF ISLAM AND DEMOCRACY. 169 2-2. VIOLENCE, TERRORISM AND JIHAD ACCORDING TO ISLAMIC VIEW. 177 2-3. HOW TO UNDERSTAND JIHAD?. 192 2-4. THE NATURE OF JIHAD IN ISLAM. 196 2-5.13 TYPES OF JIHAD. 203 2-6. CIVIL, STATE, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, EDUCATIONAL, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL JIHAD 205 2-7. MISUSE OF JIHAD IN THE POLICIES OF ISIS / AL-QAEDA / AL-NUSRA. HISTORY OF ISLAMIC CULTURE 210 2-8. CHARACTERISTICS OF AQ AND ISIS CULTURE.219 2-9. METHODOLOGY OF RADICALIZATION OF AQ AND ISIS.224 CHAPTER 3 3.1. A SHORT HISTORY OF THE SYRIAN JIHAD (2011-2019). 229 3-2. JABHAT AL-NUSRA FRONT / JABHAT FATEH AL-SHAM. 239 3-2.1. THE LEADERS OF JABHAT AL-NUSRA (JN). 240 3-2.2. DECLARATION OF CALIPHATE (MAY-AUGUST 2014). 241 3-2.3. JABHAT FATAH AL-SHAM "JFS" (JULY 2016 - PRESENT). 243 3-2. 4. HAYAT TAHRIR AL-SHAM (HTS) IN SYRIA. 243 3-3. WHO ARE THE FOREIGN WARRIORS FIGHTING IN SYRIA?.247 3-4. CONCLUSION ON THE CONFLICT IN SYRIA. 248 3-5. ISLAMIC STATE (2003-2019) . 251 8 3-6. FROM AL-QAEDA (AQ) TO THE ISLAMIC STATE (ISIS); ITS FIVE GENERATIONS. 252 3-6.1. HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AQ BY GENERATIONS (1988-2009). 252 3-6.2 WHAT ARE THE COMMONS OF THE MISSION DURING THE FOUR GENERATIONS OF AQ. 253 1. AL-QAEDA, FIRST GENERATION - PHASE OF LEADERSHIP AND PHILOSOPHY (1988-1991). 254 2. AL-QAEDA, SECOND GENERATION ֊ PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT OF TERRORISM LEADERS (1991-1996). 255 3. AL-QAEDA, THIRD GENERATION - PHASE OF TERRORIST CONFRONTATION AND INSPIRATION AT GLOBAL LEVEL, (1997-2003).257 4. AL-QAEDA, FOURTH GENERATION - THE INVASION OF IRAQ AND CONTINUATION OF THE WAR AGAINST THE WEST (2003-2011). 258 5. AL-QAEDA, FIFTH GENERATION - CREATION OF ISIS (FIRST GENERATION, 2011-2021). 259 3-6. 3. OPERATION: "LIONS OF ALLAH" AL-BILAWI - PHASE 1. CAMPAIGN TO TAKE THE WESTERN IRAQ UNDER CONTROL.260 3-6. 4. THE LAST DECLARATION OF ISIS INDEPENDENCE FROM AL-QAEDA. 262 3-6. 5. OPERATION "LIONS OF ALLAH" AL-BILAWI - PHASE 2. CAMPAIGN TO SEIZE THE CITIES OF MOSUL, AL-ANBAR AND CENTRAL IRAQ. 263 3-6. 6. THE MISSION WAS COMPLETED ACCORDING TO ISIS TACTICS. 267 3-6.7. FOREIGN FIGHTERS OF ISIS. 269 3-7. HOW MANY MEMBERS DID THE ISLAMIC STATE HAVE?. 275 CHAPTER4 4-1. HISTORICAL MINIATURE OF THE ALBANIAN MUSLIM IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION. 279 4-1.1. THE SITUATION OF ALBANIA BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF THE OTTOMANS. 280 4-1.2. PRESENCE OF THE FIRST MUSLIMS AND THE ARRIVAL OF THE OTTOMANS IN THE ALBANIAN TERRITORIES. 282 4-1.3. THE NEW ISLAMIC IDENTITY OF ALBANIANS, A NATURAL AND MULTIFACTORIAL PROCESS. 285 9 4-1.4 WEAKENING OF THE CHRISTIAN CLERGY.285 4-1.5. HISTORICAL LIES ABOUT VIOLENCE AND PRESSURE OF THE OSMAN CONVERTERS. 287 4-1.6. CONCLUSIONS. 293 4-2. ALBANIA’S SECESSION FROM THE OTTOMAN CALIPHATE AND THE EFFORTS FOR THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE ALBANIAN MOSQUE.294 4-3. MUSLIM RELIGION IN ALBANIAN AREAS. 309 4-4. THE PERIOD OF THE COMMUNIST REGIME IN ALBANIA (1944-1967).314 4.4.1 ALBANIA IS THE ONLY ATHEIST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD (1967-1990). 315 4-5. THE PERIOD BEFORE THE SECOND WORLD WAR IN KOSOVO. 317 4-6. THE PERIOD OF THE YUGOSLAV COMMUNIST DICTATORSHIP IN KOSOVO. 321 4-7. THE PERIOD OF "YUGOSLAV LIBERALISM". 322 4-8. THE PERIOD OF REBIRTH OF THE RELIGIOUS FAITH AFTER 1990 IN ALBANIA. 323 CHAPTER 5 5. JIHAD AND DIFFERENT UNDERSTANDING AMOMG ALBANIANS. 327 5-1. INSTRUMENTS THAT HAVE FACILITATED VIOLENT EXTREMISM IN BOSNIA, ALBANIA, KOSOVO AND MACEDONIA. 327 5-1-1. ALBANIA’S MEMBERSHIP INTO THE ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC CONFERENCE (OIC) 327 5-1.2. BEGINNING OF THE ARMED CONFLICT IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA AGAINST THE MILOSEVIC MASSACRES AND GENOCIDE (1992-1995).328 5-1-3. CONNECTION OF WAR IN BOSNIA TO AL-QAEDA.329 5-1-4. DISTRIBUTION OF RADICAL LITERATURE AND BOOKS. 331 5-1-5. DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC AGITATION AND PROPAGANDA. 331 5-1-6. INCENTIVE MATERIAL.334 5-1-7. PLACES FOR EXECUTION OF IMPRISONMENT (PRISONS).335 5-1-8. ESTABLISHMENT OF TRAINING CAMPS 335 5-2. THE ISSUE OF MOSQUES AND IMAMS 337 5-3. DORMITORIES AND OTHER PRIVATE PREMISES. 338 5-4. INTERNETAND SOCIAL MEDIA. 339 5-4.1 TYPES OF UNITS THAT PRODUCE VIDEOS. 344 5-4.2 ISIS NEWSPAPER, "DABIQ”. 344 10 5-5. FINANCING. 346 5-6. WHAT WAS THE REACTION OF STATE INSTITUTIONS IN ALBANIA AND KOSOVO, ETC.?. 353 5-6.1. MEASURES TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA AND KOSOVO. 356 5-6.2. MUSLIM COMMUNITY OF ALBANIA, (KMSH). 362 5-6.3. STATE CULT COMMUNITY (ACC). 363 5-6.4. CIVIL SOCIETY. 363 5-7. HOW CAN ALBANIAN FIGHTERS OF ALBANIAN ORIGIN BE REHABILITATED AND REINTEGRATED?. 365 5-8. RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE IN ALBANIA, A SPECIAL EXAMPLE ALL OVER THE WORLD. 369 CHAPTER 6 6. ALBANIANS INVOLVED IN ISIS AND AL-NUSRA FRONT.383 6.1. FOREIGN FIGHTERS OF KOSOVO IN IRAQ/SYRIA. 383 1. LAVDRIM MUHAXHERI (A.K.A ABU ABDULLAH AL-KOSOVI) MARCH 1989-7 JUNE 2017.386 6-1.1 LAVDRIM MUHAXHERI’S COMBAT ACTIVITY. 387 6-1.2. LAVDRIM MUHAXHERI THREATENS ALBANIA WITH BOMB ATTACKS AND SUICIDE BOMBERS. 389 6-1.3. REFUSAL OF INTERVIEW. 392 6-1.4. THE THREAT OF LAVDRIM MUHAXHERI. 396 6-1.5. FOLLOWING INTENSIVE INVESTIGATIONS: LAVDRIM MUHAXHERI ORDERED THE ATTACKS DURING THE MATCH ALBANIA-ISRAEL. 398 6-1.6. SECRET CONVERSATIONS WITH LAVDRIM MUHAXHERI ARE REVEALED, HOW THE TERRORIST ATTACK WOULD BE CARRIED OUTDURINGTHEALBANIA-ISRAELMATCH?. 399 6-1.7. THE HEAD OF THE WIRETAPPING IN SHISH IS THREATENED WITH LIFE, AFTER THEY HAVE REVEALED THE TERRORIST THREAT AGAINST THE ISRAELI TEAM. 400 6-1.8. IN NOVEMBER 2016, 4 PEOPLE WERE ARRESTED WHO PLOTTED THE ATTACK ON THE ALBANIA-ISRAEL MATCH. 401 6-1.9. STATE INTELLIGENCE SERVICE (SHISH) AND THE PROSECUTION OF SERIOUS CRIMES WIRETAPPED THE SHKODRA BELIEVERS, LAVDRIM MUHAXHERI’S CONVERSATIONS WERE TRANSCRIBED BY THE ISRAELI ANTI-TERROR UNIT.402 11 6-1.10. LAVDRIM MUHAXHERI APPEARS IN IRAQ ON DECEMBER 29,2015.403 6-1.11. DEATH OF LAVDRIM MUHAXHERI. 404 6-1.12. COVERAGE OF MUHAXHERI'S MURDER BY INTERNATIONAL NEWSPAPERS. 406 6-1.13. RIDVAN HAQIFI (A.KA. ABU MUQATIL, 1990-8 FEBRUARY 2017). 407 6-1.14. NAMAN DEMOLLI. 409 6-1.15. BLERIM PODVORICA (A.K.A. EBU ZEJD KOSOVI).410 6-1.16. BETİM IBRAHIMA). 411 6-1. 17. BLERIM HETA. 412 6-1.18. VALDET GASHI.412 6-1. 19. BEKIM MULLOLLI. 413 6-1. 20. AGON MIŠINI. 413 6.2. FOREIGN FIGHTERS OF ALBANIA IN IRAQ/SYRIA. 414 6-2.1. ALMIR DACI 33 YEARS OLD (A.K.A. ABU BELKISE AL-ALBANI). IMAM, COMMANDER OF GROUND TROOPS AND RECRUITERS OF ISIS. 415 6-2. 2. ABU USAMA AL-ALBANI. 416 6-2. 3. LEONARDO HYSENI FROM BERAT. 417 6-2.4.ALBANIANSWHOJOINEDISISINSYRIAANDIRAQ. 418 6-2. 5. ALBANIANS KILLED IN SYRIA IN 2013-2015. 418 6-2.6. GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA TAKES MEASURES AGAINST TERRORISM.419 6-2. 7. WHO WAS TWO IMAMS OF “MILITANT JIHAD"?. 421 6-2. 8. THE IMAM OF THE "UNAZA E RE", GENCI BALLA HAD MADE A PUBLIC CALL TO GO TO SYRIA. 424 6-2. 9. ERZEN UKA ARRESTED FOR TERRORISM. 426 6-2.10. BLEDAR IBRAHIMI (A.K.A. YAHYA IBRAHIMI). 427 6-2.11. DIEGO MARADONA, THE “DEAF" TERRORIST WITH THE ORIGIN FROM RUSSIA, IS ARRESTED IN TIRANA. 429 6-2.12. SHISH ANALYSES HOW ALBANIA FIGHTS TERRORISM. 430 6.3. FOREIGN FIGHTERS OF NORTH MACEDONIA, SERBIA [PRESHEVO VALLEY AND MEDVEGJA) IN IRAQ/SYRIA. 433 6-3.1. DOZENS OF VOLUNTEERS FROM NORTH MACEDONIA ARE HEADING TO SYRIA. 433 6-3.2 ORHAN RAMADANI (A.K.A.DANIELAL-ALBANI,26YEARS,KILLEDINMAY2017). 434 12 6-3.3. ABDUL JASHARI (A.K.A. SHEIKH ABU QATADA AL-ALBANI). 435 6-3.4. ADNAN REXHEPI.436 6-3. 5. MUHAMED ZEKIRI. 437 6-3. 6. IMAM SAMI ABDULLAHU FROM SKOPJE. 437 6-3. 7. OTHER NORTH MACEDONIAN ALBANIANS WHO FOUGHT IN ISIS. 438 6-3. 8. FOREIGN FIGHTERS FROM THE PRESHEVO VALLEY AND BUJANOVC.439 6-3.9. THE ISIS RECRUITER IMAMS FROM NORTH MACEDONIA.439 6-3.10. IMAM SHUKRI ALIU. 439 6-3.11. IMAM REXHEP MEMISHI. 440 6-3.12. SERBIAN SECRET SERVICE ENCOURAGES ALBANIANS TO GO TO SYRIA. 441 6-3.13. ANTI-TERROR LAW REFORMS UNDERTAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT OF NORTH MACEDONIA. 442 6-3.14. PREVENTION OF TERRORIST ATTACKS IN NORTH MACEDONIA. 443 6-3.15.17 ALBANIANS FROM KOSOVO AND PRESHEVO ON THE SYRIAN FRONTS: WE ARE HERE TO PROTECT ALBANIANS FROM AL-ASAD REGIME. 444 6-3.16. VOLUNTEERS FROM KOSOVO AND PRESHEVO IN SYRIA: "WE ARE HERE TO FIGHT TERRORISM AND TO PROTECT OUR BROTHERS AND SISTERS FROM THE REGIME OF THE SYRIAN ‘MILOSEVIC’.”. 445 6-4. FOREIGN FIGHTERS OF ALBANIAN ORIGIN WHO HAVE JOINED THE "ALBANIAN JAMAAT" (XHEMATI ALBAN) UNIT FIGHTING FOR THE JIHADIST GROUP HAYAT TAHRIR AL-SHAM (HTS) IN IDLIB, SYRIA. 447 6.5. FIGHTERS OF ALBANIAN ORIGIN INVOLVED IN ISIS, AL-NUSRA FRONT, FREE SYRIAN ARMY AND TERRORIST ATTACKS IN USA AND EUROPE. 455 6-5.1. ZYLFI HOXHA (A.K.A. ABU HAMZA AL-AMRIKI).455 6-5.2. SAJMIR ALIMEHMETI (A.K.A. SAHZH’-MEER AH-LEE-MEH-MEH'-TEE).457 6-5.3. SAMI ÔSMAKA (25 YEARS OLD). ATTEMPT FOR TERRORIST ATTACK IN FLORIDA, USA IN 2012. 458 6-5.4. ARID UKA. THE KILLING OF AMERICANS AT FRANKFURT AIRPORT IN GERMANY ON MARCH 2, 2011. 460 13 6-5.5. ATTEMPTED TERROR PLOT ON FORT DÍX MILITARY BASE IN NEW JERSEY, USA IN MAY 2007. 460 6-5.6. PLANNED ATTACK IN NORTH CAROLINA, USA BY THE JIHADIST GROUP "RALEIGH" WHOSE MEMBER WAS ALSO 27 YEAR OLD KOSOVAR, HYSEN SHERIFI, AND SIX OF HIS FRIENDS. 461 6-5.7. AGRON HASBAJRAMI PLOTTED AN ATTACK ON MANHATTAN, USA IN 2011. 463 6-5.8. BETİM KAZIU ATTEMPTS TO CARRY OUT A TERRORIST ATTACK IN NEW YORK, IN 2009. 463 6-5.9. AN ALBANIAN ALDO KORTUZI AND MARIA JULIA SERGOI (AKA FATIMA) ARE ARRESTED IN ITALY FOR TERRORISM. 464 6-5.10. LORENZ К WAS ARRESTED IN 2016 FOR TERRORIST ACTIVITY IN VIENNA, AUSTRIA. 464 6-5.11. THE ALBANIAN ANDREA (45 YEARS OLD) IS ARRESTED IN ATHENS, GREECE FOR SUPPORTING ISIS MATERIAL. 464 6-5.12. VENICE, ITALY. THE WIRETAPS FOR TERRORIST ATTACKS OF KOSOVARS FISNIK BEKAJ, DAKË HAZIRAJ AND ARJAN BABAJ ARE UNCOVERED.465 6-5.13. ARTA KACABUNI (44 YEARS OLD) RECRUITED WOMEN FOR ISIS, AND ITALY IMMEDIATELY EXPELS ALBANIAN. 467 6-5.14. THE ALBANIAN IMAM ZEJNULLAH SADIKI IS EXPELLED FROM ITALY, FOR THE SUSPICION OF HAVING LINKS WITH ISIS. 467 6-5.15. FABJAN ALAMETİ ARRESTED IN THE USA. 468 6-5.16. 27-YEAR-OLD KOSOVO JIHADIST GAFURR DIBRANI IS ARRESTED IN BRESCIA, ITALY. 469 6-6. FOREIGN FIGHTERS FROM BOSNIA HERZEGOVINA IN IRAQ/ SYRIA. 471 1. NUSRET IMAMOVIÇ. (AL-NUSRA FRONT). 471 2. TWO BOSNIAN CITIZENS WILL BE REPATRIATED TO BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA. 472 3. KEY ARRESTS BY THE GOVERNMENT OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA. 473 4. THE SALAFI LEADER HUSEIN BILAL BOSNIÇ. 474 5. MUNIBAHMETSPAHIC. 477 14 CHAPTER 7 7-1. DANGER FROM FOREIGN FIGHTERS. 481 7-2."RETURNEES". 481 7-3. REMOTE RADICALIZATION. 483 7-4. ALBANIAN GOVERNMENT STRATEGY AND PLANNING FOR THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM 484 7-5. IDENTIFICATION AND PREVENTION OF TERRORISM. 488 A. WATCHLISTING.488 B. EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION BETWEEN AGENCIES.489 C. PREVENTION ACTIVITIES. 491 D. DETECTION AND PROHIBITION OF TERRORISTS. 495 CONCLUSIONS. 497 THE PRESIDENTIAL AWARDS OF DRITAN DEMIRAJ AND THE PUBLICATIONS OF HIS BOOKS 501 COMMON ISLAMIC TERMS. 563 ABBREVIATIONS. 568 BIBLIOGRAPHY.577 CIVIL PUBLICATIONS.584 NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES AND WEBSITE ARTICLES.595 15 BIBLIOGRAFIA Botime të Qeverisë Amerikáne, Europiane, autorit Dritan Demiraj, database, video dhe libra të fundit q ë kaně lidhje me studimin e terrorizmit. • "Al-Qaida’s Jihad in Europe", The Afghan Bosnia Network, Evan E Kohlmann, Berg, Oxford, New York, 2004. • "Al-Qaeda’s Revenge: The 2004 Madrid Train Bombings”, Fernando Reinares, December 27, 2016, USA. • "Al-Qaeda Declares War”, Tod Hoffman, University Press of New England, 2014. • "Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), Organizational Behavior Profile", Dr. Michael S. 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As posted 26 Feb2002 at the International Policy Institute for CT website. 603 • "Games in Afghan Poppy Land", Calcutta telegraph (India) 6 September 2005. • "Govt Blames LET for Parliament Attack, Asks Pakistan to Restrain Terrorist Outfits”, Rediff News (India) 14 Dec 2001. As retrieved from its website, rediff.com on 18 Jan 2010. • “The great Banuri Seminary", by Shaykh. Sunni Forum, 12 Aug 2005. As retrieved from its website, www.sunniforum.com on 12 Jun 2009. • Hasting, Michael. "The Death Squad War", Newsweek, 27 February 2006. • Heller, Aron. Associated press. "Hezbollah, Israel Step Up Attacks". Jacksonville Daily News (NC),7 August 2006. • Hendawi, Hamza. Associated Press. "Al-Zarqawi's Death May not Maztter." Jacksonville Daily News (NC), 12 June 2006. • Hendawi, Hamza. "Israel Hits Beirut; Hezbollah Rockets Israel". From Associated Press. 3 August 2006. • Hess, Pamela. "Ramadi Poses tactical Challenge for U.S. UPI, 30 May 2006. • "Hezbollah Fighters Said to be in Iraq”. World Net Daily (Medford, OR) 21 June 2004. • "Hezbollah Suspected of Joining Sunni Insurgents". Iraqi News, 17 February 2005. • "Hezbollah Using Tunnels, Bunkers to Frustrate Israelis Advance.” World Tribune (Springfield, VA.) 7 August 2006. • Hill Ginny, "Yemen Endures-Civil War, Saudi Adventurism and the Future of Arabia", Oxford University Press, 2017. • "Hundreds of Soldiers from neighboring Ethiopia Crossed into Somalia.' World News in Brief. Christian Science Monitor, 19 June 2006. • "Hunt for Insurgents near Syria Ends". Cable News Network, 14 May 2005. From its website, cnn.com. • Hunwick, John. "Africa and Islamic Revival: Historical and contemporary Perspectives". Extracted verbatim from MSA News, by Univ, of Georgia. • "Haqqani Network", Institute for the Study of War (Washington D.C.) As retrieved from its website, www.understandingwar.org on 26 Sep 2009. • "Here Comes Trouble", The Economists, 11 Jun 2009. • "How Pakistanis ISI Funds its Proxy War", by Syed Nooruzzaman. 604 The Tribune India, 28 Nov 1999. From the following urh.http:/ www. tribune india.com 1999/99/nov28/head6.htm#l. • "How the Taliban Take a Village”, by Mark Sexton. Edited by William S. Sind. On War # 325, Dec 2009. From the following uri: From the following http://globalguerrillas.typepad.com/land/2009/12/on-war-325. • "Hunting for Dawood Ibrahim”, by B. Raman. South Asia Analysis Group. Paper nol952, 16 Sep 2006. And International terrorism Monitor, Paper No. 122, n.d. • "India, Pakistan and the Piece Pipeline”, by Asia Times Online, 15 Sep 2004. • "Iran, Pakistan Sign Peace Pipeline Deal”, Press TV (Tehran), 24 May 2009. As retrieved from its website, www.presstv.com on 2 Sep 2009. • "ISIs Attempt to Discredit the Balochis". India Defense, 14 March 2006. As retrieved from its website, www.india-defense.com on Nov 2009. • "Karzai Considers Proposals from Militant Group", from Associated Press. Jacksonville Daily News (NC), 23 Mar 2010. • "Karzai Upset by Taliban Capture". From Associated Press. Jacksonville Daily News (NC), 16 Mar 2010. • "Karzai’s Cabinet Rejected". From Associated Press. Jacksonville Daily News (NC), 3 Jan 2010. • “Lashkar-e-Janghi Al-Qaeda", by B. Raman. South Asia Analysis Group. Paper No.2526, 31 Dec 2007. And International Terrorism, Paper No337, n.d. • "McCrystal’s War", by Evan Thomas. Newsweek, 5 Oct 2009. McDowell, Patrick, Associated Press. "Pakistan Goes After Terrorists on Border." Jacksonville Daily News (NC), 9 Jan 2004. • "Mehsuls Pals in High Places”, Newsweek, 13 Apr 2009. • "Militants Free 40 Kidnapped Passengers", by Hussain Afzal Dawn (Karachi), 17 May 2010. • Clarke Richard, (former U.S. Antiterrorism czar). On ABC’s Nightly News, 10 June 2006. • “The Insurgency", The PBS's Frontline. North Carolina public television, 21 February 24 April 2006. • "Muslims’ PBS's Frontline. 120 min. Wellspring n.d. DVD #WSP757. • "Preparing a Company for 4rth Generation Warfare during short Delays in the Norami Training Schedule”. From Posterity Enterprises. 605 • "Mumbai Bombing Sentencing Delay". BBC News Online, 13 Sep 2006. • "NATO Force could Patrol Afghanistan". From Associated Press. Jacksonville Daily News (NC), 5 Aug 2005. • "New Afghan Strategy Puts Troops Out Front". From Associated Press. Jacksonville Daily News (NC), 21 Mar 2009. • Obama, President Barack. In his address to the nation. ABC Television, 1 Dec 1009. • "Obamas Secret Citadel", DEBKA-Net-Weekly, 28 Sep 2001. • "Pakistan and Taliban-Drug Links", The Times of India, 25 Aug 2009, As retrieved from its website, www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com on 2 Oct 2009. • "Pakistan and the Taliban", by Ahmed Rashid. The nation (Lahore), 11 Apr 1998. • "Pakistan Bands LET, JuD and 23 Outfits". Deccan Herald (India), 6 Aug 2009. • "Pakistan Cuts Deal with Anti-American Taliban", News Briefs Wire Reports (AP) Jacksonville Daily News (NC), 20 Oct 2009. • "Pakistan Project”. International Center for Religion and Diplomacy (Washington, D.C.), n.d. As retrieved from its website, www.icrd.org in Jul 2009. • "Pakistan Trims Top ISI Chairs", From PTI Islamabad. The Economic Times (Chennai), 13 Aug 2009. • "Pakistani Troops Seize Radical Clerics Base"; Officials. From AgencyFrance Presse, 28 Nov 2007. • "Pakistan Military Hits Taliban in Orakzai”, by Bill Roggio, Long War Journal, 17 Nov 2009. As retrieved from its website, www. longwarjournal.org on 19 Nov 2009. • "Profile: Pakistan’s Military Intelligence Agency", by David Chazan. BBC Online, 9 Jan 2002. • Slavin, Barbara. "Iran Helped to Overthrow Taliban”. USA Today, 10 Jun 2005. • "Smoking Al-Qaeda out of Karachi", by B. Raman. South Asia Analysis Group. Paper No 519,14 Sep 2002. • "South Waziristan Maulvi Nazir: The New Face of the Taliban". By Hassan Abbas. The Jamestown Foundation. Terrorist Monitor. Volume 5, issue 9,14 May 2007. 606 • Straziuso, Jason. Associated Press. "Afghan Bomber Deadlier.” Jacksonville Daily News (NC), 3 Jun 2007. • Straziuso, Jason. Associated Press. "General Says Troops Need New View of Afghan War”, Boston Globe, 25 Jun 2009. • "Suicide Attack Kills 30 in Pakistan”. World News in Brief. Christian Science Monitor, 28 May 2009. • "Suicide Attacks on Afghan Ministry Kills Five". From Indo-Asian News Service. Thailand News, 30 Oct 2008. As retrieved from its website, www.thaindian.com on 19 Jan 2010. • "Suicide Bomber Kills Peacekeeper, Civilian in Afghan Capital". World Brief Wire Reports (AP). Jacksonville Daily News (NC), 28 Jun 2004. • "Suicide Bomber Kills 22 Border Guards at Torkham Crossing in Pakistan". By Bill Roggio. Long War Journal, 27 Aug 2009. As retrieved from its website, www.longjournal.org, on 19 Nov 2009. • Tahir, Muhammad. "Iranian Involvement in Afghanistan". Jamestown Foundation. Terrorism Monitor. Volume 5, No 1. 21 Feb 2007. • "Taliban Attack Afghan Presidential Palace, Ministries". From Indo Asian News Service. Kerala News (India), 18 Jan 2010. • "Taliban Claim Pakistan Army raid”. BBC News Online, 12 Oct 2009. • "Taliban Group Chooses New Name". Daily Times (Pakistan), 27 Apr 2008. • "Taliban Leaders Death Confirmed”. News Briefs/Wire Reports (AP). Jacksonville Daily News (NC), 11 Feb 2010. • "Talibanism: Pakistani-Style". The Friday Times. Volume Xi, number 52, 25 Feb-2Mar 2000. As retrieved from its website, www. afghanistannewscenter.com in Jul 2009. • "Terrorists pacific Gateway", by Patrick Lloyd Hatcher. University of San Francisco Center for the pacific Rim. Report No. 38, Jun 2005. As retrieved from its website, www.pacificrim.usfca. edu, in 19 Nov 2009. 607
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spelling	Demiraj, Dritan Baki 1969- Verfasser (DE-588)1103167413 aut Xhihadi në Ballkanin Perëndimor Jihad in the Western Balkans (evolution, implications and lessons learned) Dritan Demiraj, Ph. D. Tirana Botimet M&B 2021 608 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts, Karten 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier [Kolana "Al-Qaeda"] 45 Aus dem Albanischen übersetzt Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 gnd rswk-swf Internationaler Terrorismus (DE-588)4162078-1 gnd rswk-swf Fundamentalismus (DE-588)4137178-1 gnd rswk-swf Albaner (DE-588)4068517-2 gnd rswk-swf Dschihadismus (DE-588)117546435X gnd rswk-swf Westbalkanstaaten (DE-588)1200974743 gnd rswk-swf Westbalkanstaaten (DE-588)1200974743 g Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 s Fundamentalismus (DE-588)4137178-1 s Dschihadismus (DE-588)117546435X s Internationaler Terrorismus (DE-588)4162078-1 s Albaner (DE-588)4068517-2 s Geschichte z DE-604 [Kolana "Al-Qaeda"] 45 (DE-604)BV046848273 45 Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033866984&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033866984&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Demiraj, Dritan Baki 1969- Jihad in the Western Balkans (evolution, implications and lessons learned) [Kolana "Al-Qaeda"] Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 gnd Internationaler Terrorismus (DE-588)4162078-1 gnd Fundamentalismus (DE-588)4137178-1 gnd Albaner (DE-588)4068517-2 gnd Dschihadismus (DE-588)117546435X gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4027743-4 (DE-588)4162078-1 (DE-588)4137178-1 (DE-588)4068517-2 (DE-588)117546435X (DE-588)1200974743
title	Jihad in the Western Balkans (evolution, implications and lessons learned)
title_alt	Xhihadi në Ballkanin Perëndimor
title_auth	Jihad in the Western Balkans (evolution, implications and lessons learned)
title_exact_search	Jihad in the Western Balkans (evolution, implications and lessons learned)
title_exact_search_txtP	Jihad in the Western Balkans (evolution, implications and lessons learned)
title_full	Jihad in the Western Balkans (evolution, implications and lessons learned) Dritan Demiraj, Ph. D.
title_fullStr	Jihad in the Western Balkans (evolution, implications and lessons learned) Dritan Demiraj, Ph. D.
title_full_unstemmed	Jihad in the Western Balkans (evolution, implications and lessons learned) Dritan Demiraj, Ph. D.
title_short	Jihad in the Western Balkans
title_sort	jihad in the western balkans evolution implications and lessons learned
title_sub	(evolution, implications and lessons learned)
topic	Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 gnd Internationaler Terrorismus (DE-588)4162078-1 gnd Fundamentalismus (DE-588)4137178-1 gnd Albaner (DE-588)4068517-2 gnd Dschihadismus (DE-588)117546435X gnd
topic_facet	Islam Internationaler Terrorismus Fundamentalismus Albaner Dschihadismus Westbalkanstaaten
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033866984&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033866984&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV046848273
work_keys_str_mv	AT demirajdritanbaki xhihadineballkaninperendimor AT demirajdritanbaki jihadinthewesternbalkansevolutionimplicationsandlessonslearned

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