Catherine the Great and the culture of celebrity in the eighteenth century:
"This highly original study provides a detailed analysis of Catherine the Great's celebrity avant la lettre and how gender, power, and scandal made it commercially successful. In 1762, when Catherine II overthrew her husband to seize the throne of the Russian Empire, her instant popular fa...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London ; New York ; Oxford ; New Delhi ; Sydney
Bloomsbury Academic
2021
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| Schriftenreihe: | Cultures of early modern Europe
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register Klappentext |
| Zusammenfassung: | "This highly original study provides a detailed analysis of Catherine the Great's celebrity avant la lettre and how gender, power, and scandal made it commercially successful. In 1762, when Catherine II overthrew her husband to seize the throne of the Russian Empire, her instant popular fame across Europe both fitted and shaped the emerging discourse of modern celebrity. ... Catherine's demise in 1796, Dawson shows, instigated a final burst of adoration, loathing, and ambivalence as new accounts of her life, both real and fictional, claimed to upwrap the final secrets of the first modern international female celebrity--even now the only woman in history widely known as 'the Great'."--Back cover |
| Beschreibung: | xv, 297 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts |
| ISBN: | 9781350244627 9781350244665 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents List of Illustrations x Acknowledgments xiv Note on Translations xvi Note on Spelling xvii Introduction 1 I Celebrity Ingredients 1 Celebrity-Making Coup of 1762: The Crucial Role of Story 17 Signs of Celebrity Emerging 19 Catherine’s Efforts to Control the Narrative: Her Manifestos and Their Reception 2 3 4 21 The Matrix of Celebrity and Story 24 New Accounts and Their Spread 25 Scandal and Engrossing Coup Backstories, until 1765 28 The Tsar’s Scandalous Death and the Tsarina’s Alluringly Uncertain Future 28 Reaching the Least Privileged Audiences with Words and Pictures 30 Celebrity Tropes of Marital and Sexual Squabbles 34 Challenges to Peter’s Masculinity 37 Media Workers and Their Commodities in Word and Image 41 Representing the Empress 41 Making Visual Images 42 Commodifying Further: Eighteenth-Century Celebrity Endorsements 57 Fans and Anti-Fans for a Commodity Empress 60 Fan Access to Celebrity Discourse 62 What Celebrity Offered Fans: From Entertainment and Identification to Fantasies of Social Mobility 5 66 Ambivalence and Rejection: Criticism, Anger, and Anti-Fans 69 “Europe’s Tsarina” 72 The Star as Contributing Subject and Living Object 74 Where Regal Gloire Meets Popular Celebrity 76
viii II 6 Contents Court Rituals of Seeing and Being Seen 78 Impolitic but Indispensable Body and Mostly Male Watchers 80 Shape, Appearance, and Decorum of the Visible Body and Face 81 The Rude Body Visualized 82 Aging 84 Engaging Themes, Sustaining Celebrity Woman Philosopher on the Throne Boundary Breaking Relationships Redemptive Early Projects 7 8 9 91 93 95 Mid-Reign Cracks in Catherine’s Enlightened Image, 1773-89 100 Further Intellectual Engagements 102 Consuming Catherine II: Gender and Wealth 104 The Complex Mix of Wealth and Gender 106 Glamour 107 Extravagant Display 109 Art, Literature, Learning, and Patronage 110 Disconcerting Mother of Her Country: Gender and Power Again 116 Russia’s “Petticoat Government” 118 Debut in Satires, Both Textual and Visual: Poland 1772-3 121 “Astonisher of All Regions,” from Constantinople to Amsterdam and Antwerp 125 Outbreak of the Second Russo-Turkish War: More Political Cartoons 127 Empress of the Other 132 Russia—Exotic or Barbaric? 132 Pugachev Rebellion, 1773-5 136 Others Who Spoke for Themselves: Catherine and Her Jewish Subjects 141 1787: Crimea Trip and the Staged Exotic 143 III Transgressions Accruing and Secrets Revealed 10 Final Eight Years: Reassessment and Satirical Critique 151 Metaphors of Gender and Sexuality and the Dominance of An Imperial Stride! 152 Force Unsettling Gender: The Indeterminate-Androgynous Woman Ruler 155 Ridiculous Heroine 157 Lascivious Libertine 158 Indecorous and Abject Being 162 Monstrous-Feminine Body 164
Contents 11 Still Relishing the Failed Marriage, the Coup,and Its Deadly Aftermath ix 169 The Dribble and Then Flood of Curiosity-Stoking Texts 170 Skillful Narratives 174 Unhappiness, Weakness, and Discord 177 Sexual Difficulties 179 Peter Ill’s Mysterious Demise 181 12 The Lovers: Dabs of Fiction, Grains of Truth, Gobsof Scandal Phases of Lover Publicity 186 186 Lovers Slipping into Print in Catherine’s Last Decade 188 Celebrity Appeal of Sexuality Reports 189 Love Affair Traj ectories 190 The Gush of “Revelations” Posthumously 192 Completing the Record of Catherine’s Intimate Life 193 Venomous Poetry and Further Fiction 196 13 Celebrity after Death 199 Accounts and Images of Catherine Il’s Demise for All 199 Further Accusations and Complex Response 203 Criminality 206 And Yet Ambivalence 207 Invented Libertine Death as Crime and Punishment 208 Becoming an Icon: Afterlife 210 Notes 213 Bibliography 256 Index 278
Bibliography List of Works Cited, in Two Sections I Primary literature, omitting newspaper articles, which are included only in the notes and index. Also omitting images, which are listed in the index under political cartoons, prints, and printed portraits. When both originals and translations are referenced, the originals come first. II Secondary literature I Primary Literature “An Account of the Chief Circumstances of the Revolution that has Happened in Russia.” Gentleman’s Magazine, August 1762, 361-2. “Account of the Late Revolution in Russia.” London Magazine, August 1762,434-6. “An Account of the Late Revolution in Russia; Collected from Authentic Papers Never Before Published.” The Beauties ofAll Magazines Selected for the Year 1762, September 1762, 343-50. Aechte Nachrichten von dem Grafen Cagliostro: Aus der Handschrift seines entflohenen Kammerdieners. Berlin, 1786. [Albrecht, Johann Friedrich Ernst]. Pansalvin, Fürst der Finsterniss, und seine Geliebte. So gut wie geschehen. Germanien, 1794. [Albrecht, Johann Friedrich Ernst], Pansalvin, Fürst der Finsterniss, und seine Geliebte. So gut wie geschehen. Geheime Lebensgeschichte eines Günstlings. Germanien, 1795. [Albrecht, Johann Friedrich Ernst]. Miranda, Königinn im Norden. Geliebte Pansalvins. Germanien (Erfurt): Hennings, 1798. [Albrecht, Johann Friedrich Ernst], Dutch; Miranda, Koningin van Noorden, Beminde van Pansalvinus, Vorst der Duisternis. 1798. [Albrecht, Johann Friedrich Ernst]. Kakodämon der Schreckliche. Pansalvins und Mirandas Donnerkeil, Revisor des Codex der Menschen-Rechte. 1 vols. Pyropolis,
1800. [Albrecht, Johann Friedrich Ernst]. Staub der Erste, Kayser der Unterwelt, als Beschluß des Pansalvin und der Miranda, von demselben Verfasser. Persepolis, 1802. [Albrecht, Johann Friedrich Ernst], Turbans Turbandus der grossen Miranda kleiner Sohn. Von einer diplomatischen Feder. 1802, [Albrecht, Johann Friedrich Ernst], Die Heimlichkeiten der Frauenzimmer: ein Lesebuch für Mütter, Erzieherinnen und mannbare. Mädchen, 1809. [Albrecht, Johann Friedrich Ernst], Monarchomachus, pseud. Des politischen Thierkreises oder der Zeichen unsrer Zeit Zweyter Theil. / Neuestes graues Ungeheuer. Hrsg, von einem Freunde der Menschheit, vol. 2, Bagdad, 1798.
Bibliography 257 “Allemagne. De Hambourg, le 3 Août.” Journal Politique de Bruxelles, 1787. Alopäus, Magnus. Rede Ihrer Majestät der Glorwürdigst regierenden Kaiserin von Russland Catherinen der Zweyten bey seiner Aufnahme als Beysitzer in die königliche Deutsche Gesellschaft zu Göttingen den 24. September 1768. Göttingen, 1768. Andrä, H.F. (pseud.). Katharina die Zweite, Kaiserin von Russland und Selbstherrscherin aller Reussen. Ein biographisch-karakteristisches Gemälde. Halle, 1797. Anecdoten zur Lebensgeschichte des Ritters und Reichs-Fürsten Potemkin. Nebst einer kurzen Beschreibung der ehemaligen Krimm...desgleichen der Reise der Kaiserin Katharina der Zweiten nach der Krimm. Freistadt am Rhein: Brockhaus, 1792. Anekdoten zur Lebensgeschichte des Fürsten Gregorius Gregoriewitsch Orlow. Frankfurt u. Leipzig, 1791. Anekdoten aus dem Privatleben der Kaiserin Catharina, Pauls des Ersten und seiner Familie. Hamburg, 1797. “Annual Register.” Annual Register, or a View of the History, Politicks, and Literature of the Year 1762 (1763): 11-23, 222-8. “Authentic History of the Famous Rebel Pugatschew.” London Magazine, March 1775,103-5. Authentic Memoirs of the Life and Reign of Catherine IL Empress of all the Russias. Collected from authentic MS’S, translations, c. of the King of Sweden, Right Hon. Lord Mountmorres, Lord Malmesbury, Μ. De Volney, and other indisputable authorities. London: printed for the author and sold by B. Crosby, 1797. Bachaumont, Louis Petit de. Mémoire secrets pour servir a l’histoire de la republique des lettres en France, depuis MDCCLXII jusqu’à nos
jours; ou Journal d’un observateur. Londres: John Adamsohn, 1777. Bacmeister, H.L.C. Review of Grot, “Kanzelrede von der Rechtmäßigkeit der BlätternEinimpfung.” In Russische Bibliothek, zur Kenntniss des gegenwärtigen zustandes der Literatur in Russland, 1772, 500-14. Baidinger, Friderika. “Versuch über meine Verstandeserziehung.” In ‘Ich wünschte so gar gelehrt zu werden.’ Drei Autobiographien von Frauen des 18. Jahrhunderts. Texte und Erläuterungen, edited by Magdalene Heuser, Ortrun Niethammer, Marion RoitzheimEisfeld, and Petra Wulbusch, 7-24. Göttingen: Wallstein, 1994. Basedow, Johann Bernhard. Des Elementarwerkes erster bis vierter Band. Ein geordneter Vorrath aller nöthigen Erkenntniß. Zum Unterrichte der Jugend von Anfang, bis ins academische Alter. Zur Belehrung der Eltern, Schullehrer und Hofmeister. Zum Nutzen eines jeden Lesers, die Erkenntniß zu vervollkommnen. 5 vols. Dessau, 1774. [Beauclair, Pierre Louis]. Histoire de Pierre III. Empereur de Russie: Avec plusieurs anecdotes singulières / dignes de curiosité. London, 1774. Bellermann, Johann Joachim. Bemerkungen über Russland in Rücksicht auf Wissenschaft, Kunst, Religion und andere merkwürdige Verhältnisse. Erfurt, 1788. Bellermann, Johann Joachim. “Etwas über Rußland.” Olla Potrida, 1788,11-27. Bemerkungen über Esthland, Liefland und Russland nebst einigen Beiträgen zur EmpörungsGeschichte Pugatschews, während eines achtjährigen Aufenthalts gesamlet von einem Augenzeugen. Prag u. Leipzig: Meissner, 1792. Bernoulli, Johann. Reisen durch Brandenburg Pommern, Preußen, Curland, Rußland und Pohlen, in den
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258 Bibliography Bouffonidor. Les fastes de Louis XV, de ses ministres, maîtresses, généraux, et autres personnages de son regne: pour servir de suite à la vie privée. Chez la veuve Liberté, 1783. Bourdillon, Joseph. “Essai Historique Critique sur les Dissentions des Eglises de Pologne.” L’Evangile du Jour, 1769, 83-107. Bruchstücke aus den Ruinen der Menschheit. Eine Darstellung der wichtigsten Begebenheiten seit 1789 nebst einigen Blicken in die Zukunft. Kopenhagen, 1797. Brydone, and Wraxall. “Anecdotes of Signiora Gabrieli, the Celebrated Opera Singer.” Annual Register, or a View of the History, Politicks, and Literature of the Year 1775 (1776): 63-7. “Bücherverbot.” Intelligenzblatt der Neuen allgemeinen deutschen Bibliothek, no. 44 (1795): 397. Burney, Fanny. Fanny Burney and Her Friends: Select Passages from Her Diary and Other Writings. Edited by L.B. Seeley. Scribner and Welford, 1890. Büsching, Anton Friderich. “Lebensgeschichte Burchard Christophs von Münnich.” Magazin für die neue Historie und Geographie, 1769, 3:387-536. Büsching, Anton Friderich. “S. Petersburg.” Wöchentliche Nachrichten von neuen Landcharten, geographiscen, statistichen und historischen Büchern und Schriften, March 24,1783, 96. Büsching, Anton Friderich. D. Anton Friderich Büschings, königl. Preußisch. Oberconsistorialraths, Directors des vereinigten berlinischen und cölnischen Gymnasiums, und der beyden Schulen desselben, eigene Lebensgeschichte. Halle: Johann Jacob Curts Witwe, 1789. Byron, George Gordon. Don Juan. 1819. Caminer, Domenico. Geschichte des gegenwärtigen Kriegs zwischen
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Index Adshead, David 223 n.36 Aechte Nachrichten von dem Grafen Cagliostro 232 n.63 Africans, enslaved 60,109,132 Albrecht, Johann Friedrich Ernst (1752-1814), writer 117,188, 191,195, 197, 252 n.29 Alexander, John T. 226 n.5, 242 n.48, 251 n.5, 255 n.37 Alexander I (1777-1825) 5,117 Allgemeine Zeitgeschichte, see Gross, J.G. Alopäus, Magnus Maximilian (17481822), diplomat 240n.l5 Alter und neuer grosser Staats-, Kriegsund Friedens AppenzellerCalender 225 n.26 Andrä, Heinrich Friedrich, probably pseud, see Geisler Anecdoten zur Lebensgeschichte... Potemkin 188,190-1 Anecdotes russes (Marche) 219 nn.33, 34, 220 n.35, see also Marche; Russische Anekdoten Anekdoten aus dem Privatleben der Kaiserin Catharina 226 n.53 Anekdoten zur Lebensgeschichte des Fürsten Gregorius Gregoriewitsch Orlow 245 n.5,252 n.21 Anhalt-Zerbst 5,20,151 Anna Petrovna (1757-1759), daughter of Catherine II 35 Annual Register 39, 98,104,111, 218 n.7, 220 n.53 Anti-fans, see fans Anting, Johann Friedrich (1753-1805), artist 49 Argus 222 n.35 aristocracy 1, 57, 60, 71, 74, 76, 108,114, 144, 157, 168,189, 209 art collecting and commissioning 104, 111-12 prices 111-12 artists, visual 30,42, 61-2, 80,114,130, 208, see also individual artist names amateur 56 engravers of images 7,41,49, 53-4, 85,108, 202 engravers of text 43, 61,156 painters 44,49, 76 sculptors 112 Asia, Asiatic 132-41,143-8 audience, of celebrity discourse about Catherine II 1-3,8,19-20, 34, 42, 60-1,70-2,91 enlarged by varied genres 99 non-elite 3,30-4 outside Russia 1-2, 64,104,187, 214nn,16, 22 partly illiterate 29-34 signs of intended
inclusiveness 42 Auszug der neuesten Weltgeschichte, see Gross, J.G. “Authentic History of the Famous Rebel Pugatschew” 242 n.65 Authentic Memoirs of the Life and Reign of Catherine II 229 n. 13 Avril, Jean Jacques the Elder (1744-1831), engraver 244 n.89 Bachaumont, Louis Petit de (1690-1771), writer 229 n.6, 230 n.15 Bacmeister, Hartwig Ludwig Christian (1730-1806), historian 231 n.40 Baidinger, Friderike (1739-1786), writer 65 Bannet, Eve 249 n.24 barbaric, barbarism 10-11, 240 n.2 Russia as 132,134-5 Bariatinsky, Fedor (1742-1814) 181-2 Barker, Chris 225 n.38
Index Bartlett, Roger 231 п.51, 250 n.83 Basedow, Johann Bernhard (1724-1790), educator 100,177 Bate, Jonathan 245 п.10 Baudez, Basile 236 n.60 Bause, Johann Friedrich (1738-1814), printmaker 53,118-19 Beattie, Simon 253 n.53 Beauclair, Pierre Louis (1735-1804), writer 181 The Beauties of all the Magazines Selected 41, 218-19 n.17 Behr, Isachar Falkensohn (1746-1817), poet 100 Belgium, Belgian, see Low Countries Belk, Russell W. Ill Bellermann, Johann Jacob (1754-1842), travel writer 78-9,81, 84-5, 179,192, 225 n.41 Bemerkungen über Esthland, Liefland und Russland 227 n.17 Benda, Friedrich (1745-1814), musician 114,236n.66 Berg, Maxine 223 n.2 Berger, Daniel, (1744-1825), Berlin engraver 44-5, 50, 52, 56 Berger, Joachim 236 n.65 Berger, John 107,109 Bermingham, Ann 226 n.55 Bernigeroth, Johann Martin (1713-1767), printmaker 49,51 Bernoulli, Johann, III (1744-1807), travel writer 78,80,112 Berthault, Jean-Pierre (1779-1850), printmaker 86-7 Biester, Johann Erich (1749-1816), biographer 56-7, 225 n.39 Bil’basov, V. A. 218 n.12, 219 n.21 biographers of Catherine II, see Andrä; Biester; Castéra; Masson, Seume; Tooke Biskup, Ihomas 221 n. 15 Bitte und Erhoerung 53, 55, 222 n.26 Black Sea 143-4,147,161,164-5 Bianning, Tim 214 n.17, 221 nn.15,16 Blum, Karl Ludwig 225 n.47-9 Bobrinsky, Aleksey (1762-1813), son of Catherine II and Orlov 83 Bőim, Albert 162 279 Boluzion, ficitious engraver 129 booksellers 41-2,48, 56,113 Boone, Joseph A. 226 n.58 Bouffonidor, pseudonym for unknown author 250 n.69 Bourdillon, Joseph, nom deplume of Voltaire 257 n.75 Bourrée de Corberon, Marie Daniel
(1748-1810), diplomat and letter writer 117 Braamcamp, Gerrit (1699-1771), art collector 111 Bricker, Andrew Benjamin 222 n.21 British political cartoons, see political cartoons, British Broglie, Charles-François de (1719-1781), diplomat 187 Bruchstücke aus den Ruinen der Menschheit 255 nn.25,29 Bruel, Count Heinrich (1700-1763), art collector 111 Buchwald, Juliane Franziska von (17071789), aristocrat 114 Bullmann, Johann Georg (1740-1811), printer 225 n.28 Burney, Fanny (1752-1840), writer 64 Büschel, Johann Gabriel Bernhard (17581813), writer 233 n.77 Büsching, Anton Friedrich (1724-1793), geographer 102,174-6,183 Büsching, Polyxene Christiane Auguste née Dilthey (1728-1777), poet 93-4,174,183, 226 n.50 Byron, George Gordon “Lord” (17881824), poet 210 Cagliostro, Alessandro di (1743-1795), occultist adventurer 101-2 calendar, Julian to Gregorian 214 ո. З Callot, Jaques (c. 1592-635), printmaker 157 Caminer, Dominico (1721-1795), journalist 41,181, 225 n.42 capitalism 3,109, see also under celebrity Caravaque, Louis (1684-1754), Italian portraitist 49,51 Carburi, Marin (1729-1782), engineer 112
280 Caretta, Vincent 161 caricatures, see cartooning, political Carta, con noticias circunstanciadas de la revolución acaecida en Petersburga 215 n.8 Casanova, Giacomo (1725-1798), writer 181 Cashmore, Ellis 3,162 Castéra, Jean-Henri (1749-1838), biographer 171-2,180,188, 194 Casti, Giambattista/Giovanni Battista (1724-1803), poet 196, 253 n.55 Catharina die Zweite, die einzige Kaiserinn der Erde 80,1Ո n,24 Catharina die Zweite. Darstellungen 230n.l9 Catherine II (1729-1796), Empress of Russia 5,175 adultery charge 36,180,194, 228 n.30 appearance, descriptions 81-8 aging 84-8,196 stout 81, 85, 99,196 autonomy 10, 33,69,72-3,125-6, 189-90,210 body 8-9,78,155 menstruation and menopause 82-3,129-30, 228 n.29 pregnancies 35,83,179-80, 194-5 character and emotions 29-30, 80, 87, 94,151,177,209 anger 80,196 desiring to please 125,175 friendliness and good humor 689, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 207 vindictiveness 151 weeping and tears 39, 80 conspiracies against 40 (see also Pugachev rebellion) Crimean journey 11, 137,143-8, 204-6, 244 n.94 transportation 146-7 criminality and murderess rumors and claims 13,128-30,190, 202, 206-7 Index death 5,13,199-203,210 decorum and demeanor 79-81, 83-5, 155, 207 drinking 80 dress, clothes, and fashion 8,48-50, 56, 58, 78,107,118-19,145 (see also crossdressing and under prints) Amazonian dress 99,107,131 coiffure 46,81-2 cross-dressing 6-7,23,26,48,78, 129, 178-9 fur trim 46, 53-4,78,127-8,154, 158, 165, 172, 201,203,221 n.12 makeup 81,85 in Russian style 78,81,107,162, 246 n.36 and Enlightenment (see Enlightenment) feminizing attributes 23,
39,48,125, 175 and French philosophes 41, 89,92, 100,102 gender 8-13,39,83,97,120-1,130 generosity 92, 94-5, 99-100,104, 113-15,190,240 n.42 German origin 5, 22, 28, 68,200 gifts from 95, 99,100,104,110,115, 146 and gloire 3,8,9, 74-7, 208 horseback riding 23, 26, 78,148,178 letters from 91 -5,100,113,115, 223 n.4 masculinity and masculine performance 23,26, 37-9, 176,178 as Minerva 93 motherhood and tropes of maternality 10, 20-3, 39,91, 96, 99,112-17,139,142-3 children (see Anna Petrowna, Bobrinski, Paul) treatment of grandchildren 117 treatment of son 117,139 object of gaze 49, 74, 76, 78-88 patronage by 104-5,111-15 in political cartoons (see political cartoons) public image, concern about 124-5
Index self-display 23,78, 88 self-legitimizing efforts 21-4, 28-9, 35, 37, 74 sexuality, including allegations 7, 12, 39,71,154,157,179-80, 186-98, 210, 255 n.35 Volga journey 135-6 and war 116,120,152 wealth, expenditures, and consumption 1,104-15, 144,146,158, 206 (see also consumption) widow role 116 wife role 23,116,177 marriage to Peter III 12, 34-6, 169-85 (see also Peter III) not attending Peter Ill’s funeral 28,30 remarriage 10,116-18 writer 102, 225 n.50, 253 n.36 (see also manifestos) Antidote 136, 232 n.66 Grand Instruction 96-8, 204 celebrity and celebrity culture 1-3,15, 17, 19,40-1,64, 89, 207-8, see also commodification; consumption; glamour; media; scandal; star; women celebrities criticism of 3 cultural, economic, and social conditions necessary for 1-3, 214nn.l6, 22 central figure (see star) individualism, agency, and autonomy valued 23, 30, 50, 109,125 lives of fans and star overlapping 5,84,194, 211 media (see media) non-elite audience (see audience) publicity 4, 6, 74-5,102 visibility and seeing 49, 61-2, 69, 74, 80, 82 definition 3 discourse 30, 64, 91-2,107,118, 123, 134, 190,197 contradictions and inconsistencies accepted 21,39,49,69,73 281 documents of 42, 54, 62-3, 174-5,192 idealization in 69 “revelations” emphasized 21, 30, 61,70-1,169-70, 191, 197, 210 savoring sexuality, love affairs, and failed marriage 36,40,149, 155,158-62,169-74,186,196, 198 story 6, 24-5, 40,63, 75, 99,136, 139,147,168-70, 186,197,211 trivia and gossip valued 30,64, 175 effects and functions 8, 66,104 alternative to political discourse 64,72 consumption and capitalism
promoted 3,109,144 entertainment 20,24,155 fantasy and imagination 25,66, 73,186 feeling of familiarity and parasocial relationship to star 40,67,110, 175,190, 197, 207-8 identification 20, 30,40, 66-7, 96,104,170 negotiating norms 25,97,102, 155,196-8 notion of “being someone” 67-8, 109 notion of social mobility 20, 25, 40, 66-8, 70,105, 200 sociable discussion 25, 35, 39,64, 115,131,155,181,207 transgressiveness explored 28, 39, 70, 73,125,189, 210 eighteenth-century usage of the word celebrity 2, 213ՈՈ.5, 6 endorsements and advertising 42, 57-, 76-8 monarchical 2-4 political type 2,13,123-31 products 3, 5, 19, 24, 30,41,45,49, 56,61, 72, 203, 208 intended for non-elite audience 6,42,45 speedy production 56-7, 208 as troika 19, 41, 74, 208 censorship and libel 92,165,187-8,191
282 central figure, see star Chantreau, Pierre Nicolas (1741-1808), writer 243 n.66, 248 n.8 Chappe d’Auteroche, Jean (1728-1769), astronomer 134-6 Charlotte (1744-1818), Queen of England 57 Charnon-Deutsch, Lou 162 Chesterfield, (Lord, Philip Dormer Stanhope, 1694-1773) 117 Chodowiecki, Daniel Niklaus (17261801), engraver 1, 6 illustrations of Catherine’s life 7-12,48 Christian August, Prince of AnhaltZerbst, (1690-1747), father of Catherine II 56 Christina (1626-1689), Queen of Sweden 37 La chronique scandaleuse, see Imbert Claessens, Lambert Antoine (1763-1834), engraver 193 class and rank 1,10,26,34,51,53, 56-8, 60, 64, 68,71-2,75-6, 91, 94, 96, 107-10,114-15,128, 132,137, 144, 162, 172,177, 189,191-2, 208-10, 214 n.16, 226 n.l Clef du Cabinet des Princes de l’Europe 216 n.27 Cobley, Paul 249 nn.28, 31 Cochran, Peter 253 n.55 coffee houses 20, 64 Collot, Marie-Anne (1748-1821), sculptor 112 colonies, see settlers Cornelia, Luciano Francisco (1751-1812) playwright 42, 204, 221 n.5 commodification and commodities 1-7, 19,41-59, 72, 75-6, 171, 186, 208,210 selling and renting printed images 56,152 communication, eighteenth-century 6, 18, see also letters and newspapers Congres Politique (1772) 122 consumption and celebrity 104-15 (see also celebrity products; luxury) and self-transformation 109 Index Coombe, Rosemary 69, 225 nn.33,40 Corberon, see Bourrée de Coberon Cossacks 79,133,138-40,147 Cottle, Simon 217 n.l coup of 1762 1, 6-7,12, 17-27,42, 169-77,186,208; see also gloire non-violent 24, 26, 39 protecting Catherine from divorce or death 23, 35, 37 courts, imperial
and royal 3,70, 74-80, 104,115,132, 190-1 arranging marriages 34 display 104,109-10 publicity 3-5,75,110 Cowan, Brian 213 n.9, 223 n.5,224 n.l2 Coxe, William (1748-1828), travel writer 96,142, 170,174-6, 178,181-2,247 n.7,253 n.39 Creed, Barbara 246 n.l9 Crimean journey, see under Catherine II Cronstadt, naval fortress 26, 37-8,42, 176,178, 204 Cross, A.G. 247 n.3 cross-dressing 6,131, 203, see also under Catherine II Crozat, Louis Antoine (baron de Thiers, 1699-1770), art collector 111 Cruikshank, Isaac (1764-1811), political cartoonist 162,166-7, 202-3, 206 Bobadii Disgraced or Kate in a Rage 162-3, 246 n.35 The Moment ofReflection or A Tale for Future Times 202-3 Royal Recreation 166-8 cultural studies 21, 70 culture of celebrity, see celebrity “Curious Anecdotes of Dr. Dimsdale’s Inoculation of the Empress of Russia” 231 n.44 Dabhoiwala, Faramerz 191 d’Alembert, Jean-Baptiste le Rond (17171783), encyclopedist 29,92, 94,132, 229 n.4 The Danger of the Political Balance ofEurope, 1790 (disputed authorship) 170,181-2, 248 n. 11
283 Index Dann, Otto 224 ո. 11 Darnton, Robert 2,97 Dashkova, Yekaterina Romanovna née Vorontsova (1743-1810) 140 coup participant 26,176, 220 n.37 Director, Academy of Sciences 102 Dawson, Ruth R 215 n.9,219n.32, 224 n.24, 225 n.50,229 n.10, 230 n.32, 237 n.6,251 n.8, 252 n.30, 253 n.57,254 n.63 dedications to Catherine II 99,114-15,120 Deffand, Marie Anne de VichyChamrond, marquise du (1696-1780) 251 n.6 Delpierre, Madeleine 222 n.30 Denis, Marie Louise Mignot (1712-1790), niece of Voltaire 115 Denkwürdigkeiten ... des ohnlängst verstorbenen unglücklichen Czaars Peter des Dritten 218 n.12, 219 n.32 Dent, William (active 1783-1800), engraver 236 n.72 Descargues, Pierre 235 n.50 Design for the new gallery of busts and pictures 181 diamonds 10, 81, 101,104-7,109-10, 135, 146 Diana, Princess (1961-1997) 6,73, 211 Dickinson, Sara 244 Diderot, Denis (1713-1784), philosopher 93-4,100-1 diffusion 20 Dimsdale, Thomas (1712-1800), smallpox inoculator 98-9 Dixon, Simon 218 nn.4,9, 220 nn.37, 44, 235 n.33, 248 n.18, 250 n.83, 251 n.9, 252 dress, clothes, and fashion, see under Catherine II Duflos, Claude Augustin (1700-1786), publisher 53-4,56 Dutch political cartoons, see Low Countries; political cartoons Dutch Republic, see Low Countries Dutens, Louis (1730-1812), writer 105 Edgeworth, Maria (1768-1849), writer 221-2 n. 17 Edward II (1284-1327), king of England 28-9 Elias, Norbert 74, 226 n.l, 234 n.l Elizabeth (1709-1762), tsarina of Russia 20,22,25,31,35, 117-18,180,187,194 daughter 206, 242 n.55 death 20, 237 n.l sexual promiscuity 35 Elizabeth I (1533-1603), queen of England
111,118 Engel, Laura 213 n.8 Engelhard, Philippine née Gatterer (1756-1831), poet 67-8,81, 224 n.22 engravings, see political cartoons; printed portraits Enlightenment and Catherine II 91-103, 122,151 marked as gender exception 97-8 offsetting the coup 91 patronage 2,100,105,114 projects education 92-3, 99,151,203-4 Foundling Hospital 95-6, 230 n.24 inoculation (see inoculation against smallpox) law code reform 96-8,125,204 raising audience hopes 91,124 softening social boundaries 91,96 validating fans’ preferences 91 Erichsen, Vigilius (1722-1782), painter 46, 53, 76,178-9, 216 n.34 Ethnic groups in Russian Empire 10-11, 79,133-8,143-8, 244 n.89, see also Cossacks; Kalmyks; Kyrgyz; Pugachev rebellion The European Magazine, and London Review 59, 223 n.41 exotic, exoticism 11,134, see also barbaric Russia as 25,132,143-8, 204 education projects, see under Enlightenment Facius, Georg Siegmund (1750-1813), engraver 45-6,50
284 Falconet, Étienne Maurice (1716-1791), sculptor 112 fans and fandom 1-3,6-8,19,28, 6073, 209, 210, see also celebrity ambivalence 3,69-72, 80,134,135, 149 anti-fans 8, 69-70, 72,125,169,177, 189,194, 208-10 benefits from celebrity 1, 8 (see also effects and functions under celebrity) conditions for 60-1 (see also cultural under celebrity) definition 60-1 evidence of 6,42, 54, 62 fantasizing about being Catherine’s lover 71-2,192 feeling of personal insight and connection 40,106-7,125,171 fictitious examples (see Goody Grogg; Madame de) identification 70-1,104-5,125 (see also effects and functions under celebrity) impact of fans’ wishes on prints 54, 110,208 lives overlapping with stars 5, 74, 84, 203,211 pleasure of being lifted out of the quotidian 104,107,143 social and material distance from stars 40, 74,104, 154-5 fashion, see dress, clothes, and fashion under Catherine II favorites, see lovers and favorites female celebrity, see woman celebrity Fischer, Caroline Auguste (1764-1842), novelist 197-8 Fischer, Steven R. 224 nn. 13,23 Forster, Georg (1754-1794) 254 n.20 Fortgesetzte neue genealogisch-historische Nachrichten (1763) 215 п.12 Fortgesetzte russische Anekdoten, 1766 218 n.8 Fortia-de-Piles, Alphonse (1758-1826), travel writer 182-3,190,192, 196-8 Fosseyeux, Jean-Baptiste (1752-1824), engraver 179, 250 n.55 Index Foundling Hospital, see under Enlightenment Fox, Charles James (1749-1806), statesman 160-1,166,202-3 Fragmens historiques sur Pierre III et Catherine II (perhaps Goebel) 171,183,195 Franck, Georg 215 n. 18 Franklin, Benjamin (1706-1790), statesman
2,132 Frederick II (1712-1786), king of Prussia 3-5,17, 38,42,78, 177-8 about Catherine II 35,97,251 n.5 Polish partition 124-5 porcelain gift 76-8,133,137 printed portraits and cartoons 45, 47, 83,121-3 Frederick William II (1744-1797) king of Prussia 128 French political cartoons, see political cartoons, French French Revolution 11,13, 70, 84-8,104, 120,152-64,189,199, 203, see also French political cartoons Frensdorff, F. 245 n.7 Freudengesang der Judenschaft zu Sclow 243 n.74 Freundschaftliche Briefe über den gegenwärtigen Zustand des Russischen Reichs 181, 250 n.66 Gabler, Neal 216 n.38 Gabrielli, Caterina (1730-1796), singer HO, 235Ո.34 Gaisbauer, Herbert 238 n.26 Galloway, George (1755), poet 167-8 Gamman, Lorraine 225 n.43 Gamson, Joshua 21, 215 n.18, 216 n.26 Garber, Marjorie 131 Gatterer, Helena (1754-1805), governess 64-5,67-8, 224 n.22 gaze 74,81,155 Geisler, Adam Friedrich (1757-C.1800), writer, occasional pseud. Heinrich Friedrich Andrä 171, 226 n.57
Index Gelbart, Nina Rattner 229 n.3 Gelderblom, Oscar 235 gender 9-13,17, 22, 37, 97,106-7,112, see also women and celebrity 80 and power 106-7,113,116-17, 156-9,167,176 and rule 22,178 and sexuality 71-2,154-5,159 in state portraiture 118-19,127 transgressions of (see under political cartoons) war fighting and 130-1 Gentleman’s Magazine 29, 38, 220 n.51 Geoffrin, Marie Thérèse Rodet (16991777), correspondent 94-5, 229 n.8, 230 n.16 George Ludwig (1719-1763), Prince of Holstein-Gottorp 25, 32, 38 George III (1738-1820), king of England 102,154,161 Gericke, Johann Ernst (active 1744-69) engraver 221 n. 10 German political cartoons, see political cartoons, German Gespräch im Reiche derer Todten 220 n.43 Gessner, Solomon (1730-1788), poet 113 gifts and gift giving 49, 76-7, 95,106, 113-15, 137, 186,187,189, 196-7 and dedications 114-15, 208 Giles, David 213 n.3 Gilray, James (1756-1815), political cartoonist 158,181 Amsterdam in a Darn’d Predicament 158 glamour 105,107-9,115 Gleim, Johann Wilhelm Ludwig 17191803), poet 105, 233 n.3 gloire 3-5, 8-9, 63, 74-6, 88, 94, 104-15, 124, 144, 205, 207-8, 226 n.l as legitimizing strategy 74-5,104, 208 Godineau (active 1790s-1800s), dramatist 184 Goebel, Jean (active 1790s), writer 183 285 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (17491832), poet 56,71,126-7 Goodman, Dena 234 n.24 Gorbatov, Inna 236 n.53 Gordon, George (1751-1793), politician 188 Goudar, Ange (1720-1791), writer 38, 218 n. 12, 220ՈՈ.45,47-8 Grab, Walter 252 n.27 Grasselli, Margaret Morgan 222n.31 Greece 120,143 Green, Abigail 226 n.2 Greilich, Susanne 225 n.25 Griffiths, David Μ. 243
n.76 Grigorieva, Irina 235 n.49 Grimm, Friedrich Melchior (172318807), journalist 223 n.37, 232 n.72 Grogg, Goody, invented lower-class fan 61, 219 n.17 Gross, Johann Gottfried (1703-1768), editor of Allgemeine Zeitgeschichte in einem Auszuge der neuesten Weltgeschichte 18-19, 25-7, 39 Grosskurth, Brian 236 n.56 Gundle, Stephen 234 n.l5 Gustav III (1746-1792), king of Sweden 170, 248 n.l 1 Habermas, Jürgen 60,75, 226 n.l Haigold, see Schlözer Halem, Gerhard Anton von (1752-1819), poet 238 n. 19 Hamilton, Emma (1765-1815), famous beauty 112 Hatchett, John, London coach maker 59, 223 n.40-3 Hays, Mary (1759-1843), writer 209 Haywood, Ian 239 n.37, 245 n.9 Hebenstreit, Franz (1747-1795) 169, 247 n.l Heier, Edmund 236 n.63 Heinzmann, Johann Georg (1757-1802), bookseller 221 n.ll Heipcke, Corinna 219 n.20 Helbig, Gustav Adolf Wilhelm (17571813), historian 173-5,182, 188,191, 194-6, 205
286 Index Herder, Johann Gottfried (1744-1803), philosopher 63,101 Hill, Ruth 234 n.78 Hinkender Bott, see Verbesserter Hippel, Theodor Gottlieb von (17411796), writer 97,103 Historical-Genealogical Calendar, see Historisch-genealogischer Historisches Portefeuille 236 n.59 Historisch-genealogischer Calender auf das Gemein-Jahr 1798 1,7-12 Hoffmann, Peter 241 nn.17, 26, 242 n.42 Holland (William) printshop 153 Homans, Margaret 220 n.42 Hoogenbaum, Hilde 220 n.49 Hordt, Johann Ludwig (1719-1798), autobiographer 170-1,174, 177 Hörschelmann, Friedrich Ludwig Anton 36, 219 n.32, 220 n.41 Hörschelmann, Friedrich Ludwig Anton (1740-1792 or later), biographer 36 Horton, Donald 225 n.27 Houel, Jean (1735-1813), painter 111 Hubertusburg Treaty (1763) 46-7 Hunt, Lynn 168, 238 п.21, 247 n.45 Ibneyeva, Guzel 240 n.14 Icon, as post-celebrity fame 5,13, 211 identification, see under celebrity, effects; fans Imbert, Guillaume (1744-1803), writer 239 n.40 An Imperial Stride ./ĽEnjambée Imperiale (probably by Rowlandson) 86, 152-6,159-60,162-4,167, 245 n.12-16 individualism, see under celebrity inoculation against smallpox 95, 98-9 intimacy 63,69,106,189-90,194, 197 “intimacy at a distance” (Horton) 66, 102 “public intimacy” (Roach) 30, 61 Ivan VI (1740-1764), tsar of Russia as infant, often called John in English news accounts 25, 40, 117-18,128,184,206 Jahrmargt, K. (active 1760’s), engraver 221 n.8 Jews 100-1, 106,132,141-3 Johannson, Sofia 216 n.40 Johnson, Samuel (1709-1784), writer, lexicographer 130-1 Jones, E. D. 186,213 n.9, 251 n.l Joseph II (1741-1790), Habsburg ruler and Holy
Roman Emperor 75, 107,110,128,143-5,147-8,196 in cartoons and prints with Catherine II 122-3, 127-8,130,148,158 Kahn, Andrew 223 n.4, 230 n.16 Kalmyk exodus from Russian empire 11, 137-8 Kamen, Henry 223 n.l Karsch, Anna Luise (1722-1791), poet 17, 36,40, 70,77-8, 220 n.59, 233 n.3 Katharine II. vor dem Richterstuhle der Menschheit 249 п.46, 251 n. 10, 254 n.l 1 Kaufmann, Angelika (1741-1807), painter 111 Kazan, Russia 135-6 Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630), astronomer 100 Kéralio, Louise de (1758-1821), writer 120,156 Kerstens, Johann Christian (1713-1802), professor 224 n. 10 Khodarkovsky, Michael 241 n.23 Klassik Stiftung Weimar 222 n.32 knout 135 Koeninger, Frieda 221 n.6 Koningsbrugge, Hans van 228 n.35 Kosareva, Nina 235 n.31 Kosciuszko, Tadeuz (1746-1817), Polish hero 152,202 Kotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdinand von (1761-1819), playwright 233 n.78 Kraft, Andries (1810), playwright 183-4 Krieken, Robert van 89, 215 nn.17,18, 226 n.56, 229 n.l Krüger, I.C. or Krüger, Christian Joseph (1759-1814), medal maker 113
Index Kyrgyz 10, 135, 147,151 Lammel, Gisold 222 n.2O Landes, Joan B. 227 n.25 language choice and audience 44 Lannoy, Juliana Cornelia de (1738-1782), poet 114 Lanskoy, Alexander (1758-1784), lover of Catherine II 187-8,190,192, 206-7,251 n.9 Lante, Josef/Giuseppe (b. 1726), printmaker 237 n.5 La Roche, Sophie von (1730-1807), writer 102,114,236n.7O Lasting peace to Europe. The Dream of an Cosmopolite 120 Lavater, Johann Kasper (1741-1801), physiognomist 120-1,156 Laveaux, see Thieboult de Laveaux law code reform, see under Enlightenment LeBeau, Pierre Adrien (1744/48-1817 c.), printmaker 42-4, 50-2, 56 legitimacy of a ruler 39-40,104,112,141 based on competence or intellectual qualification 24,95 based on dynasty 24 based on gender 38-9,116 Lemire, Nicolas Noël (1724-1800), engraver 122-3,238 n.26 Leonard, Carol S. 248 n.22 Le-Trosne, Guillaume Francois (17281780), jurist 244 n.3 letters, of contemporaries 2,18, 25, 30, 35-6, 61, 65,71, 91, 94,139-40, 181,204 Leuthner, Ferdinand, Vienna shopkeeper 57-8,108 Levitt, Marcus 240 n. 13, 253 n.56, 255 n.37 Liackhova, Lydia 227 n.8 libertinism 12, 158-68,188-9,195, 197-8, 210 Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph (1742-1799), physicist and satirist 233 n.75 Liemann, Amalie von, child writer 64-5 Liiti, Antoine 2-3, 5, 21, 28, 69, 213 n.5, 216 n.26, 217 n.2, 221 n.l, 223 n.39, 226 n.l 287 limping messenger, Hinkender Bote, Messager boiteux 65-5, 248 n. 15, see also Alter und Neuer; Verbesserter Lind, John (1737-1781), pamphleteer 124-5, 238 n.28, see also Pansmouzer; Polish Partition Lindsey, Theophilus (1723-1808), theologian 238 n.28
Linguet, Simon-Nicholas Henri (17361794) 238 n.l7 literacy, illiteracy, and reading practices 7, 34,42, 61,63,65, 72, 76,91 Livia 35,40,70 Lob-und Danklied der Judengemeine zu Mohilow 143 Longworth, Philip 241 n.25 Lortholary, Albert 230 n.20, 230 n.62 Löschenkohl, Johann Hieronymus (1753-1807), artist and art dealer 144-5 Louis XIV (1638-1715), king of France 3,104 Louis XV (1710-1774), king of France 61,98 Louis XVI (1754-1793), king of France 5, 101,157,162 love, concept changing 189,198 lovers and favorites 13, 71-2,144, 252 nn.20, 22, see also Lanskoy; libertinism; Mamonov; Orlov; Poniatowski; Potemkin; Saltykov costs 71,189,192,197-8 trajectories 190, 192, 194 Low Countries 63, 127, 158-9, 208, 223 n.l, 246 n.25 Luhmann, Niklas 189,198 Lull, James 217 n.l luxury 41,61,73,104-11,115,143, 223 n.2 meaning changing 108-9 McKeon, Michael 249 n.25 McPherson, Heather 2,189, 213 n.5 Madame de ***, see under Sénac de Meilhan
288 Index Madariaga Isabel de 245 п.4, 246 п.40, 252 п.23 Mallet du Pan, Jacques (1749-1800), journalist 170, 248 n.l 1 Mamonov, Alexander Dmitriev- (17581803), lover of Catherine II 144 manifestos of Catherine 21,92,116,122, 141-2 explaining first Polish Partition 122 first, about coup 21 inviting colonists to Russia 100 Pugachev rebellion 137,139 related to Jews 141-2 second, about coup and abdication 21-4, 35, 37 third, about death of Peter III 27-30 Mansfeld, Johann Ernst (1738-96), engraver 223 n.38 Marcard, Heinrich Matthias (17471817) 254n.l5 Marche, C. F. S. de la, pseud, of Christian Friedrich Schwan (1733-1815), publisher 240 n. 12, see also Anecdotes russes-, Russische Anekdoten Maréchal, Sylvain (1750-1803), playwright 245 ո. 17 Maria Theresa (1717-1780), ruler of Habsburg domains 3-5,18, 24, 37,42,116,124-5 as mother 116-17,187 political cartoons 83-4,122,158-9 portraits 47, 216 n.35 rival to Catherine II 106 as widow 187 Marie Antoinette (1755-1793), queen of France 5,155,162,188, 255 n.35 market crier or singer 31, 34 Maron, Theresia Concordia née Mengs (1725-1806), painter 111 Marshall, Joseph (active 1760’s-1770), writer 135 Marshall, P. David 21,69, 214 nn.13, 21, 215n,17,216nn.26, 35,218n.l6, 222 n.19, 225 n.41, 234 n.27, 239 n.30, 247 n.47 Mary Stuart (1542-1587), queen of Scots 36,40, 70 masculinity, see under Catherine II; Peter III Massie, Robert K. 238 n.l5 Masson, Charles François Philibert, (1761-1807) writer 68-9, 78-9, 85,87, 120,188,195, 207, 247 n.44 Mayer, Johann Georg, writer 75,110, 142 Maza, Sarah 238 n.21, 246 n.20,254 ո. 10 medals and
coins issued by Catherine II 92-3,96 engravings of 53, 93,96,112-13 as gifts 96,113,115 inexpensive casts of 56,112 media and mediation 2-3,19, 36,41-59, 89,169,192 distributors 3,6,19,23, 34,42,49, 56-7,152, 203 (see also market crier) large-scale/mass 1,6,17-19,58, 63, 72 workers 1, 3,7-8,19, 30,41-59,74, 84,112,122,145,152 (see also artists; writers) outside Russia 7,72, 75 “Mein lieber Peter, gute Nacht!” 29-34, 218 n.8 Mejer, Luise (married Boie, 1746-1786), letter writer 128-9,190,192, 240 n.42 Melot, Michel 222 n.28 Mercier, Louis-Sébastien (1740-1814), writer 97 Mercure historique et politique 217 n.43 Mercurio Histórico y Político 35,138, 143,219 n.28 Merkel, Angela (1954-), German chancellor 211 Merkwürdige Lebensgeschichte Peter des Dritten, 1762 218 n.12 Merziger, Patrick 214n.l8 Mexico 42 Meyer, Johann Heinrich Christian (active 1778-1779), writer 235 n.30 Meys, Ferdinand de (active 17901805) 244 n.89
Index Michler, Marwart 251 n.9 Miller, Nancy K. 180 Minerva (magazine) 248 n.20 Minor, Vernon Hyde 222 n.20 modem international female celebrity 1-3,5,13,15,17,40, 42, 54, 56, 73, 75, 94, 208, see also women celebrities Mogilev/Mohilow, present-day Belarus 75, 110, 143 Moi, Torii 6 Momonov, see Mamonov Monroe, Marilyn (1926-1962), film star 211 “monstrous-feminine” (Creed) 12,156, 164-8,203 Montefiore, Sebag 238 n.15, 252 n.29 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de (1689-1755), philosopher 135 Monthly Review 102,135,195 Montluzin, Emily Lorraine de 220 n.50 Moreau, Jean-Michel (1741-1814), artist 122-3 Morgan, Simon 215 nn.18,19 Moser, Friedrich Carl (1723-1798), jurist 234 n.16, 235 n.35, 236 n.62 Mosley, Charles (1744-1770 c.), engraver 48-9, 51, 56, 69, 221 n.17 motherhood, see under Catherine II Müller, Johann Jacob (1743), engraver 225 n.28 Müller, Karl Ernst Christian (1813), writer 114-15 Munchausen Tales 186 Münnich, Burkhard Christoph (1683-1767), field marshall 27,37-8,176 Munro, George E. 234 n. 13 “My dear Peter, good night!”, see “Mein lieber Peter, gute Nacht” Nadir/Nader Shah (1688-1747), shah of Iran 105 Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) 5, 70, 188, 210 narrative 12, 22-4, 50, 80,170,174,176, 190 289 anecdote 171 dialogue 176 larger forms 169-70,186 (see also secret history) scene 175 narrator 22-3,174-6,183 Netherlands, see Low Countries Das neueste graue Ungeheuer 134 news 1,4, 20, 24-5, 60, 72, 89,95, 223 n.5 geographical dissemination 18 spread of 20, 31, 36, 38 newspapers 1-2, 5,17-19, 21-3, 26-30, 35,48, 56-7, 59-60,63, 72, 76,
91,94,98,101-2,114, 136-40, 143,151, 214 n.3, see also newspapers by country below and celebrity 63-6 geographical reach 18-19,63-4 non-elite readers and auditors 63-5, 72 newspapers, American 18 Providence Gazette 215 n.8, 218 n.ll newspapers, British 224 n. 18 Evening Mail 254 n.4 Gazetteer and... Daily Advertiser 20, 26,140, 215 nn.6, 20, 217 n.50 General Evening Post (London) 101 Lloyd’s Evening Post and British Chronicle 215 n.6, 215 n.12, 217 n.43,217 n.47 London Chronicle 30, 38, 39, 217 nn.44,47, 219 n.25, 220 n.56 London Evening Post 25, 217n.41 The London Magazine 117 Morning Chronicle 222 n.35 Morning Herald 213 n.7, 222-3 n.35 Northampton Mercury 18, 37, 215 n.21, 216 n.31, 217 n.3, 218 n.10, 219 nn.23, 29, 220 nn.38, 57 Oracle and Public Advertiser 199 Public Advertiser 114, 217 nn.43, 49 St. James’s Chronicle (London) 26-7 The World and Fashionable Advertiser 111, 160 newspapers, French
290 Index Affiches, annonces et Avis Divers ou Journal Général de France 222 n.29 Courier de l’Europe 110 Courrier d’Avignon 25 Gazette de France 18, 26, 28,136 Gazette des gazettes ou Journal politique 230 n.20 Gazette littéraire de l’Europe 236 n.67 Gazette Nationale ou le Moniteur Universel 199 newspapers, German Allgemeine Zeitgeschichte in einem Auszuge aller europäischen Zeitungen 18-19, 215 n.13, 216 n.39, 217 nn.45, 52 (see also Gross) Langensaalzisches WochenBlat 254 n.l Staats- und Gelehrte Zeitung des Hamburgischen unpartheyischen Correspondenten 27, 217 n.43 Weimarische wöchentliche Anzeigen 215 n.9, 217 n.42 newspapers, Italian Gazzetta Bolognesi 215 п.10, 217Ո.51 Gazzetta Universale, Florence 96, 137 Italian Mercury 111 Notizie del Mondo, Florence 105 newspapers, Low Countries Gazette de la Haye 217 n.43 Gazette van Gendt 215 п.6, 216 п.23, 217 п.43 Nouvelles Extraordinaires de Divers Endroits [Gazette de Leyde] 20, 216n.23 newspapers, Spanish Gaceta de Madrid 18, 215 п.7 Newton, Richard (1777-1798), artist 153 Nicolay, Ludwig Heinrich (1737-1820), official 235 n.52,236 n.63 Nilson, Johannes Esaias (1721-1788), printmaker 123 Nini, Giovanni Battista (1717-1786), artist 49 Noorde, Cornelis van (1731-1795), printmaker 82 Novelli, Pietro Antonio (1729-1804), engraver 209 Nussbaum, Felicity 218 n.6 Observations on the present state of Denmark, Russia and Switzerland 231 n.50 Ochakov battle 129 Oranienbaum, palace 23,26, 33,177, 194 Orlov, Alexei Grigoryevich (17371808) 205 Orlov, Grigory (1734-1783) 36, 71, 83, 188,190,194-5,220 n.37 colonists and 151 diamond gift
106 fall from favor 71,190 rumor of marrying Catherine II 117 Orme, Edward (1775-1848), engraver 225 n.28 other, otherness 132,134 stigma and 141 Ottoman Empire 11,75-8 Russian wars with 84,104,120,143, 147,152,154,164 Paesiello, Giovanni (1740-1816), composer 110 Pallas, Peter Simon (1741-1811), explorer 105 Panin, Nikita Ivanovich (1718-1783), statesman 21, 206, 220 n.37 Pansalvin, Prince of Darkness (Albrecht) 191,195 Pansmouzer, Gotlieb pseud., see Lind parasocial relationship, celebrity as 2-3, 72,91,102,162 patronage, see under Catherine II; Enlightenment Paul der Erste, Kayser von Russland 256 n.28 Paul der Erste Kaiser und Selbstherrscher aller Reußen 256 n.28 Paul I (1754-1801), tsar of Russia 5, 18-19, 30, 83, 87, 99, 111, 117, 171, 173, 192, 197,199-200, 202, 206-7 absence from Catherine’s portraits 117
Index depicted in Staub der Erste by Albrecht 117 first wife 202, 206 paternity of Peter III equivocated 33, 36,174,180,183,220 n.49 and Pugachev 139-40 Pauquet, Jean Louis Charles (1759-1824), engraver 93 peddlers 1, 56, 202 Pellet-Desbarreaux, Hyacinthe (1756) playwright 245 n.17 Du péril de la balance politique de l’Europe, see Danger Peru 18 Peter I, the Great (1672-1725) 9-Ю, 20, 22, 32-3,112,132,142,171, 176, see also statue Peter II (1715-1730), tsar of Russia 98 Peter III (1728-1762), tsar of Russia 1, 6-7, 12, 22,115,118-19,128, 178-85 abdication 24,181 during coup 23-7, 33-4 death 26-30, 91,116,162,169, 175, 181-5,202,206,218n.l2 demasculinization of 26, 29-30, 35, 37-9,177-80 denies Paul’s legitimacy 36, 219 n.31 (see also Paul I) drunkenness 32,181 dysfunctional marriage 30-6,169, 177-80 as grand duke 20, 68,194 hemorrhoidal colic 29,181 impersonated by Pugachev 137-9, 141,148 infertility treatment 171,174, 180 lack of military skill 26,178 lack of valor at Cronstadt 26 mistress (see Vorontsova) planning to reject Catherine 23 posthumous rehabilitation 200 (see also Hordt; Saldern) sexuality 38,171,180 wearing Prussian uniform 178 Peterhof palace 26,176, 216 n.34 Peters, Birgit 214n.ll Pettegree, Andrew 224 n.16 291 Peyssonnel, Claude Charles de (17271790) 248 n. 11 Pictet, François-Pierre (1728-1798), secretary to Catherine II 216 n.25 Piozzi, Hester Thrale (1740-1821), diarist 197-8 Pitt, William, the Younger (1759-1806), prime minister of Great Britain 83,160 plays about Catherine II 42,155, 183-4,186, 204, 221 n.5, see abo Comella; Godineau; Kraft; Maréchal;
Pellet-Desbarreaux Pointon, Marcia 106, 233 n.6, 234 n. 11 Poland 11-12,152, 202,213 n.l, 214Ո.22 partitions of 101, 137,142,152, 166-8 The Polish Partition, Illustrated in Seven Dramatic Dialogues ([Lind]/ Pansmouzer) 123-5, see also Lind political cartooning 12, 70, 83-4, 92, 118,121-3,130,155,188 England’s Golden Age of 70,162 political cartoons 12, 245 n.8, see also political cartoons by country/ language below multiple renditions of 155-6,158, 160,162-3, 239 n.36 mirror-image copies 153-4, 158, 162-3 versions in different languages 122,153, 246 n.35 topoi cross-dressing 128-31, 156,203 (see also under Catherine II) defecation 163-4 farting 163,165 femininity transgressed 128-30, 156-7 fighting 128-31 illicit sexual behavior 157-62 playing games 86 political cartoons, British, see also Cruikshank; Dent; Gilray An Amusing State of Uncertainty 159-60, 246 n.27
292 Christian Amazon 130-1,156-8 Imperial Salute, or invitation to Peace Rejected 162 An Imperial Stride (see An Imperial Stride!) The Ladies Church Yard 158 Merlin: or, A Picture ofEurope for 1773 127,164 The Northen Bugga Bo 164-6 The Prussian Prizefighter 156 Saint Catherine and St. George 161 Summer Amusement at Farmer G-’s 83, 228 n.32 political cartoons, French, see also Berthault; Lemire Bombardement de tous les trônes de l’Europe 163 Congres Politique 122 Jeu de quilles républicain 86-7,164 La Mascarade 157-8 ĽEnjambeé Impériale (see An imperial Stride!) political cartoons, German, see also Will Kriegs Theater 128-9,156-7, 240 n. 43 Politische Spazierfahrt 128, 239 n.4O political cartoons, Low Countries 50, 127,158-9,239 n. 36 political cartoons, Polish Catherine’s Mealtime 167-8 Poniatowski, Stanislaw II August (1732֊ 1798) king of Poland 122-3, 144, 146,162,187,194, 253 n.39 Popkin, Jeremy D. 224 nn,17, 20 pornography 152,158-9,167-8,188, 204,210 portraits, see also printed portraits; individual artists celebrity discourse’s impact on 49, 53-5 gender in 83,118-19 state portraits of rulers 76, 83, 118-19,127 drapesand 48,51,55,68 insignia in 44,46,51-5,58,76, 86 monarchical gifts 76,108 subgenres xv, 49-50 (see also under printed portraits) Index frontal 43-4,46,49,58,65, 82, 108,119,179 full-length 48-9, 53,62,77 profile 49-50, 54, 67,85,93,113, 121,172 (see also profile-inbraids) scene with a group 7֊ 12, 32,47, 49,126,133,145,148,193, 209 types, explained 45 positional goods 10,110-1 Potemkin, Grigory (1739-1791) 13,42, 64-5,71,143-7,161,165,173, 181, 188,
195-6,206, 252 nn.20, 22 lavish party 12-13,106 “Potemkin villages” 13, 205 rise to power 71,190,193 secret marriage to Catherine 118, 191 Praga (near Warsaw, Poland) massacre 11,166-7,202,207, 246 n.40 printed portraits, intaglio and relief backgrounds 51, 86,118 captions 31-2,43,53,55,68 language of 44,46, 51 cheap 222 n.24 on cloth 47 color 51, 53-4, 126-7, 222 n.31 distribution 56,107 fashion plates 48, 53, 77 frames, printed 51-3 genres blends 49,51 cartooning, political (see political cartooning) invented images (nonsatirical) 49,62,68 narrative prints portraits (see portraits) puzzles 66-7, 225 n.28 series 53, 222 n.24 intaglio 43 by language/country British, of Catherine II 48,113, 121,172, 213 n.2 (see also Mosley, Warren, Watson) Dutch, of Catherine II (see Noorde)
Index French, of Catherine II 46, 53, 93,133 (see also Avril; Fosseyeux; LeBeau; Pauquet; Radigues; Saint-Aubin; de Tiregale) German, of Catherine II 54-55, 58,62,110,126,128,148, 222 n.27, 239 n„ 40, (see also Bause; Berger; Bernigeroth; Chodowiecki; Facius; Gericke; Krüger; Löschenkohl; Rein; Rügendas; Will) Italian (see Lante; Novelli) Spanish, of Catherine II 51-2 mirror image (reversed) 45,154 paper choice 49, 51, 53-5 pricing 49, 53, 56 relief, woodcuts 43 reworked old plates 61,127,224 n.8 series 53-54, 222 n.24 signs of intended audience 42,45, 49, 54-6 size 1,31,48-51,53-5,68,76,85, 208-9 skill markers 34,45 speed of production 51,56-7 printmakers, see artists Le Procès des trois Rois 251 n.7 profile-in-braids 45-6, 51-2, 55,77-8 public, see audience publicity about Catherine II 57, 94, 96, 98, 110-1,113, 115,137, 141,144,186-8, see also under celebrity, cultural and under courts Pugachev, Yemelyan (1742-1775), rebellion leader 136-7,139, 204, see also Pugachev rebellion execution 140, 243 n,66 Pugachev rebellion 11,136-41,147 alleged foreign involvement 134-40, 242 n.60 geography of 137-8 Purdy, Daniel L. 223 n.3, 234 n.28 Radigue, Antoine (1721-1809), engraver 46 Raspe, Rudolf Erich (1736-1794), writer 251 n.2 293 Raynal, Guillaume Thomas, Abbé (17131796), philosophe 100 Razzali, Rosie 224 n.8 reading 3, 64-6, see also literacy rebellion, see Pugachev rebellion Recke, Elise von der (1754-1833), writer 102 Rehberg, Peter 213n.ll Rein, Joseph Friedrich (1720-1785), engraver 221 n. 14 religion 21, 35, 37,47,64, 75, 82,101, 122,126-7, 130-1,136,141-2, 147,168,189,
203 Renne, Elizaveta 216 n.34, 234 n.21 representations and celebrity 2, 6-7,19, 62-3, 72, 75 Reynolds, Joshua (1723-1792), painter 111 Richardson, Samuel (1789-1761), novelist 61 Richardson, William (1743-1814), travel writer 141 Roach, Joseph R. 30, 39,167, 218 n.15, 224 n.9 Rogerson, John (1741-1823), Catherine’s doctor 200 Rojek, Chris 3, 69, 239 Röllig, Johann Georg (1710-1790), composer 251 n.l Roman, Jean-Joseph-Thérèse (17261787), poet 99 Roslin, Alexander (1718-1793), painter 107-8 Rotari, Pietro (1707-1762), painter 446, 221 nn.9,12 Rovinskii, Dmitri! Aleksandrovich (1824-1895), art historian 245 n.13 Rowlandson, Thomas (1756-1827), artist 153 Rubin-Detlev, Kelsey 223 n.4, 226, n.3, 230 n.16, 232 n.65 Rügendas, Johann Lorenz (1730-1799), engraver 61,232 n.65, 224 n.8 Rulhière, Claude-Carloman de (17351791), historian 80, 94-5, 172-4, 178-80, 187,194-7, 201, 248 n.15, 253 n.36
294 Russische Anekdoten 219 п.34, 220 п.35, 240 ո. 12, see also Marche (pseud.) Sade, Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de (17401814), writer 12,188,197 Saint-Aubin, Augustin de (1736-1807), printmaker 85-6 Saldern, Caspar von (1711-1786), diplomat and writer 102, 172, 182, 184, 188,194-5, 206, 248 n.16 Saltykov, Sergei (1726-1765), Catherine’s first lover 180,194 satires textual 30, 38,75,103,121-5,139, 187 visual (see political cartooning) Savili, Rosalind 234 n.22 scandal 6, 30, 33,173,180-1,193-4 definition 28 Schenda, Rudolf 219n.l9 Schérer, Jean-Benoît (1741-1824) writer 249 n.38 Schiebinger, L. 229 n. 11 Schlözer, August Ludwig von (17351809), writer 96, 216 n.28 Schmidt, Benjamin ii, 51,134, 240 Schmidt-Phiseldek, Christoph von (1740-1801), writer 234, 238, 243 n.69, 244 n.2 Schneider, Michael 235 n.40 Schubart, Christian Friedrich Daniel (1739-1791), journalist 97, 140, 254 n.12 Schwan, see Marche (pseud.) Sečenov, D.A. (active 17571767) archbishop of Novgorod 217 n.46 secret history genre 173-4,192, 203 Ségur, Louis-Philippe, comte de (1753-1830), diplomat and historian 205 Sekora, John 234 n.24 Semiramis 79 Sénac de Meilhan, Gabriel (1736-1803), writer 61, 66-7, 69-73, 79, 81, 106,133, 223 n.4 Index description of a fan, Madame de *** 61-2,66,152 serfs and serfdom 97,135,138,151, 204, 245 n.4 Settlers for colonizing Russia 100,151 Seume, Johann Gottfried (1763-1810), biographer 171,189 Seven Years’ War 17,46-7, 70,120,170, 178 Sevres 108 sexuality 124, see also under Catherine II; celebrity discourse; gender Seymour, George (active 1763) 229 n.9 Shakespeare 156
Sharpe, Kevin 243 n.85 Siberia 33,40, 99, 176,196 Sievers, Elisabeth von (later Putyatin, 1746-1818), letter writer 71 Sinclair, John (1754-1835), writer 181 A Sketch of the secret history of Europe 236 n.73, 253 n.38 Smith, Adam (1723-1790), economist 111 Smith, Douglas 252 n.20 Smolny Institute 8, 204 Souffras, seller of Orlov diamond 105-6 Spacks, Patricia 79 “spectatorial pleasure” (Marshall, 12) 3, 12, 50,168, 204-5 spectators 28, 75, 79,144, 208 Der Spiegel 211 S. Privatleben des... Potemkin 252 n. 13 star and stars 8,19, 74-88 agent of publicity 74 death 5,211 object of the gaze 74 self-display 19, 23, 88 simultaneously fabulous and ordinary 170,190 visibility 8,19 statue of Peter the Great 9,112-13, 153-4, see also Carburi; Collot; Falconet engravings 9,112-13,154 stone chip souvenirs 112 Staub der Erste (Albrecht) 117,197 Sternberg, Joachim von (1755-1808), travel writer 79,84-5 Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara 214 n.19
Index Storch, Heinrich Friedrich (17661835) 248 n.13 story, as component of celebrity, see under celebrity discourse Stover, Dietrich Heinrich (1767-1822), writer 243 n.66 Strenge, A.C. (active 1792), preacher 245 n.6 Stride, see Imperial Stride! Strunck Christina 216 n.35, 237 n.4 Stummann-Bowert, Ruth 225 n,34 Sultans, Ottoman Empire 122,126-8, 130-1,154,158,165 Sutton, D. 235 n.52 Sweden 37, 98,161,167-8,170, 213 n.l, 214 n.22, see also Gustav III Szabo, Franz 214 n.l, 215 n.4 Tartar, Tatar 136,138,147 taste 107, 109 Teplov, Grigory Nikolayevich (17171779), philosopher 21,181-2 termagant 162 Théâtre de ¡’Hermitage (Catherine II et al.) 232 n.67 Therbusch, Anna Dorothea née Liszewska (1721-1782), painter 111-12 Thesby (or Thisbé) de Belcour, François Alphonse (1793 or later) 242 n.60 Thieboult de Laveaux, Jean Charles (1749-1827), writer 173,181, 188,193,197,206 Thiele, Johan Rudolph (1736-1815), printer 126 Thompson, John B. 225 n.32 Thomson, William (1746-1817), writer 236 n.61 Tickell, Thomas (1685-1740), poet 241 n.28 Tillyard, Stella 215 n.22 Tipton, Susan 216Ո.34 de Tiregale, Pierre Ricaud (c. 1725after 1772), architect and printmaker 230 n.21 Tischbein, Johann Heinrich Wilhelm (1751-1829), painter 112 Tomanskiy, Theodor Josephides von (1746-1810) 234 n.18 295 Tooke, William (1744-1820), writer 171-2, 188,194 Torelli, Stefano (1712-1784), painter 76 Truthfill News, see Wahrhafte Turkey, see Ottoman Empire Turner, Graeme 57, 66,222 n.34, 225 n.45 Turner, Richard (1753-1788), writer 181 ukase, see manifesto Ulbricht, Otto 230 n.24 Ulrika, queen of Sweden (1720-1782)
98 L’ultima Confession Generale Fatta da Catterina 2 Unzer, Johanna Charlotte (1725-1782), poet 94, 225 n.50 Vasilchikov, Alexander (1744-1813), lover of Catherine II 190 Vassallo, Peter 253 n.53 Verbesserter und Alter Vollkommener Staats-Calender, genannt der Hinkende Bott 200, 248 n.l5, 254 n.8 verse and doggerel, anonymous, see also “Mein Lieber Peter” in newspapers and magazines 20, 29,160 on prints 31-2,127-8,130 Victoria (1819-1901), queen of Great Britain 211, 220 n.42 Vigée le Brun, Elizabeth Louise 235 n.52 Vincentelli, Moira 235 n.45 Vinogradov, Yefim Grigoryevich (1725/28-1769) engraver 221 n.8 virago 130-1,156 visual satires, see political cartoons Vita, e Fasti 208 Volney, Constantin François de (17571820), writer 115 Voltaire François-Marie Arouet (16941778), writer 97, 99,115, 120, 126,132, 135,157,181 Catherine Il’s purchase of his library 115
296 Index his publicity for Catherine 115 published correspondence with Catherine 179, 238 n.28 Vorontsova, Elizaveta (1739-1792), mistress of Peter III 37-8, 176-7,184,194, 248 n.33 Vorstellung der vom Tod (engraving) 200, 213 ո.2 Vorstellung und Abbildung (engraving) 126, 213n.2 voyeurism 38, 70,162,169, 210, see also celebrity discourse Wahrhaffte Nachricht von der am 9ten Julii 1762 in Petersburg vorgefallenen Revolution 36 Walker, James (1760-1823), artist and writer 146,246 n.36 Walpole, Horace (1717-1797), writer 71, 95 Walpole, Robert (1676-1745), prime minister and art collector 111 Warren, Charles Turner (1762-1823), engraver 77 wars 126, see also Ottoman Empire; Seven Years War Bavarian War of Succession 120 Brabant Revolution 158-9 Russo-Turkish wars against Ottomans 10,104,126 Watson, Caroline (1761-1814), engraver 108 waxworks 109 wealth and celebrity 9-10, 73,101, 143 Wedgwood, Josiah (1730-1795), entrepreneur 49,110 Green Frog service publicity 57 Weikard, Melchior Adam (1742-1803), doctor 101,144, 204-6 Welke, Martin 224 n,19 West, Mae (1893-1980), film star 211 Whittaker, Cynthia Hyla 41, 233 n.8, 235 nn.42,46 whore 157-8,188 Will, F. Μ. (active 1787-88) engraver 147-8 Will, Georg Andreas (1744-1798), historian 218Ո.12 Will, Johann Martin (1727-1806), engraver and publisher 31-2, 34, 50,128,239 n.39 Willamov, [Johann Gottlieb] (1736-1777), poet 231 n.49 Williams, John, writer (active 1777) 135 Williams, Kevin 224 n.18 Wippersberg, Julia 214 n.l 1 Woensel, Pieter van (1747-1808), travel writer 97 Wolff, Larry 213 n. 1, 240 n.3,244 n.97, 253 n.56 Wollf, J.
P. (active 1760s), print maker 68 women celebrities 13, 70-1,103, 211 focus on bodies 80 glamour 107 and transgressiveness 70-2,103, 126 and Enlightenment 97-8,102 rulers 11,89,113,116-31,139,161, 210 ambition and 23,124,184 androgynous 155-6 destabilizing gender 37,120 Enlightenment as justifying 95 monstrous-feminine 164-68, 203 as peaceable 120,129 power-hungry 33,70 regency 116-17 in Russia 39,118-20 sexually transgressive 36,70 sons 116 war-making 120,128-31,157, 168 woodcut images 65-6,126-7, 200-1 Wortman, Richard S. 92, 216 n.24, 229 n.7 Wraxall, Nathaniel William (1751-1831), travel writer 78,85,138,178 Wright, Joseph, of Derby (1734-1797), painter 111 Writers, as mediators of celebrity 41-2, 56,81 Wyrwa, Ulrich 234 n.24 Yonan, Michael Elia 214n.l9
297 Index Zaborov, Petr Romanovic 229 n.8 Zacchiroli, Francesco (1750-1826), poet 231 n.49 Zaretsky, Robert 232 n.58, 233 n.72 Zedler, Johann Heinrich (1706-1751), encyclopedist 63-64 Zimmermann, Johann Georg (17251795), doctor 101-3,151,204, 233 n.75 Zubov, Platon (1767-1822), Catherine’s final lover 188 /--------- ---------- Bayerische I
This highly original study provides a detailed analysis of Catherine the Great’s celebrity avant ia lettre and how gender, power, and scandal made it commercially successful. In 1762, when Catherine II overthrew her husband to seize the throne of the Russian Empire, her instant popular fame across Europe both fitted and shaped the emerging discourse of modern celebrity. Here, Ruth P. Dawson shows how Catherine was part of a troika of celebrity-making agents—intriguing central figure, large-scale media, and an engaged public—and presents long-neglected material evidence of the tsarina’s fantasy-induced fame. The book examines the 1762 coup as the indispensable story that first constructed Catherine Il’s distant public image outside her domains. It argues that the themes of enlightenment, luxury consumption, clashing gender roles, and exotic Russia attracted non-elite fans and anti-fans during the middle decades of her reign. For her last years, during the French Revolution, the book investigates the flood of vivid misogynist cartoons that skewered the empress; it traces the re-evaluations of her husband and analyses the gradual late revelations about her sequence of lovers. Catherine’s demise in 1796, Dawson shows, instigated a final burst of adoration, loathing, and ambivalence as new accounts of her life, both real and fictional, claimed to unwrap the final secrets of the first modern international female celebrity ֊ even now the only woman in history widely known as ‘the Great’.
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Contents List of Illustrations x Acknowledgments xiv Note on Translations xvi Note on Spelling xvii Introduction 1 I Celebrity Ingredients 1 Celebrity-Making Coup of 1762: The Crucial Role of Story 17 Signs of Celebrity Emerging 19 Catherine’s Efforts to Control the Narrative: Her Manifestos and Their Reception 2 3 4 21 The Matrix of Celebrity and Story 24 New Accounts and Their Spread 25 Scandal and Engrossing Coup Backstories, until 1765 28 The Tsar’s Scandalous Death and the Tsarina’s Alluringly Uncertain Future 28 Reaching the Least Privileged Audiences with Words and Pictures 30 Celebrity Tropes of Marital and Sexual Squabbles 34 Challenges to Peter’s Masculinity 37 Media Workers and Their Commodities in Word and Image 41 Representing the Empress 41 Making Visual Images 42 Commodifying Further: Eighteenth-Century Celebrity Endorsements 57 Fans and Anti-Fans for a Commodity Empress 60 Fan Access to Celebrity Discourse 62 What Celebrity Offered Fans: From Entertainment and Identification to Fantasies of Social Mobility 5 66 Ambivalence and Rejection: Criticism, Anger, and Anti-Fans 69 “Europe’s Tsarina” 72 The Star as Contributing Subject and Living Object 74 Where Regal Gloire Meets Popular Celebrity 76
viii II 6 Contents Court Rituals of Seeing and Being Seen 78 Impolitic but Indispensable Body and Mostly Male Watchers 80 Shape, Appearance, and Decorum of the Visible Body and Face 81 The Rude Body Visualized 82 Aging 84 Engaging Themes, Sustaining Celebrity Woman Philosopher on the Throne Boundary Breaking Relationships Redemptive Early Projects 7 8 9 91 93 95 Mid-Reign Cracks in Catherine’s Enlightened Image, 1773-89 100 Further Intellectual Engagements 102 Consuming Catherine II: Gender and Wealth 104 The Complex Mix of Wealth and Gender 106 Glamour 107 Extravagant Display 109 Art, Literature, Learning, and Patronage 110 Disconcerting Mother of Her Country: Gender and Power Again 116 Russia’s “Petticoat Government” 118 Debut in Satires, Both Textual and Visual: Poland 1772-3 121 “Astonisher of All Regions,” from Constantinople to Amsterdam and Antwerp 125 Outbreak of the Second Russo-Turkish War: More Political Cartoons 127 Empress of the Other 132 Russia—Exotic or Barbaric? 132 Pugachev Rebellion, 1773-5 136 Others Who Spoke for Themselves: Catherine and Her Jewish Subjects 141 1787: Crimea Trip and the Staged Exotic 143 III Transgressions Accruing and Secrets Revealed 10 Final Eight Years: Reassessment and Satirical Critique 151 Metaphors of Gender and Sexuality and the Dominance of An Imperial Stride! 152 Force Unsettling Gender: The Indeterminate-Androgynous Woman Ruler 155 Ridiculous Heroine 157 Lascivious Libertine 158 Indecorous and Abject Being 162 Monstrous-Feminine Body 164
Contents 11 Still Relishing the Failed Marriage, the Coup,and Its Deadly Aftermath ix 169 The Dribble and Then Flood of Curiosity-Stoking Texts 170 Skillful Narratives 174 Unhappiness, Weakness, and Discord 177 Sexual Difficulties 179 Peter Ill’s Mysterious Demise 181 12 The Lovers: Dabs of Fiction, Grains of Truth, Gobsof Scandal Phases of Lover Publicity 186 186 Lovers Slipping into Print in Catherine’s Last Decade 188 Celebrity Appeal of Sexuality Reports 189 Love Affair Traj ectories 190 The Gush of “Revelations” Posthumously 192 Completing the Record of Catherine’s Intimate Life 193 Venomous Poetry and Further Fiction 196 13 Celebrity after Death 199 Accounts and Images of Catherine Il’s Demise for All 199 Further Accusations and Complex Response 203 Criminality 206 And Yet Ambivalence 207 Invented Libertine Death as Crime and Punishment 208 Becoming an Icon: Afterlife 210 Notes 213 Bibliography 256 Index 278
Bibliography List of Works Cited, in Two Sections I Primary literature, omitting newspaper articles, which are included only in the notes and index. Also omitting images, which are listed in the index under political cartoons, prints, and printed portraits. When both originals and translations are referenced, the originals come first. II Secondary literature I Primary Literature “An Account of the Chief Circumstances of the Revolution that has Happened in Russia.” Gentleman’s Magazine, August 1762, 361-2. “Account of the Late Revolution in Russia.” London Magazine, August 1762,434-6. “An Account of the Late Revolution in Russia; Collected from Authentic Papers Never Before Published.” The Beauties ofAll Magazines Selected for the Year 1762, September 1762, 343-50. Aechte Nachrichten von dem Grafen Cagliostro: Aus der Handschrift seines entflohenen Kammerdieners. Berlin, 1786. [Albrecht, Johann Friedrich Ernst]. Pansalvin, Fürst der Finsterniss, und seine Geliebte. So gut wie geschehen. Germanien, 1794. [Albrecht, Johann Friedrich Ernst], Pansalvin, Fürst der Finsterniss, und seine Geliebte. So gut wie geschehen. Geheime Lebensgeschichte eines Günstlings. Germanien, 1795. [Albrecht, Johann Friedrich Ernst]. Miranda, Königinn im Norden. Geliebte Pansalvins. Germanien (Erfurt): Hennings, 1798. [Albrecht, Johann Friedrich Ernst], Dutch; Miranda, Koningin van Noorden, Beminde van Pansalvinus, Vorst der Duisternis. 1798. [Albrecht, Johann Friedrich Ernst]. Kakodämon der Schreckliche. Pansalvins und Mirandas Donnerkeil, Revisor des Codex der Menschen-Rechte. 1 vols. Pyropolis,
1800. [Albrecht, Johann Friedrich Ernst]. Staub der Erste, Kayser der Unterwelt, als Beschluß des Pansalvin und der Miranda, von demselben Verfasser. Persepolis, 1802. [Albrecht, Johann Friedrich Ernst], Turbans Turbandus der grossen Miranda kleiner Sohn. Von einer diplomatischen Feder. 1802, [Albrecht, Johann Friedrich Ernst], Die Heimlichkeiten der Frauenzimmer: ein Lesebuch für Mütter, Erzieherinnen und mannbare. Mädchen, 1809. [Albrecht, Johann Friedrich Ernst], Monarchomachus, pseud. Des politischen Thierkreises oder der Zeichen unsrer Zeit Zweyter Theil. / Neuestes graues Ungeheuer. Hrsg, von einem Freunde der Menschheit, vol. 2, Bagdad, 1798.
Bibliography 257 “Allemagne. De Hambourg, le 3 Août.” Journal Politique de Bruxelles, 1787. Alopäus, Magnus. Rede Ihrer Majestät der Glorwürdigst regierenden Kaiserin von Russland Catherinen der Zweyten bey seiner Aufnahme als Beysitzer in die königliche Deutsche Gesellschaft zu Göttingen den 24. September 1768. Göttingen, 1768. Andrä, H.F. (pseud.). Katharina die Zweite, Kaiserin von Russland und Selbstherrscherin aller Reussen. Ein biographisch-karakteristisches Gemälde. Halle, 1797. Anecdoten zur Lebensgeschichte des Ritters und Reichs-Fürsten Potemkin. Nebst einer kurzen Beschreibung der ehemaligen Krimm.desgleichen der Reise der Kaiserin Katharina der Zweiten nach der Krimm. Freistadt am Rhein: Brockhaus, 1792. Anekdoten zur Lebensgeschichte des Fürsten Gregorius Gregoriewitsch Orlow. Frankfurt u. Leipzig, 1791. Anekdoten aus dem Privatleben der Kaiserin Catharina, Pauls des Ersten und seiner Familie. Hamburg, 1797. “Annual Register.” Annual Register, or a View of the History, Politicks, and Literature of the Year 1762 (1763): 11-23, 222-8. “Authentic History of the Famous Rebel Pugatschew.” London Magazine, March 1775,103-5. Authentic Memoirs of the Life and Reign of Catherine IL Empress of all the Russias. Collected from authentic MS’S, translations, c. of the King of Sweden, Right Hon. Lord Mountmorres, Lord Malmesbury, Μ. De Volney, and other indisputable authorities. London: printed for the author and sold by B. Crosby, 1797. Bachaumont, Louis Petit de. Mémoire secrets pour servir a l’histoire de la republique des lettres en France, depuis MDCCLXII jusqu’à nos
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Index Adshead, David 223 n.36 Aechte Nachrichten von dem Grafen Cagliostro 232 n.63 Africans, enslaved 60,109,132 Albrecht, Johann Friedrich Ernst (1752-1814), writer 117,188, 191,195, 197, 252 n.29 Alexander, John T. 226 n.5, 242 n.48, 251 n.5, 255 n.37 Alexander I (1777-1825) 5,117 Allgemeine Zeitgeschichte, see Gross, J.G. Alopäus, Magnus Maximilian (17481822), diplomat 240n.l5 Alter und neuer grosser Staats-, Kriegsund Friedens AppenzellerCalender 225 n.26 Andrä, Heinrich Friedrich, probably pseud, see Geisler Anecdoten zur Lebensgeschichte. Potemkin 188,190-1 Anecdotes russes (Marche) 219 nn.33, 34, 220 n.35, see also Marche; Russische Anekdoten Anekdoten aus dem Privatleben der Kaiserin Catharina 226 n.53 Anekdoten zur Lebensgeschichte des Fürsten Gregorius Gregoriewitsch Orlow 245 n.5,252 n.21 Anhalt-Zerbst 5,20,151 Anna Petrovna (1757-1759), daughter of Catherine II 35 Annual Register 39, 98,104,111, 218 n.7, 220 n.53 Anti-fans, see fans Anting, Johann Friedrich (1753-1805), artist 49 Argus 222 n.35 aristocracy 1, 57, 60, 71, 74, 76, 108,114, 144, 157, 168,189, 209 art collecting and commissioning 104, 111-12 prices 111-12 artists, visual 30,42, 61-2, 80,114,130, 208, see also individual artist names amateur 56 engravers of images 7,41,49, 53-4, 85,108, 202 engravers of text 43, 61,156 painters 44,49, 76 sculptors 112 Asia, Asiatic 132-41,143-8 audience, of celebrity discourse about Catherine II 1-3,8,19-20, 34, 42, 60-1,70-2,91 enlarged by varied genres 99 non-elite 3,30-4 outside Russia 1-2, 64,104,187, 214nn,16, 22 partly illiterate 29-34 signs of intended
inclusiveness 42 Auszug der neuesten Weltgeschichte, see Gross, J.G. “Authentic History of the Famous Rebel Pugatschew” 242 n.65 Authentic Memoirs of the Life and Reign of Catherine II 229 n. 13 Avril, Jean Jacques the Elder (1744-1831), engraver 244 n.89 Bachaumont, Louis Petit de (1690-1771), writer 229 n.6, 230 n.15 Bacmeister, Hartwig Ludwig Christian (1730-1806), historian 231 n.40 Baidinger, Friderike (1739-1786), writer 65 Bannet, Eve 249 n.24 barbaric, barbarism 10-11, 240 n.2 Russia as 132,134-5 Bariatinsky, Fedor (1742-1814) 181-2 Barker, Chris 225 n.38
Index Bartlett, Roger 231 п.51, 250 n.83 Basedow, Johann Bernhard (1724-1790), educator 100,177 Bate, Jonathan 245 п.10 Baudez, Basile 236 n.60 Bause, Johann Friedrich (1738-1814), printmaker 53,118-19 Beattie, Simon 253 n.53 Beauclair, Pierre Louis (1735-1804), writer 181 The Beauties of all the Magazines Selected 41, 218-19 n.17 Behr, Isachar Falkensohn (1746-1817), poet 100 Belgium, Belgian, see Low Countries Belk, Russell W. Ill Bellermann, Johann Jacob (1754-1842), travel writer 78-9,81, 84-5, 179,192, 225 n.41 Bemerkungen über Esthland, Liefland und Russland 227 n.17 Benda, Friedrich (1745-1814), musician 114,236n.66 Berg, Maxine 223 n.2 Berger, Daniel, (1744-1825), Berlin engraver 44-5, 50, 52, 56 Berger, Joachim 236 n.65 Berger, John 107,109 Bermingham, Ann 226 n.55 Bernigeroth, Johann Martin (1713-1767), printmaker 49,51 Bernoulli, Johann, III (1744-1807), travel writer 78,80,112 Berthault, Jean-Pierre (1779-1850), printmaker 86-7 Biester, Johann Erich (1749-1816), biographer 56-7, 225 n.39 Bil’basov, V. A. 218 n.12, 219 n.21 biographers of Catherine II, see Andrä; Biester; Castéra; Masson, Seume; Tooke Biskup, Ihomas 221 n. 15 Bitte und Erhoerung 53, 55, 222 n.26 Black Sea 143-4,147,161,164-5 Bianning, Tim 214 n.17, 221 nn.15,16 Blum, Karl Ludwig 225 n.47-9 Bobrinsky, Aleksey (1762-1813), son of Catherine II and Orlov 83 Bőim, Albert 162 279 Boluzion, ficitious engraver 129 booksellers 41-2,48, 56,113 Boone, Joseph A. 226 n.58 Bouffonidor, pseudonym for unknown author 250 n.69 Bourdillon, Joseph, nom deplume of Voltaire 257 n.75 Bourrée de Corberon, Marie Daniel
(1748-1810), diplomat and letter writer 117 Braamcamp, Gerrit (1699-1771), art collector 111 Bricker, Andrew Benjamin 222 n.21 British political cartoons, see political cartoons, British Broglie, Charles-François de (1719-1781), diplomat 187 Bruchstücke aus den Ruinen der Menschheit 255 nn.25,29 Bruel, Count Heinrich (1700-1763), art collector 111 Buchwald, Juliane Franziska von (17071789), aristocrat 114 Bullmann, Johann Georg (1740-1811), printer 225 n.28 Burney, Fanny (1752-1840), writer 64 Büschel, Johann Gabriel Bernhard (17581813), writer 233 n.77 Büsching, Anton Friedrich (1724-1793), geographer 102,174-6,183 Büsching, Polyxene Christiane Auguste née Dilthey (1728-1777), poet 93-4,174,183, 226 n.50 Byron, George Gordon “Lord” (17881824), poet 210 Cagliostro, Alessandro di (1743-1795), occultist adventurer 101-2 calendar, Julian to Gregorian 214 ո. З Callot, Jaques (c. 1592-635), printmaker 157 Caminer, Dominico (1721-1795), journalist 41,181, 225 n.42 capitalism 3,109, see also under celebrity Caravaque, Louis (1684-1754), Italian portraitist 49,51 Carburi, Marin (1729-1782), engineer 112
280 Caretta, Vincent 161 caricatures, see cartooning, political Carta, con noticias circunstanciadas de la revolución acaecida en Petersburga 215 n.8 Casanova, Giacomo (1725-1798), writer 181 Cashmore, Ellis 3,162 Castéra, Jean-Henri (1749-1838), biographer 171-2,180,188, 194 Casti, Giambattista/Giovanni Battista (1724-1803), poet 196, 253 n.55 Catharina die Zweite, die einzige Kaiserinn der Erde 80,1Ո n,24 Catharina die Zweite. Darstellungen 230n.l9 Catherine II (1729-1796), Empress of Russia 5,175 adultery charge 36,180,194, 228 n.30 appearance, descriptions 81-8 aging 84-8,196 stout 81, 85, 99,196 autonomy 10, 33,69,72-3,125-6, 189-90,210 body 8-9,78,155 menstruation and menopause 82-3,129-30, 228 n.29 pregnancies 35,83,179-80, 194-5 character and emotions 29-30, 80, 87, 94,151,177,209 anger 80,196 desiring to please 125,175 friendliness and good humor 689, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 207 vindictiveness 151 weeping and tears 39, 80 conspiracies against 40 (see also Pugachev rebellion) Crimean journey 11, 137,143-8, 204-6, 244 n.94 transportation 146-7 criminality and murderess rumors and claims 13,128-30,190, 202, 206-7 Index death 5,13,199-203,210 decorum and demeanor 79-81, 83-5, 155, 207 drinking 80 dress, clothes, and fashion 8,48-50, 56, 58, 78,107,118-19,145 (see also crossdressing and under prints) Amazonian dress 99,107,131 coiffure 46,81-2 cross-dressing 6-7,23,26,48,78, 129, 178-9 fur trim 46, 53-4,78,127-8,154, 158, 165, 172, 201,203,221 n.12 makeup 81,85 in Russian style 78,81,107,162, 246 n.36 and Enlightenment (see Enlightenment) feminizing attributes 23,
39,48,125, 175 and French philosophes 41, 89,92, 100,102 gender 8-13,39,83,97,120-1,130 generosity 92, 94-5, 99-100,104, 113-15,190,240 n.42 German origin 5, 22, 28, 68,200 gifts from 95, 99,100,104,110,115, 146 and gloire 3,8,9, 74-7, 208 horseback riding 23, 26, 78,148,178 letters from 91 -5,100,113,115, 223 n.4 masculinity and masculine performance 23,26, 37-9, 176,178 as Minerva 93 motherhood and tropes of maternality 10, 20-3, 39,91, 96, 99,112-17,139,142-3 children (see Anna Petrowna, Bobrinski, Paul) treatment of grandchildren 117 treatment of son 117,139 object of gaze 49, 74, 76, 78-88 patronage by 104-5,111-15 in political cartoons (see political cartoons) public image, concern about 124-5
Index self-display 23,78, 88 self-legitimizing efforts 21-4, 28-9, 35, 37, 74 sexuality, including allegations 7, 12, 39,71,154,157,179-80, 186-98, 210, 255 n.35 Volga journey 135-6 and war 116,120,152 wealth, expenditures, and consumption 1,104-15, 144,146,158, 206 (see also consumption) widow role 116 wife role 23,116,177 marriage to Peter III 12, 34-6, 169-85 (see also Peter III) not attending Peter Ill’s funeral 28,30 remarriage 10,116-18 writer 102, 225 n.50, 253 n.36 (see also manifestos) Antidote 136, 232 n.66 Grand Instruction 96-8, 204 celebrity and celebrity culture 1-3,15, 17, 19,40-1,64, 89, 207-8, see also commodification; consumption; glamour; media; scandal; star; women celebrities criticism of 3 cultural, economic, and social conditions necessary for 1-3, 214nn.l6, 22 central figure (see star) individualism, agency, and autonomy valued 23, 30, 50, 109,125 lives of fans and star overlapping 5,84,194, 211 media (see media) non-elite audience (see audience) publicity 4, 6, 74-5,102 visibility and seeing 49, 61-2, 69, 74, 80, 82 definition 3 discourse 30, 64, 91-2,107,118, 123, 134, 190,197 contradictions and inconsistencies accepted 21,39,49,69,73 281 documents of 42, 54, 62-3, 174-5,192 idealization in 69 “revelations” emphasized 21, 30, 61,70-1,169-70, 191, 197, 210 savoring sexuality, love affairs, and failed marriage 36,40,149, 155,158-62,169-74,186,196, 198 story 6, 24-5, 40,63, 75, 99,136, 139,147,168-70, 186,197,211 trivia and gossip valued 30,64, 175 effects and functions 8, 66,104 alternative to political discourse 64,72 consumption and capitalism
promoted 3,109,144 entertainment 20,24,155 fantasy and imagination 25,66, 73,186 feeling of familiarity and parasocial relationship to star 40,67,110, 175,190, 197, 207-8 identification 20, 30,40, 66-7, 96,104,170 negotiating norms 25,97,102, 155,196-8 notion of “being someone” 67-8, 109 notion of social mobility 20, 25, 40, 66-8, 70,105, 200 sociable discussion 25, 35, 39,64, 115,131,155,181,207 transgressiveness explored 28, 39, 70, 73,125,189, 210 eighteenth-century usage of the word celebrity 2, 213ՈՈ.5, 6 endorsements and advertising 42, 57-, 76-8 monarchical 2-4 political type 2,13,123-31 products 3, 5, 19, 24, 30,41,45,49, 56,61, 72, 203, 208 intended for non-elite audience 6,42,45 speedy production 56-7, 208 as troika 19, 41, 74, 208 censorship and libel 92,165,187-8,191
282 central figure, see star Chantreau, Pierre Nicolas (1741-1808), writer 243 n.66, 248 n.8 Chappe d’Auteroche, Jean (1728-1769), astronomer 134-6 Charlotte (1744-1818), Queen of England 57 Charnon-Deutsch, Lou 162 Chesterfield, (Lord, Philip Dormer Stanhope, 1694-1773) 117 Chodowiecki, Daniel Niklaus (17261801), engraver 1, 6 illustrations of Catherine’s life 7-12,48 Christian August, Prince of AnhaltZerbst, (1690-1747), father of Catherine II 56 Christina (1626-1689), Queen of Sweden 37 La chronique scandaleuse, see Imbert Claessens, Lambert Antoine (1763-1834), engraver 193 class and rank 1,10,26,34,51,53, 56-8, 60, 64, 68,71-2,75-6, 91, 94, 96, 107-10,114-15,128, 132,137, 144, 162, 172,177, 189,191-2, 208-10, 214 n.16, 226 n.l Clef du Cabinet des Princes de l’Europe 216 n.27 Cobley, Paul 249 nn.28, 31 Cochran, Peter 253 n.55 coffee houses 20, 64 Collot, Marie-Anne (1748-1821), sculptor 112 colonies, see settlers Cornelia, Luciano Francisco (1751-1812) playwright 42, 204, 221 n.5 commodification and commodities 1-7, 19,41-59, 72, 75-6, 171, 186, 208,210 selling and renting printed images 56,152 communication, eighteenth-century 6, 18, see also letters and newspapers Congres Politique (1772) 122 consumption and celebrity 104-15 (see also celebrity products; luxury) and self-transformation 109 Index Coombe, Rosemary 69, 225 nn.33,40 Corberon, see Bourrée de Coberon Cossacks 79,133,138-40,147 Cottle, Simon 217 n.l coup of 1762 1, 6-7,12, 17-27,42, 169-77,186,208; see also gloire non-violent 24, 26, 39 protecting Catherine from divorce or death 23, 35, 37 courts, imperial
and royal 3,70, 74-80, 104,115,132, 190-1 arranging marriages 34 display 104,109-10 publicity 3-5,75,110 Cowan, Brian 213 n.9, 223 n.5,224 n.l2 Coxe, William (1748-1828), travel writer 96,142, 170,174-6, 178,181-2,247 n.7,253 n.39 Creed, Barbara 246 n.l9 Crimean journey, see under Catherine II Cronstadt, naval fortress 26, 37-8,42, 176,178, 204 Cross, A.G. 247 n.3 cross-dressing 6,131, 203, see also under Catherine II Crozat, Louis Antoine (baron de Thiers, 1699-1770), art collector 111 Cruikshank, Isaac (1764-1811), political cartoonist 162,166-7, 202-3, 206 Bobadii Disgraced or Kate in a Rage 162-3, 246 n.35 The Moment ofReflection or A Tale for Future Times 202-3 Royal Recreation 166-8 cultural studies 21, 70 culture of celebrity, see celebrity “Curious Anecdotes of Dr. Dimsdale’s Inoculation of the Empress of Russia” 231 n.44 Dabhoiwala, Faramerz 191 d’Alembert, Jean-Baptiste le Rond (17171783), encyclopedist 29,92, 94,132, 229 n.4 The Danger of the Political Balance ofEurope, 1790 (disputed authorship) 170,181-2, 248 n. 11
283 Index Dann, Otto 224 ո. 11 Darnton, Robert 2,97 Dashkova, Yekaterina Romanovna née Vorontsova (1743-1810) 140 coup participant 26,176, 220 n.37 Director, Academy of Sciences 102 Dawson, Ruth R 215 n.9,219n.32, 224 n.24, 225 n.50,229 n.10, 230 n.32, 237 n.6,251 n.8, 252 n.30, 253 n.57,254 n.63 dedications to Catherine II 99,114-15,120 Deffand, Marie Anne de VichyChamrond, marquise du (1696-1780) 251 n.6 Delpierre, Madeleine 222 n.30 Denis, Marie Louise Mignot (1712-1790), niece of Voltaire 115 Denkwürdigkeiten . des ohnlängst verstorbenen unglücklichen Czaars Peter des Dritten 218 n.12, 219 n.32 Dent, William (active 1783-1800), engraver 236 n.72 Descargues, Pierre 235 n.50 Design for the new gallery of busts and pictures 181 diamonds 10, 81, 101,104-7,109-10, 135, 146 Diana, Princess (1961-1997) 6,73, 211 Dickinson, Sara 244 Diderot, Denis (1713-1784), philosopher 93-4,100-1 diffusion 20 Dimsdale, Thomas (1712-1800), smallpox inoculator 98-9 Dixon, Simon 218 nn.4,9, 220 nn.37, 44, 235 n.33, 248 n.18, 250 n.83, 251 n.9, 252 dress, clothes, and fashion, see under Catherine II Duflos, Claude Augustin (1700-1786), publisher 53-4,56 Dutch political cartoons, see Low Countries; political cartoons Dutch Republic, see Low Countries Dutens, Louis (1730-1812), writer 105 Edgeworth, Maria (1768-1849), writer 221-2 n. 17 Edward II (1284-1327), king of England 28-9 Elias, Norbert 74, 226 n.l, 234 n.l Elizabeth (1709-1762), tsarina of Russia 20,22,25,31,35, 117-18,180,187,194 daughter 206, 242 n.55 death 20, 237 n.l sexual promiscuity 35 Elizabeth I (1533-1603), queen of England
111,118 Engel, Laura 213 n.8 Engelhard, Philippine née Gatterer (1756-1831), poet 67-8,81, 224 n.22 engravings, see political cartoons; printed portraits Enlightenment and Catherine II 91-103, 122,151 marked as gender exception 97-8 offsetting the coup 91 patronage 2,100,105,114 projects education 92-3, 99,151,203-4 Foundling Hospital 95-6, 230 n.24 inoculation (see inoculation against smallpox) law code reform 96-8,125,204 raising audience hopes 91,124 softening social boundaries 91,96 validating fans’ preferences 91 Erichsen, Vigilius (1722-1782), painter 46, 53, 76,178-9, 216 n.34 Ethnic groups in Russian Empire 10-11, 79,133-8,143-8, 244 n.89, see also Cossacks; Kalmyks; Kyrgyz; Pugachev rebellion The European Magazine, and London Review 59, 223 n.41 exotic, exoticism 11,134, see also barbaric Russia as 25,132,143-8, 204 education projects, see under Enlightenment Facius, Georg Siegmund (1750-1813), engraver 45-6,50
284 Falconet, Étienne Maurice (1716-1791), sculptor 112 fans and fandom 1-3,6-8,19,28, 6073, 209, 210, see also celebrity ambivalence 3,69-72, 80,134,135, 149 anti-fans 8, 69-70, 72,125,169,177, 189,194, 208-10 benefits from celebrity 1, 8 (see also effects and functions under celebrity) conditions for 60-1 (see also cultural under celebrity) definition 60-1 evidence of 6,42, 54, 62 fantasizing about being Catherine’s lover 71-2,192 feeling of personal insight and connection 40,106-7,125,171 fictitious examples (see Goody Grogg; Madame de) identification 70-1,104-5,125 (see also effects and functions under celebrity) impact of fans’ wishes on prints 54, 110,208 lives overlapping with stars 5, 74, 84, 203,211 pleasure of being lifted out of the quotidian 104,107,143 social and material distance from stars 40, 74,104, 154-5 fashion, see dress, clothes, and fashion under Catherine II favorites, see lovers and favorites female celebrity, see woman celebrity Fischer, Caroline Auguste (1764-1842), novelist 197-8 Fischer, Steven R. 224 nn. 13,23 Forster, Georg (1754-1794) 254 n.20 Fortgesetzte neue genealogisch-historische Nachrichten (1763) 215 п.12 Fortgesetzte russische Anekdoten, 1766 218 n.8 Fortia-de-Piles, Alphonse (1758-1826), travel writer 182-3,190,192, 196-8 Fosseyeux, Jean-Baptiste (1752-1824), engraver 179, 250 n.55 Index Foundling Hospital, see under Enlightenment Fox, Charles James (1749-1806), statesman 160-1,166,202-3 Fragmens historiques sur Pierre III et Catherine II (perhaps Goebel) 171,183,195 Franck, Georg 215 n. 18 Franklin, Benjamin (1706-1790), statesman
2,132 Frederick II (1712-1786), king of Prussia 3-5,17, 38,42,78, 177-8 about Catherine II 35,97,251 n.5 Polish partition 124-5 porcelain gift 76-8,133,137 printed portraits and cartoons 45, 47, 83,121-3 Frederick William II (1744-1797) king of Prussia 128 French political cartoons, see political cartoons, French French Revolution 11,13, 70, 84-8,104, 120,152-64,189,199, 203, see also French political cartoons Frensdorff, F. 245 n.7 Freudengesang der Judenschaft zu Sclow 243 n.74 Freundschaftliche Briefe über den gegenwärtigen Zustand des Russischen Reichs 181, 250 n.66 Gabler, Neal 216 n.38 Gabrielli, Caterina (1730-1796), singer HO, 235Ո.34 Gaisbauer, Herbert 238 n.26 Galloway, George (1755), poet 167-8 Gamman, Lorraine 225 n.43 Gamson, Joshua 21, 215 n.18, 216 n.26 Garber, Marjorie 131 Gatterer, Helena (1754-1805), governess 64-5,67-8, 224 n.22 gaze 74,81,155 Geisler, Adam Friedrich (1757-C.1800), writer, occasional pseud. Heinrich Friedrich Andrä 171, 226 n.57
Index Gelbart, Nina Rattner 229 n.3 Gelderblom, Oscar 235 gender 9-13,17, 22, 37, 97,106-7,112, see also women and celebrity 80 and power 106-7,113,116-17, 156-9,167,176 and rule 22,178 and sexuality 71-2,154-5,159 in state portraiture 118-19,127 transgressions of (see under political cartoons) war fighting and 130-1 Gentleman’s Magazine 29, 38, 220 n.51 Geoffrin, Marie Thérèse Rodet (16991777), correspondent 94-5, 229 n.8, 230 n.16 George Ludwig (1719-1763), Prince of Holstein-Gottorp 25, 32, 38 George III (1738-1820), king of England 102,154,161 Gericke, Johann Ernst (active 1744-69) engraver 221 n. 10 German political cartoons, see political cartoons, German Gespräch im Reiche derer Todten 220 n.43 Gessner, Solomon (1730-1788), poet 113 gifts and gift giving 49, 76-7, 95,106, 113-15, 137, 186,187,189, 196-7 and dedications 114-15, 208 Giles, David 213 n.3 Gilray, James (1756-1815), political cartoonist 158,181 Amsterdam in a Darn’d Predicament 158 glamour 105,107-9,115 Gleim, Johann Wilhelm Ludwig 17191803), poet 105, 233 n.3 gloire 3-5, 8-9, 63, 74-6, 88, 94, 104-15, 124, 144, 205, 207-8, 226 n.l as legitimizing strategy 74-5,104, 208 Godineau (active 1790s-1800s), dramatist 184 Goebel, Jean (active 1790s), writer 183 285 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (17491832), poet 56,71,126-7 Goodman, Dena 234 n.24 Gorbatov, Inna 236 n.53 Gordon, George (1751-1793), politician 188 Goudar, Ange (1720-1791), writer 38, 218 n. 12, 220ՈՈ.45,47-8 Grab, Walter 252 n.27 Grasselli, Margaret Morgan 222n.31 Greece 120,143 Green, Abigail 226 n.2 Greilich, Susanne 225 n.25 Griffiths, David Μ. 243
n.76 Grigorieva, Irina 235 n.49 Grimm, Friedrich Melchior (172318807), journalist 223 n.37, 232 n.72 Grogg, Goody, invented lower-class fan 61, 219 n.17 Gross, Johann Gottfried (1703-1768), editor of Allgemeine Zeitgeschichte in einem Auszuge der neuesten Weltgeschichte 18-19, 25-7, 39 Grosskurth, Brian 236 n.56 Gundle, Stephen 234 n.l5 Gustav III (1746-1792), king of Sweden 170, 248 n.l 1 Habermas, Jürgen 60,75, 226 n.l Haigold, see Schlözer Halem, Gerhard Anton von (1752-1819), poet 238 n. 19 Hamilton, Emma (1765-1815), famous beauty 112 Hatchett, John, London coach maker 59, 223 n.40-3 Hays, Mary (1759-1843), writer 209 Haywood, Ian 239 n.37, 245 n.9 Hebenstreit, Franz (1747-1795) 169, 247 n.l Heier, Edmund 236 n.63 Heinzmann, Johann Georg (1757-1802), bookseller 221 n.ll Heipcke, Corinna 219 n.20 Helbig, Gustav Adolf Wilhelm (17571813), historian 173-5,182, 188,191, 194-6, 205
286 Index Herder, Johann Gottfried (1744-1803), philosopher 63,101 Hill, Ruth 234 n.78 Hinkender Bott, see Verbesserter Hippel, Theodor Gottlieb von (17411796), writer 97,103 Historical-Genealogical Calendar, see Historisch-genealogischer Historisches Portefeuille 236 n.59 Historisch-genealogischer Calender auf das Gemein-Jahr 1798 1,7-12 Hoffmann, Peter 241 nn.17, 26, 242 n.42 Holland (William) printshop 153 Homans, Margaret 220 n.42 Hoogenbaum, Hilde 220 n.49 Hordt, Johann Ludwig (1719-1798), autobiographer 170-1,174, 177 Hörschelmann, Friedrich Ludwig Anton 36, 219 n.32, 220 n.41 Hörschelmann, Friedrich Ludwig Anton (1740-1792 or later), biographer 36 Horton, Donald 225 n.27 Houel, Jean (1735-1813), painter 111 Hubertusburg Treaty (1763) 46-7 Hunt, Lynn 168, 238 п.21, 247 n.45 Ibneyeva, Guzel 240 n.14 Icon, as post-celebrity fame 5,13, 211 identification, see under celebrity, effects; fans Imbert, Guillaume (1744-1803), writer 239 n.40 An Imperial Stride'./ĽEnjambée Imperiale (probably by Rowlandson) 86, 152-6,159-60,162-4,167, 245 n.12-16 individualism, see under celebrity inoculation against smallpox 95, 98-9 intimacy 63,69,106,189-90,194, 197 “intimacy at a distance” (Horton) 66, 102 “public intimacy” (Roach) 30, 61 Ivan VI (1740-1764), tsar of Russia as infant, often called John in English news accounts 25, 40, 117-18,128,184,206 Jahrmargt, K. (active 1760’s), engraver 221 n.8 Jews 100-1, 106,132,141-3 Johannson, Sofia 216 n.40 Johnson, Samuel (1709-1784), writer, lexicographer 130-1 Jones, E. D. 186,213 n.9, 251 n.l Joseph II (1741-1790), Habsburg ruler and Holy
Roman Emperor 75, 107,110,128,143-5,147-8,196 in cartoons and prints with Catherine II 122-3, 127-8,130,148,158 Kahn, Andrew 223 n.4, 230 n.16 Kalmyk exodus from Russian empire 11, 137-8 Kamen, Henry 223 n.l Karsch, Anna Luise (1722-1791), poet 17, 36,40, 70,77-8, 220 n.59, 233 n.3 Katharine II. vor dem Richterstuhle der Menschheit 249 п.46, 251 n. 10, 254 n.l 1 ' Kaufmann, Angelika (1741-1807), painter 111 Kazan, Russia 135-6 Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630), astronomer 100 Kéralio, Louise de (1758-1821), writer 120,156 Kerstens, Johann Christian (1713-1802), professor 224 n. 10 Khodarkovsky, Michael 241 n.23 Klassik Stiftung Weimar 222 n.32 knout 135 Koeninger, Frieda 221 n.6 Koningsbrugge, Hans van 228 n.35 Kosareva, Nina 235 n.31 Kosciuszko, Tadeuz (1746-1817), Polish hero 152,202 Kotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdinand von (1761-1819), playwright 233 n.78 Kraft, Andries (1810), playwright 183-4 Krieken, Robert van 89, 215 nn.17,18, 226 n.56, 229 n.l Krüger, I.C. or Krüger, Christian Joseph (1759-1814), medal maker 113
Index Kyrgyz 10, 135, 147,151 Lammel, Gisold 222 n.2O Landes, Joan B. 227 n.25 language choice and audience 44 Lannoy, Juliana Cornelia de (1738-1782), poet 114 Lanskoy, Alexander (1758-1784), lover of Catherine II 187-8,190,192, 206-7,251 n.9 Lante, Josef/Giuseppe (b. 1726), printmaker 237 n.5 La Roche, Sophie von (1730-1807), writer 102,114,236n.7O Lasting peace to Europe. The Dream of an Cosmopolite 120 Lavater, Johann Kasper (1741-1801), physiognomist 120-1,156 Laveaux, see Thieboult de Laveaux law code reform, see under Enlightenment LeBeau, Pierre Adrien (1744/48-1817 c.), printmaker 42-4, 50-2, 56 legitimacy of a ruler 39-40,104,112,141 based on competence or intellectual qualification 24,95 based on dynasty 24 based on gender 38-9,116 Lemire, Nicolas Noël (1724-1800), engraver 122-3,238 n.26 Leonard, Carol S. 248 n.22 Le-Trosne, Guillaume Francois (17281780), jurist 244 n.3 letters, of contemporaries 2,18, 25, 30, 35-6, 61, 65,71, 91, 94,139-40, 181,204 Leuthner, Ferdinand, Vienna shopkeeper 57-8,108 Levitt, Marcus 240 n. 13, 253 n.56, 255 n.37 Liackhova, Lydia 227 n.8 libertinism 12, 158-68,188-9,195, 197-8, 210 Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph (1742-1799), physicist and satirist 233 n.75 Liemann, Amalie von, child writer 64-5 Liiti, Antoine 2-3, 5, 21, 28, 69, 213 n.5, 216 n.26, 217 n.2, 221 n.l, 223 n.39, 226 n.l 287 limping messenger, Hinkender Bote, Messager boiteux 65-5, 248 n. 15, see also Alter und Neuer; Verbesserter Lind, John (1737-1781), pamphleteer 124-5, 238 n.28, see also Pansmouzer; Polish Partition Lindsey, Theophilus (1723-1808), theologian 238 n.28
Linguet, Simon-Nicholas Henri (17361794) 238 n.l7 literacy, illiteracy, and reading practices 7, 34,42, 61,63,65, 72, 76,91 Livia 35,40,70 Lob-und Danklied der Judengemeine zu Mohilow 143 Longworth, Philip 241 n.25 Lortholary, Albert 230 n.20, 230 n.62 Löschenkohl, Johann Hieronymus (1753-1807), artist and art dealer 144-5 Louis XIV (1638-1715), king of France 3,104 Louis XV (1710-1774), king of France 61,98 Louis XVI (1754-1793), king of France 5, 101,157,162 love, concept changing 189,198 lovers and favorites 13, 71-2,144, 252 nn.20, 22, see also Lanskoy; libertinism; Mamonov; Orlov; Poniatowski; Potemkin; Saltykov costs 71,189,192,197-8 trajectories 190, 192, 194 Low Countries 63, 127, 158-9, 208, 223 n.l, 246 n.25 Luhmann, Niklas 189,198 Lull, James 217 n.l luxury 41,61,73,104-11,115,143, 223 n.2 meaning changing 108-9 McKeon, Michael 249 n.25 McPherson, Heather 2,189, 213 n.5 Madame de ***, see under Sénac de Meilhan
288 Index Madariaga Isabel de 245 п.4, 246 п.40, 252 п.23 Mallet du Pan, Jacques (1749-1800), journalist 170, 248 n.l 1 Mamonov, Alexander Dmitriev- (17581803), lover of Catherine II 144 manifestos of Catherine 21,92,116,122, 141-2 explaining first Polish Partition 122 first, about coup 21 inviting colonists to Russia 100 Pugachev rebellion 137,139 related to Jews 141-2 second, about coup and abdication 21-4, 35, 37 third, about death of Peter III 27-30 Mansfeld, Johann Ernst (1738-96), engraver 223 n.38 Marcard, Heinrich Matthias (17471817) 254n.l5 Marche, C. F. S. de la, pseud, of Christian Friedrich Schwan (1733-1815), publisher 240 n. 12, see also Anecdotes russes-, Russische Anekdoten Maréchal, Sylvain (1750-1803), playwright 245 ո. 17 Maria Theresa (1717-1780), ruler of Habsburg domains 3-5,18, 24, 37,42,116,124-5 as mother 116-17,187 political cartoons 83-4,122,158-9 portraits 47, 216 n.35 rival to Catherine II 106 as widow 187 Marie Antoinette (1755-1793), queen of France 5,155,162,188, 255 n.35 market crier or singer 31, 34 Maron, Theresia Concordia née Mengs (1725-1806), painter 111 Marshall, Joseph (active 1760’s-1770), writer 135 Marshall, P. David 21,69, 214 nn.13, 21, 215n,17,216nn.26, 35,218n.l6, 222 n.19, 225 n.41, 234 n.27, 239 n.30, 247 n.47 Mary Stuart (1542-1587), queen of Scots 36,40, 70 masculinity, see under Catherine II; Peter III Massie, Robert K. 238 n.l5 Masson, Charles François Philibert, (1761-1807) writer 68-9, 78-9, 85,87, 120,188,195, 207, 247 n.44 Mayer, Johann Georg, writer 75,110, 142 Maza, Sarah 238 n.21, 246 n.20,254 ո. 10 medals and
coins issued by Catherine II 92-3,96 engravings of 53, 93,96,112-13 as gifts 96,113,115 inexpensive casts of 56,112 media and mediation 2-3,19, 36,41-59, 89,169,192 distributors 3,6,19,23, 34,42,49, 56-7,152, 203 (see also market crier) large-scale/mass 1,6,17-19,58, 63, 72 workers 1, 3,7-8,19, 30,41-59,74, 84,112,122,145,152 (see also artists; writers) outside Russia 7,72, 75 “Mein lieber Peter, gute Nacht!” 29-34, 218 n.8 Mejer, Luise (married Boie, 1746-1786), letter writer 128-9,190,192, 240 n.42 Melot, Michel 222 n.28 Mercier, Louis-Sébastien (1740-1814), writer 97 Mercure historique et politique 217 n.43 Mercurio Histórico y Político 35,138, 143,219 n.28 Merkel, Angela (1954-), German chancellor 211 Merkwürdige Lebensgeschichte Peter des Dritten, 1762 218 n.12 Merziger, Patrick 214n.l8 Mexico 42 Meyer, Johann Heinrich Christian (active 1778-1779), writer 235 n.30 Meys, Ferdinand de (active 17901805) 244 n.89
Index Michler, Marwart 251 n.9 Miller, Nancy K. 180 Minerva (magazine) 248 n.20 Minor, Vernon Hyde 222 n.20 modem international female celebrity 1-3,5,13,15,17,40, 42, 54, 56, 73, 75, 94, 208, see also women celebrities Mogilev/Mohilow, present-day Belarus 75, 110, 143 Moi, Torii 6 Momonov, see Mamonov Monroe, Marilyn (1926-1962), film star 211 “monstrous-feminine” (Creed) 12,156, 164-8,203 Montefiore, Sebag 238 n.15, 252 n.29 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de (1689-1755), philosopher 135 Monthly Review 102,135,195 Montluzin, Emily Lorraine de 220 n.50 Moreau, Jean-Michel (1741-1814), artist 122-3 Morgan, Simon 215 nn.18,19 Moser, Friedrich Carl (1723-1798), jurist 234 n.16, 235 n.35, 236 n.62 Mosley, Charles (1744-1770 c.), engraver 48-9, 51, 56, 69, 221 n.17 motherhood, see under Catherine II Müller, Johann Jacob (1743), engraver 225 n.28 Müller, Karl Ernst Christian (1813), writer 114-15 Munchausen Tales 186 Münnich, Burkhard Christoph (1683-1767), field marshall 27,37-8,176 Munro, George E. 234 n. 13 “My dear Peter, good night!”, see “Mein lieber Peter, gute Nacht” Nadir/Nader Shah (1688-1747), shah of Iran 105 Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) 5, 70, 188, 210 narrative 12, 22-4, 50, 80,170,174,176, 190 289 anecdote 171 dialogue 176 larger forms 169-70,186 (see also secret history) scene 175 narrator 22-3,174-6,183 Netherlands, see Low Countries Das neueste graue Ungeheuer 134 news 1,4, 20, 24-5, 60, 72, 89,95, 223 n.5 geographical dissemination 18 spread of 20, 31, 36, 38 newspapers 1-2, 5,17-19, 21-3, 26-30, 35,48, 56-7, 59-60,63, 72, 76,
91,94,98,101-2,114, 136-40, 143,151, 214 n.3, see also newspapers by country below and celebrity 63-6 geographical reach 18-19,63-4 non-elite readers and auditors 63-5, 72 newspapers, American 18 Providence Gazette 215 n.8, 218 n.ll newspapers, British 224 n. 18 Evening Mail 254 n.4 Gazetteer and. Daily Advertiser 20, 26,140, 215 nn.6, 20, 217 n.50 General Evening Post (London) 101 Lloyd’s Evening Post and British Chronicle 215 n.6, 215 n.12, 217 n.43,217 n.47 London Chronicle 30, 38, 39, 217 nn.44,47, 219 n.25, 220 n.56 London Evening Post 25, 217n.41 The London Magazine 117 Morning Chronicle 222 n.35 Morning Herald 213 n.7, 222-3 n.35 Northampton Mercury 18, 37, 215 n.21, 216 n.31, 217 n.3, 218 n.10, 219 nn.23, 29, 220 nn.38, 57 Oracle and Public Advertiser 199 Public Advertiser 114, 217 nn.43, 49 St. James’s Chronicle (London) 26-7 The World and Fashionable Advertiser 111, 160 newspapers, French
290 Index Affiches, annonces et Avis Divers ou Journal Général de France 222 n.29 Courier de l’Europe 110 Courrier d’Avignon 25 Gazette de France 18, 26, 28,136 Gazette des gazettes ou Journal politique 230 n.20 Gazette littéraire de l’Europe 236 n.67 Gazette Nationale ou le Moniteur Universel 199 newspapers, German Allgemeine Zeitgeschichte in einem Auszuge aller europäischen Zeitungen 18-19, 215 n.13, 216 n.39, 217 nn.45, 52 (see also Gross) Langensaalzisches WochenBlat 254 n.l Staats- und Gelehrte Zeitung des Hamburgischen unpartheyischen Correspondenten 27, 217 n.43 Weimarische wöchentliche Anzeigen 215 n.9, 217 n.42 newspapers, Italian Gazzetta Bolognesi 215 п.10, 217Ո.51 Gazzetta Universale, Florence 96, 137 Italian Mercury 111 Notizie del Mondo, Florence 105 newspapers, Low Countries Gazette de la Haye 217 n.43 Gazette van Gendt 215 п.6, 216 п.23, 217 п.43 Nouvelles Extraordinaires de Divers Endroits [Gazette de Leyde] 20, 216n.23 newspapers, Spanish Gaceta de Madrid 18, 215 п.7 Newton, Richard (1777-1798), artist 153 Nicolay, Ludwig Heinrich (1737-1820), official 235 n.52,236 n.63 Nilson, Johannes Esaias (1721-1788), printmaker 123 Nini, Giovanni Battista (1717-1786), artist 49 Noorde, Cornelis van (1731-1795), printmaker 82 Novelli, Pietro Antonio (1729-1804), engraver 209 Nussbaum, Felicity 218 n.6 Observations on the present state of Denmark, Russia and Switzerland 231 n.50 Ochakov battle 129 Oranienbaum, palace 23,26, 33,177, 194 Orlov, Alexei Grigoryevich (17371808) 205 Orlov, Grigory (1734-1783) 36, 71, 83, 188,190,194-5,220 n.37 colonists and 151 diamond gift
106 fall from favor 71,190 rumor of marrying Catherine II 117 Orme, Edward (1775-1848), engraver 225 n.28 other, otherness 132,134 stigma and 141 Ottoman Empire 11,75-8 Russian wars with 84,104,120,143, 147,152,154,164 Paesiello, Giovanni (1740-1816), composer 110 Pallas, Peter Simon (1741-1811), explorer 105 Panin, Nikita Ivanovich (1718-1783), statesman 21, 206, 220 n.37 Pansalvin, Prince of Darkness (Albrecht) 191,195 Pansmouzer, Gotlieb pseud., see Lind parasocial relationship, celebrity as 2-3, 72,91,102,162 patronage, see under Catherine II; Enlightenment Paul der Erste, Kayser von Russland 256 n.28 Paul der Erste Kaiser und Selbstherrscher aller Reußen 256 n.28 Paul I (1754-1801), tsar of Russia 5, 18-19, 30, 83, 87, 99, 111, 117, 171, 173, 192, 197,199-200, 202, 206-7 absence from Catherine’s portraits 117
Index depicted in Staub der Erste by Albrecht 117 first wife 202, 206 paternity of Peter III equivocated 33, 36,174,180,183,220 n.49 and Pugachev 139-40 Pauquet, Jean Louis Charles (1759-1824), engraver 93 peddlers 1, 56, 202 Pellet-Desbarreaux, Hyacinthe (1756) playwright 245 n.17 Du péril de la balance politique de l’Europe, see Danger Peru 18 Peter I, the Great (1672-1725) 9-Ю, 20, 22, 32-3,112,132,142,171, 176, see also statue Peter II (1715-1730), tsar of Russia 98 Peter III (1728-1762), tsar of Russia 1, 6-7, 12, 22,115,118-19,128, 178-85 abdication 24,181 during coup 23-7, 33-4 death 26-30, 91,116,162,169, 175, 181-5,202,206,218n.l2 demasculinization of 26, 29-30, 35, 37-9,177-80 denies Paul’s legitimacy 36, 219 n.31 (see also Paul I) drunkenness 32,181 dysfunctional marriage 30-6,169, 177-80 as grand duke 20, 68,194 hemorrhoidal colic 29,181 impersonated by Pugachev 137-9, 141,148 infertility treatment 171,174, 180 lack of military skill 26,178 lack of valor at Cronstadt 26 mistress (see Vorontsova) planning to reject Catherine 23 posthumous rehabilitation 200 (see also Hordt; Saldern) sexuality 38,171,180 wearing Prussian uniform 178 Peterhof palace 26,176, 216 n.34 Peters, Birgit 214n.ll Pettegree, Andrew 224 n.16 291 Peyssonnel, Claude Charles de (17271790) 248 n. 11 Pictet, François-Pierre (1728-1798), secretary to Catherine II 216 n.25 Piozzi, Hester Thrale (1740-1821), diarist 197-8 Pitt, William, the Younger (1759-1806), prime minister of Great Britain 83,160 plays about Catherine II 42,155, 183-4,186, 204, 221 n.5, see abo Comella; Godineau; Kraft; Maréchal;
Pellet-Desbarreaux Pointon, Marcia 106, 233 n.6, 234 n. 11 Poland 11-12,152, 202,213 n.l, 214Ո.22 partitions of 101, 137,142,152, 166-8 The Polish Partition, Illustrated in Seven Dramatic Dialogues ([Lind]/ Pansmouzer) 123-5, see also Lind political cartooning 12, 70, 83-4, 92, 118,121-3,130,155,188 England’s Golden Age of 70,162 political cartoons 12, 245 n.8, see also political cartoons by country/ language below multiple renditions of 155-6,158, 160,162-3, 239 n.36 mirror-image copies 153-4, 158, 162-3 versions in different languages 122,153, 246 n.35 topoi cross-dressing 128-31, 156,203 (see also under Catherine II) defecation 163-4 farting 163,165 femininity transgressed 128-30, 156-7 fighting 128-31 illicit sexual behavior 157-62 playing games 86 political cartoons, British, see also Cruikshank; Dent; Gilray An Amusing State of Uncertainty 159-60, 246 n.27
292 Christian Amazon 130-1,156-8 Imperial Salute, or invitation to Peace Rejected 162 An Imperial Stride (see An Imperial Stride!) The Ladies Church Yard 158 Merlin: or, A Picture ofEurope for 1773 127,164 The Northen Bugga Bo 164-6 The Prussian Prizefighter 156 Saint Catherine and St. George 161 Summer Amusement at Farmer G-’s 83, 228 n.32 political cartoons, French, see also Berthault; Lemire Bombardement de tous les trônes de l’Europe 163 Congres Politique 122 Jeu de quilles républicain 86-7,164 La Mascarade 157-8 ĽEnjambeé Impériale (see An imperial Stride!) political cartoons, German, see also Will Kriegs Theater 128-9,156-7, 240 n. 43 Politische Spazierfahrt 128, 239 n.4O political cartoons, Low Countries 50, 127,158-9,239 n. 36 political cartoons, Polish Catherine’s Mealtime 167-8 Poniatowski, Stanislaw II August (1732֊ 1798) king of Poland 122-3, 144, 146,162,187,194, 253 n.39 Popkin, Jeremy D. 224 nn,17, 20 pornography 152,158-9,167-8,188, 204,210 portraits, see also printed portraits; individual artists celebrity discourse’s impact on 49, 53-5 gender in 83,118-19 state portraits of rulers 76, 83, 118-19,127 drapesand 48,51,55,68 insignia in 44,46,51-5,58,76, 86 monarchical gifts 76,108 subgenres xv, 49-50 (see also under printed portraits) Index frontal 43-4,46,49,58,65, 82, 108,119,179 full-length 48-9, 53,62,77 profile 49-50, 54, 67,85,93,113, 121,172 (see also profile-inbraids) scene with a group 7֊ 12, 32,47, 49,126,133,145,148,193, 209 types, explained 45 positional goods 10,110-1 Potemkin, Grigory (1739-1791) 13,42, 64-5,71,143-7,161,165,173, 181, 188,
195-6,206, 252 nn.20, 22 lavish party 12-13,106 “Potemkin villages” 13, 205 rise to power 71,190,193 secret marriage to Catherine 118, 191 Praga (near Warsaw, Poland) massacre 11,166-7,202,207, 246 n.40 printed portraits, intaglio and relief backgrounds 51, 86,118 captions 31-2,43,53,55,68 language of 44,46, 51 cheap 222 n.24 on cloth 47 color 51, 53-4, 126-7, 222 n.31 distribution 56,107 fashion plates 48, 53, 77 frames, printed 51-3 genres blends 49,51 cartooning, political (see political cartooning) invented images (nonsatirical) 49,62,68 narrative prints portraits (see portraits) puzzles 66-7, 225 n.28 series 53, 222 n.24 intaglio 43 by language/country British, of Catherine II 48,113, 121,172, 213 n.2 (see also Mosley, Warren, Watson) Dutch, of Catherine II (see Noorde)
Index French, of Catherine II 46, 53, 93,133 (see also Avril; Fosseyeux; LeBeau; Pauquet; Radigues; Saint-Aubin; de Tiregale) German, of Catherine II 54-55, 58,62,110,126,128,148, 222 n.27, 239 n„ 40, (see also Bause; Berger; Bernigeroth; Chodowiecki; Facius; Gericke; Krüger; Löschenkohl; Rein; Rügendas; Will) Italian (see Lante; Novelli) Spanish, of Catherine II 51-2 mirror image (reversed) 45,154 paper choice 49, 51, 53-5 pricing 49, 53, 56 relief, woodcuts 43 reworked old plates 61,127,224 n.8 series 53-54, 222 n.24 signs of intended audience 42,45, 49, 54-6 size 1,31,48-51,53-5,68,76,85, 208-9 skill markers 34,45 speed of production 51,56-7 printmakers, see artists Le Procès des trois Rois 251 n.7 profile-in-braids 45-6, 51-2, 55,77-8 public, see audience publicity about Catherine II 57, 94, 96, 98, 110-1,113, 115,137, 141,144,186-8, see also under celebrity, cultural and under courts Pugachev, Yemelyan (1742-1775), rebellion leader 136-7,139, 204, see also Pugachev rebellion execution 140, 243 n,66 Pugachev rebellion 11,136-41,147 alleged foreign involvement 134-40, 242 n.60 geography of 137-8 Purdy, Daniel L. 223 n.3, 234 n.28 Radigue, Antoine (1721-1809), engraver 46 Raspe, Rudolf Erich (1736-1794), writer 251 n.2 293 Raynal, Guillaume Thomas, Abbé (17131796), philosophe 100 Razzali, Rosie 224 n.8 reading 3, 64-6, see also literacy rebellion, see Pugachev rebellion Recke, Elise von der (1754-1833), writer 102 Rehberg, Peter 213n.ll Rein, Joseph Friedrich (1720-1785), engraver 221 n. 14 religion 21, 35, 37,47,64, 75, 82,101, 122,126-7, 130-1,136,141-2, 147,168,189,
203 Renne, Elizaveta 216 n.34, 234 n.21 representations and celebrity 2, 6-7,19, 62-3, 72, 75 Reynolds, Joshua (1723-1792), painter 111 Richardson, Samuel (1789-1761), novelist 61 Richardson, William (1743-1814), travel writer 141 Roach, Joseph R. 30, 39,167, 218 n.15, 224 n.9 Rogerson, John (1741-1823), Catherine’s doctor 200 Rojek, Chris 3, 69, 239 Röllig, Johann Georg (1710-1790), composer 251 n.l Roman, Jean-Joseph-Thérèse (17261787), poet 99 Roslin, Alexander (1718-1793), painter 107-8 Rotari, Pietro (1707-1762), painter 446, 221 nn.9,12 Rovinskii, Dmitri! Aleksandrovich (1824-1895), art historian 245 n.13 Rowlandson, Thomas (1756-1827), artist 153 Rubin-Detlev, Kelsey 223 n.4, 226, n.3, 230 n.16, 232 n.65 Rügendas, Johann Lorenz (1730-1799), engraver 61,232 n.65, 224 n.8 Rulhière, Claude-Carloman de (17351791), historian 80, 94-5, 172-4, 178-80, 187,194-7, 201, 248 n.15, 253 n.36
294 Russische Anekdoten 219 п.34, 220 п.35, 240 ո. 12, see also Marche (pseud.) Sade, Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de (17401814), writer 12,188,197 Saint-Aubin, Augustin de (1736-1807), printmaker 85-6 Saldern, Caspar von (1711-1786), diplomat and writer 102, 172, 182, 184, 188,194-5, 206, 248 n.16 Saltykov, Sergei (1726-1765), Catherine’s first lover 180,194 satires textual 30, 38,75,103,121-5,139, 187 visual (see political cartooning) Savili, Rosalind 234 n.22 scandal 6, 30, 33,173,180-1,193-4 definition 28 Schenda, Rudolf 219n.l9 Schérer, Jean-Benoît (1741-1824) writer 249 n.38 Schiebinger, L. 229 n. 11 Schlözer, August Ludwig von (17351809), writer 96, 216 n.28 Schmidt, Benjamin ii, 51,134, 240 Schmidt-Phiseldek, Christoph von (1740-1801), writer 234, 238, 243 n.69, 244 n.2 Schneider, Michael 235 n.40 Schubart, Christian Friedrich Daniel (1739-1791), journalist 97, 140, 254 n.12 Schwan, see Marche (pseud.) Sečenov, D.A. (active 17571767) archbishop of Novgorod 217 n.46 secret history genre 173-4,192, 203 Ségur, Louis-Philippe, comte de (1753-1830), diplomat and historian 205 Sekora, John 234 n.24 Semiramis 79 Sénac de Meilhan, Gabriel (1736-1803), writer 61, 66-7, 69-73, 79, 81, 106,133, 223 n.4 Index description of a fan, Madame de *** 61-2,66,152 serfs and serfdom 97,135,138,151, 204, 245 n.4 Settlers for colonizing Russia 100,151 Seume, Johann Gottfried (1763-1810), biographer 171,189 Seven Years’ War 17,46-7, 70,120,170, 178 Sevres 108 sexuality 124, see also under Catherine II; celebrity discourse; gender Seymour, George (active 1763) 229 n.9 Shakespeare 156
Sharpe, Kevin 243 n.85 Siberia 33,40, 99, 176,196 Sievers, Elisabeth von (later Putyatin, 1746-1818), letter writer 71 Sinclair, John (1754-1835), writer 181 A Sketch of the secret history of Europe 236 n.73, 253 n.38 Smith, Adam (1723-1790), economist 111 Smith, Douglas 252 n.20 Smolny Institute 8, 204 Souffras, seller of Orlov diamond 105-6 Spacks, Patricia 79 “spectatorial pleasure” (Marshall, 12) 3, 12, 50,168, 204-5 spectators 28, 75, 79,144, 208 Der Spiegel 211 S. Privatleben des. Potemkin 252 n. 13 star and stars 8,19, 74-88 agent of publicity 74 death 5,211 object of the gaze 74 self-display 19, 23, 88 simultaneously fabulous and ordinary 170,190 visibility 8,19 statue of Peter the Great 9,112-13, 153-4, see also Carburi; Collot; Falconet engravings 9,112-13,154 stone chip souvenirs 112 Staub der Erste (Albrecht) 117,197 Sternberg, Joachim von (1755-1808), travel writer 79,84-5 Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara 214 n.19
Index Storch, Heinrich Friedrich (17661835) 248 n.13 story, as component of celebrity, see under celebrity discourse Stover, Dietrich Heinrich (1767-1822), writer 243 n.66 Strenge, A.C. (active 1792), preacher 245 n.6 Stride, see Imperial Stride! Strunck Christina 216 n.35, 237 n.4 Stummann-Bowert, Ruth 225 n,34 Sultans, Ottoman Empire 122,126-8, 130-1,154,158,165 Sutton, D. 235 n.52 Sweden 37, 98,161,167-8,170, 213 n.l, 214 n.22, see also Gustav III Szabo, Franz 214 n.l, 215 n.4 Tartar, Tatar 136,138,147 taste 107, 109 Teplov, Grigory Nikolayevich (17171779), philosopher 21,181-2 termagant 162 Théâtre de ¡’Hermitage (Catherine II et al.) 232 n.67 Therbusch, Anna Dorothea née Liszewska (1721-1782), painter 111-12 Thesby (or Thisbé) de Belcour, François Alphonse (1793 or later) 242 n.60 Thieboult de Laveaux, Jean Charles (1749-1827), writer 173,181, 188,193,197,206 Thiele, Johan Rudolph (1736-1815), printer 126 Thompson, John B. 225 n.32 Thomson, William (1746-1817), writer 236 n.61 Tickell, Thomas (1685-1740), poet 241 n.28 Tillyard, Stella 215 n.22 Tipton, Susan 216Ո.34 de Tiregale, Pierre Ricaud (c. 1725after 1772), architect and printmaker 230 n.21 Tischbein, Johann Heinrich Wilhelm (1751-1829), painter 112 Tomanskiy, Theodor Josephides von (1746-1810) 234 n.18 295 Tooke, William (1744-1820), writer 171-2, 188,194 Torelli, Stefano (1712-1784), painter 76 Truthfill News, see Wahrhafte Turkey, see Ottoman Empire Turner, Graeme 57, 66,222 n.34, 225 n.45 Turner, Richard (1753-1788), writer 181 ukase, see manifesto Ulbricht, Otto 230 n.24 Ulrika, queen of Sweden (1720-1782)
98 L’ultima Confession Generale Fatta da Catterina 2 Unzer, Johanna Charlotte (1725-1782), poet 94, 225 n.50 Vasilchikov, Alexander (1744-1813), lover of Catherine II 190 Vassallo, Peter 253 n.53 Verbesserter und Alter Vollkommener Staats-Calender, genannt der Hinkende Bott 200, 248 n.l5, 254 n.8 verse and doggerel, anonymous, see also “Mein Lieber Peter” in newspapers and magazines 20, 29,160 on prints 31-2,127-8,130 Victoria (1819-1901), queen of Great Britain 211, 220 n.42 Vigée le Brun, Elizabeth Louise 235 n.52 Vincentelli, Moira 235 n.45 Vinogradov, Yefim Grigoryevich (1725/28-1769) engraver 221 n.8 virago 130-1,156 visual satires, see political cartoons Vita, e Fasti 208 Volney, Constantin François de (17571820), writer 115 Voltaire François-Marie Arouet (16941778), writer 97, 99,115, 120, 126,132, 135,157,181 Catherine Il’s purchase of his library 115
296 Index his publicity for Catherine 115 published correspondence with Catherine 179, 238 n.28 Vorontsova, Elizaveta (1739-1792), mistress of Peter III 37-8, 176-7,184,194, 248 n.33 Vorstellung der vom Tod (engraving) 200, 213 ո.2 Vorstellung und Abbildung (engraving) 126, 213n.2 voyeurism 38, 70,162,169, 210, see also celebrity discourse Wahrhaffte Nachricht von der am 9ten Julii 1762 in Petersburg vorgefallenen Revolution 36 Walker, James (1760-1823), artist and writer 146,246 n.36 Walpole, Horace (1717-1797), writer 71, 95 Walpole, Robert (1676-1745), prime minister and art collector 111 Warren, Charles Turner (1762-1823), engraver 77 wars 126, see also Ottoman Empire; Seven Years War Bavarian War of Succession 120 Brabant Revolution 158-9 Russo-Turkish wars against Ottomans 10,104,126 Watson, Caroline (1761-1814), engraver 108 waxworks 109 wealth and celebrity 9-10, 73,101, 143 Wedgwood, Josiah (1730-1795), entrepreneur 49,110 Green Frog service publicity 57 Weikard, Melchior Adam (1742-1803), doctor 101,144, 204-6 Welke, Martin 224 n,19 West, Mae (1893-1980), film star 211 Whittaker, Cynthia Hyla 41, 233 n.8, 235 nn.42,46 whore 157-8,188 Will, F. Μ. (active 1787-88) engraver 147-8 Will, Georg Andreas (1744-1798), historian 218Ո.12 Will, Johann Martin (1727-1806), engraver and publisher 31-2, 34, 50,128,239 n.39 Willamov, [Johann Gottlieb] (1736-1777), poet 231 n.49 Williams, John, writer (active 1777) 135 Williams, Kevin 224 n.18 Wippersberg, Julia 214 n.l 1 Woensel, Pieter van (1747-1808), travel writer 97 Wolff, Larry 213 n. 1, 240 n.3,244 n.97, 253 n.56 Wollf, J.
P. (active 1760s), print maker 68 women celebrities 13, 70-1,103, 211 focus on bodies 80 glamour 107 and transgressiveness 70-2,103, 126 and Enlightenment 97-8,102 rulers 11,89,113,116-31,139,161, 210 ambition and 23,124,184 androgynous 155-6 destabilizing gender 37,120 Enlightenment as justifying 95 monstrous-feminine 164-68, 203 as peaceable 120,129 power-hungry 33,70 regency 116-17 in Russia 39,118-20 sexually transgressive 36,70 sons 116 war-making 120,128-31,157, 168 woodcut images 65-6,126-7, 200-1 Wortman, Richard S. 92, 216 n.24, 229 n.7 Wraxall, Nathaniel William (1751-1831), travel writer 78,85,138,178 Wright, Joseph, of Derby (1734-1797), painter 111 Writers, as mediators of celebrity 41-2, 56,81 Wyrwa, Ulrich 234 n.24 Yonan, Michael Elia 214n.l9
297 Index Zaborov, Petr Romanovic 229 n.8 Zacchiroli, Francesco (1750-1826), poet 231 n.49 Zaretsky, Robert 232 n.58, 233 n.72 Zedler, Johann Heinrich (1706-1751), encyclopedist 63-64 Zimmermann, Johann Georg (17251795), doctor 101-3,151,204, 233 n.75 Zubov, Platon (1767-1822), Catherine’s final lover 188 /--------- ---------- Bayerische I
This highly original study provides a detailed analysis of Catherine the Great’s celebrity avant ia lettre and how gender, power, and scandal made it commercially successful. In 1762, when Catherine II overthrew her husband to seize the throne of the Russian Empire, her instant popular fame across Europe both fitted and shaped the emerging discourse of modern celebrity. Here, Ruth P. Dawson shows how Catherine was part of a troika of celebrity-making agents—intriguing central figure, large-scale media, and an engaged public—and presents long-neglected material evidence of the tsarina’s fantasy-induced fame. The book examines the 1762 coup as the indispensable story that first constructed Catherine Il’s distant public image outside her domains. It argues that the themes of enlightenment, luxury consumption, clashing gender roles, and exotic Russia attracted non-elite fans and anti-fans during the middle decades of her reign. For her last years, during the French Revolution, the book investigates the flood of vivid misogynist cartoons that skewered the empress; it traces the re-evaluations of her husband and analyses the gradual late revelations about her sequence of lovers. Catherine’s demise in 1796, Dawson shows, instigated a final burst of adoration, loathing, and ambivalence as new accounts of her life, both real and fictional, claimed to unwrap the final secrets of the first modern international female celebrity ֊ even now the only woman in history widely known as ‘the Great’. |
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| author | Dawson, Ruth P. 1943- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)124619843 |
| author_facet | Dawson, Ruth P. 1943- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Dawson, Ruth P. 1943- |
| author_variant | r p d rp rpd |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048450972 |
| classification_rvk | NN 7880 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1343691972 (DE-599)BVBBV048450972 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1762-1796 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1762-1796 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV048450972 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:30:42Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:38:28Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781350244627 9781350244665 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033829126 |
| oclc_num | 1343691972 |
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| owner | DE-12 DE-384 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-384 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | xv, 297 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20221205 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Bloomsbury Academic |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Cultures of early modern Europe |
| spelling | Dawson, Ruth P. 1943- Verfasser (DE-588)124619843 aut Catherine the Great and the culture of celebrity in the eighteenth century Ruth Pritchard Dawson Catherine the Great and the culture of celebrity in the 18th century London ; New York ; Oxford ; New Delhi ; Sydney Bloomsbury Academic 2021 xv, 297 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Cultures of early modern Europe "This highly original study provides a detailed analysis of Catherine the Great's celebrity avant la lettre and how gender, power, and scandal made it commercially successful. In 1762, when Catherine II overthrew her husband to seize the throne of the Russian Empire, her instant popular fame across Europe both fitted and shaped the emerging discourse of modern celebrity. ... Catherine's demise in 1796, Dawson shows, instigated a final burst of adoration, loathing, and ambivalence as new accounts of her life, both real and fictional, claimed to upwrap the final secrets of the first modern international female celebrity--even now the only woman in history widely known as 'the Great'."--Back cover Katharina II. Russland, Zarin 1729-1796 (DE-588)118560565 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1762-1796 gnd rswk-swf Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd rswk-swf Berühmte Persönlichkeit (DE-588)4191412-0 gnd rswk-swf Öffentlichkeit (DE-588)4043183-6 gnd rswk-swf Image (DE-588)4026574-2 gnd rswk-swf Catherine / II / Empress of Russia / 1729-1796 Statesmen / Russia / Biography Nobility / Russia / Biography Russia / History / Catherine II, 1729-1796 Hommes d'État / Russie / Biographies Nobility Statesmen Russia 1729-1796 Biographies History Katharina II. Russland, Zarin 1729-1796 (DE-588)118560565 p Berühmte Persönlichkeit (DE-588)4191412-0 s Image (DE-588)4026574-2 s Öffentlichkeit (DE-588)4043183-6 s Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 s Geschichte 1762-1796 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-3502-4464-1 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ePDF 978-1-3502-4463-4 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033829126&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033829126&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033829126&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033829126&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Dawson, Ruth P. 1943- Catherine the Great and the culture of celebrity in the eighteenth century Katharina II. Russland, Zarin 1729-1796 (DE-588)118560565 gnd Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd Berühmte Persönlichkeit (DE-588)4191412-0 gnd Öffentlichkeit (DE-588)4043183-6 gnd Image (DE-588)4026574-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118560565 (DE-588)4125698-0 (DE-588)4191412-0 (DE-588)4043183-6 (DE-588)4026574-2 |
| title | Catherine the Great and the culture of celebrity in the eighteenth century |
| title_alt | Catherine the Great and the culture of celebrity in the 18th century |
| title_auth | Catherine the Great and the culture of celebrity in the eighteenth century |
| title_exact_search | Catherine the Great and the culture of celebrity in the eighteenth century |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Catherine the Great and the culture of celebrity in the eighteenth century |
| title_full | Catherine the Great and the culture of celebrity in the eighteenth century Ruth Pritchard Dawson |
| title_fullStr | Catherine the Great and the culture of celebrity in the eighteenth century Ruth Pritchard Dawson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Catherine the Great and the culture of celebrity in the eighteenth century Ruth Pritchard Dawson |
| title_short | Catherine the Great and the culture of celebrity in the eighteenth century |
| title_sort | catherine the great and the culture of celebrity in the eighteenth century |
| topic | Katharina II. Russland, Zarin 1729-1796 (DE-588)118560565 gnd Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd Berühmte Persönlichkeit (DE-588)4191412-0 gnd Öffentlichkeit (DE-588)4043183-6 gnd Image (DE-588)4026574-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Katharina II. Russland, Zarin 1729-1796 Kultur Berühmte Persönlichkeit Öffentlichkeit Image |
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