Internformat: The rhetorical rise and demise of "democracy" in Russian political discourse

The rhetorical rise and demise of "democracy" in Russian political discourse: Volume 2 The promise of "democracy" during the Yeltsin years

Post-Soviet Russia in the 1990s saw a surge in civic participation. The traditional power structure officially relinquished control of political rhetoric and a nascent civil society had begun to emerge. Free elections and political partisanship between reformist and conservative elements of Russian...

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Hauptverfasser:	Williams, David Cratis 1955- (VerfasserIn), Young, Marilyn J. 1942- (VerfasserIn), Launer, Michael K. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Boston Academic Studies Press 2022
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register
Zusammenfassung:	Post-Soviet Russia in the 1990s saw a surge in civic participation. The traditional power structure officially relinquished control of political rhetoric and a nascent civil society had begun to emerge. Free elections and political partisanship between reformist and conservative elements of Russian society, spurred on by Russia’s economic troubles, gave a "Wild West" tenor to public rhetoric that was reflected in the election campaigns of 1993, 1995, and 1996. In this volume, the authors examine, through a series of contemporaneously written essays, the arc of government rhetoric during the height of media freedom, the quest for a new national identity, and the struggle for self-government.
Beschreibung:	lvi, 411 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten
ISBN:	9781644696507

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents List of Photos Acknowledgements Contributors Note to Readers ix xi xiii xv Alexander Yuriev Alexander Yuriev xvi xvii Dedication: Alexander Ivanovich Yuriev (1942-2020) Alexander Yuriev xix xxxi Preface xxxiii Marilyn Young at a Political Communication Conference xlviii Introduction to Volume Two xlix Yeltsin and Gorbachev lvii Part One: Framework for Understanding the Immediate Post-Soviet Political Environment: Ecological Depredation, Economic Challenges, the Press, and National Identity 1 Yeltsin Standing on a Tank 1991 3 1. A New Day for the Soviet Environment 2. The Former Soviet Union Leaves Environmental Legacy of Shame 3. Review of Environmental Management in the Soviet Union by Philip R. Pryde 4 7 9 4. Russian Scientists Struggle to Survive 5. Review of The Russian Press from Brezhnev to Yeltsin: Behind the Paper Curtain by John Murray 6. Argumentation, Globalization, and the New Nationalism: Implications and New Directions Part Two: Politics and Political Argumentation during the Yeltsin Years 14 23 25 31 7. Democratization and Cultures of Communication: The Mission of the International Center for the Advancement of Political Communication and Argumentation 33 8. The Role of Public Argument in Emerging Democracies: A Case Study of the December 12,1993, Elections in the Russian Federation 43 9. Analysis of Political Argumentation and Party Campaigning Prior to the 1993 and 1995 State Duma Elections: Lessons Learned and Not Learned 62 10. Argument and Political Party Formulations: A Continuing Case Study of Democratization in the Russian Federation 88 11. Russian Electoral Politics and the Search for National Identity 100 Yeltsin Campaign Photograph Runoff Election Sample Ballot Choose or Lose—Campaign Button Choose or Lose—T- shirt Front Choose or Lose—T-shirt Back Choose or Lose—Globe and Barbed Wire Choose or Lose—Jeans Jacket and Prison Garb 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 12. Frameworks for Russian Identity: Arguing the Past, Defining the Future 136 13. Historical Metaphor and the Search for National Identity in Russia 146 14. Russia’s First Elected President Buries Its Last Czar: Reclaiming Cultural Memory in the Search for National Identity 155 Part Three: Yeltsin’s Multiple Political Profiles (The Three Faces of Boris) 165 15. Yeltsin as an Autocrat: The “Constitutional Crisis of 1993” as the Beginning of the End of Russian Democracy 167 Shelling of the White House Shelling of the White House Shelling of the White House 201 202 203 16. Yeltsin as a Democrat: A Lexical Content Analysis of His Presidential Addresses to the Federal Assembly 1994-1999 17. Yeltsin as a Man of the People: A Case Study of His Campaign Rhetoric during the 1996 Russian Presidential Election 204 228 Yeltsin on the Campaign Trail “It is still not easy living in Russia” 265 Part Four: Looking Backward, Looking Forward 267 Clinton and Yeltsin Shaking Hands 268 18. Ten Years of Frustration: Transitional Rhetoric and Democratization in the Russian Federation 19. The Fear of Politics and the Politics of Fear in Russia— Images in the US Media 20. Echoes of Berlin 1989: Post-Soviet Discourse and the Rhetoric of National Unity 21. Foreign Policy Challenges and The Historical “Anchors” of Russian Federation Foreign Policy after September 11, 2001 269 289 301 331 Alexei Salmin 350 22. Instant Democracy: Rhetorical Crises and the Russian Federation, 1991-2007 351 Yeltsin and Putin in the Presidents Office 366 Afterword Bibliography Index 367 371 399 Bibliography 1 2 з 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 “Boris El'tsin otvechaet na voprosy, volnuiushchie izbiratelei [Boris Yeltsin answers voters’ questions]. Rossiiskie vesti. May 23,1996. “Campaign Smears.” The Moscow News, July 4-10,1996,1-2. “Chto imenno meniaetsia v Konstitutsii: Obzor prezidentskikh popravok v Osnovnoi zakon, priniatykh deputatami vo vtorom chtenii” [What exactly changes in the Constitution: A discussion of the presidential amendments to the Fundamental Law adopted on second reading by the deputies], Interfax, March 10, 2020. https://www. interfax.ru/russia/697710. “Czar and Family . . . Buried in St. Petersburg.” Associated Press, July 18, 1996 [Reprinted in the Winston-Salem Journal, July 18,1998, А6]. “Decision on Tsars Burial Right One.” The Moscow Times, February 28,1988. http:// www.angelfire.com/pa/ImperialRussia/nat3.html (site discontinued). “Dokumenty iz S'ezda narodnykh deputatov RSFSR (varianty teksta vystupleniia narodnogo deputata RSFSR B.N. El'tsina о gosudarstvennom suverenitete RSFSR, proekty Deklaratsii о gosudarstvennom suverenitete). Tom 5” [Documents from the First Congress of People’s Deputies of the RSFSR (alternate versions of the presenta tion by B. N. Yeltsin, people’s deputy of the RSFSR, regarding state sovereignty of the RSFSR, and drafts of the Declaration of State Sovereignty], (Document provided by Dmitrii Aleksandrovich Pushmin of the Yeltsin Center in Ekaterinburg, Russia.) http://bigftp2.yeltsin.ru:8080/share.cgi?ssid=0cdlshn. “Eks-glava shtaba Naval'nogo poluchil 2,5 goda za repost klipa Rammstein” [Naval ny’s ex-chief of staff gets 2.5 years for reposting a Rammstein video]. Intetfax, April 29, 2021. https://www.interfax.ru/russia/763986. “Former Soviet Union: A Ship with Torn Sails on a Turbulent Sea.” Kirksville Daily Express, Oct. 27,1992,1,14. “Inaugural Speech by President Boris Yeltsin of the Republic of Russia.” Foreign Pol icy Bulletin 2, no. 1 (July 1991): 32. (Delivered July 10,1991. Text provided by Nov osti Information Agency, U.S.S.R.) “Interview with Politique International.” Rossiiskie vesti, April 30,1996. “Istorila priniatiia deistvyiushchei Konstitutsii RF” [History of the adoption of the RF Constitution], https://constitution.garant.ru/history/active/ . Konstitutsiia Rossiiskoi Federatsii—Rossii 1978 goda (v redaktsii 10 dekabria 1992 goda) [The 1978 Constitution of the Russian Federation—Russia (text as adopted on December 10, 1992)]. https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/KoHCTHTyųna_PoccHilcKOŪ_ Федерации_-_России_1978_года_(в_редакции_10_декабря_1992_года). “Kontseptsiia natsional’noi bezopasnosti Rossiiskoi Federatsii” [Conceptual design for the national security of the Russian Federation]. Sobrante zakonodateľ stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii 2, January 10, 2000. 372 I The Rhetorical Rise and Demise of "Democracy” in Russian Political Discourse 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 “Kontseptsiia vneshnei politiki Rossiiskoi Federatsii” [Conceptual design for the for eign policy of the Russian Federation]. Nezavisimaia gazeta, July 11, 2000. “Popravki v Konstitutsii RF—2020: spisok izmenenii” [Amendments to the RF Constitution—2020: A list of changes], Law.ru, July 2, 2020. https://www.law.ru/ article/22899- popravki-v-konstitutsii- rf-2020- spisok- izmeneniy. “Postanovlenie Konstitutionnogo Suda RF ot 21 aprelia 1993 g. № 8-P po delu о proverke konstitutsionnosti chasti vtoroi punkta 2 postanovleniia S'ezda narodnykh deputatov Rossiiskoi Federatsii ot 29 marta 1993 goda Ό vserossiiskom ref erendume 25 aprelia 1993 goda, poriadke podvedeniia ego itogov i mekhanizme realizatsii rezul 'tatov referenduma” [Decree No. 8-P of the RF Constitutional Court, dated April 21, 1993, regarding the constitutionality of paragraph 2 of article 2 of the Decree of the Congress of Peoples Deputies of the Russian Federation On the April 25, 1993, national referendum, the procedure for determining its results, and the mechanism for implementing the results of the referendum”]. Moscow: Consti tutional Court of the Russian Federation, 1993. https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/ prime/doc/12011596/. “Postanovlenie o resul’tatakh vsenarodnogo golosovaniia po proektu Konstitutsii Rossiiskoi Federatsii” [Decree on the results of the national vote on the draft Constitution of the Russian Federation], Moscow: Central Electoral Commis sion of the Russian Federation, December 20, 1993. http://cikrf.ru/activity/docs/ postanovleniya/23559/. “Putin, l’uomo dei misteri.” Cilenti/Nickles REPORTAGE REPORT. https://issuu. com/romaprint/docs/dnt_n. 19-20-21 -2000_by_cilenti-nick. “Report on the Canonization ofthe Royal Family’ Moscow: Russian Orthodox Church, Moscow Patriarchate, 1996. https://www.romanovs.eu/report-on-the-canonization. “Russia: Yeltsin Addresses Chelyabinsk Workers on Economy’ Foreign Broadcast Information Service, February 16,1996. “Russia: Yeltsin Addresses Meeting in Chelyabinsk.” Foreign Broadcast Information Service, February 16,1996. “Russia: Yeltsin Speaks on Preliminary Results of Reforms, Education.” Foreign Broadcast Information Service, March 28,1996. “Russia: Yeltsin on Chechnya.” Foreign Broadcast Information Service, March 31, 1996. “Russia: Yeltsin Addresses Belgorod Conference on Reform Policies.” Foreign Broad cast Information Service, April 4,1996. “Russia: Yeltsin Addresses Leaders in Belgorod.” Foreign Broadcast Information Ser vice, April 5,1996. “Russia: Yeltsin Remarks on Elections, Reforms, Ukraine.” Foreign Broadcast Infor mation Service, April 16,1996. “Russia: Yeltsin Asks Yaroslavl Public to Ensure Political Stability.” Foreign Broadcast Information Service, May 3,1996. “Russia: Yeltsin Warns of Threat of Reversing Reforms.” Foreign Broadcast Informa tion Service, May 3,1996. “Russia: Yeltsin Will Not Remove Candidature for Presidency.” Foreign Broadcast Information Service, May 3,1996. Bibliography зо “Russia: Text of Yeltsin Address to Regional Media Workers.” Foreign Broadcast Information Service, May 6,1996. 31 “Russia: Yeltsin Departs Volgograd for Akhtubinsk.” Foreign Broadcast Information Service, May 9,1996. 32 “Russia: Yeltsin Addresses Supporters in Astrakhan.” Foreign Broadcast Information 33 34 35 Service, May 11,1996. “Russia: Yeltsin Voices Confidence of Victory at Elections.” Foreign Broadcast Infor mation Service, May 17,1996. “Russia: Yeltsin Interviewed by Kaliningrad Paper.” Foreign Broadcast Information Service, May 18,1996. “Russia: Yeltsins Visit, Speech in Tver Reported.” Foreign Broadcast Information Ser vice, June 8,1996. 36 “Russia: Yeltsin Speaks at Opening of Kazan Concert Hall.” Foreign Broadcast Infor 37 mation Service, June 9,1996. “Russia: Yeltsin Addresses Independence Day Rally.” Foreign Broadcast Information Service, June 12,1996. 38 “Russia: Yeltsin Addresses Moscow Citizens.” Foreign Broadcast Information Ser vice, June 13,1996. 39 40 41 “Russia: Yeltsin Addresses St. Petersburg Winter Palace Campaign Rally.” Foreign Broadcast Information Service, June 13,1996. “Russia: Yeltsins Address to Moscow Citizens.” Foreign Broadcast Information Ser vice, June 13,1996. “Russia: Yeltsin Answers Questions on Economic Issues.” Foreign Broadcast Infor mation Service, June 14,1996. 42 “Russia: Yeltsin Addresses Crew at Baltic Naval Base.” Foreign Broadcast Informa tion Service, June 23,1996. 43 44 “Solov'ev sravnil rechi Vlasova pered natsistami i El tsina v Kongresse SShA” [Soloviev equates Yeltsin’s speech to the US Congress with Vlasov’s speech to the Nazis]. Rambler Novosti, February 5, 2020. https://news.rambler.ru/other/43623423solovev-sravnil-rechi-vlasova-pered֊natsistami-i-eltsina-v-kongresse-ssha/ amp/. “The Belavezha Accords signed.” [From the Yeltsin Library], https://www.prlib.ru/ 45 en/history/619792. “Toward the Canonization of Russian Neomartyrs.” Moscow: The Russian Ortho dox Church Holy Synod’s Commission on the Canonization of Saints, 1991. Cited in “Report of the Holy Synod Commission on the Canonization of Saints with Respect to the Martyrdom of the Royal Family.” [Report presented by the Chairman of the Commission Metropolitan Yuvenaly of Krutitsa and Kolomna at the October 9-10, 1996, session of the Holy Synod.] http://www.holy-trinity.org/feasts/nicholas.html. 46 “Two Leading Christian Liberal Arts Institutions in the Former Soviet Union Cele brate 2001 Landmarks.” East-West Church Ministry Report 9 (Summer 2001): 12. 47 “Ukaz Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii Ό provedenii vsenarodnogo golosovaniia po proektuKonstitutsiiRossiiskoiFederatsii’№I633”[RussianFederationPresidentialDecree No. 1633 “Conducting a national vote on the draftConstitution ofthe Russian Federation”]. http ://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=8dink_id= 178md= 1020266798dntelsearch=. 373 374 The Rhetorical Rise and Demise of “Democracy" in Russian Political Discourse 48 “Ukaz Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii № 1400 ot 21 sentiabria 1993 goda О poetapnoi konstitutsionnoi reforme v Rossiiskoi Federatsii” [Russian Federation Presidential Decree No. 1400, dated September 21, 1993, On the phased con stitutional reform in the Russian Federation”], https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/ Указ_Президента_РФ_от_21.09.1993_№_1400. 49 “Vystuplenie Borisa El’tsina na s'ezde Obshcherossiiskogo dvizheniia obshchestvennoi podderzhki” [Boris Yeltsin speaks at a meeting of the National Movement for his social support]. Federal News Service, April 6, 1996. http://www.ru/fns/koi/ 50 r040896a.html (site discontinued). “Zakliuchenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 21.09.1993 № Z-2 о sootvetstvii Konstitutsii Rossiiskoi Federatsii deistvii i reshenii Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii B. N. El’tsina, sviazannykh s ego Ukazom Ό poetapnoi konstitutsionnoi reforme v Rossiiskoi Federatsii’ ot 21 sentiabria 1993 goda № 1400 i Obrashcheniem k grazhdanam Rossii 21 sentiabria 1993 goda’” [Statement No. Z-2, dated Septem ber 21, 1993, regarding whether the actions and decisions of B. N. Yeltsin, Presi dent of the Russian Federation, concerning his Decree No. 1400 On the phased constitutional reform in the Russian Federation,” dated September 21, 1993, and his address to the citizens of Russia on September 21, 1993, are in com pliance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation], Moscow: Constitu tional Court of the Russian Federation, 1993. https://ru.rn.wikisource.org/wiki/ 51 Заключение_Конституционного_Суда_РФ_от_21.09.1993_№_3-2. “Zakliuchenie ot 23 marta 1993 goda№ Z-1 о sootvetstvii Konstitutsii Rossiiskoi Feder atsii deistvii i reshenii Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii B. N. El ’ tsina, sviazannykh c ego obrashcheniem k grazhdanam Rossii 20 marta 1993 goda” [Statement No. Z-l, dated March 23,1993, regarding whether the actions and decisions ofB. N. 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Index ad hominem attacks, 120,174,177 abdication, 157 agency of change, 45, 78 agent of change, 126, 312 agent of historical change, 126 allegory, 242-244,258 anarchy, 295,360-361 anti-Communism, 79,115-116,151, 308 anti-Communist appeals, 115, 308 anti-Communist candidate, 123,233 anti-Communist rhetoric, 292 anti-Western sentiment, 74,115 anti-Yeltsinism, 120,233 argumentation scholars, xiv, 25-27 argumentation strategies and values, 27 argumentation theory, li, 25,27 argumentative constructs, 27 argumentative discourse, 28 argumentative situation, 47 argumentative skills, 105, 306 argumentative strategies, 27,43,46 argumentative style, lii, 26,28,29nl argumentative training, 353 armored train, 142, 247 arrears in wages, 126,232 art of rhetoric, 36, 39,253 audience analysis, 28,38 authoritarian decree, 278, 354 authoritarian government, 296 authoritarian impulses, 226 authoritarian overtones, 317 authoritarian presidency, 120 authoritarian rule, 100,280,286,295, 298, 358-359 authoritarian state, liv, 148 authoritarian tendencies, 282, 343, 357 authoritarianism, xxxiii, 34,40,126, 167, 198, 272, 279, 291, 315, 318-319, 326, 358 autocrat, liv, 99n4,165,167,193,229, 278, 357 Baltic republics, 4,74, bandit capitalism, 294 basis of identification, 120,127 Bolotnaya protests, 368 Bolshevik armored train, 142, 247 bread riots, 295 bureaucracy, 5,71,276,279,282, 298, 357,367 bureaucratization of democratization, 270-271, 359 campaign messages, 90 campaign rhetoric, 43,105,125, 128Ո16,228,242,252, 305 campaign strategy, 43, 72,99n2,116, 119, 124, 138, 231,233, 292 capital construction, 5 capitalist democracy, 304 centrist parties, 67-68,112 civic participation, 212,219 civil democratic initiative, 212,219 400 The Rhetorical Rise and Demise of “Democracy” in Russian Political Discourse civil society, xlvii, 25, 29, 31,40, 70, 166, 212, 219, 270-271, 273-274, 281, 283, 286, 320, 325-326, 347, 353-354, 359, 363, 365, 367 civil war, 80, 116, 123, 234, 251-254, 259, 308 civilian nuclear power, 10,15,17 clash of civilizations, 28 closed cities, 15 closed media, 353 cohesive group identification, 120,127 collaboration, xix, xxxiii, xl, xiii, xlviinl.l, 33,41,42ո9,160, 342, 346 collective identification, 38,102,116 collective memory, 139,149,153 collective security system, 344 collectivism, 282, 357 collectivization, 80,116,276, 308 collectivization in reverse, 57 commercial nuclear power, 340 communication processes, lii, 35 communication system, 272-273,275 communication theories, 41 communication training, 34 communicative competence, 34-36, 40-41,274 communicative style, 230 Communist ideology, 56, 58 Communist oppression, 121 Communist orientation, 127 Communist past, 120,142,231,245, 247, 282, 309 community courts, 248-249,264n22 competitive markets, 31 compromise, 59,160,271,296, 314, 317, 361 condensation symbols, 148,153,223 conservation efforts, 10 constitutional basis, 213,219 constitutional crisis, 64,167,184-185 constitutional democracy, 86nl, 110, 307 constitutional referendum, 43,107, 247 constitutionality, 72,181, 372nl6 construction metaphor, 141,151-152, 330Ո18 construction site, 122,141,243 consubstantiality, 102-103 content analysis, 165,204 content-analytical investigation, 209 continuity, 57-58, 91, 94,116,144, 153,276, 307, 320, 336-337, 364 controlled economy, liv, 63,100,113, 307 convertibility of the ruble, 334 corruption, lvi, 26, 74-75,106,137, 156, 168,232, 293-296, 298-299, 313, 323, 361 coup, xxvi, xxxiv-xxxv, 1,4,48, 52-53, 165,169,181,184, 190, 193, 195-198, 200n27,204, 257, 271, 280, 290, 298, 303, 359 coup d’état, 167,171-173,184,197 crime, 26, 52, 75,106, 111, 120,126, 137,145,154,198, 226, 231-232, 298-299, 307, 313 critical thinking, 39 crony capitalism, 294 cult of personality, 70,115,158 cultural memories, 125,162-163 cultural memory, 43,46,58,155-156 cultural redefinition, 369 culture of communication, li, 32, 34, 36, 39-41, 305, 353 culture of democratic communication, 34,41, 126, 269, 275, 281,286, 351-353, 359-360, 362-363, 365 cultures of communication, 33-34, 37 Index debate, xxiv, xl, xiii, 4,26-27, 33-34, 63, 70, 100, 104, 106, 173-174, 189, 219, 221, 236, 246, 284-285, 292, 315, 319, 331, 364, 365n3 decentralization, 283, 334 declining population, 323 definitions of national identity, 63,101 deliberation, 33,41, 63,101,271,277, 352, 356, 358 deliberative argumentation, 354 deliberative process, 278 deliberative public discourse, 351 deliberative rhetoric, 351-352, 354 deliberative skills, 271 deliberative space, 286, 263 democracy by decree, 357 democracy initiative, 209 democrat, liv, 53-54,151,193,195, 204, 226, 229, 291, 298 democratic basis, 213,219 democratic coalition, 79,107,109 democratic Constitution, 209 democratic culture, 45, 305 democratic elections, 177,210 democratic forms of governance, 100 democratic forms of jurisprudence, 210 democratic foundations, 210 democratic freedoms, 213,219 democratic governance, 46,175, 192 democratic government, 40,209 democratic habits of authority, 357 democratic habits of living, 357 democratic institutions, 26, 33,63, 126,155,168, 198, 213, 219,232, 270,282, 304 democratic legal procedures, 54 democratic liberalism, 270 democratic movement, 48, 69 democratic nationalities policy, 210 democratic participation, 112 democratic people, 31, 304, 368 democratic political system, xlvi, 213, 219, 223, 282, 356 democratic potential of government, 210 democratic power relations, 270 democratic practices, 63,100,120, 168, 304, 328 democratic principles, 54,110,165, 198, 209, 291, 304, 307, 361, 368 democratic processes, 105, 305, 310 democratic reform, 48-50,62, 69, 76, 80,105, 107,170-171,195, 205, 210, 282, 306, 356 democratic society, 173,184,213,219, 250, 259, 324 democratic standards, 209 democratic state, xxxviii, 41,205,209, 213, 219,263, 275, 324, 347, 351, 364 democratic system, 53,191,209, 235 democratic system of government, 209 democratic traditions, li, 94, 304 democratic transfer of power, 112 democratic transformation, 210, 353 democratic transition, 270, 275,279, 285, 310, 359 democratic type of political system, 210 democratic values, 26,184,194,210 democratically elected government, 26 democratization, xiv, et passim denationalization, 56-57, 72, 78 devaluation of the ruble, 148 developed socialism, 250-251,261 dialectic, 101-102,272-275,287n3, 318 dialectical form of choice, 125 401 402 The Rhetorical Rise and Demise of “Democracy” in Russian Political Discourse dialectical materialism, 126 dialectical materialists, 44-45,107 dialectical processes, 63,101 dialogue, 121,239,242 dictatorship, 128nl0,157,193, 206-207, 249, 253-254, 280, 291, 295, 357, 363 dictatorship of law, 298, 313 direct plurality election, 65 discerning citizen, 34 discursive ground, 43,46 discursive strategies, 26 discussion clubs, 356 displacement out of history, 126 dissolution of parliament, 107,110, 181-182,184, 291 due process, 106 ecological crisis, 7 ecological depredation, liii, 1, 7 economic basket-case, 292 economic crisis, 111, 186,254,261, 361 economic decline, 69,107 economic determinism, 46,61n25, 328 economic environment, 90 economic failure, 207,369 economic freedom, 139,214,219, 223 economic growth, 320, 327 economic hardship, 124,156,229, 236, 259 economic program, 46,48,199n22 economic prosperity, 69,121,123, 188, 231,260 economic reform, 26,50, 52, 73, 78, 117,178, 229, 272, 308 economic reforms, 57,106,110,116, 150,169,178-179, 186-188,190, 196, 200n29, 292, 307 economic restructuring, 111 economic safety net, 72 economic stagnation, 278,298 economic system, 51,78, 88-89,168, 275,281,306, 326, 352 economic transformation, 275, 358 education system, 369 educational reform, 285-286,271 effective communication, 34, 36, 38, 40 egalitarian principles, 210 elected president, 151,155,189,214, 220,295, 303, 337 election fraud, lv, 145n2 electoral base, 119 electoral coalition, 106 electoral constituency, 46 electoral formula, 47 electoral majority, 119-120 electoral politics, 100,110, 307, 311-312 electoral rhetoric, 105 electoral system, 62, 65,94,198,275, 367-368 electorate, 59, 64, 77, 88-89, 91-92, 94,137,146,170, 230, 233-234, 255,257,310 elites, 92, 271, 286, 335, 347, 359 emerging democracy, 29nl empowerment, 104,127,354 energy resources, 10,12, 338, 340 energy sector, 338-340 enthymematic arguments, 140 enthymeme, 144 environmental crises, 7 environmental deterioration, 6,10 environmental management, 9,11 environmental policy, 5 environmental protection, 5-6,11-12 environmentalism, 5-6,10 epideictic rhetoric, 352 Index epideictic speech, 36 equality before the law, 214,220 ethnic nationalism, 6,10 ethnic Russian nationalism, 115 ethnic Russians, 104,115 ethos, 38, 103-104,121, 126-127, 351 evidence, xxxiii, lii, liv, 40, 59, 93,161, 180,183, 334 exclusivist nationalists, 119,127 executive branch, 178,335, 343, 347 exigence, 127,224 exigency-based rhetoric, 117 expansionist nationalism, 94 extremists, 45, 54, 79,109, 253 fall of the wall, 267, 301, 328 family values, 76 famine, 140,259 fascism, 45, 79,109,149,253 fascists, 253 fate of Russia, 121,233,240, 309 father figure, 293 fatherland, 80,151,256 federalism, xlii, 369 force structures, 337, 343, 369 forces of the past, 245,254 foreign debt, 197, 341 foreign investment, 106,110 foreign policy, lv, 151,195-196, 324, 331, 334-342, 344-348, 349Ո13, 370 foreign policy alternatives, 348 foreign policy instrument, 340 foreign trade monopoly, 334 forensic rhetoric, 352 forensic speech, 36 former Soviet republics, 74,104,115, 246,281 frame of reference, 120-121,127,231 free competition, 210 free economic zones, 210 free elections, 64, 369 free enterprise, 110,298 free exchange of currencies, 210 free expression, 33-34 free market capitalism, 46,270,292, 361 free market economics, 269,288n7 free market economy, 278,291 free market reforms, 114,149,271, 276, 280, 307 free markets, 291,299, 319 free media, 211,215,220 free people, 52,123,125, 210, 254, 263, 309, 312, 320, 369 free society, 31,106, 210,215, 220,260 free speech, 25, 29, 33-34, 39, 61n23, 216, 220, 330Ո17, 353 free trade zone, 210 free transfer of pensions, 210 freedom from, 325 freedom metaphor, 152 freedom of activity, 210 freedom of assembly, 61n23, 211, 215,220 freedom of association, 334 freedom of conscience, 206 freedom of entrepreneurship, 334 freedom of religion, 216,220, 334 freedom of speech, xlii, 34,106, 211, 216, 220, 223, 260, 334, 356 freedom of the press, xlv, 23,61n23, 216, 220, 226, 290, 305, 319, 325, 330Ո17, 369 freedom of thought, 216,220 freedom to emigrate, 334 fulfilling the plan, 5 functional communication, 36 functioning democracy, 34,105,158, 272, 275, 306, 352, 359 403 404 The Rhetorical Rise and Demise of “Democracy” in Russian Political Discourse glasnost, li, 23,106,112,163,271, 290, 321, 330nl2,353-354 globalization, 25-29, 304 globalization of the worlds economies, 25 government based in law, 216,220 government censorship, 24 graphic metaphor, 138 grassroots citizen activism, 271, 359 habits of mind, 226, 352-353, 358 health care, 6, 58, 327 hierarchical relationships, 360 historical inevitability, 328 historical memory, 59,144 holy passion bearers, 157 homeland, 80,113 human capital, 367 human communication, 34-35,272 human dignity, 206 human rights, 26,112-114,127,211, 216,220, 307, 362-363 hyperinflation, 14,278 identification, liii, 37-38,45,63, 79, 100-102, 109, 113, 116,120-121, 127, 273, 279, 329n7 identification pattern of ethos, 121 identification with, 116 identity crisis, 111, 127, 307 ideograph, 59,117,149,223 ideological correctness, 158 ideological memory, 137,147 ideology, xxxiv-xxxv, 56, 58,103,148, 158, 223, 250, 276-280,282-284, 288n5, 305, 356-357, 360 incumbency, 145n2,233-234, 311 independence, xxxv, i, 6, 63,69,119, 205, 269, 315, 325, 329nl, 358 independent courts, 31 independent judiciary, 226, 305 independent press, 325 individual empowerment, 354 individual rights, 104,216,221,254 industrial pollution, 10 inflation, 1,8,14,16,24,107, 111, 113,186, 232, 251,261,278, 307, 369 information-restricted societies, 1 infra-democracy, 1 instant democracy, 351 instant democratization, 270,354,357 institutional anchor, 338 institutional change, 352 institutional factors, 47,64 institutional features, 63, 88 insurrection, 110,207 intelligent nationalism, 123 inter-coder reliability, 211 interment, 162-163 international competition, 326 international environmental efforts, 10 international law, 205, 342 international prestige, 121 international relations, 27,267, 332-333, 335, 351 international security system, 334 international stature, 313 international terrorism, 337 internecine squabbling, 44,68,105, 112, 306 inventional force of rhetoric, 358 iron curtain, 225,254,260,267 irreversibility of the changes, 251 judicial system, 269 KGB spy, 294, 296 lack of dissent, 321 largest remainders formula, 48,65 Index law and order, 75 leadership style, 277 left-wing parties, 71 legal basis, 216,221,278 legal system, 362, 367 legislative branch, 335, 348 lexical choices, 209 lexicon of ideographs, 305 lexicon of politics, li, 223,302 liberal democracy, 204,211,226,291 liberty, 69,299, 319, 360 life expectancy, 2,148,198,369 life of peace, 251 linguistic choices, lii local self-government, 217,221 locus of dispute, 27 logos, 38,40 loss of empire, 281 loyal opposition, 68,112 man of the people, liv, 121-122, 128Ո10,140, 165, 236-237 managed democracy, 269, 281, 302, 304, 319, 360, 362-363 management of Soviet forest resources, 10 mandatory meetings, 248 market capitalism, 46, 79,270,292, 304, 361 market democracy, 269,272, 276-277, 304 market economy, li, liii, 78,104,113, 138, 174, 259-260, 271-272, 276, 278, 291, 295-296, 305, 324, 326 market fundamentalism, 282, 357 market pricing, 334 market reform, 106,112, 307, 328 mass media, 44,107,169,183,335 maximum permissible concentration, 11 maximum self-consciousness, 353 means of production, 26 media coverage, 118,230 media freedom, 365 memorialization, 155,158 memorials, 155,158 metaphor, xxvi, 80,113,125, 128Ո12,136,138-139, 141-142, 144, 146,149,152, 243, 247, 326 metaphorical argument, 141,143 middle class, 19,197,217,221 military-industrial complex, 5,196, 337, 340 mindset of authoritarianism, 358 mixed electoral law, 64 mixed electoral system, 94 moral agent, 126-127 mother Russia, 80,113 motherland, 80,102,144,151,256 multiethnic Russia, 206 multi-ethnic nation, 72,116 multi-party democratic system, 53 multi-party system, 58, 66, 82, 97, 174,276 nation building, 32, 326 national candidates, 65 national consciousness, 71 national extremism, 44,74 national healing, 157 national idea, 335 national identity, xlii, et passim national loyalty, 104 national metaphors, 147 national parks and reserves, 10 national patriotism, 123 national platform, 66, 86 national polity, 63, 71,101 national repentance, 162 national stature, 105-107,109, 111, 113,116, 307,313 405 406 The Rhetorical Rise and Demise of “Democracy" in Russian Political Discourse nationalism, 6,10-11,25,27-28,63, 74,94, 100, 104-105, 110, 115, 123, 125, 288n5, 291, 317-318 nationalists, 31, 62,67, 73, 79,100, 106,111-112, 114, 116-119, 121-122,127,150,171,291, 307-308 nationhood, 105, 314 near-abroad, 92-93 neo-Stalinists, 253 new life, 122-125, 141,231-233, 235-236,239,241, 243, 245, 258, 309 new world order, 267, 332, 336 nomenklatura, 54,250, 360 non-payment of wages, 232 non-proliferation, 336 nuclear disaster, 290 nuclear launch codes, 1 nuclear power production, 8 nuclear submarine reactor design, 15 nuclear threat, 290 one-party rule, 248 ontological ground, 101 open democracy, 269 open society, 331, 353, 362, 365 oppositional discourse, 25 oppression, 33-34, 55-56, 121,123, 138,152, 156, 162 optimists, 90-91 organizational strategy, 66 parliament, liv, et passim parliamentary democracy, 158 parliamentary elections, liv, 47, 63-64, 70, 76,106,119, 127, 137, 147-148,170, 177,193, 293 parliamentary system, 217,221 participation in government, 212,219 participation in political life, 212,219 party affiliation, 47-48, 55, 77, 80,114 party committee, 178,248,264n22 party formulations, 88 party line, 33 party list, 48-50,65, 72-73, 76-77, 81-83, 85-86, 87n8, 94-95, 97, 137,147,230 party list vote, 48,137,147,230 party of power, 230 party organization, 52, 84, 86nl, 110, 117,138, 306 party platforms, 65 party structure, 48,66,68, 94 party system, 48, 58,63,66-68, 70, 82, 97, 112,148,174, 275-276, 281 pathos, 38 patriotism, 74, 80, 99,104-105,115, 123, 152, 255-57 peace, 104,123,162,206,233,234, 242, 251, 273-274, 287n3, 332 peaceful transfer of power, lv, 319 peaceful transference of power, 158 perestroika, xxi, li, 23,52, 57, 90-91, 106, 186, 271, 277, 280-281, 283, 286, 290, 353-354, 359 persuasion, 36,40,44-45, 56, 71, 78, 107,109, 306, 328, 356, 365n3 pluralism, 242,285,312 pluralist political discourse, 71 pluralistic democracy, 278 pluralistic nation-state, 104 political absolutism, 355 political activity, xx, xxii, 53,212,219 political agency, 368 political argumentation, xxxiii, liii, 25, 43, 62-63,101, 351 political attitudes, 88,90 political behaviors, 63 political class, 335,348 political communication, 24, 33,41, 45,78 Index political competition, 63, 88, 368 political conscience, 334 political culture, 28,103,136,276, 281-282, 284, 305, 354, 360 political democracy, 34, 352 political discourse, xiii, xlvi, 27,71, 241-242,267, 302 political disenchantment, 4 political elite, 347, 367-368 political environment, 1,47-48, 50, 66,267 political freedom, 105-107,110-11, 248, 327 political freedoms, 114,260,272, 307 political ideology, 103, 305, 360 political independence, 205 political maneuvering, 64 political oppression, 33-34 political parties, xx-xxi, xlii-xlv, 31, 47, 62, 64-68, 71, 80, 106,112, 127, 205,271, 278-279,283, 310, 347, 358-359 political persuasion, 328 political process, 92,293, 341, 347 political program, 52, 348 political reform, 101,107,224-225, 306 political reforms, 148,177 political rhetoric, xlvi, 27,46, 70, 74, 104, 115, 302 political rights, 106 political stability, 104,240, 320,338 political system, xxvii, xlvi, 32, 63-64, 68, 88,112,148, 168,179, 188, 210, 213, 219, 223, 273, 280, 282, 286, 337, 356 political transformation, xxvi, 106, 270, 354, 358 political turmoil, 6,229 political vocabulary, 308, 361 politics of conservation efforts, 10 politics of personality, 70, 85 pollution control equipment, 5 post-Communist political system, 88 post-Communist transition, 301, 303 post-Soviet space, 242,245,256, 282 practice of rhetoric, 37,353, 355 pragmatism, 57,61n25,117, 324 presidential authority, 217,221 presidential election, xliv, liv-lv, 67-68, 70, 81, 84, 94, 99,117-118, 124,127,136-137, 139,145-147, 170,177, 226, 228-229, 240, 263n4,293, 302-303, 310, 329, 368 press freedom, xlv, 325, 369 private ownership of land, 78 private ownership of property, 58 privatization, 109,252,276,283, 334 proliferation of parties, 94-95 propaganda, 33, 39-40,42nn7-8, 44-45, 70, 78, 109, 246, 272, 355, 365n2 property rights, 58,174,191,217, 221 propiska, 247 proportional representation, 48, 62, 65, 72, 80, 82, 84-85, 86n7, 95 prosperity, xlii, 69, 72, 78,116,121, 123,125,145,154,188, 231, 241, 259-260,267, 269, 278, 310, 318-323, 325, 361 protest vote, 97-98,230,239 public argumentation, xlii, 45, 78,100, 126 public debate, 34,218,221 public deliberative space, 286, 363 public discourse, 25,41,351 public health, 2, 58,294 public opinion, 46, 77,161,182, 228, 242,318, 338, 347-348 public policy, 33,36,269 public safety, 31 407 408 The Rhetorical Rise and Demise of “Democracy” in Russian Political Discourse public speaker, 35 public speaking style, 228,236,239, 241 public sphere, li, 25, 34, 351, 365 putsch, 1 radical reform, 206,224,257 radio chat, 121 radioactive waste management, 16 rapprochement, xlix, 58,343, 346 rational voter, 34 reconstituting the audience, liii reconstitution of human resources, 304 reconstitution of the audience, 127, 224 red wheel, 247 red wheel of the past, 125,142,246, 310 redistribution of property, 252 reds and whites, 251-252 re-election strategy, 140 reflexive critique, 40 reform movement, 59,62, 77,79,90, 107,109-110, 114, 293 reformer, 54, 69,194, 204-205, 229, 298 reformers, liii, 31, 52, 58-59,67, 69, 77-79, 81, 84-85, 90-91, 105, 107, 110-113,117,150, 168,171,177, 197, 226, 306-307, 317 reformist parties, 44,69,109,113,115, 127, 292, 308 reformists, 62, 107, 112-113,117, 152, 308 reform-minded candidate, 233 religious organizations, 205 religious revival, 125 renewable energy resources, 10,12 repression, 46, 80,116,125, 139,145, 148-149,156, 159,168, 253, 289, 308, 329n5 resource extraction, 10,250 response to the situation, 231 revanchism, 116 revolution, 4,123,156,163,223,234, 249,252, 282-283, 318, 330nl7, 352-354, 357-358, 367 rhetoric, xxxiii, et passim rhetoric of change, 77 rhetoric of democratic change, 26 rhetoric of exclusion, 73 rhetoric of inclusion, 71-72,116 rhetorica docens, 37-40,42n5, 353, 355 rhetorica utens, 37-39,42n5, 353, 355 rhetorical adaptation, 45 rhetorical analysis, lii, 146,166, 302 rhetorical approach, 231,236 rhetorical arts, 352, 354, 365n3 rhetorical campaigns, 64 rhetorical choices, 230,267, 301,303 rhetorical constraints, lii rhetorical construction of national identity, 100-101 rhetorical creativity, 243,255 rhetorical crises, 351, 353-354 rhetorical devices, 233,236,239 rhetorical dimensions, 157 rhetorical discourse, 25 rhetorical exigencies, 111 rhetorical exigency, 63,100 rhetorical form, 230 rhetorical frame of reference, 120 rhetorical ground of tradition, 59 rhetorical icon, 149 rhetorical lens, liii rhetorical personification, 239 rhetorical posture, 43,46,115 rhetorical practice, 37 Index rhetorical process, 70,101 rhetorical scholarship, lii, 355 rhetorical skills, 38,271, 352 rhetorical space, 119,353 rhetorical strategies, 63, 111, 117,231 rhetorical strategy, 29nl, 66,94, 234-235, 248, 256, 261 rhetorical style, 121,140-141, 236-237, 239, 242 rhetorical styles, 64 rhetorical theory, 36-37, 354-355, 365 rhetorical training, 39, 355 rhetorical vision, 27,123,231,233, 258,260 rhetoricity, 301, 303 right of free speech, 34 right of individuals, 205 right to privacy, 218,222 rights and freedoms, 191,205,227n5, 249,260 rights of citizens, 218,222 rights of the individual, 216,221 rossiiane, 72-73,110-111,116,127, 165, 267 rossiiskii, 104 rule of law, xlvi-xlvii, liii, 54, 71,106, 110,126-127,166, 184, 198, 205, 211, 226, 283, 294, 305, 313, 360 ruling clique, 298 run-off election, 138 Russia’s future, 50,62, 72, 80,116, 121,124,145,154, 231, 241, 256, 259-261, 263, 309, 344 Russian electorate, 88-89,94,310 Russian empire, 70,114, 342 Russian identity, 103-104,115,126, 136, 305,313 russkii, 104,110 safety net, 50, 61n25, 72,110,149, 153, 307 sausage train, 143,250 scapegoating, 56,73,116, 308 scare tactics, 231 sceptics, 90-91 second persona, 311 secret services, 297 secular state, 209 self-determination, 26 self-government, 217,221 semi-authoritarian political system, 280 separation of powers, 175,179,184, 191, 226, 369 shared ideographs, 103, 305 shock therapy, 98,181,186, 270 simple plurality, 48 single-mandate races, 94,97 sobornost, 125 social democrats, 68,106,112 social freedom, 105, 305 social guarantees, 51, 57 social justice, 55, 57,110, 116-117, 120,127,211,216, 221,307 social movements, 205 social organizations, 205 social transformation, 285, 358 socialist regulation of the economy, 46 societal initiative, 218,222 socioeconomic conditions, 105 sociological surveys, 88 sovereign debt, 369 sovereign state, 46,104,206 sovereignty, 188, 205,218,222 Soviet discourse, 242, 301 Soviet legacy, 92 Soviet oppression, 56 409 410 The Rhetorical Rise and Demise of “Democracy" in Russian Political Discourse Soviet past, 31, 91, 94, 116, 119, 138, 140,146, 232-233, 235,247, 255-256, 258, 298, 307, 314, 316, 322-323, 360 Soviet way of life, 352-353, 356-357, 363 sovieticisms, 143-144,247-248,251, 255-258, 264n20 stability, xxvi-xxviii, xlii, 50,67-68, 80,104, 112, 114,123, 137, 148, 233-234, 240, 259, 287n3,293,299, 320, 336, 338, 347, 364 standard of living, 78-79,226, 320, 326 state corporatist framework, 5 state planning, 53 state subsidies, 232 state symbolism, 363 strength of the state, 361 strong central government, 317 strong federal state, 323 strong hand, 293,295-298 strong leader, 91-93,99n4, 298 strong military, 297 strong state, lvi, 295,297, 312-313, 320, 340 structural factors, 64 structural reform, 45, 79, 81,109 study of argumentation, 26 subjugated countries, xlix suffering hero, 120 superpower, 92-93,106,110,269,281, 336-337, 347 superpower status, 110,281, 337, 347 syllogism, 139,144 symbol systems, 35-36 symbolic action, 37, 39,353 symbols of nationhood, 314 system of justice, 216,221 tank, 1, 3,204 theories of rhetoric, xxxiv, lii topoi, 79, ЗЗОпІб totalitarian threat, 119 totalitarianism, 26,224,291 traditional power elites, 286,359 traditionalists, 90-91 transition, xxxviii, et passim transition period, 136,243-244,259, 282, 356 transitional rhetoric, 269-270,272 translation, lii, 254, 322, 356 tricolor flag, 1, 314,364 two-party system, 67-68,112 ultra-nationalism, 291 unemployment, 1, 50-51,232,323 unity, 44, 80-81,102,114,144, 307, 312, 320-327, 352 univocality of authoritarianism, 34 unpaid wages, 111, 307 usable history, 56 use of analogy, 121 use of dialogue, 121 uskorenie, li, 23 utopian vision, 279,359 vacuum of belief, 104,305 value-based appeal, 117 values of argumentation, 29 verbal messaging, 233 vertical centralization of power, 329 victim of history, 127 visual metaphor, 138-139,144 voter apathy, 293 voter decision making, 120, 309 voucher, 57,109 voucher privatization, 109, 334 voucher system, 72, 78 vozhd, 254 Index war in Chechnya, 98, 111, 113-114, 116,119-120,126, 232, 294, 298, 307 water crisis in Soviet Central Asia, 10 water metaphor, 142 water quality, 11 water supply, 11 weapons of mass destruction, 333, 351 Western democracies, 25,29, 68,168, 269, 273 world order, 332, 336, 348,267 world power, 109, 304, 306 world security, 338 world view, 28,105, 323 411
adam_txt	Contents List of Photos Acknowledgements Contributors Note to Readers ix xi xiii xv Alexander Yuriev Alexander Yuriev xvi xvii Dedication: Alexander Ivanovich Yuriev (1942-2020) Alexander Yuriev xix xxxi Preface xxxiii Marilyn Young at a Political Communication Conference xlviii Introduction to Volume Two xlix Yeltsin and Gorbachev lvii Part One: Framework for Understanding the Immediate Post-Soviet Political Environment: Ecological Depredation, Economic Challenges, the Press, and National Identity 1 Yeltsin Standing on a Tank 1991 3 1. A New Day for the Soviet Environment 2. The Former Soviet Union Leaves Environmental Legacy of Shame 3. Review of Environmental Management in the Soviet Union by Philip R. Pryde 4 7 9 4. Russian Scientists Struggle to Survive 5. Review of The Russian Press from Brezhnev to Yeltsin: Behind the Paper Curtain by John Murray 6. Argumentation, Globalization, and the New Nationalism: Implications and New Directions Part Two: Politics and Political Argumentation during the Yeltsin Years 14 23 25 31 7. Democratization and Cultures of Communication: The Mission of the International Center for the Advancement of Political Communication and Argumentation 33 8. The Role of Public Argument in Emerging Democracies: A Case Study of the December 12,1993, Elections in the Russian Federation 43 9. Analysis of Political Argumentation and Party Campaigning Prior to the 1993 and 1995 State Duma Elections: Lessons Learned and Not Learned 62 10. Argument and Political Party Formulations: A Continuing Case Study of Democratization in the Russian Federation 88 11. Russian Electoral Politics and the Search for National Identity 100 Yeltsin Campaign Photograph Runoff Election Sample Ballot Choose or Lose—Campaign Button Choose or Lose—T- shirt Front Choose or Lose—T-shirt Back Choose or Lose—Globe and Barbed Wire Choose or Lose—Jeans Jacket and Prison Garb 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 12. Frameworks for Russian Identity: Arguing the Past, Defining the Future 136 13. Historical Metaphor and the Search for National Identity in Russia 146 14. Russia’s First Elected President Buries Its Last Czar: Reclaiming Cultural Memory in the Search for National Identity 155 Part Three: Yeltsin’s Multiple Political Profiles (The Three Faces of Boris) 165 15. Yeltsin as an Autocrat: The “Constitutional Crisis of 1993” as the Beginning of the End of Russian Democracy 167 Shelling of the White House Shelling of the White House Shelling of the White House 201 202 203 16. Yeltsin as a Democrat: A Lexical Content Analysis of His Presidential Addresses to the Federal Assembly 1994-1999 17. Yeltsin as a Man of the People: A Case Study of His Campaign Rhetoric during the 1996 Russian Presidential Election 204 228 Yeltsin on the Campaign Trail “It is still not easy living in Russia” 265 Part Four: Looking Backward, Looking Forward 267 Clinton and Yeltsin Shaking Hands 268 18. Ten Years of Frustration: Transitional Rhetoric and Democratization in the Russian Federation 19. The Fear of Politics and the Politics of Fear in Russia— Images in the US Media 20. Echoes of Berlin 1989: Post-Soviet Discourse and the Rhetoric of National Unity 21. Foreign Policy Challenges and The Historical “Anchors” of Russian Federation Foreign Policy after September 11, 2001 269 289 301 331 Alexei Salmin 350 22. Instant Democracy: Rhetorical Crises and the Russian Federation, 1991-2007 351 Yeltsin and Putin in the Presidents Office 366 Afterword Bibliography Index 367 371 399 Bibliography 1 2 з 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 “Boris El'tsin otvechaet na voprosy, volnuiushchie izbiratelei [Boris Yeltsin answers voters’ questions]. Rossiiskie vesti. May 23,1996. “Campaign Smears.” The Moscow News, July 4-10,1996,1-2. “Chto imenno meniaetsia v Konstitutsii: Obzor prezidentskikh popravok v Osnovnoi zakon, priniatykh deputatami vo vtorom chtenii” [What exactly changes in the Constitution: A discussion of the presidential amendments to the Fundamental Law adopted on second reading by the deputies], Interfax, March 10, 2020. https://www. interfax.ru/russia/697710. “Czar and Family . . . 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Yeltsin, people’s deputy of the RSFSR, regarding state sovereignty of the RSFSR, and drafts of the Declaration of State Sovereignty], (Document provided by Dmitrii Aleksandrovich Pushmin of the Yeltsin Center in Ekaterinburg, Russia.) http://bigftp2.yeltsin.ru:8080/share.cgi?ssid=0cdlshn. “Eks-glava shtaba Naval'nogo poluchil 2,5 goda za repost klipa Rammstein” [Naval ny’s ex-chief of staff gets 2.5 years for reposting a Rammstein video]. Intetfax, April 29, 2021. https://www.interfax.ru/russia/763986. “Former Soviet Union: A Ship with Torn Sails on a Turbulent Sea.” Kirksville Daily Express, Oct. 27,1992,1,14. “Inaugural Speech by President Boris Yeltsin of the Republic of Russia.” Foreign Pol icy Bulletin 2, no. 1 (July 1991): 32. (Delivered July 10,1991. Text provided by Nov osti Information Agency, U.S.S.R.) “Interview with Politique International.” Rossiiskie vesti, April 30,1996. “Istorila priniatiia deistvyiushchei Konstitutsii RF” [History of the adoption of the RF Constitution], https://constitution.garant.ru/history/active/ . Konstitutsiia Rossiiskoi Federatsii—Rossii 1978 goda (v redaktsii 10 dekabria 1992 goda) [The 1978 Constitution of the Russian Federation—Russia (text as adopted on December 10, 1992)]. https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/KoHCTHTyųna_PoccHilcKOŪ_ Федерации_-_России_1978_года_(в_редакции_10_декабря_1992_года). “Kontseptsiia natsional’noi bezopasnosti Rossiiskoi Federatsii” [Conceptual design for the national security of the Russian Federation]. Sobrante zakonodateľ stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii 2, January 10, 2000. 372 I The Rhetorical Rise and Demise of "Democracy” in Russian Political Discourse 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 “Kontseptsiia vneshnei politiki Rossiiskoi Federatsii” [Conceptual design for the for eign policy of the Russian Federation]. Nezavisimaia gazeta, July 11, 2000. “Popravki v Konstitutsii RF—2020: spisok izmenenii” [Amendments to the RF Constitution—2020: A list of changes], Law.ru, July 2, 2020. https://www.law.ru/ article/22899- popravki-v-konstitutsii- rf-2020- spisok- izmeneniy. “Postanovlenie Konstitutionnogo Suda RF ot 21 aprelia 1993 g. № 8-P po delu о proverke konstitutsionnosti chasti vtoroi punkta 2 postanovleniia S'ezda narodnykh deputatov Rossiiskoi Federatsii ot 29 marta 1993 goda Ό vserossiiskom ref erendume 25 aprelia 1993 goda, poriadke podvedeniia ego itogov i mekhanizme realizatsii rezul 'tatov referenduma” [Decree No. 8-P of the RF Constitutional Court, dated April 21, 1993, regarding the constitutionality of paragraph 2 of article 2 of the Decree of the Congress of Peoples Deputies of the Russian Federation On the April 25, 1993, national referendum, the procedure for determining its results, and the mechanism for implementing the results of the referendum”]. Moscow: Consti tutional Court of the Russian Federation, 1993. https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/ prime/doc/12011596/. “Postanovlenie o resul’tatakh vsenarodnogo golosovaniia po proektu Konstitutsii Rossiiskoi Federatsii” [Decree on the results of the national vote on the draft Constitution of the Russian Federation], Moscow: Central Electoral Commis sion of the Russian Federation, December 20, 1993. http://cikrf.ru/activity/docs/ postanovleniya/23559/. “Putin, l’uomo dei misteri.” Cilenti/Nickles REPORTAGE REPORT. https://issuu. com/romaprint/docs/dnt_n. 19-20-21 -2000_by_cilenti-nick. “Report on the Canonization ofthe Royal Family’ Moscow: Russian Orthodox Church, Moscow Patriarchate, 1996. https://www.romanovs.eu/report-on-the-canonization. “Russia: Yeltsin Addresses Chelyabinsk Workers on Economy’ Foreign Broadcast Information Service, February 16,1996. “Russia: Yeltsin Addresses Meeting in Chelyabinsk.” Foreign Broadcast Information Service, February 16,1996. “Russia: Yeltsin Speaks on Preliminary Results of Reforms, Education.” Foreign Broadcast Information Service, March 28,1996. “Russia: Yeltsin on Chechnya.” Foreign Broadcast Information Service, March 31, 1996. “Russia: Yeltsin Addresses Belgorod Conference on Reform Policies.” Foreign Broad cast Information Service, April 4,1996. “Russia: Yeltsin Addresses Leaders in Belgorod.” Foreign Broadcast Information Ser vice, April 5,1996. “Russia: Yeltsin Remarks on Elections, Reforms, Ukraine.” Foreign Broadcast Infor mation Service, April 16,1996. “Russia: Yeltsin Asks Yaroslavl Public to Ensure Political Stability.” Foreign Broadcast Information Service, May 3,1996. “Russia: Yeltsin Warns of Threat of Reversing Reforms.” Foreign Broadcast Informa tion Service, May 3,1996. “Russia: Yeltsin Will Not Remove Candidature for Presidency.” Foreign Broadcast Information Service, May 3,1996. 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Official English version: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/ transcripts/22504. Launer, Michael K. “Russian Scientists Struggle to Survive.” FORUM for Applied Research and Public Policy 10, no. 3 (Fall 1995): 125-129. Burke, Kenneth. “The Rhetorical Situation.” In Communication: Ethical and Moral Issues, edited by Lee Thayer, 263-275. New York: Gordon and Breach Science, 1973. Wikipedia. “Kirksville Air Force Station.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Kirksville_Air_Force_Station. 397 398 j The Rhetorical Rise and Demise of “Democracy” in Russian Political Discourse 402 Wikipedia. “Kirksville Air Force Station.” http://www.fortwiki.com/Kirksville_Air_ Force_Station. 403 Demokratizatsiya 7, no. 1 (Winter 1999). Special issue: “Electoral Reforms and Polit ical Parties.” 404 Coleridge, Samuel T., “Biographia Literaria.” In Selected Poetry and Prose of Col eridge, edited by Donald A. Stauffer, 109-428. New York: Random House Mod ern Library College Editions, 1951. https://www.online-literature.com/coleridge/ biographia-literaria/4/. Index ad hominem attacks, 120,174,177 abdication, 157 agency of change, 45, 78 agent of change, 126, 312 agent of historical change, 126 allegory, 242-244,258 anarchy, 295,360-361 anti-Communism, 79,115-116,151, 308 anti-Communist appeals, 115, 308 anti-Communist candidate, 123,233 anti-Communist rhetoric, 292 anti-Western sentiment, 74,115 anti-Yeltsinism, 120,233 argumentation scholars, xiv, 25-27 argumentation strategies and values, 27 argumentation theory, li, 25,27 argumentative constructs, 27 argumentative discourse, 28 argumentative situation, 47 argumentative skills, 105, 306 argumentative strategies, 27,43,46 argumentative style, lii, 26,28,29nl argumentative training, 353 armored train, 142, 247 arrears in wages, 126,232 art of rhetoric, 36, 39,253 audience analysis, 28,38 authoritarian decree, 278, 354 authoritarian government, 296 authoritarian impulses, 226 authoritarian overtones, 317 authoritarian presidency, 120 authoritarian rule, 100,280,286,295, 298, 358-359 authoritarian state, liv, 148 authoritarian tendencies, 282, 343, 357 authoritarianism, xxxiii, 34,40,126, 167, 198, 272, 279, 291, 315, 318-319, 326, 358 autocrat, liv, 99n4,165,167,193,229, 278, 357 Baltic republics, 4,74, bandit capitalism, 294 basis of identification, 120,127 Bolotnaya protests, 368 Bolshevik armored train, 142, 247 bread riots, 295 bureaucracy, 5,71,276,279,282, 298, 357,367 bureaucratization of democratization, 270-271, 359 campaign messages, 90 campaign rhetoric, 43,105,125, 128Ո16,228,242,252, 305 campaign strategy, 43, 72,99n2,116, 119, 124, 138, 231,233, 292 capital construction, 5 capitalist democracy, 304 centrist parties, 67-68,112 civic participation, 212,219 civil democratic initiative, 212,219 400 The Rhetorical Rise and Demise of “Democracy” in Russian Political Discourse civil society, xlvii, 25, 29, 31,40, 70, 166, 212, 219, 270-271, 273-274, 281, 283, 286, 320, 325-326, 347, 353-354, 359, 363, 365, 367 civil war, 80, 116, 123, 234, 251-254, 259, 308 civilian nuclear power, 10,15,17 clash of civilizations, 28 closed cities, 15 closed media, 353 cohesive group identification, 120,127 collaboration, xix, xxxiii, xl, xiii, xlviinl.l, 33,41,42ո9,160, 342, 346 collective identification, 38,102,116 collective memory, 139,149,153 collective security system, 344 collectivism, 282, 357 collectivization, 80,116,276, 308 collectivization in reverse, 57 commercial nuclear power, 340 communication processes, lii, 35 communication system, 272-273,275 communication theories, 41 communication training, 34 communicative competence, 34-36, 40-41,274 communicative style, 230 Communist ideology, 56, 58 Communist oppression, 121 Communist orientation, 127 Communist past, 120,142,231,245, 247, 282, 309 community courts, 248-249,264n22 competitive markets, 31 compromise, 59,160,271,296, 314, 317, 361 condensation symbols, 148,153,223 conservation efforts, 10 constitutional basis, 213,219 constitutional crisis, 64,167,184-185 constitutional democracy, 86nl, 110, 307 constitutional referendum, 43,107, 247 constitutionality, 72,181, 372nl6 construction metaphor, 141,151-152, 330Ո18 construction site, 122,141,243 consubstantiality, 102-103 content analysis, 165,204 content-analytical investigation, 209 continuity, 57-58, 91, 94,116,144, 153,276, 307, 320, 336-337, 364 controlled economy, liv, 63,100,113, 307 convertibility of the ruble, 334 corruption, lvi, 26, 74-75,106,137, 156, 168,232, 293-296, 298-299, 313, 323, 361 coup, xxvi, xxxiv-xxxv, 1,4,48, 52-53, 165,169,181,184, 190, 193, 195-198, 200n27,204, 257, 271, 280, 290, 298, 303, 359 coup d’état, 167,171-173,184,197 crime, 26, 52, 75,106, 111, 120,126, 137,145,154,198, 226, 231-232, 298-299, 307, 313 critical thinking, 39 crony capitalism, 294 cult of personality, 70,115,158 cultural memories, 125,162-163 cultural memory, 43,46,58,155-156 cultural redefinition, 369 culture of communication, li, 32, 34, 36, 39-41, 305, 353 culture of democratic communication, 34,41, 126, 269, 275, 281,286, 351-353, 359-360, 362-363, 365 cultures of communication, 33-34, 37 Index debate, xxiv, xl, xiii, 4,26-27, 33-34, 63, 70, 100, 104, 106, 173-174, 189, 219, 221, 236, 246, 284-285, 292, 315, 319, 331, 364, 365n3 decentralization, 283, 334 declining population, 323 definitions of national identity, 63,101 deliberation, 33,41, 63,101,271,277, 352, 356, 358 deliberative argumentation, 354 deliberative process, 278 deliberative public discourse, 351 deliberative rhetoric, 351-352, 354 deliberative skills, 271 deliberative space, 286, 263 democracy by decree, 357 democracy initiative, 209 democrat, liv, 53-54,151,193,195, 204, 226, 229, 291, 298 democratic basis, 213,219 democratic coalition, 79,107,109 democratic Constitution, 209 democratic culture, 45, 305 democratic elections, 177,210 democratic forms of governance, 100 democratic forms of jurisprudence, 210 democratic foundations, 210 democratic freedoms, 213,219 democratic governance, 46,175, 192 democratic government, 40,209 democratic habits of authority, 357 democratic habits of living, 357 democratic institutions, 26, 33,63, 126,155,168, 198, 213, 219,232, 270,282, 304 democratic legal procedures, 54 democratic liberalism, 270 democratic movement, 48, 69 democratic nationalities policy, 210 democratic participation, 112 democratic people, 31, 304, 368 democratic political system, xlvi, 213, 219, 223, 282, 356 democratic potential of government, 210 democratic power relations, 270 democratic practices, 63,100,120, 168, 304, 328 democratic principles, 54,110,165, 198, 209, 291, 304, 307, 361, 368 democratic processes, 105, 305, 310 democratic reform, 48-50,62, 69, 76, 80,105, 107,170-171,195, 205, 210, 282, 306, 356 democratic society, 173,184,213,219, 250, 259, 324 democratic standards, 209 democratic state, xxxviii, 41,205,209, 213, 219,263, 275, 324, 347, 351, 364 democratic system, 53,191,209, 235 democratic system of government, 209 democratic traditions, li, 94, 304 democratic transfer of power, 112 democratic transformation, 210, 353 democratic transition, 270, 275,279, 285, 310, 359 democratic type of political system, 210 democratic values, 26,184,194,210 democratically elected government, 26 democratization, xiv, et passim denationalization, 56-57, 72, 78 devaluation of the ruble, 148 developed socialism, 250-251,261 dialectic, 101-102,272-275,287n3, 318 dialectical form of choice, 125 401 402 The Rhetorical Rise and Demise of “Democracy” in Russian Political Discourse dialectical materialism, 126 dialectical materialists, 44-45,107 dialectical processes, 63,101 dialogue, 121,239,242 dictatorship, 128nl0,157,193, 206-207, 249, 253-254, 280, 291, 295, 357, 363 dictatorship of law, 298, 313 direct plurality election, 65 discerning citizen, 34 discursive ground, 43,46 discursive strategies, 26 discussion clubs, 356 displacement out of history, 126 dissolution of parliament, 107,110, 181-182,184, 291 due process, 106 ecological crisis, 7 ecological depredation, liii, 1, 7 economic basket-case, 292 economic crisis, 111, 186,254,261, 361 economic decline, 69,107 economic determinism, 46,61n25, 328 economic environment, 90 economic failure, 207,369 economic freedom, 139,214,219, 223 economic growth, 320, 327 economic hardship, 124,156,229, 236, 259 economic program, 46,48,199n22 economic prosperity, 69,121,123, 188, 231,260 economic reform, 26,50, 52, 73, 78, 117,178, 229, 272, 308 economic reforms, 57,106,110,116, 150,169,178-179, 186-188,190, 196, 200n29, 292, 307 economic restructuring, 111 economic safety net, 72 economic stagnation, 278,298 economic system, 51,78, 88-89,168, 275,281,306, 326, 352 economic transformation, 275, 358 education system, 369 educational reform, 285-286,271 effective communication, 34, 36, 38, 40 egalitarian principles, 210 elected president, 151,155,189,214, 220,295, 303, 337 election fraud, lv, 145n2 electoral base, 119 electoral coalition, 106 electoral constituency, 46 electoral formula, 47 electoral majority, 119-120 electoral politics, 100,110, 307, 311-312 electoral rhetoric, 105 electoral system, 62, 65,94,198,275, 367-368 electorate, 59, 64, 77, 88-89, 91-92, 94,137,146,170, 230, 233-234, 255,257,310 elites, 92, 271, 286, 335, 347, 359 emerging democracy, 29nl empowerment, 104,127,354 energy resources, 10,12, 338, 340 energy sector, 338-340 enthymematic arguments, 140 enthymeme, 144 environmental crises, 7 environmental deterioration, 6,10 environmental management, 9,11 environmental policy, 5 environmental protection, 5-6,11-12 environmentalism, 5-6,10 epideictic rhetoric, 352 Index epideictic speech, 36 equality before the law, 214,220 ethnic nationalism, 6,10 ethnic Russian nationalism, 115 ethnic Russians, 104,115 ethos, 38, 103-104,121, 126-127, 351 evidence, xxxiii, lii, liv, 40, 59, 93,161, 180,183, 334 exclusivist nationalists, 119,127 executive branch, 178,335, 343, 347 exigence, 127,224 exigency-based rhetoric, 117 expansionist nationalism, 94 extremists, 45, 54, 79,109, 253 fall of the wall, 267, 301, 328 family values, 76 famine, 140,259 fascism, 45, 79,109,149,253 fascists, 253 fate of Russia, 121,233,240, 309 father figure, 293 fatherland, 80,151,256 federalism, xlii, 369 force structures, 337, 343, 369 forces of the past, 245,254 foreign debt, 197, 341 foreign investment, 106,110 foreign policy, lv, 151,195-196, 324, 331, 334-342, 344-348, 349Ո13, 370 foreign policy alternatives, 348 foreign policy instrument, 340 foreign trade monopoly, 334 forensic rhetoric, 352 forensic speech, 36 former Soviet republics, 74,104,115, 246,281 frame of reference, 120-121,127,231 free competition, 210 free economic zones, 210 free elections, 64, 369 free enterprise, 110,298 free exchange of currencies, 210 free expression, 33-34 free market capitalism, 46,270,292, 361 free market economics, 269,288n7 free market economy, 278,291 free market reforms, 114,149,271, 276, 280, 307 free markets, 291,299, 319 free media, 211,215,220 free people, 52,123,125, 210, 254, 263, 309, 312, 320, 369 free society, 31,106, 210,215, 220,260 free speech, 25, 29, 33-34, 39, 61n23, 216, 220, 330Ո17, 353 free trade zone, 210 free transfer of pensions, 210 freedom from, 325 freedom metaphor, 152 freedom of activity, 210 freedom of assembly, 61n23, 211, 215,220 freedom of association, 334 freedom of conscience, 206 freedom of entrepreneurship, 334 freedom of religion, 216,220, 334 freedom of speech, xlii, 34,106, 211, 216, 220, 223, 260, 334, 356 freedom of the press, xlv, 23,61n23, 216, 220, 226, 290, 305, 319, 325, 330Ո17, 369 freedom of thought, 216,220 freedom to emigrate, 334 fulfilling the plan, 5 functional communication, 36 functioning democracy, 34,105,158, 272, 275, 306, 352, 359 403 404 The Rhetorical Rise and Demise of “Democracy” in Russian Political Discourse glasnost, li, 23,106,112,163,271, 290, 321, 330nl2,353-354 globalization, 25-29, 304 globalization of the worlds economies, 25 government based in law, 216,220 government censorship, 24 graphic metaphor, 138 grassroots citizen activism, 271, 359 habits of mind, 226, 352-353, 358 health care, 6, 58, 327 hierarchical relationships, 360 historical inevitability, 328 historical memory, 59,144 holy passion bearers, 157 homeland, 80,113 human capital, 367 human communication, 34-35,272 human dignity, 206 human rights, 26,112-114,127,211, 216,220, 307, 362-363 hyperinflation, 14,278 identification, liii, 37-38,45,63, 79, 100-102, 109, 113, 116,120-121, 127, 273, 279, 329n7 identification pattern of ethos, 121 identification with, 116 identity crisis, 111, 127, 307 ideograph, 59,117,149,223 ideological correctness, 158 ideological memory, 137,147 ideology, xxxiv-xxxv, 56, 58,103,148, 158, 223, 250, 276-280,282-284, 288n5, 305, 356-357, 360 incumbency, 145n2,233-234, 311 independence, xxxv, i, 6, 63,69,119, 205, 269, 315, 325, 329nl, 358 independent courts, 31 independent judiciary, 226, 305 independent press, 325 individual empowerment, 354 individual rights, 104,216,221,254 industrial pollution, 10 inflation, 1,8,14,16,24,107, 111, 113,186, 232, 251,261,278, 307, 369 information-restricted societies, 1 infra-democracy, 1 instant democracy, 351 instant democratization, 270,354,357 institutional anchor, 338 institutional change, 352 institutional factors, 47,64 institutional features, 63, 88 insurrection, 110,207 intelligent nationalism, 123 inter-coder reliability, 211 interment, 162-163 international competition, 326 international environmental efforts, 10 international law, 205, 342 international prestige, 121 international relations, 27,267, 332-333, 335, 351 international security system, 334 international stature, 313 international terrorism, 337 internecine squabbling, 44,68,105, 112, 306 inventional force of rhetoric, 358 iron curtain, 225,254,260,267 irreversibility of the changes, 251 judicial system, 269 KGB spy, 294, 296 lack of dissent, 321 largest remainders formula, 48,65 Index law and order, 75 leadership style, 277 left-wing parties, 71 legal basis, 216,221,278 legal system, 362, 367 legislative branch, 335, 348 lexical choices, 209 lexicon of ideographs, 305 lexicon of politics, li, 223,302 liberal democracy, 204,211,226,291 liberty, 69,299, 319, 360 life expectancy, 2,148,198,369 life of peace, 251 linguistic choices, lii local self-government, 217,221 locus of dispute, 27 logos, 38,40 loss of empire, 281 loyal opposition, 68,112 man of the people, liv, 121-122, 128Ո10,140, 165, 236-237 managed democracy, 269, 281, 302, 304, 319, 360, 362-363 management of Soviet forest resources, 10 mandatory meetings, 248 market capitalism, 46, 79,270,292, 304, 361 market democracy, 269,272, 276-277, 304 market economy, li, liii, 78,104,113, 138, 174, 259-260, 271-272, 276, 278, 291, 295-296, 305, 324, 326 market fundamentalism, 282, 357 market pricing, 334 market reform, 106,112, 307, 328 mass media, 44,107,169,183,335 maximum permissible concentration, 11 maximum self-consciousness, 353 means of production, 26 media coverage, 118,230 media freedom, 365 memorialization, 155,158 memorials, 155,158 metaphor, xxvi, 80,113,125, 128Ո12,136,138-139, 141-142, 144, 146,149,152, 243, 247, 326 metaphorical argument, 141,143 middle class, 19,197,217,221 military-industrial complex, 5,196, 337, 340 mindset of authoritarianism, 358 mixed electoral law, 64 mixed electoral system, 94 moral agent, 126-127 mother Russia, 80,113 motherland, 80,102,144,151,256 multiethnic Russia, 206 multi-ethnic nation, 72,116 multi-party democratic system, 53 multi-party system, 58, 66, 82, 97, 174,276 nation building, 32, 326 national candidates, 65 national consciousness, 71 national extremism, 44,74 national healing, 157 national idea, 335 national identity, xlii, et passim national loyalty, 104 national metaphors, 147 national parks and reserves, 10 national patriotism, 123 national platform, 66, 86 national polity, 63, 71,101 national repentance, 162 national stature, 105-107,109, 111, 113,116, 307,313 405 406 The Rhetorical Rise and Demise of “Democracy" in Russian Political Discourse nationalism, 6,10-11,25,27-28,63, 74,94, 100, 104-105, 110, 115, 123, 125, 288n5, 291, 317-318 nationalists, 31, 62,67, 73, 79,100, 106,111-112, 114, 116-119, 121-122,127,150,171,291, 307-308 nationhood, 105, 314 near-abroad, 92-93 neo-Stalinists, 253 new life, 122-125, 141,231-233, 235-236,239,241, 243, 245, 258, 309 new world order, 267, 332, 336 nomenklatura, 54,250, 360 non-payment of wages, 232 non-proliferation, 336 nuclear disaster, 290 nuclear launch codes, 1 nuclear power production, 8 nuclear submarine reactor design, 15 nuclear threat, 290 one-party rule, 248 ontological ground, 101 open democracy, 269 open society, 331, 353, 362, 365 oppositional discourse, 25 oppression, 33-34, 55-56, 121,123, 138,152, 156, 162 optimists, 90-91 organizational strategy, 66 parliament, liv, et passim parliamentary democracy, 158 parliamentary elections, liv, 47, 63-64, 70, 76,106,119, 127, 137, 147-148,170, 177,193, 293 parliamentary system, 217,221 participation in government, 212,219 participation in political life, 212,219 party affiliation, 47-48, 55, 77, 80,114 party committee, 178,248,264n22 party formulations, 88 party line, 33 party list, 48-50,65, 72-73, 76-77, 81-83, 85-86, 87n8, 94-95, 97, 137,147,230 party list vote, 48,137,147,230 party of power, 230 party organization, 52, 84, 86nl, 110, 117,138, 306 party platforms, 65 party structure, 48,66,68, 94 party system, 48, 58,63,66-68, 70, 82, 97, 112,148,174, 275-276, 281 pathos, 38 patriotism, 74, 80, 99,104-105,115, 123, 152, 255-57 peace, 104,123,162,206,233,234, 242, 251, 273-274, 287n3, 332 peaceful transfer of power, lv, 319 peaceful transference of power, 158 perestroika, xxi, li, 23,52, 57, 90-91, 106, 186, 271, 277, 280-281, 283, 286, 290, 353-354, 359 persuasion, 36,40,44-45, 56, 71, 78, 107,109, 306, 328, 356, 365n3 pluralism, 242,285,312 pluralist political discourse, 71 pluralistic democracy, 278 pluralistic nation-state, 104 political absolutism, 355 political activity, xx, xxii, 53,212,219 political agency, 368 political argumentation, xxxiii, liii, 25, 43, 62-63,101, 351 political attitudes, 88,90 political behaviors, 63 political class, 335,348 political communication, 24, 33,41, 45,78 Index political competition, 63, 88, 368 political conscience, 334 political culture, 28,103,136,276, 281-282, 284, 305, 354, 360 political democracy, 34, 352 political discourse, xiii, xlvi, 27,71, 241-242,267, 302 political disenchantment, 4 political elite, 347, 367-368 political environment, 1,47-48, 50, 66,267 political freedom, 105-107,110-11, 248, 327 political freedoms, 114,260,272, 307 political ideology, 103, 305, 360 political independence, 205 political maneuvering, 64 political oppression, 33-34 political parties, xx-xxi, xlii-xlv, 31, 47, 62, 64-68, 71, 80, 106,112, 127, 205,271, 278-279,283, 310, 347, 358-359 political persuasion, 328 political process, 92,293, 341, 347 political program, 52, 348 political reform, 101,107,224-225, 306 political reforms, 148,177 political rhetoric, xlvi, 27,46, 70, 74, 104, 115, 302 political rights, 106 political stability, 104,240, 320,338 political system, xxvii, xlvi, 32, 63-64, 68, 88,112,148, 168,179, 188, 210, 213, 219, 223, 273, 280, 282, 286, 337, 356 political transformation, xxvi, 106, 270, 354, 358 political turmoil, 6,229 political vocabulary, 308, 361 politics of conservation efforts, 10 politics of personality, 70, 85 pollution control equipment, 5 post-Communist political system, 88 post-Communist transition, 301, 303 post-Soviet space, 242,245,256, 282 practice of rhetoric, 37,353, 355 pragmatism, 57,61n25,117, 324 presidential authority, 217,221 presidential election, xliv, liv-lv, 67-68, 70, 81, 84, 94, 99,117-118, 124,127,136-137, 139,145-147, 170,177, 226, 228-229, 240, 263n4,293, 302-303, 310, 329, 368 press freedom, xlv, 325, 369 private ownership of land, 78 private ownership of property, 58 privatization, 109,252,276,283, 334 proliferation of parties, 94-95 propaganda, 33, 39-40,42nn7-8, 44-45, 70, 78, 109, 246, 272, 355, 365n2 property rights, 58,174,191,217, 221 propiska, 247 proportional representation, 48, 62, 65, 72, 80, 82, 84-85, 86n7, 95 prosperity, xlii, 69, 72, 78,116,121, 123,125,145,154,188, 231, 241, 259-260,267, 269, 278, 310, 318-323, 325, 361 protest vote, 97-98,230,239 public argumentation, xlii, 45, 78,100, 126 public debate, 34,218,221 public deliberative space, 286, 363 public discourse, 25,41,351 public health, 2, 58,294 public opinion, 46, 77,161,182, 228, 242,318, 338, 347-348 public policy, 33,36,269 public safety, 31 407 408 The Rhetorical Rise and Demise of “Democracy” in Russian Political Discourse public speaker, 35 public speaking style, 228,236,239, 241 public sphere, li, 25, 34, 351, 365 putsch, 1 radical reform, 206,224,257 radio chat, 121 radioactive waste management, 16 rapprochement, xlix, 58,343, 346 rational voter, 34 reconstituting the audience, liii reconstitution of human resources, 304 reconstitution of the audience, 127, 224 red wheel, 247 red wheel of the past, 125,142,246, 310 redistribution of property, 252 reds and whites, 251-252 re-election strategy, 140 reflexive critique, 40 reform movement, 59,62, 77,79,90, 107,109-110, 114, 293 reformer, 54, 69,194, 204-205, 229, 298 reformers, liii, 31, 52, 58-59,67, 69, 77-79, 81, 84-85, 90-91, 105, 107, 110-113,117,150, 168,171,177, 197, 226, 306-307, 317 reformist parties, 44,69,109,113,115, 127, 292, 308 reformists, 62, 107, 112-113,117, 152, 308 reform-minded candidate, 233 religious organizations, 205 religious revival, 125 renewable energy resources, 10,12 repression, 46, 80,116,125, 139,145, 148-149,156, 159,168, 253, 289, 308, 329n5 resource extraction, 10,250 response to the situation, 231 revanchism, 116 revolution, 4,123,156,163,223,234, 249,252, 282-283, 318, 330nl7, 352-354, 357-358, 367 rhetoric, xxxiii, et passim rhetoric of change, 77 rhetoric of democratic change, 26 rhetoric of exclusion, 73 rhetoric of inclusion, 71-72,116 rhetorica docens, 37-40,42n5, 353, 355 rhetorica utens, 37-39,42n5, 353, 355 rhetorical adaptation, 45 rhetorical analysis, lii, 146,166, 302 rhetorical approach, 231,236 rhetorical arts, 352, 354, 365n3 rhetorical campaigns, 64 rhetorical choices, 230,267, 301,303 rhetorical constraints, lii rhetorical construction of national identity, 100-101 rhetorical creativity, 243,255 rhetorical crises, 351, 353-354 rhetorical devices, 233,236,239 rhetorical dimensions, 157 rhetorical discourse, 25 rhetorical exigencies, 111 rhetorical exigency, 63,100 rhetorical form, 230 rhetorical frame of reference, 120 rhetorical ground of tradition, 59 rhetorical icon, 149 rhetorical lens, liii rhetorical personification, 239 rhetorical posture, 43,46,115 rhetorical practice, 37 Index rhetorical process, 70,101 rhetorical scholarship, lii, 355 rhetorical skills, 38,271, 352 rhetorical space, 119,353 rhetorical strategies, 63, 111, 117,231 rhetorical strategy, 29nl, 66,94, 234-235, 248, 256, 261 rhetorical style, 121,140-141, 236-237, 239, 242 rhetorical styles, 64 rhetorical theory, 36-37, 354-355, 365 rhetorical training, 39, 355 rhetorical vision, 27,123,231,233, 258,260 rhetoricity, 301, 303 right of free speech, 34 right of individuals, 205 right to privacy, 218,222 rights and freedoms, 191,205,227n5, 249,260 rights of citizens, 218,222 rights of the individual, 216,221 rossiiane, 72-73,110-111,116,127, 165, 267 rossiiskii, 104 rule of law, xlvi-xlvii, liii, 54, 71,106, 110,126-127,166, 184, 198, 205, 211, 226, 283, 294, 305, 313, 360 ruling clique, 298 run-off election, 138 Russia’s future, 50,62, 72, 80,116, 121,124,145,154, 231, 241, 256, 259-261, 263, 309, 344 Russian electorate, 88-89,94,310 Russian empire, 70,114, 342 Russian identity, 103-104,115,126, 136, 305,313 russkii, 104,110 safety net, 50, 61n25, 72,110,149, 153, 307 sausage train, 143,250 scapegoating, 56,73,116, 308 scare tactics, 231 sceptics, 90-91 second persona, 311 secret services, 297 secular state, 209 self-determination, 26 self-government, 217,221 semi-authoritarian political system, 280 separation of powers, 175,179,184, 191, 226, 369 shared ideographs, 103, 305 shock therapy, 98,181,186, 270 simple plurality, 48 single-mandate races, 94,97 sobornost, 125 social democrats, 68,106,112 social freedom, 105, 305 social guarantees, 51, 57 social justice, 55, 57,110, 116-117, 120,127,211,216, 221,307 social movements, 205 social organizations, 205 social transformation, 285, 358 socialist regulation of the economy, 46 societal initiative, 218,222 socioeconomic conditions, 105 sociological surveys, 88 sovereign debt, 369 sovereign state, 46,104,206 sovereignty, 188, 205,218,222 Soviet discourse, 242, 301 Soviet legacy, 92 Soviet oppression, 56 409 410 The Rhetorical Rise and Demise of “Democracy" in Russian Political Discourse Soviet past, 31, 91, 94, 116, 119, 138, 140,146, 232-233, 235,247, 255-256, 258, 298, 307, 314, 316, 322-323, 360 Soviet way of life, 352-353, 356-357, 363 sovieticisms, 143-144,247-248,251, 255-258, 264n20 stability, xxvi-xxviii, xlii, 50,67-68, 80,104, 112, 114,123, 137, 148, 233-234, 240, 259, 287n3,293,299, 320, 336, 338, 347, 364 standard of living, 78-79,226, 320, 326 state corporatist framework, 5 state planning, 53 state subsidies, 232 state symbolism, 363 strength of the state, 361 strong central government, 317 strong federal state, 323 strong hand, 293,295-298 strong leader, 91-93,99n4, 298 strong military, 297 strong state, lvi, 295,297, 312-313, 320, 340 structural factors, 64 structural reform, 45, 79, 81,109 study of argumentation, 26 subjugated countries, xlix suffering hero, 120 superpower, 92-93,106,110,269,281, 336-337, 347 superpower status, 110,281, 337, 347 syllogism, 139,144 symbol systems, 35-36 symbolic action, 37, 39,353 symbols of nationhood, 314 system of justice, 216,221 tank, 1, 3,204 theories of rhetoric, xxxiv, lii topoi, 79, ЗЗОпІб totalitarian threat, 119 totalitarianism, 26,224,291 traditional power elites, 286,359 traditionalists, 90-91 transition, xxxviii, et passim transition period, 136,243-244,259, 282, 356 transitional rhetoric, 269-270,272 translation, lii, 254, 322, 356 tricolor flag, 1, 314,364 two-party system, 67-68,112 ultra-nationalism, 291 unemployment, 1, 50-51,232,323 unity, 44, 80-81,102,114,144, 307, 312, 320-327, 352 univocality of authoritarianism, 34 unpaid wages, 111, 307 usable history, 56 use of analogy, 121 use of dialogue, 121 uskorenie, li, 23 utopian vision, 279,359 vacuum of belief, 104,305 value-based appeal, 117 values of argumentation, 29 verbal messaging, 233 vertical centralization of power, 329 victim of history, 127 visual metaphor, 138-139,144 voter apathy, 293 voter decision making, 120, 309 voucher, 57,109 voucher privatization, 109, 334 voucher system, 72, 78 vozhd, 254 Index war in Chechnya, 98, 111, 113-114, 116,119-120,126, 232, 294, 298, 307 water crisis in Soviet Central Asia, 10 water metaphor, 142 water quality, 11 water supply, 11 weapons of mass destruction, 333, 351 Western democracies, 25,29, 68,168, 269, 273 world order, 332, 336, 348,267 world power, 109, 304, 306 world security, 338 world view, 28,105, 323 411
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spelling	Williams, David Cratis 1955- Verfasser (DE-588)173088759 aut The rhetorical rise and demise of "democracy" in Russian political discourse Volume 2 The promise of "democracy" during the Yeltsin years David Cratis Williams, Marilyn J. Young, and Michael K. Launer Boston Academic Studies Press 2022 lvi, 411 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Post-Soviet Russia in the 1990s saw a surge in civic participation. The traditional power structure officially relinquished control of political rhetoric and a nascent civil society had begun to emerge. Free elections and political partisanship between reformist and conservative elements of Russian society, spurred on by Russia’s economic troubles, gave a "Wild West" tenor to public rhetoric that was reflected in the election campaigns of 1993, 1995, and 1996. In this volume, the authors examine, through a series of contemporaneously written essays, the arc of government rhetoric during the height of media freedom, the quest for a new national identity, and the struggle for self-government. Young, Marilyn J. 1942- Verfasser (DE-588)1270839497 aut Launer, Michael K. Verfasser (DE-588)1270839802 aut (DE-604)BV048406762 2 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, pdf 978-1-64469-651-4 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, epub 978-1-64469-652-1 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033785248&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033785248&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033785248&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register
spellingShingle	Williams, David Cratis 1955- Young, Marilyn J. 1942- Launer, Michael K. The rhetorical rise and demise of "democracy" in Russian political discourse
title	The rhetorical rise and demise of "democracy" in Russian political discourse
title_auth	The rhetorical rise and demise of "democracy" in Russian political discourse
title_exact_search	The rhetorical rise and demise of "democracy" in Russian political discourse
title_exact_search_txtP	The rhetorical rise and demise of "democracy" in Russian political discourse
title_full	The rhetorical rise and demise of "democracy" in Russian political discourse Volume 2 The promise of "democracy" during the Yeltsin years David Cratis Williams, Marilyn J. Young, and Michael K. Launer
title_fullStr	The rhetorical rise and demise of "democracy" in Russian political discourse Volume 2 The promise of "democracy" during the Yeltsin years David Cratis Williams, Marilyn J. Young, and Michael K. Launer
title_full_unstemmed	The rhetorical rise and demise of "democracy" in Russian political discourse Volume 2 The promise of "democracy" during the Yeltsin years David Cratis Williams, Marilyn J. Young, and Michael K. Launer
title_short	The rhetorical rise and demise of "democracy" in Russian political discourse
title_sort	the rhetorical rise and demise of democracy in russian political discourse the promise of democracy during the yeltsin years
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033785248&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033785248&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033785248&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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