Before the Holocaust: antisemitic violence and the reaction of German elites and institutions during the Nazi takeover
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford
Oxford University Press
2022
|
| Edition: | First edition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Item Description: | Rezensiert in: Historische Zeitschrift 319 (2024), Heft 1, Seite 206-207 (Manfred Gailus, Berlin) |
| Physical Description: | xvi, 547 Seiten 1 Karte |
| ISBN: | 0192865072 9780192865076 |
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CONTENTS List of Abbreviations xvii List of Archives xix Introduction i The Search for Archival Evidence i The Wider Implications: Which Institutions Were in a Position to Help? 7 Overview of Contents 18 Previous Literature on Antisemitic Violence in 1933 33 PART I. VIOLENCE AGAINST FOREIGN JEWS 1. Violence against “Ostjuden” in theWinter and Spring of 1933 47 A Few Statistics 49 A Litany of Violent Attacks in Early 1933 53 Economic Damage and Ruin 57 Rituals of Humiliation 62 Abduction and Forced Deportation 65 Grievous Bodily Harm and Murder 70 2. “Ostjuden” as Predetermined Targets: a History of Marginalization 73 Roots of Prejudice 73 Stigmatization and Violence during the Weimar Republic 78 The Difficult Path to Citizenship 86 The Policies of the NSDAP-DNVP Coalition Government 91 German Jews and “Ostjuden” 98
CONTENTS 3. Attacks against American and West European Jews, among Others Attacks on American Nationals Attacks on West European, Czech, and Rumanian Jews 103 104 112 PART П. VIOLENCE AGAINST GERMAN JEWS 4. Violent Attacks 123 Antisemitic Violence in the Weimar Republic 124 Documentary Evidence for Crimes against Jews 130 Forcible Expulsion through Violence and Threats 138 Attacks in Jail and on Jewish Livestock Dealers 148 5. Pillory Marches and the Perfidy Decree Pillory Marches 151 151 The Perfidy Decree 166 6. Murder 175 Categories of Anti-Jewish Murder 175 The “Spontaneous” Murder 181 Murder while in Custody 194 The Planned Murder 201 7. Boycott 211 Boycott Movements before 1 April 1933 211 Global Protests and Boycotts against Germany 214 The Boycott of 1 April 1933 219 Psychological Implications of the Boycott 228 Continuation of the Boycott Movement 231 8. Legal and Economic Discrimination 237 237 The Antisemitic Legislation of April 1933 The Law on the Restoration of a Professional Civil Service 239 The Law on Admission to Legal Practice 244 The Decree on the Admission of Physicians to the Statutoiy Health Insurance System 249 The Law against the Overcrowding of German Schools and 253 Universities xiv
CONTENTS Impact of the April Legislation 256 Economic Discrimination 260 Other Discriminatory Measures 265 PART III. REACTIONS TO ANTISEMITIC VIOLENCE 9. The Protestant Church and the “Jewish Question:” the Church as Conscience of the Nation 275 Fragmentation and Efforts to Form a Unified Organizational 278 Structure The Church as a Moral Authority 280 The Church in Politics: Interconnections with the DNVP 284 The Church and Politics at the End of the Weimar Republic 286 Political Groupings within the Church 291 After 30 January 1933: a “Church-friendly National Socialism” 297 10. Protestant Church Leaders and the “Jewish Question:” Conscience Betrayed Foreign Reactions Church Reactions to Foreign Protests The Church and the Boycott of 1 April 1933 Church Reactions to Pleas for Help and Reports of Discrimination Letter Exchanges between Wilhelm Menn and Ernst Stoltenhoff Growing Consensus with the Regime Otto Dibelius’s Position on Antisemitism and his Relationship to the New State 11. The Protestant Church between Action and Silence 311 311 314 319 326 331 335 338 346 The World Alliance for International Friendship Through the Churches and the Situation in Germany 346 The Protestant Churches under Pressure: Prelude to the 26 April Meeting 352 Church Leaders on the “Judenfrage:” Opinions and Comments 356 The Memorandum on the “Judenfrage” 371 xv
CONTENTS 12. The German Catholic Church between Doctrine and Self-Preservation 377 Before 30 January 1933 378 After 30 January 1933 384 The Church, the April Boycott, and Intervention on Behalf of Jews 389 13. Reactions of the German Administrative and Judicial Bureaucracy 400 Officials Minimize Attacks 403 Fabricated Charges against Victims 405 Antisemitic Attacks and the Reaction of the JudicialBureaucracy 412 14. Reactions of Hitler’s Conservative CoalitionPartner The DNVP and the “Jewish Question” during the Weimar Republic 420 421 The DNVP and National-minded German Jews in March 1933 434 Protests by Members of the DNVP and Active Help 438 The Boycott and Völkisch Antisemitism 444 Lacking Determination and Fearing to Decide 450 Epilogue: How Could it Happen? 457 Bibliography Acknowledgements Index 475 521 523 xvi
As the Nazis staged their takeover in 1933, instances of antisemitic violence began to soar. Previous historical research assumed that this violence started much later; Hermann Beck challenges this assumption, drawing on sources from twenty German archives, and focusing on this early violence, as well as on the reaction to it of German institutions and the elites who led them. Before the Holocaust examines the antisemitic violence experienced in this period —from boycotts, violent attacks, robbery, extortion, abductions, and humiliating ''pillory marches.'՛ to grievous bodily harm and murder—which has hitherto not been adequately recognized Beck then analyzes the reactions of those institutions that still had the capacity to protest against Nazi attacks and legislative meas u res— the Protestant Church, the Catholic Church, the bureaucracies, and Hitler’s conservative coalition partner, the DNVP—and the mindset of the elites who led them, to determine their various responses to flagrant antisemitic abuses. Individual protests against violent attacks, the April boycott, and Nazi legislative measures were already hazardous in March and April 1933, but established institutions in the German State and society were still able to voice their concerns and raise objections. By doing so. they might have stopped or at least postponed a radicalization that eventually led to the pogrom of 1938 (Kristallnacht) and the Holocaust. |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS List of Abbreviations xvii List of Archives xix Introduction i The Search for Archival Evidence i The Wider Implications: Which Institutions Were in a Position to Help? 7 Overview of Contents 18 Previous Literature on Antisemitic Violence in 1933 33 PART I. VIOLENCE AGAINST FOREIGN JEWS 1. Violence against “Ostjuden” in theWinter and Spring of 1933 47 A Few Statistics 49 A Litany of Violent Attacks in Early 1933 53 Economic Damage and Ruin 57 Rituals of Humiliation 62 Abduction and Forced Deportation 65 Grievous Bodily Harm and Murder 70 2. “Ostjuden” as Predetermined Targets: a History of Marginalization 73 Roots of Prejudice 73 Stigmatization and Violence during the Weimar Republic 78 The Difficult Path to Citizenship 86 The Policies of the NSDAP-DNVP Coalition Government 91 German Jews and “Ostjuden” 98
CONTENTS 3. Attacks against American and West European Jews, among Others Attacks on American Nationals Attacks on West European, Czech, and Rumanian Jews 103 104 112 PART П. VIOLENCE AGAINST GERMAN JEWS 4. Violent Attacks 123 Antisemitic Violence in the Weimar Republic 124 Documentary Evidence for Crimes against Jews 130 Forcible Expulsion through Violence and Threats 138 Attacks in Jail and on Jewish Livestock Dealers 148 5. Pillory Marches and the Perfidy Decree Pillory Marches 151 151 The Perfidy Decree 166 6. Murder 175 Categories of Anti-Jewish Murder 175 The “Spontaneous” Murder 181 Murder while in Custody 194 The Planned Murder 201 7. Boycott 211 Boycott Movements before 1 April 1933 211 Global Protests and Boycotts against Germany 214 The Boycott of 1 April 1933 219 Psychological Implications of the Boycott 228 Continuation of the Boycott Movement 231 8. Legal and Economic Discrimination 237 237 The Antisemitic Legislation of April 1933 The Law on the Restoration of a Professional Civil Service 239 The Law on Admission to Legal Practice 244 The Decree on the Admission of Physicians to the Statutoiy Health Insurance System 249 The Law against the Overcrowding of German Schools and 253 Universities xiv
CONTENTS Impact of the April Legislation 256 Economic Discrimination 260 Other Discriminatory Measures 265 PART III. REACTIONS TO ANTISEMITIC VIOLENCE 9. The Protestant Church and the “Jewish Question:” the Church as Conscience of the Nation 275 Fragmentation and Efforts to Form a Unified Organizational 278 Structure The Church as a Moral Authority 280 The Church in Politics: Interconnections with the DNVP 284 The Church and Politics at the End of the Weimar Republic 286 Political Groupings within the Church 291 After 30 January 1933: a “Church-friendly National Socialism” 297 10. Protestant Church Leaders and the “Jewish Question:” Conscience Betrayed Foreign Reactions Church Reactions to Foreign Protests The Church and the Boycott of 1 April 1933 Church Reactions to Pleas for Help and Reports of Discrimination Letter Exchanges between Wilhelm Menn and Ernst Stoltenhoff Growing Consensus with the Regime Otto Dibelius’s Position on Antisemitism and his Relationship to the New State 11. The Protestant Church between Action and Silence 311 311 314 319 326 331 335 338 346 The World Alliance for International Friendship Through the Churches and the Situation in Germany 346 The Protestant Churches under Pressure: Prelude to the 26 April Meeting 352 Church Leaders on the “Judenfrage:” Opinions and Comments 356 The Memorandum on the “Judenfrage” 371 xv
CONTENTS 12. The German Catholic Church between Doctrine and Self-Preservation 377 Before 30 January 1933 378 After 30 January 1933 384 The Church, the April Boycott, and Intervention on Behalf of Jews 389 13. Reactions of the German Administrative and Judicial Bureaucracy 400 Officials Minimize Attacks 403 Fabricated Charges against Victims 405 Antisemitic Attacks and the Reaction of the JudicialBureaucracy 412 14. Reactions of Hitler’s Conservative CoalitionPartner The DNVP and the “Jewish Question” during the Weimar Republic 420 421 The DNVP and National-minded German Jews in March 1933 434 Protests by Members of the DNVP and Active Help 438 The Boycott and Völkisch Antisemitism 444 Lacking Determination and Fearing to Decide 450 Epilogue: How Could it Happen? 457 Bibliography Acknowledgements Index 475 521 523 xvi
As the Nazis staged their takeover in 1933, instances of antisemitic violence began to soar. Previous historical research assumed that this violence started much later; Hermann Beck challenges this assumption, drawing on sources from twenty German archives, and focusing on this early violence, as well as on the reaction to it of German institutions and the elites who led them. Before the Holocaust examines the antisemitic violence experienced in this period —from boycotts, violent attacks, robbery, extortion, abductions, and humiliating ''pillory marches.'՛ to grievous bodily harm and murder—which has hitherto not been adequately recognized Beck then analyzes the reactions of those institutions that still had the capacity to protest against Nazi attacks and legislative meas u res— the Protestant Church, the Catholic Church, the bureaucracies, and Hitler’s conservative coalition partner, the DNVP—and the mindset of the elites who led them, to determine their various responses to flagrant antisemitic abuses. Individual protests against violent attacks, the April boycott, and Nazi legislative measures were already hazardous in March and April 1933, but established institutions in the German State and society were still able to voice their concerns and raise objections. By doing so. they might have stopped or at least postponed a radicalization that eventually led to the pogrom of 1938 (Kristallnacht) and the Holocaust. |
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| publisher | Oxford University Press |
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| spelling | Before the Holocaust antisemitic violence and the reaction of German elites and institutions during the Nazi takeover Hermann Beck First edition Oxford Oxford University Press 2022 xvi, 547 Seiten 1 Karte txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Rezensiert in: Historische Zeitschrift 319 (2024), Heft 1, Seite 206-207 (Manfred Gailus, Berlin) Geschichte 1933 gnd rswk-swf Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Gewalttätigkeit (DE-588)4157237-3 gnd rswk-swf Antisemitismus (DE-588)4002333-3 gnd rswk-swf Machtergreifung (DE-588)4074421-8 gnd rswk-swf Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd rswk-swf Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 g Machtergreifung (DE-588)4074421-8 s Antisemitismus (DE-588)4002333-3 s Gewalttätigkeit (DE-588)4157237-3 s Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Geschichte 1933 z DE-604 Beck, Hermann 1955- Sonstige (DE-588)137076576 oth Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-195553-2 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033753781&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033753781&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Before the Holocaust antisemitic violence and the reaction of German elites and institutions during the Nazi takeover Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Gewalttätigkeit (DE-588)4157237-3 gnd Antisemitismus (DE-588)4002333-3 gnd Machtergreifung (DE-588)4074421-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4157237-3 (DE-588)4002333-3 (DE-588)4074421-8 (DE-588)4011882-4 |
| title | Before the Holocaust antisemitic violence and the reaction of German elites and institutions during the Nazi takeover |
| title_auth | Before the Holocaust antisemitic violence and the reaction of German elites and institutions during the Nazi takeover |
| title_exact_search | Before the Holocaust antisemitic violence and the reaction of German elites and institutions during the Nazi takeover |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Before the Holocaust antisemitic violence and the reaction of German elites and institutions during the Nazi takeover |
| title_full | Before the Holocaust antisemitic violence and the reaction of German elites and institutions during the Nazi takeover Hermann Beck |
| title_fullStr | Before the Holocaust antisemitic violence and the reaction of German elites and institutions during the Nazi takeover Hermann Beck |
| title_full_unstemmed | Before the Holocaust antisemitic violence and the reaction of German elites and institutions during the Nazi takeover Hermann Beck |
| title_short | Before the Holocaust |
| title_sort | before the holocaust antisemitic violence and the reaction of german elites and institutions during the nazi takeover |
| title_sub | antisemitic violence and the reaction of German elites and institutions during the Nazi takeover |
| topic | Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Gewalttätigkeit (DE-588)4157237-3 gnd Antisemitismus (DE-588)4002333-3 gnd Machtergreifung (DE-588)4074421-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Juden Gewalttätigkeit Antisemitismus Machtergreifung Deutschland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033753781&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033753781&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT beckhermann beforetheholocaustantisemiticviolenceandthereactionofgermanelitesandinstitutionsduringthenazitakeover |