Morphosyntax: constructions of the world's languages
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| Language: | English |
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Cambridge
Cambridge University Press
2022
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| Series: | Cambridge textbooks in linguistics
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Item Description: | Literaturverzeichnis Seite 617-659 |
| Physical Description: | xxxvi, 688 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781107093638 9781107474611 |
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| adam_text | Contents List ofFigures page xix List of Tables xxi Preface xxv Acknowledgments xxvii A Note on Teaching Morphosyntax xxix A Note on Language Examples xxxi List ofAbbreviations xxxiii PART I 1 INTRODUCTION Grammatical Constructions, Semantic Classes, and Information Packaging 1.1 What Is Morphosyntax? 1.2 Why Constructions? 1.2.1 Word Classes and Semantic Classes 1.2.2 Word Classes and Constructions 1.2.3 Constructions and the Organization of this Textbook 1.3 Why Information Packaging? 1.4 How Do We Compare Constructions within and across Languages? 1.5 How Do We Analyze the Structure of Sentences in a Particular Language? 1.6 Appendix - Interpreting Language Examples: Interlinear Morpheme Translations 2 3 3 6 6 8 12 Propositional Act Constructions: The Skeleton of a Sentence 2.1 2.2 Propositional Acts: Semantic Classes and Information Packaging The Major Propositional Act Constructions and their Structure 2.2.1 Anatomy of a Construction: Wholes and Parts, and Heads and Dependents 2.2.2 Types of Constructions: Phrases and Clauses 2.2.3 Noun, Verb, and Adjective as Comparative Concepts: Prototypical Constructions 2.2.4 More on the Structure of Propositional Act Constructions 2.2.5 Nonprototypical Propositional Act Constructions 12 16 22 28 32 32 35 35 37 39 44 46 xi
xii Contents 2.3 2.4 2.5 Three Principles of the Mapping between Form and Function Recruitment Strategies for Nonprototypical Constructions Two Crosslinguistic Universals of Grammatical Strategies 48 53 58 PART II ARGUMENT PHRASE STRUCTURE: REFERENCE AND MODIFICATION 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4 65 Reference and Referent Expressions The Semantics of Referring Phrases: Reference and Referents 3.1.1 Semantics of Reference 3.Ï.2 Semantic Categories of Nouns and the (Extended) Animacy Hierarchy 3.1.3 Combined Means of Reference, and the Ontological Categories The Information Status of Referring Phrases: Pronouns and Articles Information Stātus: Identity Known to Speaker and Hearer 3.3.1 Accessibility and the Accessibility Scale 3.3.2 Referring Phrase Constructions at the Upper End of the Accessibility Scale 3.3.3 The Grammaticalization of Definite Constructions from Demonstrative Constructions Information Status: Real Referents, but Unknown Identity 3.4.1 Pragmatic Specificity and the Theater Metaphor for Referents 3.4.2 Typology and Grammaticalization Paths of Referents: From Anaphoric to Nonspecific Nonreal Referents: Indefinite Pronouns/Articles and the Semantic Map Model Generic Reference 65 66 69 70 72 76 77 81 83 87 88 90 95 100 Modification: Semantic Types and Morphosyntactic Strategies 4.1 Information Packaging and Semantics of Modifiers 4.1.1 The Information Packaging Function of Modification 4.1.2 Property Concepts and Scalar Admodifiers: Sorting Referents into (Sub)Types 4.1.3 Numerals, Quantifiers, and Set-Member Modifiers: Selecting a Referent 4.1.4 Nominal (Object)
Modification Constructions: Situating a Referent 4.1.5 Action Modification 4.2 Simple Encoding Strategies, and Word Order 4.3 Relational Encoding Strategies: Flags 4.4 Indexical Encoding Strategies 4.4.1 Person Indexation 4.4.2 Nonperson Indexation 4.4.3 The Classifier Strategy 103 103 104 105 109 111 113 114 117 120 121 124 126
Contents Mismatches in Indexation Features and the Agreement Hierarchy The Linker Encoding Strategy, and a Summary of Morphosyntactic Encoding Strategies 4.4.4 4.5 5 130 135 The Structure and Origin of ModificationConstructions 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 140 Introduction The Modification-Reference Continuum 5.2.1 Anchoring and Non-Anchoring Nominal Modification Constructions 5.2.2 Mensural and Quantifying Constructions 5.2.3 Inalienability Revisited 5.2.4 The Modification-Reference Continuum: Summary Word Order and the Structure of Referring Expressions Anaphoric-Head Constructions, Apposition, and the Origin of Referring Expressions 140 140 140 144 149 153 155 159 PART III CLAUSE STRUCTURE: PREDICATION AND ARGUMENTS 6 Event Structure and Argument Coding: Semantics, Transitivity, and Alignment 6.1 6.2 6.3 7 171 Semantics and Information Packaging in the Clause 6.1.1 Predication and Arguments, and Events and Participants 6.1.2 How Many Participants? How Are They Expressed? The Transitive Construction and the Prototypical Bivalent Event 6.2.1 The Transitive Construction as a Prototype Construction 6.2.2 Basic Argument Structure Encoding Strategies, including Basic Word Order The Intransitive Construction, Monovalent Events, and Alignment Strategies 192 6.3.1 The Basic Alignment Strategies 6.3.2 ‘Subject’ and Object’ as Comparative Concepts? 6.3.3 Active/Inactive Alignment, and S as a Comparative Concept 197 6.3.4 Causativity Event Structure and Nonprototypical Argument Coding 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Introduction Reflexives/Reciprocals/Middles: Between Monovalent and Bivalent Events Lower
Transitivity: Less Prototypical Bivalent Events 7.3.1 Motion Events and the Talmy Typology 7.3.2 Contact and Material Verbs: Manner vs. Result Verbs 7.3.3 Other Less Prototypical Bivalent Events, and the Transitivity Hierarchy 221 Experiential Events: Perception, Cognition, Emotion, Sensation - and also Ingestion 171 171 176 183 183 186 192 195 201 206 206 206 213 214 216 226 xiii
xiv Contents 7.5 7.6 8 8.2 8.3 8.4 10 272 The Expression of Obliques as Core Argument Phrases Causative Constructions: Strategies and Functional Subtypes Applicative Constructions A Hierarchy of Overt Coding in Voice Constructions 272 273 280 287 Nonprototypical Predication and Nonpredicational Clauses 289 Introduction 10.1.1 Nonprototypical (“Nonverbal”) Predication 10.1.2 Predication and Nonpredicational Information Packaging in Clauses 10.2Strategies for Prototypical and Nonprototypical Predication 10.3 Object Predication and Property Predication 10.4 Location and Possession Clausal Constructions: Predicational and Presentational 10.4.1 Location Clauses 10.4.2 Possession Clauses 10.4.3 Strategies for Presentational Constructions 289 289 Information Packaging in Clauses 325 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Topic-Comment Constructions 11.2.1 Function of Topic-Comment Constructions, and the Problem of Multiple Referents 11.2.2 Strategies for Topics that Are Not the Most Central Participant 325 327 10.1 11 236 239 242 Discourse and Frequency Factors in Voice Choice 245 8Л. 1 The Basic Voice Construction and Nonbasic Voice Constructions 245 8.1.2 Discourse Motivation for Ergative and Accusative Alignment, and Preferred Argument Structure 248 Information Packaging Strategies for Nonbasic Voice Constructions 250 Passive-Inverge Constructions: Constructions for More Salient Ps 252 Antipassive Constructions: Constructions for Less Salient Ps (including Noun Incorporation) 263 Argument Coding and Voice: Salience of Peripheral Participants 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 234 245 Argument Coding and Voice:
Discourse Factors 8.1 9 The Ditransitive Construction: Trivalent Events, and Possession 7.5.1 Defining Ditransitive Argument Structure Constructions and Trivalent Events 234 7.5.2 Major Alignment Strategies for Ditransitive Constructions 7.5.3 The Indirect Object - Possessive Continuum Appendix: Summary of Event Semantic Classes 290 294 298 304 304 305 317 327 329
Contents 12 11.2.3 Nonparticipant (Hanging) Topic Phrases 11.3 Thetic Constructions 11.3.1 Function of Thetic Constructions, and Contexts Typically Construed as Thetic 11.3.2 Strategies for Thetic Constructions 11.3.3 Weather Constructions as Thetics 11.4 Identificational Constructions 11.4.1 The Function of Identificational Constructions, and Contexts Typically Construed as Identificational 11.4.2 Strategies for Identificational Constructions 11.5 Summary 347 353 358 Speech Act Constructions 360 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 13 Introduction: Speech Act Constructions and Their Relation to Modality, Polarity, andInformation Packaging Polarity: Negation of Declaratives Interrogative Constructions 12.3.1 Functional Types of Questions 12.3.2 Strategies for Interrogative Constructions 12.3.3 Strategies for Response Constructions 12.3.4 Identificational Constructions, the Expression of (Un)Certainty, and Their Relation to Interrogative Constructions Imperative-Hortative Constructions 12.4.1 Person, Politeness, and Prohibitives 12.4.2 The Relation of Deontic Modality and Predication to Imperative-Hortative Constructions Exclamative Constructions 12.5.1 Function and Strategies for the Exclamative Construction 12.5.2 The Relation of Mirativity and Thetic Constructions to Exclamative Constructions 391 Eventive Complex Predicates and Related Constructions 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Complex Predicates and Information Packaging 13.1.2 Semantics and Evolution of Complex Predicates 13.2 Eventive Complex Predicate Constructions 13.2.1 Semantics of Eventive Complex Predicates: One Event or Two?
13.2.2 Strategies for Eventive Complex Predicates: Serial Verbs and Related Strategies 13.3 Grammaticalization and Lexicalization of Eventive Complex Predicates 13.3.1 Grammaticalization into Argument Structure Constructions and Voice 13.3.2 Lexicalization of Eventive Complex Predicates 332 336 336 339 344 347 360 365 368 369 370 372 375 378 380 385 389 389 397 397 397 399 401 401 405 412 412 413 XV
xvi Contents 14 13.4 Grammaticalization of TAMP: Auxiliary Constructions 13.5 Support Verb Constructions: Between Grammaticalization and Lexicalization 13.6 Argument Complex Predicate Constructions: Verb + Argument “Idioms” 13.7 Summary 414 Stative Complex Predicates, including Manner 432 14.1 Stative Complex Predicates: Semantics 14.2 Strategies for Stative Complex Predicates 14.3 Stative Complex Predicates and the Modification-Predication Continuum 14.4 Ideophones and Stative Complex Predicates, and ‘Manner’ Revisited 14.5 Motion Events as Complex Predicates: The Talmy Typology Revisited 432 435 419 424 429 443 448 451 PART IV COMPLEX SENTENCES 15 Temporal and Causal Relations between Events: Coordinate Clause and Adverbial Clause Constructions 461 15.1 Complex Sentence Constructions 15.1.1 Discourse and Complex Sentences 15.1.2 Complex Sentences and the Main-Subordinate Clause Distinction 463 15.1.3 The Information Packaging of Coordinate vs. Adverbial Clause Constructions: A Gestalt Analysis465 15.2 Coordinate Clause Constructions and Coordination in General 15.2.1 Functional Characterization 15.2.2 Strategies: Coordinators and Related Forms 15.2.3 Strategies: Balancing vs. Deranking 15.3 Adverbial Clause Constructions 15.3.1 Functional Characterization 15.3.2 Strategies: Balancing vs. Deranking, and Action Nominals vs. Converbs 484 15.4 Adverbial Clause Constructions, Coordinate Clause Constructions, and the Source of Conjunctions 486 16 Reference Tracking in Coordinate and Adverbial Clause Constructions 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Introduction: Reference Tracking Systems
Balanced Reference Tracking Systems Deranked Reference Tracking Systems Switch-Reference Systems Zero Expression of Arguments and the Predicate in Coordinate Constructions 461 461 469 469 473 476 481 481 493 493 495 498 500 506
Contents 17 Other Semantic Relations between Events: Comparative, Conditional, and Concessive 513 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Comparatives and Equatives 17.2.1 Semantics and Information Packaging of the Comparative Construction 17.2.2 Strategies for Comparative Constructions 17.2.3 Universals and Explanations for Comparative Strategies 17.2.4 Equative Constructions 17.3 Conditionals, Concessives, and Concessive Conditionals 17.3.1 Conditional Constructions 17.3.2 Concessive Constructions 17.3.3 Concessive Conditional Constructions 17.4 More Complex Constructions 17.4.1 Comparative Conditionals 17.4.2 The Let Alone Construction 17.5 The Formal Expression of Semantic and Pragmatic Relationships between Events Expressed in Complex Sentences 18 Events as Arguments: Complement Clause Constructions Introduction: Events as Arguments (Complement Clauses) and Events as Modifiers (Relative Clauses) 550 18.2 The Semantics of Complement Clauses 18.2.1 Introduction 18.2.2 Semantic Types of Complement-Taking Predicates 18.3 Strategies for Complement Clause Constructions 18.3.1 Balancing and Deranking Strategies, and the Binding Hierarchy 18.3.2 How to Avoid Complements, and How to Create Them 18.4 Argument Structure and Reference Tracking in Complement Clause Constructions 572 18.4.1 The Gradual Unification of Argument Structure in Complement Clause Constructions 18.4.2 Reference Tracking in Complement Constructions: Logophoric Systems 513 513 513 514 516 522 528 528 536 539 544 545 545 546 550 18.1 19 Events as Modifiers: Relative Clause Constructions The Semantics and Information Packaging
of Relative Clause Constructions 586 19.2 Strategies for Relative Clause Constructions 19.2.1 Balancing and Deranking 19.2.2 Expression of the Shared Participant: The Externally Headed Strategy 19.2.3 Expression of the Shared Participant: Internally Headed, Adjoined, and Related Strategies 551 551 552 560 560 566 572 580 586 19.1 587 587 588 592 xvii
xviii Contents Noun Modifying Clause Constructions as a Relative Clause Strategy The Semantic Role(s) of the Shared Participant and the Accessibility Hierarchy Anaphoric-Head Relative Clauses and the Origin of Externally Headed Relative Clauses 19.2.4 19.3 19.4 Epilogue 616 References 617 Glossary of Terms (online) Author Index 660 Language Index 668 Subject Index 674 598 603 612
В ri ngi ng together the results of sixty years of research in typology and universals, this textbook presents a comprehensive survey of Morphosyntax - the combined study of syntax and morphology. Languages employ extremely diverse morphosyntactic strategies for expressing functions, and Croft provides a comprehensive functional framework to account forthe full range ofthese constructions in the world’s languages. The book explains analytical concepts that serve as a basis for cross- linguistic comparison, and provides a rich source ofdescriptive data that can be ånalysed within a range oftheories. The functional framework is useful to linguists documentí ng endangered languages, and those writing reference grammars and other descriptive materials. Each technical term is comprehensively explained, and cross-referenced to related terms, at the end of each chapter and in an online glossary. This is an essential resource on Morphosyntax for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and linguistic fieldworkers. WILLIAM CROFT is Professor Emeritus at the University of New Mexico. He is the author of dozens of articles and nine books, includingTypologyand Universals, Radical Construction Grammar, Explaining Language Change^ Cognitive Linguistics (with Alan Cruse), Verbs and Ten Lectures on Construction Grammar and Typology.
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Contents List ofFigures page xix List of Tables xxi Preface xxv Acknowledgments xxvii A Note on Teaching Morphosyntax xxix A Note on Language Examples xxxi List ofAbbreviations xxxiii PART I 1 INTRODUCTION Grammatical Constructions, Semantic Classes, and Information Packaging 1.1 What Is Morphosyntax? 1.2 Why Constructions? 1.2.1 Word Classes and Semantic Classes 1.2.2 Word Classes and Constructions 1.2.3 Constructions and the Organization of this Textbook 1.3 Why Information Packaging? 1.4 How Do We Compare Constructions within and across Languages? 1.5 How Do We Analyze the Structure of Sentences in a Particular Language? 1.6 Appendix - Interpreting Language Examples: Interlinear Morpheme Translations 2 3 3 6 6 8 12 Propositional Act Constructions: The Skeleton of a Sentence 2.1 2.2 Propositional Acts: Semantic Classes and Information Packaging The Major Propositional Act Constructions and their Structure 2.2.1 Anatomy of a Construction: Wholes and Parts, and Heads and Dependents 2.2.2 Types of Constructions: Phrases and Clauses 2.2.3 Noun, Verb, and Adjective as Comparative Concepts: Prototypical Constructions 2.2.4 More on the Structure of Propositional Act Constructions 2.2.5 Nonprototypical Propositional Act Constructions 12 16 22 28 32 32 35 35 37 39 44 46 xi
xii Contents 2.3 2.4 2.5 Three Principles of the Mapping between Form and Function Recruitment Strategies for Nonprototypical Constructions Two Crosslinguistic Universals of Grammatical Strategies 48 53 58 PART II ARGUMENT PHRASE STRUCTURE: REFERENCE AND MODIFICATION 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4 65 Reference and Referent Expressions The Semantics of Referring Phrases: Reference and Referents 3.1.1 Semantics of Reference 3.Ï.2 Semantic Categories of Nouns and the (Extended) Animacy Hierarchy 3.1.3 Combined Means of Reference, and the Ontological Categories The Information Status of Referring Phrases: Pronouns and Articles Information Stātus: Identity Known to Speaker and Hearer 3.3.1 Accessibility and the Accessibility Scale 3.3.2 Referring Phrase Constructions at the Upper End of the Accessibility Scale 3.3.3 The Grammaticalization of Definite Constructions from Demonstrative Constructions Information Status: Real Referents, but Unknown Identity 3.4.1 Pragmatic Specificity and the Theater Metaphor for Referents 3.4.2 Typology and Grammaticalization Paths of Referents: From Anaphoric to Nonspecific Nonreal Referents: Indefinite Pronouns/Articles and the Semantic Map Model Generic Reference 65 66 69 70 72 76 77 81 83 87 88 90 95 100 Modification: Semantic Types and Morphosyntactic Strategies 4.1 Information Packaging and Semantics of Modifiers 4.1.1 The Information Packaging Function of Modification 4.1.2 Property Concepts and Scalar Admodifiers: Sorting Referents into (Sub)Types 4.1.3 Numerals, Quantifiers, and Set-Member Modifiers: Selecting a Referent 4.1.4 Nominal (Object)
Modification Constructions: Situating a Referent 4.1.5 Action Modification 4.2 Simple Encoding Strategies, and Word Order 4.3 Relational Encoding Strategies: Flags 4.4 Indexical Encoding Strategies 4.4.1 Person Indexation 4.4.2 Nonperson Indexation 4.4.3 The Classifier Strategy 103 103 104 105 109 111 113 114 117 120 121 124 126
Contents Mismatches in Indexation Features and the Agreement Hierarchy The Linker Encoding Strategy, and a Summary of Morphosyntactic Encoding Strategies 4.4.4 4.5 5 130 135 The Structure and Origin of ModificationConstructions 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 140 Introduction The Modification-Reference Continuum 5.2.1 Anchoring and Non-Anchoring Nominal Modification Constructions 5.2.2 Mensural and Quantifying Constructions 5.2.3 Inalienability Revisited 5.2.4 The Modification-Reference Continuum: Summary Word Order and the Structure of Referring Expressions Anaphoric-Head Constructions, Apposition, and the Origin of Referring Expressions 140 140 140 144 149 153 155 159 PART III CLAUSE STRUCTURE: PREDICATION AND ARGUMENTS 6 Event Structure and Argument Coding: Semantics, Transitivity, and Alignment 6.1 6.2 6.3 7 171 Semantics and Information Packaging in the Clause 6.1.1 Predication and Arguments, and Events and Participants 6.1.2 How Many Participants? How Are They Expressed? The Transitive Construction and the Prototypical Bivalent Event 6.2.1 The Transitive Construction as a Prototype Construction 6.2.2 Basic Argument Structure Encoding Strategies, including Basic Word Order The Intransitive Construction, Monovalent Events, and Alignment Strategies 192 6.3.1 The Basic Alignment Strategies 6.3.2 ‘Subject’ and Object’ as Comparative Concepts? 6.3.3 Active/Inactive Alignment, and S as a Comparative Concept 197 6.3.4 Causativity Event Structure and Nonprototypical Argument Coding 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Introduction Reflexives/Reciprocals/Middles: Between Monovalent and Bivalent Events Lower
Transitivity: Less Prototypical Bivalent Events 7.3.1 Motion Events and the Talmy Typology 7.3.2 Contact and Material Verbs: Manner vs. Result Verbs 7.3.3 Other Less Prototypical Bivalent Events, and the Transitivity Hierarchy 221 Experiential Events: Perception, Cognition, Emotion, Sensation - and also Ingestion 171 171 176 183 183 186 192 195 201 206 206 206 213 214 216 226 xiii
xiv Contents 7.5 7.6 8 8.2 8.3 8.4 10 272 The Expression of Obliques as Core Argument Phrases Causative Constructions: Strategies and Functional Subtypes Applicative Constructions A Hierarchy of Overt Coding in Voice Constructions 272 273 280 287 Nonprototypical Predication and Nonpredicational Clauses 289 Introduction 10.1.1 Nonprototypical (“Nonverbal”) Predication 10.1.2 Predication and Nonpredicational Information Packaging in Clauses 10.2Strategies for Prototypical and Nonprototypical Predication 10.3 Object Predication and Property Predication 10.4 Location and Possession Clausal Constructions: Predicational and Presentational 10.4.1 Location Clauses 10.4.2 Possession Clauses 10.4.3 Strategies for Presentational Constructions 289 289 Information Packaging in Clauses 325 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Topic-Comment Constructions 11.2.1 Function of Topic-Comment Constructions, and the Problem of Multiple Referents 11.2.2 Strategies for Topics that Are Not the Most Central Participant 325 327 10.1 11 236 239 242 Discourse and Frequency Factors in Voice Choice 245 8Л. 1 The Basic Voice Construction and Nonbasic Voice Constructions 245 8.1.2 Discourse Motivation for Ergative and Accusative Alignment, and Preferred Argument Structure 248 Information Packaging Strategies for Nonbasic Voice Constructions 250 Passive-Inverge Constructions: Constructions for More Salient Ps 252 Antipassive Constructions: Constructions for Less Salient Ps (including Noun Incorporation) 263 Argument Coding and Voice: Salience of Peripheral Participants 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 234 245 Argument Coding and Voice:
Discourse Factors 8.1 9 The Ditransitive Construction: Trivalent Events, and Possession 7.5.1 Defining Ditransitive Argument Structure Constructions and Trivalent Events 234 7.5.2 Major Alignment Strategies for Ditransitive Constructions 7.5.3 The Indirect Object - Possessive Continuum Appendix: Summary of Event Semantic Classes 290 294 298 304 304 305 317 327 329
Contents 12 11.2.3 Nonparticipant (Hanging) Topic Phrases 11.3 Thetic Constructions 11.3.1 Function of Thetic Constructions, and Contexts Typically Construed as Thetic 11.3.2 Strategies for Thetic Constructions 11.3.3 Weather Constructions as Thetics 11.4 Identificational Constructions 11.4.1 The Function of Identificational Constructions, and Contexts Typically Construed as Identificational 11.4.2 Strategies for Identificational Constructions 11.5 Summary 347 353 358 Speech Act Constructions 360 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 13 Introduction: Speech Act Constructions and Their Relation to Modality, Polarity, andInformation Packaging Polarity: Negation of Declaratives Interrogative Constructions 12.3.1 Functional Types of Questions 12.3.2 Strategies for Interrogative Constructions 12.3.3 Strategies for Response Constructions 12.3.4 Identificational Constructions, the Expression of (Un)Certainty, and Their Relation to Interrogative Constructions Imperative-Hortative Constructions 12.4.1 Person, Politeness, and Prohibitives 12.4.2 The Relation of Deontic Modality and Predication to Imperative-Hortative Constructions Exclamative Constructions 12.5.1 Function and Strategies for the Exclamative Construction 12.5.2 The Relation of Mirativity and Thetic Constructions to Exclamative Constructions 391 Eventive Complex Predicates and Related Constructions 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Complex Predicates and Information Packaging 13.1.2 Semantics and Evolution of Complex Predicates 13.2 Eventive Complex Predicate Constructions 13.2.1 Semantics of Eventive Complex Predicates: One Event or Two?
13.2.2 Strategies for Eventive Complex Predicates: Serial Verbs and Related Strategies 13.3 Grammaticalization and Lexicalization of Eventive Complex Predicates 13.3.1 Grammaticalization into Argument Structure Constructions and Voice 13.3.2 Lexicalization of Eventive Complex Predicates 332 336 336 339 344 347 360 365 368 369 370 372 375 378 380 385 389 389 397 397 397 399 401 401 405 412 412 413 XV
xvi Contents 14 13.4 Grammaticalization of TAMP: Auxiliary Constructions 13.5 Support Verb Constructions: Between Grammaticalization and Lexicalization 13.6 Argument Complex Predicate Constructions: Verb + Argument “Idioms” 13.7 Summary 414 Stative Complex Predicates, including Manner 432 14.1 Stative Complex Predicates: Semantics 14.2 Strategies for Stative Complex Predicates 14.3 Stative Complex Predicates and the Modification-Predication Continuum 14.4 Ideophones and Stative Complex Predicates, and ‘Manner’ Revisited 14.5 Motion Events as Complex Predicates: The Talmy Typology Revisited 432 435 419 424 429 443 448 451 PART IV COMPLEX SENTENCES 15 Temporal and Causal Relations between Events: Coordinate Clause and Adverbial Clause Constructions 461 15.1 Complex Sentence Constructions 15.1.1 Discourse and Complex Sentences 15.1.2 Complex Sentences and the Main-Subordinate Clause Distinction 463 15.1.3 The Information Packaging of Coordinate vs. Adverbial Clause Constructions: A Gestalt Analysis465 15.2 Coordinate Clause Constructions and Coordination in General 15.2.1 Functional Characterization 15.2.2 Strategies: Coordinators and Related Forms 15.2.3 Strategies: Balancing vs. Deranking 15.3 Adverbial Clause Constructions 15.3.1 Functional Characterization 15.3.2 Strategies: Balancing vs. Deranking, and Action Nominals vs. Converbs 484 15.4 Adverbial Clause Constructions, Coordinate Clause Constructions, and the Source of Conjunctions 486 16 Reference Tracking in Coordinate and Adverbial Clause Constructions 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Introduction: Reference Tracking Systems
Balanced Reference Tracking Systems Deranked Reference Tracking Systems Switch-Reference Systems Zero Expression of Arguments and the Predicate in Coordinate Constructions 461 461 469 469 473 476 481 481 493 493 495 498 500 506
Contents 17 Other Semantic Relations between Events: Comparative, Conditional, and Concessive 513 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Comparatives and Equatives 17.2.1 Semantics and Information Packaging of the Comparative Construction 17.2.2 Strategies for Comparative Constructions 17.2.3 Universals and Explanations for Comparative Strategies 17.2.4 Equative Constructions 17.3 Conditionals, Concessives, and Concessive Conditionals 17.3.1 Conditional Constructions 17.3.2 Concessive Constructions 17.3.3 Concessive Conditional Constructions 17.4 More Complex Constructions 17.4.1 Comparative Conditionals 17.4.2 The Let Alone Construction 17.5 The Formal Expression of Semantic and Pragmatic Relationships between Events Expressed in Complex Sentences 18 Events as Arguments: Complement Clause Constructions Introduction: Events as Arguments (Complement Clauses) and Events as Modifiers (Relative Clauses) 550 18.2 The Semantics of Complement Clauses 18.2.1 Introduction 18.2.2 Semantic Types of Complement-Taking Predicates 18.3 Strategies for Complement Clause Constructions 18.3.1 Balancing and Deranking Strategies, and the Binding Hierarchy 18.3.2 How to Avoid Complements, and How to Create Them 18.4 Argument Structure and Reference Tracking in Complement Clause Constructions 572 18.4.1 The Gradual Unification of Argument Structure in Complement Clause Constructions 18.4.2 Reference Tracking in Complement Constructions: Logophoric Systems 513 513 513 514 516 522 528 528 536 539 544 545 545 546 550 18.1 19 Events as Modifiers: Relative Clause Constructions The Semantics and Information Packaging
of Relative Clause Constructions 586 19.2 Strategies for Relative Clause Constructions 19.2.1 Balancing and Deranking 19.2.2 Expression of the Shared Participant: The Externally Headed Strategy 19.2.3 Expression of the Shared Participant: Internally Headed, Adjoined, and Related Strategies 551 551 552 560 560 566 572 580 586 19.1 587 587 588 592 xvii
xviii Contents Noun Modifying Clause Constructions as a Relative Clause Strategy The Semantic Role(s) of the Shared Participant and the Accessibility Hierarchy Anaphoric-Head Relative Clauses and the Origin of Externally Headed Relative Clauses 19.2.4 19.3 19.4 Epilogue 616 References 617 Glossary of Terms (online) Author Index 660 Language Index 668 Subject Index 674 598 603 612
В ri ngi ng together the results of sixty years of research in typology and universals, this textbook presents a comprehensive survey of Morphosyntax - the combined study of syntax and morphology. Languages employ extremely diverse morphosyntactic strategies for expressing functions, and Croft provides a comprehensive functional framework to account forthe full range ofthese constructions in the world’s languages. The book explains analytical concepts that serve as a basis for cross- linguistic comparison, and provides a rich source ofdescriptive data that can be ånalysed within a range oftheories. The functional framework is useful to linguists documentí ng endangered languages, and those writing reference grammars and other descriptive materials. Each technical term is comprehensively explained, and cross-referenced to related terms, at the end of each chapter and in an online glossary. This is an essential resource on Morphosyntax for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and linguistic fieldworkers. WILLIAM CROFT is Professor Emeritus at the University of New Mexico. He is the author of dozens of articles and nine books, includingTypologyand Universals, Radical Construction Grammar, Explaining Language Change^ Cognitive Linguistics (with Alan Cruse), Verbs and Ten Lectures on Construction Grammar and Typology. |
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| spelling | Croft, William 1956- Verfasser (DE-588)138804702 aut Morphosyntax constructions of the world's languages William Croft, University of New Mexico Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2022 xxxvi, 688 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Cambridge textbooks in linguistics Literaturverzeichnis Seite 617-659 Morphosyntax (DE-588)4114635-9 gnd rswk-swf Grammar, Comparative and general / Morphosyntax / Textbooks LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / Syntax Grammar, Comparative and general / Morphosyntax Textbooks Morphosyntax (DE-588)4114635-9 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033742762&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033742762&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Croft, William 1956- Morphosyntax constructions of the world's languages Morphosyntax (DE-588)4114635-9 gnd |
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| title | Morphosyntax constructions of the world's languages |
| title_auth | Morphosyntax constructions of the world's languages |
| title_exact_search | Morphosyntax constructions of the world's languages |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Morphosyntax constructions of the world's languages |
| title_full | Morphosyntax constructions of the world's languages William Croft, University of New Mexico |
| title_fullStr | Morphosyntax constructions of the world's languages William Croft, University of New Mexico |
| title_full_unstemmed | Morphosyntax constructions of the world's languages William Croft, University of New Mexico |
| title_short | Morphosyntax |
| title_sort | morphosyntax constructions of the world s languages |
| title_sub | constructions of the world's languages |
| topic | Morphosyntax (DE-588)4114635-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Morphosyntax |
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