Russia's foreign policy: change and continuity in national identity
"Now fully updated and revised, this clear and comprehensive text explores the past thirty years of Soviet/Russian international relations, comparing foreign policy formation under Gorbachev, Yeltsin, Medvedev, and Putin. Challenging conventional views of Moscow's foreign policy, Andrei Ts...
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| Format: | Buch |
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Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London
Rowman & Littlefield
[2022]
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| Ausgabe: | Sixth edition |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "Now fully updated and revised, this clear and comprehensive text explores the past thirty years of Soviet/Russian international relations, comparing foreign policy formation under Gorbachev, Yeltsin, Medvedev, and Putin. Challenging conventional views of Moscow's foreign policy, Andrei Tsygankov shows that definitions of national interest depend on visions of national identity and is rooted both in history and domestic politics. Yet the author also highlights the role of the external environment in affecting the balance of power among competing domestic groups. Drawing on both Russian and Western sources, Tsygankov shows how Moscow's policies have shifted under different leaders' visions of Russia's national interests. He gives an overview of the ideas and pressures that motivated Russian foreign policy in six different periods: the Gorbachev era of the late 1980s, the liberal "Westernizers" era under Kozyrev in the early 1990s, the relatively hardline statist policy under Primakov, the more pragmatic course of limited cooperation under Putin and then Medvedev, and the assertive policy Putin has implemented since his return to power. Evaluating the successes and failures of Russia's foreign policies, Tsygankov explains its many turns as Russia's identity and interaction with the West have evolved. The book concludes with reflections on the emergence of the post-Western world and the challenges it presents to Russia's enduring quest for great-power status" |
| Beschreibung: | xxviii, 270 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781538161494 9781538161487 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a "Now fully updated and revised, this clear and comprehensive text explores the past thirty years of Soviet/Russian international relations, comparing foreign policy formation under Gorbachev, Yeltsin, Medvedev, and Putin. Challenging conventional views of Moscow's foreign policy, Andrei Tsygankov shows that definitions of national interest depend on visions of national identity and is rooted both in history and domestic politics. Yet the author also highlights the role of the external environment in affecting the balance of power among competing domestic groups. Drawing on both Russian and Western sources, Tsygankov shows how Moscow's policies have shifted under different leaders' visions of Russia's national interests. He gives an overview of the ideas and pressures that motivated Russian foreign policy in six different periods: the Gorbachev era of the late 1980s, the liberal "Westernizers" era under Kozyrev in the early 1990s, the relatively hardline statist policy under Primakov, the more pragmatic course of limited cooperation under Putin and then Medvedev, and the assertive policy Putin has implemented since his return to power. Evaluating the successes and failures of Russia's foreign policies, Tsygankov explains its many turns as Russia's identity and interaction with the West have evolved. The book concludes with reflections on the emergence of the post-Western world and the challenges it presents to Russia's enduring quest for great-power status" | |
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| adam_text | Contents Tables v Note on the Transliteration vii Chronology of Key Foreign Policy Events, 1979-2022 ix xxv Preface 1 : Understanding Change and Continuity in Russia’s Foreign Policy 1 2: The Cold War Crisis and Soviet New Thinking, 1985-1991 31 3: The Post-Soviet Decline and Attempts at Cooperation, 1991-2004 55 4 : Recovery and Assertiveness, 2005-2019 125 5 : From Assertiveness to Isolation? 2019-2022 197 6: Conclusions and Lessons 221 Further Reading 239 Essay Questions 245 Topics for Discussion or Simulation 249 Index 253 iii
Index 9/11, 19, 57, 76, 126-27, 159, 223 reengaging world after, 106-11 Abkhazia, 102, 154-55,158, 16365, 193Ո140 ABM (Anti-Ballistic Missile) Treaty, 107, 170, 202, 224 adoption, children, 131 Afghanistan, 113, 115, 127, 157, 162, 171, 181 Soviet Union and, 41, 42, 45, 122n53, 222, 228 Taliban in, 98,106, 118, 154 US and, 108-10, 150, 223, 228 AIDS/HIV, 156 Akhromeyev, Sergei, 42 Albright, Madeleine, 96 Alexander I, 3, 5 Alexander II, 2, 5, 6, 70, 216 Alexander III, 3 Alliances for Modernization (AM), 140-47,143 Ambartsumov, Yevgeni, 66, 88 Anakonda, NATO, 194nl67 Andropov, Yuri, 49 Angarsk-Daqing project, 111 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, 107, 170, 202, 224 anticommunism, 43 “anti-gay law,” 169 antimissile system, 149-50,156 APEC (Asian and Pacific Economic Council), 160-61, 179 Arab Spring, 224 Arato, Andrew, 56 Arbatov, Aleksei, 79 Arctic Basin, oil, 157 Armenia, 46, 86, 88, 113, 140, 153, 165 Azerbaijan and, 213-14, 215 Eurasian Union and, 175 arms sales, 99, 104,110,147-48 ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), 97,178 Asia, 79-81, 97, 150, 151-52, 178, 231 Asian and Pacific Economic Council (APEC), 160-61, 179 Asia-Pacific region, 97, 104, 144, 151-52, 160-62 al-Assad, Bashar, 163, 169, 171,178, 182,213,214 assassinations, 135, 201 assertiveness, of Putin (2005-2008): Asia with modernization and security, 151-52 assessment and challenges, 155-57 energy strategy and Europe, 149-50 253
254 Index Eurasia, 153-55 GPA,156 Middle East and opposing “war of civilizations,” 150-51 non-Western direction, 150-52 rivalry and limited relations with West, 147-50 stability and security, 154-55 US and, 147—49 assertiveness, recovery and (2005-2019): civilizational turn and new, 168-85 EU, pragmatism and, 173-74 geopolitical relevance of Russia, 125, 126 global and domestic changes, 126-35 national interest redefined, 135-47 pragmatism of Medvedev, 12526,140-47,157-68 ofPutin, 136-40, 147-57 with refined Statism, 136-38 SC and renewed, 143 Association Agreement, 129, 175 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 97, 178 Atambayev, Almazbek, 165 Atsayev, Said, 163 Austria, 5, 173 Azerbaijan, 113, 148, 155, 167, 183,213-15 Baikonur Cosmodrome, 114 Baker, James, 80 Bakiev, Kurmanbek, 166 Baku-Ceyhan pipeline, 98, 114, 116,148 Baku-Novorossiysk pipeline, 102 Balkans, 26, 78, 86, 90,173, 224 Baltic republics, 46, 96, 116 Baltic Sea, 149,172 Basayev, Shamil, 60 Bastrykin, Alexander, 145 behavior, Soviet, 10 Belarus, 48, 86,112, 139,140, 153, 208, 223 approval ratings, 122n66 Collective Security Treaty and, 113 CSTO, 165 Customs Union, 103, 164-67, 175 economic agreement, 115 migrants and, 209 Russia-Belarus Union, 96,114, 215 Belykh, Nikita, 135 Berezovski, Boris, 73, 112,134 Berlin Wall, 37, 43, 222 Biden, Joe, 198-99, 204-7, 214 “Big Treaty,” Russia and Ukraine, 102, 103-4 bilateral relations: with Europe, 207-9 pragmatism in Eurasia and new, 113-14 bin Laden, Osama, 58 Black Sea, 131, 162,166, 170, 204, 206, 207 Blagovolin, Sergei, 120n28 Blue Stream pipeline, 149
Bogdanov, Andrei, 134 Bolshevik revolution (1917), 3 Bolsheviks, 32, 61 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 5 Bordachev, Timofei, 146 borders, 29nl3, 102 Borrell, Josep, 208 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 78, 173 BP (British Petroleum), 107, 117 Brazil, 59,127 Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC), 160 Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS), 127, 141,146, 177, 182, 224 Breedlove, Philip (General), 174 Brezhnev, Leonid, 7, 36, 42
Index BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China), 160 BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa), 127,141, 146, 177, 182, 224 British Petroleum (BP), 107, 117 Browder, William, 169 Bukharin, Nikolai, 35, 226 Bulgaria, 149, 201 Burbulis, Gennadi, 61 Burns, William, 206 Bush, George H. W., 24, 56 Bush, George W, 5 8, 95, 111, 126, 228 capitalism, socialism and, 32 Carr, E. H., 221,232 cartoons, Muhammad, 150 Caspian Sea, 114,116,148,158 Catherine the Great, 217 Caucasus, 57, 59, 60, 101, 141, 223 CFE (Conventional Forces in Europe) treaty, 79 Chaadayev, Petr, 39 change, global and domestic, 12635,129,132 Chechnya, 57, 59-60, 72, 74, 102, 223, 228 OSCE in, 108 stability in, 151, 155 terrorism in, 26, 163 CheKa, 30n21 chekists, 19, 30n21, 72. See also siloviks Cheney, Dick, 148 Chernenko, Konstantin, 33 Chernobyl nuclear accident, 42 Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 96 children, 131, 171 China, 7, 59, 69, 142, 184, 223, 231 BRICS, 127, 141, 146, 177, 182, 224 criticism of, 80 economy, 74,127,132, 133 “Greater Eurasia” and, 178-81 Russia and, 79, 80, 97-98, 99, 110-12, 115, 138, 147-48, 255 151-52, 154, 160-63, 165, 178-81, 185n7, 202,212-13 Russia-China-India security axis, 71, 104-5 US and, 199, 203, 205, 216 China National Petroleum, 111 Choice Party, 120n28 Christianity, 8, 38, 173,177 Chubais, Anatoli, 29n6, 113 Churchill, Winston, 10 CIS. See Commonwealth of Independent States Civic Union, 67, 86 civilizational forces, with military and economy, 195nl78 civilizational turn: “Greater Eurasia” and East, 177-83 new assertiveness and, 168-85 pay off with new assertiveness,
183-85 the West and new rivalry, 168-77 Civilizationists, 4, 20, 38, 65, 68, 71, 87, 96, 154 assertiveness and, 139—40 with isolationism, 230 school of foreign policy thinking, 7-8,226 “clash of civilizations,” 57 climate change, 199, 209, 229, 236 Clinton, Bill, 12-13, 78 Clinton, Hillary, 128, 147, 159 Cold War, 24, 31-33, 56 collective security, 6-7, 83, 102, 113, 115, 167,214 Collective Security Treaty, 113, 115,214 Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), 115, 165, 178,214-15 color revolutions, 125-26, 130-31, 136, 153, 164-66, 170, 205 Comintern, 33 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 80, 84, 100,115, 138 citizenship, 103
256 Index economic agreement and, 83, 102, 105 Eurasian Union and, 161, 164, 175 role of, 63, 71, 82-83 Russia and, 48, 70, 82-83, 112-13,153 communism, Russian foreign policy after, 22 Congress, US, 63, 157, 171 Congress of Russian Communities, 87 conservative opposition, 38-39 Contact Group, 95 Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) treaty, 79 corruption, 49, 74, 108, 128, 133, 135, 141, 144 Council for Foreign and Defense Policy, 67, 68,101, 112, 146 COVID-19 pandemic, 199, 200, 203, 206, 236 Crimea, annexation, 133, 134-35, 176, 178, 230 Croatia, 86 CSTO (Collective Security Treaty Organization), 115, 165, 178, 214-15 culture, 23, 47, 68, 87, 103, 118 Customs Union, 103, 164-67, 175 Czech Republic, 96, 148, 150, 201, 208 Dagestan, 130, 163 Dahrendorf, Ralf, 56 Dayton Accords (1995), 95 defense: arms sales, 99, 104, 110, 147-48 budget, 44, 54n28, 73 Council for Foreign and Defense Policy, 67, 68, 101, 112,146 limits on arms accepted or proposed by Gorbachev, 50 MDS, 19-20, 129, 148, 157, 160, 169, 170, 202, 234 strategies, 118 US-Japanese theater of missile, 98 See also North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe; security democracy, 121n42, 127 Democratic Russia, 47, 81 democratization, 6, 13, 35,48, 139, 168 Deng Xiaoping, 112 Denmark, 150 Derzhava, 68 determinism, free will and, 232 diesel fuel, 192nl36 Dodon, Igor, 173 domestic conditions, 55-60 domestic critics, of NT, 38—40, 40 drones, 213 drug lords, 166, 175 Dzerzhinski, Feliks, 30n21 EAEU (Eurasian Economic Union), 178, 180, 181,214 Eastern Orthodox Church, 2 ecology
threat, 221 economy, 43, 87, 128, 151, 166 APEC, 160-61, 179 China, 74, 127, 132, 133 CIS and, 83,102,105 with civilizational and military forces, 195nl78 EAEU, 178, 180, 181,214 independence, 93-94 India, 127, 132 integration, 102,149, 187n42 modernization, 109-11, 152-53 political strengths and, 131-33 recovery in Russia, 59, 60, 132 Russia and basic indicators, 1999-2007,132 shock therapy strategy, 25, 62, 84-85, 89-90, 237 Silk Road Economic Belt, 179, 181, 183,213,216 Ukraine, 115, 153, 167, 175 See also oil; sanctions, economic Egypt, 130, 183
Index elections, 43, 47, 120ո28, 171, 205-6, 236 energy, 148, 149-50, 152, 153-54, 182 See also oil engagement-minded, 231 English, Robert, 11 Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, 213 “The Establishment of the Strategic Course of the Russian Federation with Member States of the CIS,” 100 Estonia, 83, 173 ethnic Russian (russki), 85, 144,189n66 ethnonationalism, rise of, 46 EU. See European Union Eurasia, 81, 142, 148, 166 assertiveness in, 153-55 “Greater,” 177-83 pragmatism in, 111-16 “privileged interests,” 163-67 Russia and, 214-16 Eurasian Development Bank, 180 Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), 178, 180, 181,214 Eurasianists, 65, 70, 72, 75, 105, 110, 139-40 Eurasian Union, 161, 164, 175, 179, 224 Euromaidan Revolution (2014), 131, 133, 134-35, 174, 175 Europe, 79, 114, 207-9, 232 capitalizing on ties with, 107-8 energy strategy and relations with, 149-50, 152 MDS in, 129, 148, 157, 160 OSCE, 45, 63-64, 67, 78, 84, 88, 92, 108, 148-50, 159 security relations with, 158-60 Europeanism, 28n2 European Union (EU), 74, 108, 128-29, . 155, 173-75 Russia and, 149-50 UN-US-EU-Russia, 150, 158 ex-republics, 63, 82, 84, 87, 113, 223 Federation Council, 136-37, 141, 14445, 200, 204 257 Fedorov, Boris, 112,120n28 “500 Days” plan, 50, 77,122n54 Foreign Affairs (journal), 56 Foreign Intelligence Service, 66,100 foreign policy, of Gorbachev: accomplishments and losses, 49-51 assessment of, 20, 24, 48-53 limits on arms accepted or proposed, 50 New Thinking failure and lessons learned, 51-53 record of New Thinking, 57 foreign policy, Russia: assertive or defensive, 202-4 change and continuity explained,
8-21 change and continuity in, 2-8, 9, 221-29 after communism, 22 constructivist explanation of, 17 evaluating, 21-27 identity and, 21, 29nl9 insufficiency of traditional explanations, 10-13 international relations theories and, 75 national-interest formation, 225-29 from NT to SC, 23-27 record of GPB, 104 seven visions of national interest, 221-25, 225 social construction of, 16-21 social constructivism and, 13-16 three schools of thinking, 4-8, 226-27 foreign policy, Soviet Union, 31-33 Foreign Policy Concept, 70, 88, 138, 144 foreign trade, GNP and, 59 “Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security between Russia and NATO” (1997), 92-93, 96
258 France, 62, 71, 95, 165 MAPs, 148 Russia and, 5, 94, 159, 173 “freedom of choice” principle, 41, 42, 44 free will, determinism and, 232 French Revolution (1789), 2, 3 Fukuyama, Francis, 12, 56, 57 G-7, 77, 78, 82, 234 G-8, 67, 100 G-20, 171, 178 Gaddafi, Muammar, 160,162 Gaidar, Yegor, 61, 112, 120n28, 227 Garton Ash, Timothy, 56 Gazprom, 134, 149, 153, 209 General Assembly, UN, 78 Geneva Accord (2014), 176 Geneva Summit (1985), 42 geopolitical relevance, of Russia, 125, 126 Georgia, 46, 84, 101, 125, 162, 202, 224, 230, 236 arms sales, 148 CIS and, 153 color revolution in, 126,130, 136 economic sanctions on, 154, 156 GUUAM, 114 NATO and, 130, 148, 155, 165 Russian military and, 88, 156, 163,164 South Ossetia and, 155, 159 Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, and Moldova (GUUAM), 114 Germany, 44, 59, 62, 65, 71, 165, 172, 209 Contact Group and, 95 MAPs, 148 Russia and, 5,116, 159, 173 glasnost, 48 global financial crisis, 132 global instability, domestic response and: Index internal challenges and state response, 199-201 power transition and, 198-99 state concentration of power, 201-2 globalization, 20, 126, 146, 151, 183, 203-4, 232-33 global regime change strategy, US with, 228, 237 Glukhovski, Igor, 113 GNP. See gross national product “Go, Russia!” (Medvedev), 141 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 5, 17, 45-47, 56, 62, 222, 232 conservative opposition to, 38-39 foreign policy of, 20, 24, 48-53 “freedom of choice” principle and, 41, 42, 44 liberal opposition to, 39-40 limits on arms accepted or proposed by, 50 with new vision of world politics, 34-35 NT and, 11,33-37,38,
221-22, 226 Primakov and, 230-31 promises and disappointments, 40-43 security policy legacy, 41 Social Democrats and, 64-65 the West and, 31, 32, 53n4, 229 Gorchakov, Alexander, 6, 7, 69-70, 71 GPA (Great Power Assertiveness), 139,156 GPB. See Great Power Balancing Grachev, Pavel (General), 86 Graham, Thomas, 235 Great Britain, 5, 95, 128 “Greater Eurasia,” 177-83 Great Power Assertiveness (GPA), 139,156 Great Power Balancing (GPB), 26, 70, 71, 73, 104, 222 flaws, 104-5
Index Primakov and, 138, 227, 228, 230-31,233 Greece, 149, 162, 173 Greg, German, 134 gross national product (GNP), 59, 74, 127, 131 decline, 58, 132, 200 defense budget and, 44, 54n28 for USSR and US, 1960-1985, 35 Grushko, Alexander, 174 gumannyi sotsializm, 5 Gusinski, Vladimir, 73, 134 GUUAM (Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, and Moldova), 114 Hamas, 150 Helsinki Accord (1975), 45, 53n2, 95, 158 Herzen, Alexander, 3 Hitler, Adolf, 7 HIV/AIDS, 156 Holy Alliance, 5 House of Representatives, US, 171 Hu Jintao, 111 human rights, 53n2, 224, 228 Hungary, 43, 96, 149, 173 Huntington, Samuel, 57 Hussein, Saddam, 57, 94, 109 “hybrid warfare,” 174 hydrocarbons, 217n7 ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles), 79, 149 identity: coalitions with changes, 133-35 national, 14-16, 61-76 Russia, foreign policy and,21,29nl9 IMF (International Monetary Fund), 25, 58-59, 63, 77, 85, 89, 93, 95 India, 7, 69, 116, 148, 160, 216, 223,231 BRICS, 127, 141, 146, 177, 182, 224 259 economy, 127,132 Russia and, 79, 80, 97, 99, 11011, 138,213 Russia-China-India security axis, 71, 104-5 INF (Intermediate Nuclear Forces) Treaty, 170 Ingushetia, 130, 163 Institute of Contemporary Development (INSOR), 142 integration: economic, 102, 149, 187n42 of former Soviet area, 99-103 globalization and, 232 isolationism and, 230, 231 the West, 76-81, 232 intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), 79, 149 Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, 170 Intermediate Nuclear Missile Treaty, 150 International Affairs (journal), 81 international and domestic conditions (1991-2004): domestic weakness and
recovery, 58-60 liberal world order to new security threats, 56-58 post-Soviet decline, 55-60 Russia, 58, 59, 59, 60,129 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 25, 58-59, 63, 77, 85, 89, 93, 95 international organizations: laws to shut down, 193nl48 Western, 77-78, 93, 222 international relations theories, 15, 70, 104,212 international security agenda, the West and, 78-79 Iran, 65, 74, 116, 171, 178, 184, 216 missiles and, 149 nuclear weapons and, 98, 127, 160, 206
260 Index Russia and, 79, 97, 98-99, 111, 147, 150, 155, 157, 182,213, 214, 219n52 SCO and, 148 Iraq, 26, 74, 79, 109, 205, 209, 233 Russia and, 90, 94-95, 105 US and, 94, 95, 97-98, 108-10, 126, 127, 156, 165, 223 IS (Islamic State), 182 Islam, 91, 130, 151, 163, 169 Islamic State (IS), 182 Islamists, 185n7 isolationism, 49, 231, 235 in former Soviet region, 81-85, 100 as impractical, 229-30 Israel, 150, 162, 167 Italy, 162,173 Ivan III, 216 Ivan IV, 8 Ivanov, Sergei, 112 Izvestiya (newspaper), 79 Japan, 59, 65, 69, 74, 85-86, 98, 161, 179 “Joint Declaration on a Multipolar World and the Formation of a New International Order,” 98 Kabardino-Balkaria, 130, 163 Kapitsa, Pyotr, 4, 35 Karaganov, Sergei, 203—4 Kazakhstan, 86, 113-15, 122n66, 137, 214 Customs Union, 103, 164-67,175 oil, 116, 148, 153, 167 Kerry, John, 169 Khattab, 60 Khodorkovski, Mikhail, 73,134 Khristenko, Viktor, 112 Khrushchev, Nikita, 3, 7, 28n2, 32, 35, 226 Kim Jong-il, 161, 172 Kirill (Patriarch), 145 Kirov Oblast, 135 Klyuchevski, Vasili, 61 Kohl, Helmut, 77, 78 Kommunist (journal), 37 Komsomol, 62 Kortunov, Andrei, 146 Kosolapov, Richard, 37 Kosovo, 96, 97, 98, 105, 235 Kozyrev, Andrei, 5, 11,20, 55, 59, 65-66, 86, 227 isolationism and, 81-85, 100 military and, 87, 88 national identity and interest, 61, 62, 64 setbacks and reassessments, 88-90 Westernist moment and, 76, 78-81 the West and, 17, 24-25, 67, 92, 95, 222, 229, 230 Krutskikh, Andrei, 171 Kuchma, Leonid, 114 Kudrin, Aleksei, 134 Kuril Islands, 85-86, 162 Kyrgyzstan, 86, 113, 115, 180, 214 color revolution in, 126, 130, 164 Customs Union, 103,
164-67, 175 Latvia, 47, 173 Lavrov, Sergei, 208,211, 214 Leites, Nathan, 10 Lenin, Vladimir, 7, 10, 50,226 Le Pen, Marine, 173 lessons: for Russia, 229-33 for the West, 233-37 LGBT persons, 193nl47 Liberal Democratic Party, 65, 134 liberal opposition, NT, 39-40 liberal world order, with new security threats, 56-58 Libya, 79,130, 160,162, 167, 178, 234 Ligachev, Yegor, 42, 44 Lithuania, 47,108 Litvinov, Maksim, 6-7 Lukashenko, Aleksandr, 114, 154, 215 Lukeoil, 94
Index Macron, Emmanuel, 173 Magnitsky, Sergei, 128, 158, 169 Magnitsky Law, 131, 158 Major, John, 77 Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, 170 MAPs (Membership Action Plans), NATO, 148 Marshall Plan, 31, 77, 234 Maskhadov, Aslan, 60 Matlock, John, 212 Mattis, James, 172 McCain, John, 148 MDS (Missile Defense System), 19-20, 129, 148, 157, 160, 169, 170, 202, 234 Medvedev, Dmitri, 5, 19, 26, 134, 202, 224, 228 AM and, 140-47, 143 pragmatism of, 125-26, 140-47, 157-68 SC and, 143-45,146 the West and, 27, 128, 129, 229 Yushchenko and, 190n93 Membership Action Plans (MAPs), NATO, 148 Merkel, Angela, 30n23, 173 Middle East, 69, 127, 129, 141, 142, 156, 224, 235 migration in, 232 oil, 106 Primakov and, 91, 97 rebuilding influence in, 181-83 Russia and, 90, 151, 155, 160-63, 213-14 terrorism and, 184 US and, 150-51, 155, 169, 182 migration, 128,130,209, 232 military, 73, 92, 93, 154, 165, 174, 213 bases, 114, 167, 192nl36 dominance, 180-81 with economy and civilizational forces, 195Ո178 Georgia with Russian, 88, 156,163,164 NATO and Anakonda, 194nl67 261 navy, 114, 131, 162,164, 170 with new doctrine, 86-87 Russia and ex-republics, 87 solutions in Iraq resisted, 94-95 in Ukraine, 206, 211-12, 216 US, 127, 157, 158, 167 See also defense Miloševič, Slobodan, 96, 107 Milyukov, Pavel, 5, 11,61 Minsk II (2015), 210, 212 Minsk Protocol (2014), 172 Mirziyoyev, Shavkat, 180 Missile Defense System (MDS), 19-20, 129, 148, 157, 160, 169, 170, 202, 234 missiles, 33, 79, 98, 114, 149-50, 156 modernization, 109-11, 140^17,143, 151, 152-53, 156,168 Moldova, 46, 57, 86, 108, 139, 166, 175 CIS and, 153
GUUAM, 114 military in, 88, 158 OSCE and, 84 Russia and, 173 Transdniestr and, 155 Molodaya gvardiya (periodical), 65 Mongols, 2, 6, 8 Montenegro, 173 Mueller, Robert, 184 Muhammad (Prophet), 150 Muslims, 78, 98, 130, 150-51, 163, 231 leaders in Russia, 76 Uighur minority group, 97, 115 Muslim world, 79-81, 151, 155 Naftogaz, 166 Nagorno-Karabakh, 80, 83, 213-14, 215 Najibullah, Mohammad, 45 National Communists, 65, 66, 75 national identity: Self, Other and, 14-16 Statist-balancers, 68-71 Statist-pragmatists, 72-76 three perspectives on interest and, 61-76
262 national interest, Russia: AM and contending views, 143 assertive or defensive foreign policy, 202—4 Civilizationists and, 65, 139-40 formation, 225-29 GPA and contending views, 139 NT and, 36-37, 37 perspectives, 1991-2004, 61 perspectives, 2005-2019,136 Primakov and, 222 Putin and, 75, 136-40 redefined, 135-47 SC and contending views, 146 seven visions of, 221-25,225 nationalism, rise of, 232 nationalities, revenge of NT at home and crisis for, 45-48 national path, Russia following, 232-33 National Security Concept (1997), 70, 74 National Security Strategy, 140 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization Navalny, Aleksey, 201-2, 206, 207, 208, 217nl2 navy, 114, 131, 162, 164, 170 Nazi-Soviet Pact, 10 Nemstov, Boris, 206 New Thinking (NT), 49, 230 Cold War and Soviet foreign policy, 31-33 contending views, 40 domestic critics of, 37, 38-40 Gorbachev and, 11, 33-37, 38, 221-22, 226 record of, 57 revenge at home and crisis for nationalities, 45-48 Russian foreign policy from SC to, 23-27 the West with recognition of, 40-45 Nicholas II, 3 Nikonov, Vyacheslav, 204 Index Niyazov, Saparmurat, 114 nomenklatura, 36, 39, 61-62, 90, 227 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 18, 33, 35, 45, 63, 83, 205, 206 Anakonda, 194nl67 expansion, 57, 66, 71, 92-93, 101, 155, 156, 184,210,223, 224, 227, 228, 231,235, 237 membership, 44, 96, 130, 148, 155, 165, 173, 174,234 OSCE and, 92, 148,159 readiness, 129, 207 Russia and, 92-93, 95-96, 104, 107, 157-58, 159 194Ո170 Ukraine and, 102, 130, 148, 155, 164, 165,211,233 with Yugoslavia intervention, 26, 59, 94, 95-97, 105 North Korea,
81, 152, 160-61, 17172, 179, 181 North Ossetia, 130, 158, 163 Norway, 107 NT. See New Thinking nuclear energy, 42, 111 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, 81 nuclear war, 42 nuclear weapons, 138, 150, 152, 16970, 172, 181,221,224 disarmament, 41, 49, 93-94, 222 Iran and, 98, 127,160, 206 Nuland, Victoria, 206 Obama, Barack, 129, 131, 148, 156, 169, 174 on LGBT persons, 193nl47 Merkel on Putin, 30n23 Putin and, 128, 170-71, 228, 234 oil, 106, 111, 183 companies, 107, 117, 134, 140, 149, 153, 157, 166, 209 pipelines, 98, 102, 103, 113, 114, 116, 148, 149, 161, 180, 206, 208
Index prices, 23, 59,109, 117, 132, 133, 139-40, 153, 156, 164, 167, 175, 200 Okruashvili, Irakli, 155 oligarchs, 19, 30n21,72, 73, 90, 134,211 OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), 106, 116 opium, 157 Orange Revolution, in Ukraine, 27, 153, 154 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE): in Chechnya, 108 Helsinki Accord and, 45 Moldova and, 84 NATO and, 92, 148, 159; role of, 63-64, 67, 78, 88, 149-50 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 106, 116 Organization of the Islamic Conference, 151 Orthodox Christianity, 8, 173,177 OSCE. See Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Other, 14-16, 23,31,234 “overtime comparison,” 27 Owen, David, 78 Pakistan, 115 Palestine, 150 Palmyra, Syria, 182 Pan-Slavism, 8 Paris peace treat (1856), 69-70 Patrushev, Nikolai, 174, 202, 204 Pavlovski, Gleb, 137,187n40 perestroika, 48 Permanent Joint Council, 94 Perry, William, 92 Peter the Great, 2, 4—5, 6,226 Pikayev, Alexander, 83 poisonings, 135,206 Poland, 43, 96, 116, 150, 173, 209, 210 politics, 125-26, 131-33, 153-54, 164-66 263 populations, Muslims, 151 Poroshenko, Pyotr, 177 Portugal, 74 post-Soviet decline (1991-2004): international and domestic conditions, 55-60 Putin and pragmatic cooperation, 2000-2004, 105-19 Statist challenge, 19941995, 91-105 three perspectives on national identity and interest, 61-76 Westernist moment, 19911993, 76-91 poverty, 25, 29nl3, 132, 156, 221 power, 68, 91, 93, 232 capabilities of Russia, 100 state concentration of, 201-2 transition, global instability and domestic response, 198-99 UN and, 45,
91,107 See also Great Power Balancing Pragmatic Cooperation: globalization and, 233 Putin with, 19, 26-27, 74, 105-19, 223 Pragmatic Cooperation, of Putin (2000-2004): post-Soviet decline and, 105-19 record of pragmatic Statism, 117 pragmatic Statism, 105, 117 pragmatism, AM and, 143 pragmatism, of Medvedev (2009-2011): Asia-Pacific region and, 160-62 China and Middle East, 160-63 economic opportunities, 166-67 Eurasia and “privileged interests,” 163-67 Europe and security relations, 158-60 “reset” with West, 157-58, 167 Pravda (newspaper), 91 Presidential Administration and Security Council, 66
264 Index Primakov, Yevgeni, 7,11,13,18, 70-71, 117, 223,229 Foreign Intelligence Service and, 66,100 with foreign policy, 25-26,29η 13 Great Power Balancing strategy and, 138, 227, 228, 230-31,233 integration and, 99, 101-3 national interest and, 222 Statism and, 103-5 as Statist-balancer, 68-69 support for, 121n37 Western influences and containment, 91-99 “privileged interests,” 163-67 punishment, isolationism and, 235 Pushkov, Aleksei, 204 Pussy Riot, 169 Putin, Vladimir, 7, 11, 55, 125, 130, 133, 153, 175, 200 Asia-Pacific region and, 160, 161 assertiveness of, 136-40, 14757, 197, 201 Biden, Joe, and, 205-6 criticism of, 76, 138-39, 154 on democracy and dissolution of state, 12Խ42 with economy, civilizational and military forces, 195nl78 with foreign policy, 29nl3 with international organizations, 193nl48; legacy, 13, 23, 223-24 Merkel on, 30n23; national interest and, 75 Obama and, 128,17071, 228, 234 with Pragmatic Cooperation, 19, 26-27, 74, 105-19, 223 with presidency, 60, 126, 128-29, 143-44, 201, 224, 227, 233, 237 “Russia at the Turn of the Millennium” speech, 72,136 SC and, 27, 144—46 support for, 60, 73 Trump and, 129, 146-47, 17072, 202, 205 the West and, 122n53, 223, 224, 229, 231 Yastrzhembsky on, 187n42 Al Qaeda, 109, 228 Qatar, 214 railways, 116,161,163 Rakhmanin, Oleg, 42 Rasmussen, Anders Fogh, 159 Reagan, Ronald, 33, 42,45 reality, utopia and, 232 Red Square, 42, 178 reform socialism, 226 refugees, 176 regime change: in Libya and Syria, 234 US with global strategy of, 228, 237 religion, 8, 38, 145, 173 Rice, Condoleezza, 106 Rogov, Sergei, 116 Romania,
149 Rose Revolution (2003), 126 Rosneft, 134, 140, 157 rossiyanin (Russian defined in civic terms), 85 RT (news agency), 174 Russia, 106,112 Muslim leaders in, 76 national path, 232-33 in Ukraine, 225, 229, 230, 231,233,234 UN-US-EU-Russia, 150, 158; UR, 143 US elections meddling, 171, 205-6,236 See also foreign policy, Russia; national interest, Russia; specific topics
Index “Russia at the Turn of the Millennium” speech, 72, 136 Russia-Belarus Union, 96, 114, 215 Russia-China-India security axis, 71, 104-5 Russia-Georgia conflict, 224, 230 Russia-NATO Founding Act (1997), 194Ո170 Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion, 76 Russian defined in civic terms (rossiyanin), 85 “Russia-victim” argument, 47, 82 russki (ethnic Russian), 85, 144, 189n66 Ryabkov, Sergei, 170 Saakashvili, Mikhail, 114, 154—55, 165 Sakharov, Andrei, 4, 35 SALT II (Strategic Arms Limitations Talks), 33 sanctions, economic, 235 on Georgia, 154, 156 on Iraq, 79, 94 on Libya, 79 on Russia, 128, 129, 131, 133, 172, 206,211 on Yugoslavia, 78, 79, 86 Sarajevo, 86 Saudi Arabia, 117, 182, 183, 214 SC (State-Civilization), 23-27, 14345,146,185 SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization), 115, 127, 141, 148, 152, 160, 178,214 secessionism, 57, 84, 102 Sechin, Igor, 140, 142 security, 21, 66, 79, 93, 96, 151-52 collective, 6-7, 83, 102, 113, 115, 167,214 Collective Security Treaty, 113, 115,214 CSTO, 115, 165, 178, 214-15 defense and, 44, 50, 54n28, 73 Europe and, 158-60 national, 70, 74, 140 265 OSCE, 45, 63-64, 67, 78, 84, 88, 92, 108, 148-50, 159 policy and legacy of Gorbachev, 41 Russia-China-India axis, 71, 104-5 stability and, 154-55 threats with liberal world order, 56-58 vulnerabilities for Russia, 130-31 the West and confrontation over, 209-12 See also North Atlantic Treaty Organization Security Council, UN, 95, 97, 100, 158, 160, 163, 172, 182 Self, national identity with Other and, 14-16 September 11, 2001. See 9/11 Serbia, 96,173 Serbs, Muslims and, 78 Shakhnazarov,
Georgi, 12Խ37 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), 115, 127, 141, 148, 152, 160, 178, 214 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 37,44, 47,113 Shevtsova, Lilia, 139 shock therapy strategy, 25, 62, 84-85, 89-90, 237 Siberia, 134, 160, 179 Silk Road Economic Belt, 179, 181, 183,213,216 siloviks, 19, 30n21, 72-73, 133֊ 35, 145, 202 Skokov, Yuri, 66-67 Skripal, Sergei, 135 Slavic unity, 8, 154 Slovakia, 173 Snowden, Edward, 129,170,178 social construction, of Russian foreign policy, 16-21 social constructivism, promise of, 13-16 Social Democrats, 64-65, 66, 71 Sorel, Albert, 229
266 Index South Africa, 127, 141, 146, 177, 182, 224 Southeast Asia, 97, 178 South Korea, 80-81, 152, 161,213 South Ossetia, 130, 154, 155, 159, 163, 165, 193nl40 Soviet Union, 7, 10, 78 Afghanistan and, 41, 42, 45, 122n53, 222, 228 collapse in 1991, 17, 23, 64 dissolution of, 47, 48, 56, 84 foreign policy, 31-33 as “great Eurasian space,” 47 growth rates for economy, 43 integration of former area, 99-103 See also post-Soviet decline Sputnik (new agency), 174 SS-27 (Topol-M), 149 Stalin, Josef, 6, 7, 10, 33, 36 Stankevich, Sergei, 18, 66-67, 81 START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty): 1,19 II, 79, 94, 97 new, 156,170, 205-6 state, internal challenges and global instability, 199-201 State-Civilization (SC), 23-27,14345,146,185 State Department, US, 131 Statism, assertiveness and refined, 136-38 Statist-balancers (1994— 1999), 68-71, 71 Statist challenge (1994-1999): with economic and military independence, 93-94 integration of former Soviet area, 99-103 with Iraq and resisting military solutions, 94—95 with NATO expansion opposed, 92-93 Primakov and, 103-5 record of GPB, 104 with Western influences contained, 91-99 with the West and relations outside, 97-99 with Yugoslavia and NATO intervention, 95-97 Statist-pragmatists (2000-2004): national identity and interest, 72-76 opposing perspectives, 75-76 perspective of, 72-74 Putin and view of national interest, 75 Russia with increased military budget, 73 Statists, 4, 230 Civilizationists and, 68 with Cold War and foreign policy, 33 with institutional advantages, 65-67 NT and, 35, 38 school of foreign policy thinking, 6-7, 226
the West and, 18, 32 Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT II), 33 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), 19, 79, 94, 97, 156, 170, 205-6 Strategic Defense Initiative, 33 “Strategy for Russia” (Council for Foreign and Defense Policy), 112 Suez Canal, 111 suicide bombers, 163 Suleimani, Qasem (General), 219n52 Sullivan, John, 206 SWIFT payment system, 208 Switzerland, 107 Syria, 147, 163,167, 169, 171, 202, 209 Arab League, 214 instability in, 129,130 Palmyra, 182 regime change in, 234 war, 135
Index Taiwan, 152 Tajikistan, 84, 86, 98, 113, 115,214,215 civil war, 101 CSTO, 165 Customs Union, 103, 164-67, 175 military and, 114, 165, 192nl36 Taliban, 45, 91, 98, 106, 118, 154 Tashkent Collective Security Treaty, 115 technology sector, 157 “A Temporary Friendship or an Eternal Alliance?” (Yavlinski), 75 terrorism, 58, 60, 126-27, 165, 176 attacks, 19, 57, 166, 175, 223 Al Qaeda, 109, 228 Taliban and, 45, 91, 98, 106, 118, 154 threats, 23, 26, 113, 163, 184, 228 war on, 109, 126, 130, 151 See also 9/11 Thatcher, Margaret, 42, 45 Tiananmen massacre (1989), 80 Tillerson, Rex, 171 Tishkov, Valeri, 82, 85, 88 Topol-M (SS-27), 149 Trans-Caspian pipeline, 98 Transdniestr, 84, 155 Trans-Korean Railroad, 161 Trans-Pacific Partnership, 161 transportation initiatives, 115-16 Trans-Siberian Railroad, 116, 161 TRASEKA, 116 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 10 Trenin, Dmitri, 142, 208-9 Trump, Donald: administration, 128,135,184, 198, 203, 205, 207-8, 214, 225 Putin and, 129,146-47, 170֊ 72, 202, 205 Tunisia, 130 Turkey, 80, 162, 166, 172, 178, 183, 184,213,216 oil and, 114, 149 Taliban in, 98 267 Turkmenistan, 103,113, 116, 148, 153, 167, 180 Uighur minority group, 97,115 Ukraine, 83, 113, 137, 139, 171, 172, 223, 236 approval ratings, 122n66 Association Agreement and, 129, 175 CIS and, 48, 153 color revolution in, 126, 130, 136, 164, 170 crisis in 2022,126 economy, 115, 153, 167, 175 Euromaidan Revolution, 131, 133, 134-35, 174, 175 GUUAM, 114 invasion of, 209-12 lack of progress on, 175-77 military in, 206, 211-12, 216 NATO and, 102, 130, 148, 155, 164, 165,211,233 Orange Revolution in,
27, 153, 154 Russia and, 102,103^1,114,118, 166, 190n93, 209-12 Russia in, 225, 229, 230, 231,233,234 US and, 206 the West and, 231, 233 Ukrainian Orthodox Church, 177 Ulyukayev, Alexei, 135 UN. See United Nations UNESCO, 182 unilateralism: Russia, 138; US, 75, 125, 127, 137, 138, 147, 165, 224 Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, 86, 142 United Nations (UN), 68, 157, 223, 236 economic sanctions, 78, 79, 86, 94 General Assembly, 78 Gorbachev and, 40, 41-42 power and, 45, 91,107
268 Security Council, 95, 97, 100, 158, 160, 163, 172, 182 UN-US-EU-Russia, 150, 158 United Russia (UR), 143, 201 United States (US), 62 Afghanistan and, 108-10, 150, 223, 228 China and, 199, 203,205,216 Congress, 63, 157, 171 global instability and dominance of, 126-29 with global regime change strategy, 228, 237 GNP, 1960-1985, 35 growing conflicts with, 168-72 House of Representatives, 171 improved relations with, 157-58 Iraq and, 94, 95, 97-98, 108-10, 126, 127, 156, 165, 223 Japan and, 98 Marshall Plan, 31, 77, 234 Middle East and, 150-51, 155, 169, 182 military, 127, 157, 158, 167 as perceived threat, 25 Russia and, 78, 89-90, 99, Юб11, 117, 128, 130-31, 138, 141, 145-49, 170-72, 204-7 Russian meddling in elections, 171, 205-6, 236 social divides, 198-99 State Department, 131 Ukraine and, 206 unilateralism, 75, 125, 127,137, 138, 147, 165, 224 UN-US-EU-Russia, 150, 158 UR (United Russia), 143, 201 US. See United States utopia, reality and, 232 Uzbekistan, 114,115, 148, 165, 180,215 Valdai Club, 203 Vance, Cyrus, 78 Varga, Yevgeni, 37 Index Venezuela, 147 Vernadski, Vladimir, 4,35 Vietnam, 180 Volker, Kurt, 172 Wall Street Journal (newspaper), 106 “war of civilizations,” Middle East and, 150-51 war on terror, 109, 126, 130, 151 Warsaw Pact, 35, 45 Washington Post (newspaper), 192nl36 weapons of mass destruction, 94,138 welfare, as foreign policy evaluative standard, 21 Western international organizations, 77-78, 93, 222 Westernist moment (1991-1993): with Asia and Muslim world neglected, 79-81 toward integration, 76-81 isolationism in former Soviet region, 81-85 record
of course, 90 Russia and ex-republics, 87 Russia and power resources, 91 setbacks and reassessment, 85-91 striving to join Western international organizations, 77-78 supporting international security agenda, 78-79 Westernists, 4-5, 39, 47, 66, 226-27 course, 64, 67, 89, 90 Putin critics, 138-39 Westernist-Statist consensus, 112 Westernizers (1991-1993): contending views, 66 opposing perspectives, 64-65 perspective on national identity and interest, 61, 61-64 Statists with institutional advantages, 65-67 the West: capitalizing on relations outside, 97-99
Index Containment of, 91-99, 231 cooperation with non-, 177-78 criticism of, 25, 224, 229-30, 234 defined, 185n8 engaging on mutuafiy acceptable terms, 235-36 Gorbachev, Mikhail and, 31, 32, 53n4, 229 integration with, 76-81, 232 international security agenda, 78-79 Khrushchev and, 32 Kozyrev and, 17,24-25, 67, 92, 95, 222, 229, 230 lessons for, 233-37 minimizing relations with, 205-9 non-Western direction, 150-52 non-Western powers and partnership, 212-16 NT recognized by, 40-45 as Other, 31, 234 Pavlovski on, 187n40 pragmatism of Medvedev and “reset” with, 157-58, 167 Primakov and, 91, 99, 229 Putin and, 122n53 rivalry and limited relations with, 147-50 Russia and, 32, 210 security and confrontation with, 209-12 Statists and, 18, 32 staying engaged, 234-35 support for, 17, 24-25, 27, 31, 32, 53n4, 128, 129, 222, 223, 226-27, 229, 237 tempering expectations, 236-37 as threat, 235 Ukraine and, 231, 233 Yeltsin and, 17, 24-25, 67, 99, 222, 226-27, 230, 237 Wight, Martin, 27 Winter Olympics, 169 Wishnick, Elizabeth, 193nl40 Witte, Sergei, 3 269 Wolfers, Arnold, 1 World Bank, 25, 77, 89 world politics., Gorbachev with new vision, 34-35 World Trade Organization (WTO), 19, 26, 109, 128, 154, 157 World War I, 5, 151 World War II, 7 WTO (World Trade Organization), 19, 26, 109, 128, 154, 157 Xi Jinping, 178, 179 Yakovlev, Aleksandr, 44 Yanukovich, Viktor, 170,175 Yastrzhembsky, Sergei, 187n42 Yavlinski, Grigori, 75 Yazov, Dmitri, 47 Yeltsin, Boris, 5, 62, 68, 71 Chechnya and, 59-60 Clinton, Bill, and, 12-13 energy and, 149 integration and, 100 isolationism and, 81-85 military and,
86, 88 nomenklatura and, 227 with NT and the West, 230 power concessions, 232 with presidency, 43; 52, 59, 73, 105 “Russia-victim” argument and, 47, 82 setbacks and reassessment, 89-90 US Congress and, 63 Westernist moment and, 76-80 Westernists and, 39, 47 the West and, 17, 24-25, 67, 99, 222, 226-27, 230, 237 Yugoslavia, 97, 98, 205, 233 economic sanctions on, 78, 79, 86 NATO intervention in, 26, 59, 94, 95-97, 105 Yukos, 73, 111 Yurgens, Igor, 142 Yushchenko, Viktor, 190n93
270 Index Zelensky, Volodymyr, 206, 213 Zhirinovski, Vladimir, 65, 88, 134 Zyuganov, Gennadi, 94,134,145 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
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Contents Tables v Note on the Transliteration vii Chronology of Key Foreign Policy Events, 1979-2022 ix xxv Preface 1 : Understanding Change and Continuity in Russia’s Foreign Policy 1 2: The Cold War Crisis and Soviet New Thinking, 1985-1991 31 3: The Post-Soviet Decline and Attempts at Cooperation, 1991-2004 55 4 : Recovery and Assertiveness, 2005-2019 125 5 : From Assertiveness to Isolation? 2019-2022 197 6: Conclusions and Lessons 221 Further Reading 239 Essay Questions 245 Topics for Discussion or Simulation 249 Index 253 iii
Index 9/11, 19, 57, 76, 126-27, 159, 223 reengaging world after, 106-11 Abkhazia, 102, 154-55,158, 16365, 193Ո140 ABM (Anti-Ballistic Missile) Treaty, 107, 170, 202, 224 adoption, children, 131 Afghanistan, 113, 115, 127, 157, 162, 171, 181 Soviet Union and, 41, 42, 45, 122n53, 222, 228 Taliban in, 98,106, 118, 154 US and, 108-10, 150, 223, 228 AIDS/HIV, 156 Akhromeyev, Sergei, 42 Albright, Madeleine, 96 Alexander I, 3, 5 Alexander II, 2, 5, 6, 70, 216 Alexander III, 3 Alliances for Modernization (AM), 140-47,143 Ambartsumov, Yevgeni, 66, 88 Anakonda, NATO, 194nl67 Andropov, Yuri, 49 Angarsk-Daqing project, 111 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, 107, 170, 202, 224 anticommunism, 43 “anti-gay law,” 169 antimissile system, 149-50,156 APEC (Asian and Pacific Economic Council), 160-61, 179 Arab Spring, 224 Arato, Andrew, 56 Arbatov, Aleksei, 79 Arctic Basin, oil, 157 Armenia, 46, 86, 88, 113, 140, 153, 165 Azerbaijan and, 213-14, 215 Eurasian Union and, 175 arms sales, 99, 104,110,147-48 ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), 97,178 Asia, 79-81, 97, 150, 151-52, 178, 231 Asian and Pacific Economic Council (APEC), 160-61, 179 Asia-Pacific region, 97, 104, 144, 151-52, 160-62 al-Assad, Bashar, 163, 169, 171,178, 182,213,214 assassinations, 135, 201 assertiveness, of Putin (2005-2008): Asia with modernization and security, 151-52 assessment and challenges, 155-57 energy strategy and Europe, 149-50 253
254 Index Eurasia, 153-55 GPA,156 Middle East and opposing “war of civilizations,” 150-51 non-Western direction, 150-52 rivalry and limited relations with West, 147-50 stability and security, 154-55 US and, 147—49 assertiveness, recovery and (2005-2019): civilizational turn and new, 168-85 EU, pragmatism and, 173-74 geopolitical relevance of Russia, 125, 126 global and domestic changes, 126-35 national interest redefined, 135-47 pragmatism of Medvedev, 12526,140-47,157-68 ofPutin, 136-40, 147-57 with refined Statism, 136-38 SC and renewed, 143 Association Agreement, 129, 175 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 97, 178 Atambayev, Almazbek, 165 Atsayev, Said, 163 Austria, 5, 173 Azerbaijan, 113, 148, 155, 167, 183,213-15 Baikonur Cosmodrome, 114 Baker, James, 80 Bakiev, Kurmanbek, 166 Baku-Ceyhan pipeline, 98, 114, 116,148 Baku-Novorossiysk pipeline, 102 Balkans, 26, 78, 86, 90,173, 224 Baltic republics, 46, 96, 116 Baltic Sea, 149,172 Basayev, Shamil, 60 Bastrykin, Alexander, 145 behavior, Soviet, 10 Belarus, 48, 86,112, 139,140, 153, 208, 223 approval ratings, 122n66 Collective Security Treaty and, 113 CSTO, 165 Customs Union, 103, 164-67, 175 economic agreement, 115 migrants and, 209 Russia-Belarus Union, 96,114, 215 Belykh, Nikita, 135 Berezovski, Boris, 73, 112,134 Berlin Wall, 37, 43, 222 Biden, Joe, 198-99, 204-7, 214 “Big Treaty,” Russia and Ukraine, 102, 103-4 bilateral relations: with Europe, 207-9 pragmatism in Eurasia and new, 113-14 bin Laden, Osama, 58 Black Sea, 131, 162,166, 170, 204, 206, 207 Blagovolin, Sergei, 120n28 Blue Stream pipeline, 149
Bogdanov, Andrei, 134 Bolshevik revolution (1917), 3 Bolsheviks, 32, 61 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 5 Bordachev, Timofei, 146 borders, 29nl3, 102 Borrell, Josep, 208 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 78, 173 BP (British Petroleum), 107, 117 Brazil, 59,127 Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC), 160 Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS), 127, 141,146, 177, 182, 224 Breedlove, Philip (General), 174 Brezhnev, Leonid, 7, 36, 42
Index BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China), 160 BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa), 127,141, 146, 177, 182, 224 British Petroleum (BP), 107, 117 Browder, William, 169 Bukharin, Nikolai, 35, 226 Bulgaria, 149, 201 Burbulis, Gennadi, 61 Burns, William, 206 Bush, George H. W., 24, 56 Bush, George W, 5 8, 95, 111, 126, 228 capitalism, socialism and, 32 Carr, E. H., 221,232 cartoons, Muhammad, 150 Caspian Sea, 114,116,148,158 Catherine the Great, 217 Caucasus, 57, 59, 60, 101, 141, 223 CFE (Conventional Forces in Europe) treaty, 79 Chaadayev, Petr, 39 change, global and domestic, 12635,129,132 Chechnya, 57, 59-60, 72, 74, 102, 223, 228 OSCE in, 108 stability in, 151, 155 terrorism in, 26, 163 CheKa, 30n21 chekists, 19, 30n21, 72. See also siloviks Cheney, Dick, 148 Chernenko, Konstantin, 33 Chernobyl nuclear accident, 42 Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 96 children, 131, 171 China, 7, 59, 69, 142, 184, 223, 231 BRICS, 127, 141, 146, 177, 182, 224 criticism of, 80 economy, 74,127,132, 133 “Greater Eurasia” and, 178-81 Russia and, 79, 80, 97-98, 99, 110-12, 115, 138, 147-48, 255 151-52, 154, 160-63, 165, 178-81, 185n7, 202,212-13 Russia-China-India security axis, 71, 104-5 US and, 199, 203, 205, 216 China National Petroleum, 111 Choice Party, 120n28 Christianity, 8, 38, 173,177 Chubais, Anatoli, 29n6, 113 Churchill, Winston, 10 CIS. See Commonwealth of Independent States Civic Union, 67, 86 civilizational forces, with military and economy, 195nl78 civilizational turn: “Greater Eurasia” and East, 177-83 new assertiveness and, 168-85 pay off with new assertiveness,
183-85 the West and new rivalry, 168-77 Civilizationists, 4, 20, 38, 65, 68, 71, 87, 96, 154 assertiveness and, 139—40 with isolationism, 230 school of foreign policy thinking, 7-8,226 “clash of civilizations,” 57 climate change, 199, 209, 229, 236 Clinton, Bill, 12-13, 78 Clinton, Hillary, 128, 147, 159 Cold War, 24, 31-33, 56 collective security, 6-7, 83, 102, 113, 115, 167,214 Collective Security Treaty, 113, 115,214 Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), 115, 165, 178,214-15 color revolutions, 125-26, 130-31, 136, 153, 164-66, 170, 205 Comintern, 33 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 80, 84, 100,115, 138 citizenship, 103
256 Index economic agreement and, 83, 102, 105 Eurasian Union and, 161, 164, 175 role of, 63, 71, 82-83 Russia and, 48, 70, 82-83, 112-13,153 communism, Russian foreign policy after, 22 Congress, US, 63, 157, 171 Congress of Russian Communities, 87 conservative opposition, 38-39 Contact Group, 95 Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) treaty, 79 corruption, 49, 74, 108, 128, 133, 135, 141, 144 Council for Foreign and Defense Policy, 67, 68,101, 112, 146 COVID-19 pandemic, 199, 200, 203, 206, 236 Crimea, annexation, 133, 134-35, 176, 178, 230 Croatia, 86 CSTO (Collective Security Treaty Organization), 115, 165, 178, 214-15 culture, 23, 47, 68, 87, 103, 118 Customs Union, 103, 164-67, 175 Czech Republic, 96, 148, 150, 201, 208 Dagestan, 130, 163 Dahrendorf, Ralf, 56 Dayton Accords (1995), 95 defense: arms sales, 99, 104, 110, 147-48 budget, 44, 54n28, 73 Council for Foreign and Defense Policy, 67, 68, 101, 112,146 limits on arms accepted or proposed by Gorbachev, 50 MDS, 19-20, 129, 148, 157, 160, 169, 170, 202, 234 strategies, 118 US-Japanese theater of missile, 98 See also North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe; security democracy, 121n42, 127 Democratic Russia, 47, 81 democratization, 6, 13, 35,48, 139, 168 Deng Xiaoping, 112 Denmark, 150 Derzhava, 68 determinism, free will and, 232 diesel fuel, 192nl36 Dodon, Igor, 173 domestic conditions, 55-60 domestic critics, of NT, 38—40, 40 drones, 213 drug lords, 166, 175 Dzerzhinski, Feliks, 30n21 EAEU (Eurasian Economic Union), 178, 180, 181,214 Eastern Orthodox Church, 2 ecology
threat, 221 economy, 43, 87, 128, 151, 166 APEC, 160-61, 179 China, 74, 127, 132, 133 CIS and, 83,102,105 with civilizational and military forces, 195nl78 EAEU, 178, 180, 181,214 independence, 93-94 India, 127, 132 integration, 102,149, 187n42 modernization, 109-11, 152-53 political strengths and, 131-33 recovery in Russia, 59, 60, 132 Russia and basic indicators, 1999-2007,132 shock therapy strategy, 25, 62, 84-85, 89-90, 237 Silk Road Economic Belt, 179, 181, 183,213,216 Ukraine, 115, 153, 167, 175 See also oil; sanctions, economic Egypt, 130, 183
Index elections, 43, 47, 120ո28, 171, 205-6, 236 energy, 148, 149-50, 152, 153-54, 182 See also oil engagement-minded, 231 English, Robert, 11 Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, 213 “The Establishment of the Strategic Course of the Russian Federation with Member States of the CIS,” 100 Estonia, 83, 173 ethnic Russian (russki), 85, 144,189n66 ethnonationalism, rise of, 46 EU. See European Union Eurasia, 81, 142, 148, 166 assertiveness in, 153-55 “Greater,” 177-83 pragmatism in, 111-16 “privileged interests,” 163-67 Russia and, 214-16 Eurasian Development Bank, 180 Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), 178, 180, 181,214 Eurasianists, 65, 70, 72, 75, 105, 110, 139-40 Eurasian Union, 161, 164, 175, 179, 224 Euromaidan Revolution (2014), 131, 133, 134-35, 174, 175 Europe, 79, 114, 207-9, 232 capitalizing on ties with, 107-8 energy strategy and relations with, 149-50, 152 MDS in, 129, 148, 157, 160 OSCE, 45, 63-64, 67, 78, 84, 88, 92, 108, 148-50, 159 security relations with, 158-60 Europeanism, 28n2 European Union (EU), 74, 108, 128-29, . 155, 173-75 Russia and, 149-50 UN-US-EU-Russia, 150, 158 ex-republics, 63, 82, 84, 87, 113, 223 Federation Council, 136-37, 141, 14445, 200, 204 257 Fedorov, Boris, 112,120n28 “500 Days” plan, 50, 77,122n54 Foreign Affairs (journal), 56 Foreign Intelligence Service, 66,100 foreign policy, of Gorbachev: accomplishments and losses, 49-51 assessment of, 20, 24, 48-53 limits on arms accepted or proposed, 50 New Thinking failure and lessons learned, 51-53 record of New Thinking, 57 foreign policy, Russia: assertive or defensive, 202-4 change and continuity explained,
8-21 change and continuity in, 2-8, 9, 221-29 after communism, 22 constructivist explanation of, 17 evaluating, 21-27 identity and, 21, 29nl9 insufficiency of traditional explanations, 10-13 international relations theories and, 75 national-interest formation, 225-29 from NT to SC, 23-27 record of GPB, 104 seven visions of national interest, 221-25, 225 social construction of, 16-21 social constructivism and, 13-16 three schools of thinking, 4-8, 226-27 foreign policy, Soviet Union, 31-33 Foreign Policy Concept, 70, 88, 138, 144 foreign trade, GNP and, 59 “Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security between Russia and NATO” (1997), 92-93, 96
258 France, 62, 71, 95, 165 MAPs, 148 Russia and, 5, 94, 159, 173 “freedom of choice” principle, 41, 42, 44 free will, determinism and, 232 French Revolution (1789), 2, 3 Fukuyama, Francis, 12, 56, 57 G-7, 77, 78, 82, 234 G-8, 67, 100 G-20, 171, 178 Gaddafi, Muammar, 160,162 Gaidar, Yegor, 61, 112, 120n28, 227 Garton Ash, Timothy, 56 Gazprom, 134, 149, 153, 209 General Assembly, UN, 78 Geneva Accord (2014), 176 Geneva Summit (1985), 42 geopolitical relevance, of Russia, 125, 126 Georgia, 46, 84, 101, 125, 162, 202, 224, 230, 236 arms sales, 148 CIS and, 153 color revolution in, 126,130, 136 economic sanctions on, 154, 156 GUUAM, 114 NATO and, 130, 148, 155, 165 Russian military and, 88, 156, 163,164 South Ossetia and, 155, 159 Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, and Moldova (GUUAM), 114 Germany, 44, 59, 62, 65, 71, 165, 172, 209 Contact Group and, 95 MAPs, 148 Russia and, 5,116, 159, 173 glasnost, 48 global financial crisis, 132 global instability, domestic response and: Index internal challenges and state response, 199-201 power transition and, 198-99 state concentration of power, 201-2 globalization, 20, 126, 146, 151, 183, 203-4, 232-33 global regime change strategy, US with, 228, 237 Glukhovski, Igor, 113 GNP. See gross national product “Go, Russia!” (Medvedev), 141 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 5, 17, 45-47, 56, 62, 222, 232 conservative opposition to, 38-39 foreign policy of, 20, 24, 48-53 “freedom of choice” principle and, 41, 42, 44 liberal opposition to, 39-40 limits on arms accepted or proposed by, 50 with new vision of world politics, 34-35 NT and, 11,33-37,38,
221-22, 226 Primakov and, 230-31 promises and disappointments, 40-43 security policy legacy, 41 Social Democrats and, 64-65 the West and, 31, 32, 53n4, 229 Gorchakov, Alexander, 6, 7, 69-70, 71 GPA (Great Power Assertiveness), 139,156 GPB. See Great Power Balancing Grachev, Pavel (General), 86 Graham, Thomas, 235 Great Britain, 5, 95, 128 “Greater Eurasia,” 177-83 Great Power Assertiveness (GPA), 139,156 Great Power Balancing (GPB), 26, 70, 71, 73, 104, 222 flaws, 104-5
Index Primakov and, 138, 227, 228, 230-31,233 Greece, 149, 162, 173 Greg, German, 134 gross national product (GNP), 59, 74, 127, 131 decline, 58, 132, 200 defense budget and, 44, 54n28 for USSR and US, 1960-1985, 35 Grushko, Alexander, 174 gumannyi sotsializm, 5 Gusinski, Vladimir, 73, 134 GUUAM (Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, and Moldova), 114 Hamas, 150 Helsinki Accord (1975), 45, 53n2, 95, 158 Herzen, Alexander, 3 Hitler, Adolf, 7 HIV/AIDS, 156 Holy Alliance, 5 House of Representatives, US, 171 Hu Jintao, 111 human rights, 53n2, 224, 228 Hungary, 43, 96, 149, 173 Huntington, Samuel, 57 Hussein, Saddam, 57, 94, 109 “hybrid warfare,” 174 hydrocarbons, 217n7 ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles), 79, 149 identity: coalitions with changes, 133-35 national, 14-16, 61-76 Russia, foreign policy and,21,29nl9 IMF (International Monetary Fund), 25, 58-59, 63, 77, 85, 89, 93, 95 India, 7, 69, 116, 148, 160, 216, 223,231 BRICS, 127, 141, 146, 177, 182, 224 259 economy, 127,132 Russia and, 79, 80, 97, 99, 11011, 138,213 Russia-China-India security axis, 71, 104-5 INF (Intermediate Nuclear Forces) Treaty, 170 Ingushetia, 130, 163 Institute of Contemporary Development (INSOR), 142 integration: economic, 102, 149, 187n42 of former Soviet area, 99-103 globalization and, 232 isolationism and, 230, 231 the West, 76-81, 232 intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), 79, 149 Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, 170 Intermediate Nuclear Missile Treaty, 150 International Affairs (journal), 81 international and domestic conditions (1991-2004): domestic weakness and
recovery, 58-60 liberal world order to new security threats, 56-58 post-Soviet decline, 55-60 Russia, 58, 59, 59, 60,129 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 25, 58-59, 63, 77, 85, 89, 93, 95 international organizations: laws to shut down, 193nl48 Western, 77-78, 93, 222 international relations theories, 15, 70, 104,212 international security agenda, the West and, 78-79 Iran, 65, 74, 116, 171, 178, 184, 216 missiles and, 149 nuclear weapons and, 98, 127, 160, 206
260 Index Russia and, 79, 97, 98-99, 111, 147, 150, 155, 157, 182,213, 214, 219n52 SCO and, 148 Iraq, 26, 74, 79, 109, 205, 209, 233 Russia and, 90, 94-95, 105 US and, 94, 95, 97-98, 108-10, 126, 127, 156, 165, 223 IS (Islamic State), 182 Islam, 91, 130, 151, 163, 169 Islamic State (IS), 182 Islamists, 185n7 isolationism, 49, 231, 235 in former Soviet region, 81-85, 100 as impractical, 229-30 Israel, 150, 162, 167 Italy, 162,173 Ivan III, 216 Ivan IV, 8 Ivanov, Sergei, 112 Izvestiya (newspaper), 79 Japan, 59, 65, 69, 74, 85-86, 98, 161, 179 “Joint Declaration on a Multipolar World and the Formation of a New International Order,” 98 Kabardino-Balkaria, 130, 163 Kapitsa, Pyotr, 4, 35 Karaganov, Sergei, 203—4 Kazakhstan, 86, 113-15, 122n66, 137, 214 Customs Union, 103, 164-67,175 oil, 116, 148, 153, 167 Kerry, John, 169 Khattab, 60 Khodorkovski, Mikhail, 73,134 Khristenko, Viktor, 112 Khrushchev, Nikita, 3, 7, 28n2, 32, 35, 226 Kim Jong-il, 161, 172 Kirill (Patriarch), 145 Kirov Oblast, 135 Klyuchevski, Vasili, 61 Kohl, Helmut, 77, 78 Kommunist (journal), 37 Komsomol, 62 Kortunov, Andrei, 146 Kosolapov, Richard, 37 Kosovo, 96, 97, 98, 105, 235 Kozyrev, Andrei, 5, 11,20, 55, 59, 65-66, 86, 227 isolationism and, 81-85, 100 military and, 87, 88 national identity and interest, 61, 62, 64 setbacks and reassessments, 88-90 Westernist moment and, 76, 78-81 the West and, 17, 24-25, 67, 92, 95, 222, 229, 230 Krutskikh, Andrei, 171 Kuchma, Leonid, 114 Kudrin, Aleksei, 134 Kuril Islands, 85-86, 162 Kyrgyzstan, 86, 113, 115, 180, 214 color revolution in, 126, 130, 164 Customs Union, 103,
164-67, 175 Latvia, 47, 173 Lavrov, Sergei, 208,211, 214 Leites, Nathan, 10 Lenin, Vladimir, 7, 10, 50,226 Le Pen, Marine, 173 lessons: for Russia, 229-33 for the West, 233-37 LGBT persons, 193nl47 Liberal Democratic Party, 65, 134 liberal opposition, NT, 39-40 liberal world order, with new security threats, 56-58 Libya, 79,130, 160,162, 167, 178, 234 Ligachev, Yegor, 42, 44 Lithuania, 47,108 Litvinov, Maksim, 6-7 Lukashenko, Aleksandr, 114, 154, 215 Lukeoil, 94
Index Macron, Emmanuel, 173 Magnitsky, Sergei, 128, 158, 169 Magnitsky Law, 131, 158 Major, John, 77 Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, 170 MAPs (Membership Action Plans), NATO, 148 Marshall Plan, 31, 77, 234 Maskhadov, Aslan, 60 Matlock, John, 212 Mattis, James, 172 McCain, John, 148 MDS (Missile Defense System), 19-20, 129, 148, 157, 160, 169, 170, 202, 234 Medvedev, Dmitri, 5, 19, 26, 134, 202, 224, 228 AM and, 140-47, 143 pragmatism of, 125-26, 140-47, 157-68 SC and, 143-45,146 the West and, 27, 128, 129, 229 Yushchenko and, 190n93 Membership Action Plans (MAPs), NATO, 148 Merkel, Angela, 30n23, 173 Middle East, 69, 127, 129, 141, 142, 156, 224, 235 migration in, 232 oil, 106 Primakov and, 91, 97 rebuilding influence in, 181-83 Russia and, 90, 151, 155, 160-63, 213-14 terrorism and, 184 US and, 150-51, 155, 169, 182 migration, 128,130,209, 232 military, 73, 92, 93, 154, 165, 174, 213 bases, 114, 167, 192nl36 dominance, 180-81 with economy and civilizational forces, 195Ո178 Georgia with Russian, 88, 156,163,164 NATO and Anakonda, 194nl67 261 navy, 114, 131, 162,164, 170 with new doctrine, 86-87 Russia and ex-republics, 87 solutions in Iraq resisted, 94-95 in Ukraine, 206, 211-12, 216 US, 127, 157, 158, 167 See also defense Miloševič, Slobodan, 96, 107 Milyukov, Pavel, 5, 11,61 Minsk II (2015), 210, 212 Minsk Protocol (2014), 172 Mirziyoyev, Shavkat, 180 Missile Defense System (MDS), 19-20, 129, 148, 157, 160, 169, 170, 202, 234 missiles, 33, 79, 98, 114, 149-50, 156 modernization, 109-11, 140^17,143, 151, 152-53, 156,168 Moldova, 46, 57, 86, 108, 139, 166, 175 CIS and, 153
GUUAM, 114 military in, 88, 158 OSCE and, 84 Russia and, 173 Transdniestr and, 155 Molodaya gvardiya (periodical), 65 Mongols, 2, 6, 8 Montenegro, 173 Mueller, Robert, 184 Muhammad (Prophet), 150 Muslims, 78, 98, 130, 150-51, 163, 231 leaders in Russia, 76 Uighur minority group, 97, 115 Muslim world, 79-81, 151, 155 Naftogaz, 166 Nagorno-Karabakh, 80, 83, 213-14, 215 Najibullah, Mohammad, 45 National Communists, 65, 66, 75 national identity: Self, Other and, 14-16 Statist-balancers, 68-71 Statist-pragmatists, 72-76 three perspectives on interest and, 61-76
262 national interest, Russia: AM and contending views, 143 assertive or defensive foreign policy, 202—4 Civilizationists and, 65, 139-40 formation, 225-29 GPA and contending views, 139 NT and, 36-37, 37 perspectives, 1991-2004, 61 perspectives, 2005-2019,136 Primakov and, 222 Putin and, 75, 136-40 redefined, 135-47 SC and contending views, 146 seven visions of, 221-25,225 nationalism, rise of, 232 nationalities, revenge of NT at home and crisis for, 45-48 national path, Russia following, 232-33 National Security Concept (1997), 70, 74 National Security Strategy, 140 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization Navalny, Aleksey, 201-2, 206, 207, 208, 217nl2 navy, 114, 131, 162, 164, 170 Nazi-Soviet Pact, 10 Nemstov, Boris, 206 New Thinking (NT), 49, 230 Cold War and Soviet foreign policy, 31-33 contending views, 40 domestic critics of, 37, 38-40 Gorbachev and, 11, 33-37, 38, 221-22, 226 record of, 57 revenge at home and crisis for nationalities, 45-48 Russian foreign policy from SC to, 23-27 the West with recognition of, 40-45 Nicholas II, 3 Nikonov, Vyacheslav, 204 Index Niyazov, Saparmurat, 114 nomenklatura, 36, 39, 61-62, 90, 227 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 18, 33, 35, 45, 63, 83, 205, 206 Anakonda, 194nl67 expansion, 57, 66, 71, 92-93, 101, 155, 156, 184,210,223, 224, 227, 228, 231,235, 237 membership, 44, 96, 130, 148, 155, 165, 173, 174,234 OSCE and, 92, 148,159 readiness, 129, 207 Russia and, 92-93, 95-96, 104, 107, 157-58, 159 194Ո170 Ukraine and, 102, 130, 148, 155, 164, 165,211,233 with Yugoslavia intervention, 26, 59, 94, 95-97, 105 North Korea,
81, 152, 160-61, 17172, 179, 181 North Ossetia, 130, 158, 163 Norway, 107 NT. See New Thinking nuclear energy, 42, 111 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, 81 nuclear war, 42 nuclear weapons, 138, 150, 152, 16970, 172, 181,221,224 disarmament, 41, 49, 93-94, 222 Iran and, 98, 127,160, 206 Nuland, Victoria, 206 Obama, Barack, 129, 131, 148, 156, 169, 174 on LGBT persons, 193nl47 Merkel on Putin, 30n23 Putin and, 128, 170-71, 228, 234 oil, 106, 111, 183 companies, 107, 117, 134, 140, 149, 153, 157, 166, 209 pipelines, 98, 102, 103, 113, 114, 116, 148, 149, 161, 180, 206, 208
Index prices, 23, 59,109, 117, 132, 133, 139-40, 153, 156, 164, 167, 175, 200 Okruashvili, Irakli, 155 oligarchs, 19, 30n21,72, 73, 90, 134,211 OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), 106, 116 opium, 157 Orange Revolution, in Ukraine, 27, 153, 154 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE): in Chechnya, 108 Helsinki Accord and, 45 Moldova and, 84 NATO and, 92, 148, 159; role of, 63-64, 67, 78, 88, 149-50 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 106, 116 Organization of the Islamic Conference, 151 Orthodox Christianity, 8, 173,177 OSCE. See Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Other, 14-16, 23,31,234 “overtime comparison,” 27 Owen, David, 78 Pakistan, 115 Palestine, 150 Palmyra, Syria, 182 Pan-Slavism, 8 Paris peace treat (1856), 69-70 Patrushev, Nikolai, 174, 202, 204 Pavlovski, Gleb, 137,187n40 perestroika, 48 Permanent Joint Council, 94 Perry, William, 92 Peter the Great, 2, 4—5, 6,226 Pikayev, Alexander, 83 poisonings, 135,206 Poland, 43, 96, 116, 150, 173, 209, 210 politics, 125-26, 131-33, 153-54, 164-66 263 populations, Muslims, 151 Poroshenko, Pyotr, 177 Portugal, 74 post-Soviet decline (1991-2004): international and domestic conditions, 55-60 Putin and pragmatic cooperation, 2000-2004, 105-19 Statist challenge, 19941995, 91-105 three perspectives on national identity and interest, 61-76 Westernist moment, 19911993, 76-91 poverty, 25, 29nl3, 132, 156, 221 power, 68, 91, 93, 232 capabilities of Russia, 100 state concentration of, 201-2 transition, global instability and domestic response, 198-99 UN and, 45,
91,107 See also Great Power Balancing Pragmatic Cooperation: globalization and, 233 Putin with, 19, 26-27, 74, 105-19, 223 Pragmatic Cooperation, of Putin (2000-2004): post-Soviet decline and, 105-19 record of pragmatic Statism, 117 pragmatic Statism, 105, 117 pragmatism, AM and, 143 pragmatism, of Medvedev (2009-2011): Asia-Pacific region and, 160-62 China and Middle East, 160-63 economic opportunities, 166-67 Eurasia and “privileged interests,” 163-67 Europe and security relations, 158-60 “reset” with West, 157-58, 167 Pravda (newspaper), 91 Presidential Administration and Security Council, 66
264 Index Primakov, Yevgeni, 7,11,13,18, 70-71, 117, 223,229 Foreign Intelligence Service and, 66,100 with foreign policy, 25-26,29η 13 Great Power Balancing strategy and, 138, 227, 228, 230-31,233 integration and, 99, 101-3 national interest and, 222 Statism and, 103-5 as Statist-balancer, 68-69 support for, 121n37 Western influences and containment, 91-99 “privileged interests,” 163-67 punishment, isolationism and, 235 Pushkov, Aleksei, 204 Pussy Riot, 169 Putin, Vladimir, 7, 11, 55, 125, 130, 133, 153, 175, 200 Asia-Pacific region and, 160, 161 assertiveness of, 136-40, 14757, 197, 201 Biden, Joe, and, 205-6 criticism of, 76, 138-39, 154 on democracy and dissolution of state, 12Խ42 with economy, civilizational and military forces, 195nl78 with foreign policy, 29nl3 with international organizations, 193nl48; legacy, 13, 23, 223-24 Merkel on, 30n23; national interest and, 75 Obama and, 128,17071, 228, 234 with Pragmatic Cooperation, 19, 26-27, 74, 105-19, 223 with presidency, 60, 126, 128-29, 143-44, 201, 224, 227, 233, 237 “Russia at the Turn of the Millennium” speech, 72,136 SC and, 27, 144—46 support for, 60, 73 Trump and, 129, 146-47, 17072, 202, 205 the West and, 122n53, 223, 224, 229, 231 Yastrzhembsky on, 187n42 Al Qaeda, 109, 228 Qatar, 214 railways, 116,161,163 Rakhmanin, Oleg, 42 Rasmussen, Anders Fogh, 159 Reagan, Ronald, 33, 42,45 reality, utopia and, 232 Red Square, 42, 178 reform socialism, 226 refugees, 176 regime change: in Libya and Syria, 234 US with global strategy of, 228, 237 religion, 8, 38, 145, 173 Rice, Condoleezza, 106 Rogov, Sergei, 116 Romania,
149 Rose Revolution (2003), 126 Rosneft, 134, 140, 157 rossiyanin (Russian defined in civic terms), 85 RT (news agency), 174 Russia, 106,112 Muslim leaders in, 76 national path, 232-33 in Ukraine, 225, 229, 230, 231,233,234 UN-US-EU-Russia, 150, 158; UR, 143 US elections meddling, 171, 205-6,236 See also foreign policy, Russia; national interest, Russia; specific topics
Index “Russia at the Turn of the Millennium” speech, 72, 136 Russia-Belarus Union, 96, 114, 215 Russia-China-India security axis, 71, 104-5 Russia-Georgia conflict, 224, 230 Russia-NATO Founding Act (1997), 194Ո170 Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion, 76 Russian defined in civic terms (rossiyanin), 85 “Russia-victim” argument, 47, 82 russki (ethnic Russian), 85, 144, 189n66 Ryabkov, Sergei, 170 Saakashvili, Mikhail, 114, 154—55, 165 Sakharov, Andrei, 4, 35 SALT II (Strategic Arms Limitations Talks), 33 sanctions, economic, 235 on Georgia, 154, 156 on Iraq, 79, 94 on Libya, 79 on Russia, 128, 129, 131, 133, 172, 206,211 on Yugoslavia, 78, 79, 86 Sarajevo, 86 Saudi Arabia, 117, 182, 183, 214 SC (State-Civilization), 23-27, 14345,146,185 SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization), 115, 127, 141, 148, 152, 160, 178,214 secessionism, 57, 84, 102 Sechin, Igor, 140, 142 security, 21, 66, 79, 93, 96, 151-52 collective, 6-7, 83, 102, 113, 115, 167,214 Collective Security Treaty, 113, 115,214 CSTO, 115, 165, 178, 214-15 defense and, 44, 50, 54n28, 73 Europe and, 158-60 national, 70, 74, 140 265 OSCE, 45, 63-64, 67, 78, 84, 88, 92, 108, 148-50, 159 policy and legacy of Gorbachev, 41 Russia-China-India axis, 71, 104-5 stability and, 154-55 threats with liberal world order, 56-58 vulnerabilities for Russia, 130-31 the West and confrontation over, 209-12 See also North Atlantic Treaty Organization Security Council, UN, 95, 97, 100, 158, 160, 163, 172, 182 Self, national identity with Other and, 14-16 September 11, 2001. See 9/11 Serbia, 96,173 Serbs, Muslims and, 78 Shakhnazarov,
Georgi, 12Խ37 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), 115, 127, 141, 148, 152, 160, 178, 214 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 37,44, 47,113 Shevtsova, Lilia, 139 shock therapy strategy, 25, 62, 84-85, 89-90, 237 Siberia, 134, 160, 179 Silk Road Economic Belt, 179, 181, 183,213,216 siloviks, 19, 30n21, 72-73, 133֊ 35, 145, 202 Skokov, Yuri, 66-67 Skripal, Sergei, 135 Slavic unity, 8, 154 Slovakia, 173 Snowden, Edward, 129,170,178 social construction, of Russian foreign policy, 16-21 social constructivism, promise of, 13-16 Social Democrats, 64-65, 66, 71 Sorel, Albert, 229
266 Index South Africa, 127, 141, 146, 177, 182, 224 Southeast Asia, 97, 178 South Korea, 80-81, 152, 161,213 South Ossetia, 130, 154, 155, 159, 163, 165, 193nl40 Soviet Union, 7, 10, 78 Afghanistan and, 41, 42, 45, 122n53, 222, 228 collapse in 1991, 17, 23, 64 dissolution of, 47, 48, 56, 84 foreign policy, 31-33 as “great Eurasian space,” 47 growth rates for economy, 43 integration of former area, 99-103 See also post-Soviet decline Sputnik (new agency), 174 SS-27 (Topol-M), 149 Stalin, Josef, 6, 7, 10, 33, 36 Stankevich, Sergei, 18, 66-67, 81 START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty): 1,19 II, 79, 94, 97 new, 156,170, 205-6 state, internal challenges and global instability, 199-201 State-Civilization (SC), 23-27,14345,146,185 State Department, US, 131 Statism, assertiveness and refined, 136-38 Statist-balancers (1994— 1999), 68-71, 71 Statist challenge (1994-1999): with economic and military independence, 93-94 integration of former Soviet area, 99-103 with Iraq and resisting military solutions, 94—95 with NATO expansion opposed, 92-93 Primakov and, 103-5 record of GPB, 104 with Western influences contained, 91-99 with the West and relations outside, 97-99 with Yugoslavia and NATO intervention, 95-97 Statist-pragmatists (2000-2004): national identity and interest, 72-76 opposing perspectives, 75-76 perspective of, 72-74 Putin and view of national interest, 75 Russia with increased military budget, 73 Statists, 4, 230 Civilizationists and, 68 with Cold War and foreign policy, 33 with institutional advantages, 65-67 NT and, 35, 38 school of foreign policy thinking, 6-7, 226
the West and, 18, 32 Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT II), 33 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), 19, 79, 94, 97, 156, 170, 205-6 Strategic Defense Initiative, 33 “Strategy for Russia” (Council for Foreign and Defense Policy), 112 Suez Canal, 111 suicide bombers, 163 Suleimani, Qasem (General), 219n52 Sullivan, John, 206 SWIFT payment system, 208 Switzerland, 107 Syria, 147, 163,167, 169, 171, 202, 209 Arab League, 214 instability in, 129,130 Palmyra, 182 regime change in, 234 war, 135
Index Taiwan, 152 Tajikistan, 84, 86, 98, 113, 115,214,215 civil war, 101 CSTO, 165 Customs Union, 103, 164-67, 175 military and, 114, 165, 192nl36 Taliban, 45, 91, 98, 106, 118, 154 Tashkent Collective Security Treaty, 115 technology sector, 157 “A Temporary Friendship or an Eternal Alliance?” (Yavlinski), 75 terrorism, 58, 60, 126-27, 165, 176 attacks, 19, 57, 166, 175, 223 Al Qaeda, 109, 228 Taliban and, 45, 91, 98, 106, 118, 154 threats, 23, 26, 113, 163, 184, 228 war on, 109, 126, 130, 151 See also 9/11 Thatcher, Margaret, 42, 45 Tiananmen massacre (1989), 80 Tillerson, Rex, 171 Tishkov, Valeri, 82, 85, 88 Topol-M (SS-27), 149 Trans-Caspian pipeline, 98 Transdniestr, 84, 155 Trans-Korean Railroad, 161 Trans-Pacific Partnership, 161 transportation initiatives, 115-16 Trans-Siberian Railroad, 116, 161 TRASEKA, 116 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 10 Trenin, Dmitri, 142, 208-9 Trump, Donald: administration, 128,135,184, 198, 203, 205, 207-8, 214, 225 Putin and, 129,146-47, 170֊ 72, 202, 205 Tunisia, 130 Turkey, 80, 162, 166, 172, 178, 183, 184,213,216 oil and, 114, 149 Taliban in, 98 267 Turkmenistan, 103,113, 116, 148, 153, 167, 180 Uighur minority group, 97,115 Ukraine, 83, 113, 137, 139, 171, 172, 223, 236 approval ratings, 122n66 Association Agreement and, 129, 175 CIS and, 48, 153 color revolution in, 126, 130, 136, 164, 170 crisis in 2022,126 economy, 115, 153, 167, 175 Euromaidan Revolution, 131, 133, 134-35, 174, 175 GUUAM, 114 invasion of, 209-12 lack of progress on, 175-77 military in, 206, 211-12, 216 NATO and, 102, 130, 148, 155, 164, 165,211,233 Orange Revolution in,
27, 153, 154 Russia and, 102,103^1,114,118, 166, 190n93, 209-12 Russia in, 225, 229, 230, 231,233,234 US and, 206 the West and, 231, 233 Ukrainian Orthodox Church, 177 Ulyukayev, Alexei, 135 UN. See United Nations UNESCO, 182 unilateralism: Russia, 138; US, 75, 125, 127, 137, 138, 147, 165, 224 Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, 86, 142 United Nations (UN), 68, 157, 223, 236 economic sanctions, 78, 79, 86, 94 General Assembly, 78 Gorbachev and, 40, 41-42 power and, 45, 91,107
268 Security Council, 95, 97, 100, 158, 160, 163, 172, 182 UN-US-EU-Russia, 150, 158 United Russia (UR), 143, 201 United States (US), 62 Afghanistan and, 108-10, 150, 223, 228 China and, 199, 203,205,216 Congress, 63, 157, 171 global instability and dominance of, 126-29 with global regime change strategy, 228, 237 GNP, 1960-1985, 35 growing conflicts with, 168-72 House of Representatives, 171 improved relations with, 157-58 Iraq and, 94, 95, 97-98, 108-10, 126, 127, 156, 165, 223 Japan and, 98 Marshall Plan, 31, 77, 234 Middle East and, 150-51, 155, 169, 182 military, 127, 157, 158, 167 as perceived threat, 25 Russia and, 78, 89-90, 99, Юб11, 117, 128, 130-31, 138, 141, 145-49, 170-72, 204-7 Russian meddling in elections, 171, 205-6, 236 social divides, 198-99 State Department, 131 Ukraine and, 206 unilateralism, 75, 125, 127,137, 138, 147, 165, 224 UN-US-EU-Russia, 150, 158 UR (United Russia), 143, 201 US. See United States utopia, reality and, 232 Uzbekistan, 114,115, 148, 165, 180,215 Valdai Club, 203 Vance, Cyrus, 78 Varga, Yevgeni, 37 Index Venezuela, 147 Vernadski, Vladimir, 4,35 Vietnam, 180 Volker, Kurt, 172 Wall Street Journal (newspaper), 106 “war of civilizations,” Middle East and, 150-51 war on terror, 109, 126, 130, 151 Warsaw Pact, 35, 45 Washington Post (newspaper), 192nl36 weapons of mass destruction, 94,138 welfare, as foreign policy evaluative standard, 21 Western international organizations, 77-78, 93, 222 Westernist moment (1991-1993): with Asia and Muslim world neglected, 79-81 toward integration, 76-81 isolationism in former Soviet region, 81-85 record
of course, 90 Russia and ex-republics, 87 Russia and power resources, 91 setbacks and reassessment, 85-91 striving to join Western international organizations, 77-78 supporting international security agenda, 78-79 Westernists, 4-5, 39, 47, 66, 226-27 course, 64, 67, 89, 90 Putin critics, 138-39 Westernist-Statist consensus, 112 Westernizers (1991-1993): contending views, 66 opposing perspectives, 64-65 perspective on national identity and interest, 61, 61-64 Statists with institutional advantages, 65-67 the West: capitalizing on relations outside, 97-99
Index Containment of, 91-99, 231 cooperation with non-, 177-78 criticism of, 25, 224, 229-30, 234 defined, 185n8 engaging on mutuafiy acceptable terms, 235-36 Gorbachev, Mikhail and, 31, 32, 53n4, 229 integration with, 76-81, 232 international security agenda, 78-79 Khrushchev and, 32 Kozyrev and, 17,24-25, 67, 92, 95, 222, 229, 230 lessons for, 233-37 minimizing relations with, 205-9 non-Western direction, 150-52 non-Western powers and partnership, 212-16 NT recognized by, 40-45 as Other, 31, 234 Pavlovski on, 187n40 pragmatism of Medvedev and “reset” with, 157-58, 167 Primakov and, 91, 99, 229 Putin and, 122n53 rivalry and limited relations with, 147-50 Russia and, 32, 210 security and confrontation with, 209-12 Statists and, 18, 32 staying engaged, 234-35 support for, 17, 24-25, 27, 31, 32, 53n4, 128, 129, 222, 223, 226-27, 229, 237 tempering expectations, 236-37 as threat, 235 Ukraine and, 231, 233 Yeltsin and, 17, 24-25, 67, 99, 222, 226-27, 230, 237 Wight, Martin, 27 Winter Olympics, 169 Wishnick, Elizabeth, 193nl40 Witte, Sergei, 3 269 Wolfers, Arnold, 1 World Bank, 25, 77, 89 world politics., Gorbachev with new vision, 34-35 World Trade Organization (WTO), 19, 26, 109, 128, 154, 157 World War I, 5, 151 World War II, 7 WTO (World Trade Organization), 19, 26, 109, 128, 154, 157 Xi Jinping, 178, 179 Yakovlev, Aleksandr, 44 Yanukovich, Viktor, 170,175 Yastrzhembsky, Sergei, 187n42 Yavlinski, Grigori, 75 Yazov, Dmitri, 47 Yeltsin, Boris, 5, 62, 68, 71 Chechnya and, 59-60 Clinton, Bill, and, 12-13 energy and, 149 integration and, 100 isolationism and, 81-85 military and,
86, 88 nomenklatura and, 227 with NT and the West, 230 power concessions, 232 with presidency, 43; 52, 59, 73, 105 “Russia-victim” argument and, 47, 82 setbacks and reassessment, 89-90 US Congress and, 63 Westernist moment and, 76-80 Westernists and, 39, 47 the West and, 17, 24-25, 67, 99, 222, 226-27, 230, 237 Yugoslavia, 97, 98, 205, 233 economic sanctions on, 78, 79, 86 NATO intervention in, 26, 59, 94, 95-97, 105 Yukos, 73, 111 Yurgens, Igor, 142 Yushchenko, Viktor, 190n93
270 Index Zelensky, Volodymyr, 206, 213 Zhirinovski, Vladimir, 65, 88, 134 Zyuganov, Gennadi, 94,134,145 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Cygankov, Andrej P. 1964- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)124065627 |
| author_facet | Cygankov, Andrej P. 1964- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Cygankov, Andrej P. 1964- |
| author_variant | a p c ap apc |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048305623 |
| classification_rvk | ML 6600 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1331791987 (DE-599)BVBBV048305623 |
| discipline | Politologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie |
| edition | Sixth edition |
| era | Geschichte 1985-2022 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1985-2022 |
| format | Book |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:08:03Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:34:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781538161494 9781538161487 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033685324 |
| oclc_num | 1331791987 |
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| physical | xxviii, 270 Seiten |
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| spelling | Cygankov, Andrej P. 1964- Verfasser (DE-588)124065627 aut Russia's foreign policy change and continuity in national identity Andrei P. Tsygankov Sixth edition Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London Rowman & Littlefield [2022] © 2022 xxviii, 270 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "Now fully updated and revised, this clear and comprehensive text explores the past thirty years of Soviet/Russian international relations, comparing foreign policy formation under Gorbachev, Yeltsin, Medvedev, and Putin. Challenging conventional views of Moscow's foreign policy, Andrei Tsygankov shows that definitions of national interest depend on visions of national identity and is rooted both in history and domestic politics. Yet the author also highlights the role of the external environment in affecting the balance of power among competing domestic groups. Drawing on both Russian and Western sources, Tsygankov shows how Moscow's policies have shifted under different leaders' visions of Russia's national interests. He gives an overview of the ideas and pressures that motivated Russian foreign policy in six different periods: the Gorbachev era of the late 1980s, the liberal "Westernizers" era under Kozyrev in the early 1990s, the relatively hardline statist policy under Primakov, the more pragmatic course of limited cooperation under Putin and then Medvedev, and the assertive policy Putin has implemented since his return to power. Evaluating the successes and failures of Russia's foreign policies, Tsygankov explains its many turns as Russia's identity and interaction with the West have evolved. The book concludes with reflections on the emergence of the post-Western world and the challenges it presents to Russia's enduring quest for great-power status" Geschichte 1985-2022 gnd rswk-swf Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russia (Federation) / Foreign relations Soviet Union / Foreign relations Great powers Russia (Federation) / Foreign relations / Western countries Western countries / Foreign relations / Russia (Federation) Nationalism / Russia (Federation) Social change / Russia (Federation) URSS / Relations extérieures Grandes puissances Nationalisme / Russie Diplomatic relations Nationalism Social change Russia (Federation) Soviet Union Western countries Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 s Geschichte 1985-2022 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-5381-2408-6 Vorangegangen ist Fifth edition 2019 978-1-5381-2407-9 (DE-604)BV045551205 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033685324&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033685324&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register 6 |
| spellingShingle | Cygankov, Andrej P. 1964- Russia's foreign policy change and continuity in national identity Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003846-4 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Russia's foreign policy change and continuity in national identity |
| title_auth | Russia's foreign policy change and continuity in national identity |
| title_exact_search | Russia's foreign policy change and continuity in national identity |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Russia's foreign policy change and continuity in national identity |
| title_full | Russia's foreign policy change and continuity in national identity Andrei P. Tsygankov |
| title_fullStr | Russia's foreign policy change and continuity in national identity Andrei P. Tsygankov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Russia's foreign policy change and continuity in national identity Andrei P. Tsygankov |
| title_short | Russia's foreign policy |
| title_sort | russia s foreign policy change and continuity in national identity |
| title_sub | change and continuity in national identity |
| topic | Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Außenpolitik Sowjetunion Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033685324&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033685324&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT cygankovandrejp russiasforeignpolicychangeandcontinuityinnationalidentity |