Rethinking the Gulag: identities, sources, legacies
"The Soviet Gulag was one of the largest, most complex, and deadliest systems of incarceration in the 20th century. What lessons can we learn from its network of labor camps and prisons and exile settlements, which stretched across vast geographic expanses, included varied institutions, and bro...
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Bloomington, Indiana
Indiana University Press
[2022]
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| Zusammenfassung: | "The Soviet Gulag was one of the largest, most complex, and deadliest systems of incarceration in the 20th century. What lessons can we learn from its network of labor camps and prisons and exile settlements, which stretched across vast geographic expanses, included varied institutions, and brought together inmates from all the Soviet Union's ethnicities, professions, and social classes? Drawing on a massive body of documentary evidence, Rethinking the Gulag: Identities, Sources, Legacies explores the Soviet penal system from various disciplinary perspectives. Divided into three sections, the collection first considers "identities"--the lived experiences of contingents of detainees who have rarely figured in Gulag histories to date, such as common criminals and clerics. The second section, "sources," explores the ways new research methods can revolutionize our understanding of the system. The third section, "legacies," reveals the aftermath of the Gulag, including the folk beliefs and traditions it has inspired and the museums built to memorialize it. While all the chapters respond to one another, each section also concludes with a reaction by a leading researcher: geographer Judith Pallot, historian Lynne Viola, and literary scholar Alexander Etkind. Moving away from grand metaphorical or theoretical models, Rethinking the Gulag instead unearths the complexities and nuances of experience that represent a primary focus in the new wave of Gulag studies."-- |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | vii, 310 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten (schwarz-weiß) |
| ISBN: | 9780253059611 9780253059628 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a "The Soviet Gulag was one of the largest, most complex, and deadliest systems of incarceration in the 20th century. What lessons can we learn from its network of labor camps and prisons and exile settlements, which stretched across vast geographic expanses, included varied institutions, and brought together inmates from all the Soviet Union's ethnicities, professions, and social classes? Drawing on a massive body of documentary evidence, Rethinking the Gulag: Identities, Sources, Legacies explores the Soviet penal system from various disciplinary perspectives. Divided into three sections, the collection first considers "identities"--the lived experiences of contingents of detainees who have rarely figured in Gulag histories to date, such as common criminals and clerics. The second section, "sources," explores the ways new research methods can revolutionize our understanding of the system. The third section, "legacies," reveals the aftermath of the Gulag, including the folk beliefs and traditions it has inspired and the museums built to memorialize it. While all the chapters respond to one another, each section also concludes with a reaction by a leading researcher: geographer Judith Pallot, historian Lynne Viola, and literary scholar Alexander Etkind. Moving away from grand metaphorical or theoretical models, Rethinking the Gulag instead unearths the complexities and nuances of experience that represent a primary focus in the new wave of Gulag studies."-- | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS vii Acknowledgments i. Introduction: Gulag Studies since the Archival Revolution / Alan Barenberg and Emily D. Johnson PART I. i Identities 2. Religious Identity, Practice, and Hierarchy at the Solovetskii Camp of Forced Labor of Special Significance / Jeffrey S. Hardy 19 3. Censoring the Mail in Stalin’s Multiethnic Penal System: The Use of Languages Other Than Russian in Soviet Inmate Correspondence / Emily D. Johnson 43 4. “Who Are You in Life?”: The Gulag Reputation System and Its Legacies Today / Gavin Slade 67 5. The Real Gulag: Commentary on the “Identities” Section / Lynne Viola 91 PART II. Sources 6. “They Won’t Survive for Long”: Soviet Officials on Medical Release Procedure / Mikhail Nakonechnyi 103 7. Applying Digital Methods to Forced Labor History: German POWs during and after the Second World War / Susan Grunewald 129 8. Framing Gulag Memoirs: A Distant Reading / Sarah J. Young 135 9. Researching the Gulag in the Era of “Big Data”: Commentary on the “Sources” Section / Judith Pallot 181
vi CONTENTS part ni. Legacies io. The Role of Nature in Gulag Poetry: Shalamov and Zabolotsky / Josephine von Zitzewitz 197 11. “I Would Very Much Like to Read Your Story about Kolyma”: Georgii Demidov, Varlam Shalamov, and the Development of Gulag Prose, 1965-67 / Alan Barenberg 220 12. The Necropolis of the Gulag as a Historical-Cultural Object: An Overview and Explication of the Problem / Irina Flige, Translated by Josephine von Zitzewitz 243 13. Sites and Sounds of the Camps: Commentary on the “Legacies” Section / Alexander Etkind 273 14. Afterword / Alan Barenberg and Emily D. Johnson Index 295 284
INDEX Italicized page numbers refer to figures or tables. anthropology, 10 antitheft laws (1947), 3,146 Abbas-Ogly, A. Sh., 161 Abez camp (Komi ASSR), 261 Abrosimov (Unzhlag procurator), 126n61 Antonii, Archbishop, 34 Antonov-Ovseenko, Anton, 286 Abushinov, 161 “Adage, The” [Sententsita] (Shalamov), 202 Applebaum, Amie, 132 archives, as memoir theme, 164,165 archives, Soviet and post-Soviet, 2,6, 12-13; “archival counterrevolution,” 289; central and local, 106; declassification of documents, 182,191; FSB, 289; KGB, 170; NKVD, 44; non-Russian, 60-61; opening of (early 1990s), 19; partial opening of, 7, Adzhubei, Aleksei, 226 agriculture, collectivization of, 5 Aituganov, I. P., 167 Akhmatova, Anna, 217n66,263 Akhtiamov, Ia. A., 162,164 Aldan-Semenov, A. I., 226 Aleksandrovskii, V. G., 160 Alexeyeva, Liudmila, 277 Alexopoulos, Golfo, 72-73,104,105,122, 123; on Gulag medical discharge data, 106; on mortality rates in medical release, 113, 121,135 Alieva, Svetlana, 159 Altailag complex, 207 ALZHIR [Akmolinsk Camp for Wives ofTraitors to the Motherland] (Kazakhstan), 160 amnesties, 13n5,59,246,254 And It Was in Those Days [I bylo v te dni] (Ashkenazi), 161 92,184; regional, 289; secret police, 267 Arendt, Hannah, 274-75 Arkhlag camp, 114 Armenia, German POWs in, 134,142 arrests, 3, 6,9,12,170,189; as focus of Gulag manuscripts, 225; in memoirs, 173-74, 173; “prisoner s personal file” and, 249 Art and Life in the Gulag (Tvorchestvo i byt Gulaga) catalogue, 199 Ashkenazi, Μ. B., 161 Anna Ivanovna (Shalamov), 236,238n9 atheism, 20,204 Auschwitz, 228,229,230,236 autobiography, as
genre marker in memoir titles, 163 Aviator, The (Vodolazkin), 177n40 AntConc software, research using, 158,189 Azerbaijan, 118,119,134 Andreev, Gennadii, 24 Andreevskii (layjosephite), 31,33,34 295
296 INDEX Baikal-Amur Mainline, 137 Balakhlag camp, 53 Balkarians, 4 Baltic repubfics, 50,58,79,188. See aho Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania Barenberg, Alan, 12,104,131,135,141,274, 275; on porousness of labor camp system, 156; on Vorkuta and coal mining, 142 Barnes, Steven, 8,47,84,141; on “coddling of the thieves,” 74; on reliability of official statistics, 104 Bas-Relief in the Rock (Aldan-Semenov), 226 Beauty in Hell: Culture in the Gulag (virtual exhibition, Hunterian Museum), 199 Belarus, 4,50; German POWs in, 134,141, 142 Belbaltlag (Medvezh ia gora) camp, 60 Bell, Wilson, 121,135,141,156 Belousov, V., 160 Beria, Lavrentii Pavlovich: labor mobilization of POWs and, 130,133-37,145, 147,150n51; medical release process (aktirovanie) and, 110, 111; practice of using prisoners as guards and, 98nl3 Berman, Matvei Davydovich, 108,109,112 Bernstein, Seth, 185-86 “Berries” [lagody] (Shalamov), 214n8 biographies, 156,163 Bitches’War (1948-53), 75 Black Candle, The [Chernaia svecha] (Vysotsky and Mochinskii), 277 black markets, 71,82,95 blatnye (career criminals), 3,10,70,82; governance by, 76; as managers of information, 71,86nl8; privileges of, 73-74; signatures of, 75. See also criminals, common; thieves blocs, as threat to thieves’ hierarchy, 79-80 Blok-Baers, R. Μ., 159 Bogdesko, I. T., 167 Bolonkin, A. A., 160 Bolshevik regime, 31,32,33, 34; Bolshevik ideology, 7-8; improvised policies toward religious inmates, 20-25,26; nationalities policy of, 59-60; penal procedures and non-Russian languages, 47-48 Branesti colony (Moldova), 82 Brezhnev, Leonid, 221 Brodskaia, Lidiia
Maksimovna, 222 Bubnov (procurator of Sevpechlag), 114,115 Bulgakov, Viktor, 165 Bulganin, Nikolai, 136 bureaucracy, Stalinist, 106 “Burial” [Pokhorony] (Shalamov), 201 bytoviki (petty offenders), 3,71 Camp Cultural Education Sectors, 7,11 “Campfires and Stars” [Kostry izvezdy] (Shalamov), 211 Cancer Ward [Rakovyi korpus] (Solzhenitsyn), 157 card games, criminal culture and, 68,70,75 caste system (inmate hierarchy), 68,70,74, 85n4; in post-Soviet prisons, 78-79; as reputation system, 75-76; separation of castes, 80-81; supported by bulk of common criminals, 71 Catholic inmates, 21 Caucasus, punished peoples of, 4 cell phones, in prisons, 81,95 cemeteries, 12,250,251,273; cenotaphs to executed family members, 266; of deportees, 257,258. See ako graves/burial sites censorship: delays in mail delivery and, 51; military, 54,55; protocols in different penal categories, 52; self-censorship, 106; shifts in language usage over time and, 56; stamps and blacking, 44-45,47,53,57,62n8; translation and, 48,49, 50 Central Asia, 4,5,56 Černoušek, Stepan, 186,192n7 Chalidze, Valery, 77 Chechens, 4,172 Cheka, 259,263,267 Chekhranov, Pavel, 22,26-27 chekists (secret police), 28 Chernezkii (Dmitlag deputy procurator), 115 Chernyshev, Vasilii Vasilevich, 111, 112,136 Chernysheva (OITKhead), 111-12 Chernyshevsky, Nikolay, 62n23 China, penal system of, 182 Ciliga, Ante, 92 Circle after Circle [Krugza krugom] (Bogesko), 167
INDEX 197 Circles ofHell [Krugi ada] (Aituganov), 167 cities, German POW camps near, 134,139 civil war, Russian, 20,47 Clarke, Roger A., 149n39 class enemies, 19,21 coal basins, German POW camps and, 142, 144,145 Cold War, 130,146,273 collectives (teams ofworkers), 73,95 collectivization, 3-4,9,132 Communist Party, 20,97,231 Conquest, Robert, 6,132 construction projects, large-scale, 132-33 corruption, 71,72,77,95; inabibty to fulfill centralized plans and, 98; ubiquity of, 73; underfunding of prisons and, 84 Council of Europe, 182 “Creators of Roads, The” [Tvortsy dorog] (Zabolotsky, 1947), 208 Cricova No. 15 colony (Moldova), 80 Criminal Russia (Chalidze, 1977), 77 criminals, common, 67,71,131-32,288; culture of, 68; divide with pohtical prisoners, 84; in Solovki, 25,28,35. See also blatnye (career criminals); thieves Cultural Education Sector, 46 Cyrillic alphabet, 54 deportations, 4,170,172,173,188,239n54; of families, 244; funerals and memory among deportees, 255-58,257,258. See also exiles detachment (otriad) system, 76,82,95 “detective story,” as genre marker in memoir titles, 162,164 Devil s Dance, The (Izmailov), 177n40 D’iakonov, Vladimir Pavlovich, 114,115 D’iakov, Boris, 226 Dialectics ofNature (Engels, 1925 [1883]), 216n47 diaries, 8,105,156,158, 163 Dmitlag camp, 49,60,94,115 Dmitriev, Iurii, 273,287 Dobronravov (chief of directorate of camp courts), 112 documentary, as genre marker in memoir titles, 162,163 Dombrovskii, Iurii, 62nl2 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 157,165,167,168,199 Dray-Khmara, Mikhailo, 56 Dreimanis, Janis, 62n8 drug dealers, in prisons, 81-82
Dubravlag, 184 “Dwarf Pine, Ihe” [Stlanik] (Shalamov), 211-12,213 Daniel, Yuly, 277 data-gathering methods, 186,192,192n9 David-Fox, Michael, 123 Death and Redemption (Barnes, 2011), 8, 148Ո11 death rates. See mortality/death rates Decembrist revolutionaries, 168 dekulakization, 173 “Dekulakized for ‘Sabotage’” [Raskulacheny za sabotazh”] (Ignatov), 17Snll Demidov, Georgii Georgievich, 220,274, 278; end of friendship with Shalamov, 221; literary landscape after Ivan Denisovich and, 225-27; as physicist, 222-23; post-camp life of, 223; as prisoner in Kolyma, 222, 230,233; Shalamov’s correspondence with, 220-24,226-30,232,234-37,276; “The Stiff,” 232,233 Demidova, Valentina Georgievna, 232,233 Eastern Europe, 93,94 ego documents, 105 Egorov (prisoner released with ТВ), 117 Eikhmans, Fedor, 26 Ekibastuz camp (Kazakhstan), 160 “elephants” [slony] (prisoners resistant to thieves’ system), 79 Emets (Siberia region director), 107-8,112 Engalychev (ULLP deputy head), 111 Engels, Friedrich, 216n47 epidemics, 29,243,259 E. P. Peshkova: Aid for Pohtical Prisoners, 49 Epshtein, Mikhail, 215n40 Ermolaev, S. A., 160 escapes, 97-98,175nll Estonia, 9,74,288; archives in, 289; German POWsin, 134,141 Estonian language, 50,59 Estonians, 4
298 INDEX ethnic cleansing, Soviet, 239n54 Etkind, Alexander, 10,12 Eto priamo zdes (“It happened here”) project (Memorial Society), 186 Everything Flows (Grossman, 1955-63), 278, 280-81,281n6 “Everything that was in my soul” [ Vse, ehto bylo v dushe] (Zabolotsky), 206 executions, 8,267n3; documentation of death and burial, 245-49,254; extrajudicial, 246,249; memory of executed individuals, 262-64; secrecy of, 243,247; as theme of Gulag memoirs, 173 exiles, 3,4,5,8,290. See also deportations Fainshtein, Aleksandra Mikhailovna, 223 Falevich, Petr, 22 family, as memoir theme, 164,165,170,173, 174 famines, 5,106,182,243,280 Fate and Will [Suďba i volia] (Vaishvillene), 162 Federovich (UITLiK procurator), 115 Feldman, A. E., 56 Feodosii, Archimandrite, 24,25,26,27,31 Fet, Afanasy, 201 fiction, 1,6,13 “filtration” camps, 268n4 Filtzer, Donald, 121-22,138 Fink, Lev, 166 Finland, 129 Finns, 4,138,188,287 First Circle, The [V krugepervom] (Solzhenitsyn), 5,157 five-year plans, 9 Flige, Irina, 6,12,186,214,273,274 Florensky, Pavel, 199 forced labor, 5,131,185,209; economic gains through, 9; five-year plans and, 9; of German POWs, 131-38; in Tsarist period, 131 Forced Labor in Soviet Russia (Dallin and Nicolaevsky), 6 Formakov, Arsenii, 43,54 Formakova, Anna Ivanovna, 43 Frolov (chairman ofAzerbaijani UITLiK camp court), 118,119-20 “From Lomonosov’s Diary” [Iz dnevnika Lomonosova] (Shalamov), 211 FSB (Federal Security Service), 93,274,285, 289 Full Face and Profile: [Article] S8-10 [Anfas i profil : 58-10] (Mindlin), 159 Fursenko, Andrei, 284 Futurism, 204,205 Gambetta, Diego, 74
gangs, prison, 69-70,80 GARF (State Archive of the Russian Federation), 49,106,252,290 Gavrilova, Sofiya, 185 gender, 96,158 Georgia, 68; German POWs in, 134; reputation system in post-Soviet prisons, 78,83 German language, 50,257 Germans, Soviet, 4,257 Gershman, Μ. D., 167 Getty, Arch, 182 Ginzburg, Evgeniia, 6,157,167,188,198. See also Journey into the Whirlwind [Krutoi marshrut] Ginzburg, Isaak Grigorievich, 108 GIS (geographic information system) mapping, 12,131,184,185,186,187 glasnost’, 289 Goldstein, Darra, 207,216n47 “Gomborsky Forest” [Gomborskii les] (Zabolotsky, 1957), 208-9 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 285,289 Gorbatov, Aleksandr, 226 Gorshenin, Konstantin Petrovich, 116-17 Granovskii, German Markovich, 112 “Graphite” (Shalamov), 203,228 “Grasshopper and the Cricket, The” [Kuznechik i sverchok] (Sedakova), 207 graves/burial sites, 12,233,243-45,266-67; “to bury well” (pokhoroniť khorosho) as tradition, 256,257,258,268n32; Christian burials, 29,38-39n51; documentation of death in camps and prisons, 249-53, 251; documentation of death in special settlements, 253-54; documentation of deaths in transit, 254-55; executions
INDEX and, 245-49; memory of those who died in camps, 259-62,260-62; special settler cemeteries, 243,244,258; witness statements about burials, 264-66. See also cemeteries; mortality/death rates Great Terror (1937-38), 3,132,171,231, 246,290; executions during, 263; secrecy and, 259,262 Greeks, Crimean, 172 Gridin, V. Μ., 161 Grigorii, Bishop, 31 Grinev, Mitrofin, 22 Grinevich, Archpriest, 30-31 Grossman, Vasilii, 167,278,280-81,281n6 Grunewald, Susan, 12,181,184-85,187-88, 191 guards, 8,71,233; failure to separate prisoners by category, 72; inmates as, 97,98nl3; processing of new arrivals, 82 Gubanov (UITLiK camp court chairman), 120 Guide to the Labor Camps of the USSR [Spravochnik ispravitel no-trudovykh lágerei v SSSR] (Moscow Memorial), 185,186 GUITU (Main Administration of CorrectiveLabor Establishments), 107,108,121 Gulag [Glavnoe upravlenie lágerei] (Main Administration of Camps), 1,6,9,105; broadened definition of, 91-92; camps linked by transportation arteries, 74; capital construction projects and, 132-33; chronology and context in relation to, 96-97; creation of (1929), 131; as defining experience of the Soviet Union, 162; economic role of, 5,9-10,76,116, 123,132,274; lack of formal control in camps, 72; legacies of, 10,12,13,84,291; medical release practices and, 104,105; Nazi camp system compared with, 91, 97,182,230,236,274; number of staff, 97; poor functioning of, 96; Procuracy and, 121; record-keeping agencies of, 253-54; rehabilitation as goal, 76; SANO (Sanitary department), 107,108,112,115; SLON as predecessor of, 19; symbiotic relationship with GUPVI
network, 12; Third Department, 74; as underfunded system, 122-23 299 Gulag Archipelago, The (Solzhenitsyn, 1973), 1,6,10,91,157,234,235; authorial prefaces’ references to, 166,167,168; as framework for later Gulag memoirs, 221 ; on the Great Terror, 171 ; illegal circulation in the Soviet Union, 221; preface, 2; subtitle of, 155; testimony of prisoners and, 232 Gulag Maps project, 8 Gulag studies, 2,67, 157, 290; computer technologies and, 181; evolution of, 6-10; interdisciplinary, 11; POW camp system integrated into, 187 Gullotta, Andrea, 156 GUPVI (prisoner of war) network. See UPVI/ GUPVI Hardy, Jeffrey, 11,74,92-94,98,113,199 Healey, Dan, 123 Heinzen, James, 73,74 “He warms his frozen fingers” [ On pal’tsy zamerzchie greet] (Shalamov), 202-3 Hirsch, Francine, 46,59 history, as memoir theme, 164,165,169 Holmgren, Beth, 165 Holocaust, 274; memoirs of, 168; spatial history project at Stanford, 185; US Holocaust Memorial Museum, 286 hooliganism, 72,132,148n9 Hoover Institution, 290 Hope Abandoned (Mandelshtam), 175nl4 Hope Against Hope (Mandel’shtam), 175nl4 Hunterian Museum (Glasgow), 199 lagoda, Genrikh, 254 lakhina, Guzel, 177n40 “I Ask Myself” [I sprashivaiu sebia] (Vaza), 161 I Cannot Forget [Ne moguzabyt’] (AbbasOgly), 161 identity, national, 2,4,9,45,49,79; cultivated by Soviet state, 60; persistence and erosion of, 94 “I live not by bread alone” [Ia zhiv ne edinym khlebom] (Shalamov), 202 “Impossible to Express in Words” [Nevozmozhno vyraziť slovami] (Abushinov), 161
ЗОО INDEX “I Must Tell” [la dolzhen rasskazať] (Siniagovskii), 161 In Defiance of the Blows of Fate [Naperekor udarom sud by] (Akhtiamov), 162 industrialization, 3,132,206; forced labor and, 5; seen as achievement of Soviet Union, 288 informants/informers, 8, 50,84,277; “goats” {kozly), 79; in post-Soviet prisons, 78,83; ubiquitous presence of, 71,74,76,95 information/communication, 68-70,71,76, 95; across state borders, 81-82; central remand prisons as switchboards, 80-81; credibility of, 75,81,85; documentation of death and, 259; “polyopticon” (mutual monitoring among prisoners), 73,83; reputation system and, 78; thieves’ code and, 74 Ingush, 4 intelligentsia, Soviet, 224,231,276 interrogation, 1,4,172-73,173 “In the Taiga” [Vtaige] (Zabolotsky, 1947), 208 “In the wild North a lone pine tree stands” [Na severe dikom stoit odinoko] (Lermontov, 1841), 212 “In this Birch Grove” [Vetoi rochche berezevoi] (Zabolotsky, 1946), 209-10,281 I Remember How It Was [Ia pomniu, как eto bylo] (Zubovskii), 160 “irregulars” [neputi; neputevye] (thieves’ code breachers), 79,81 Irshtein, Μ., 161 “Islands of the Gulag Archipelago in Kazakhstan” [Ostrova arkhipelaga GULAG v Kazakhstane] (Sabinin), 167 lusoshius, General Ionas, 261,261 Ivan Fedorovich (Shalamov, 1962), 236 Ivanova, Gahna, 116,121,124n4,131 “I was educated by stern nature” [Ia vospitan prirodoi surovoi] (Zabolotsky, 1953), 208 “I was given a body” [Dano mne telo] (О. Mandel’shtam, 1909), 203 Izmailov, Hamid, 177n40 Jakobson, Michael, 131 jargon/slang, criminal, 46, 68,70,75,82,95 Jewish inmates, 21 Johnson, Emily D.,
11,93-94,98,174 Joseph, Metropolitan, 33 Journey into the Whirlwind [Krutoi marshrut] (Ginzburg), 157,198,225,234 Journey to the Gulag, A (film, dir. Polensky), 192n7 Kaganovich, Lazar, 136 Kakhovskaia, Irina, 166 Kalmyks, 4,172 Karachai, 4 Karéba (Karelo-Finland), 134,268nl5,274, 287 Karlag camp (Kazakh SSR), 8,60,94 Karvasin, Lev, 261 Katyn, murder of Polish officers at, 289 Kazakhstan, 4,8, 58,207; German POWs in, 133,141,142,145; Karaganda region, 51, 60,160; regional archives in, 289; Western Kazakhstan UITLiK camp court, 120 Keats, John, 207 Kengir camp (Kazakhstan), 160 KGB (Committee for State Security), 170, 234,267,274 Khalmuradov, Sagdulla Khalmuradovich, 56-58 Kharkhordin, Oleg, 73 Khasanov, Mirsaid Mustafich, 55 Khelemskii, Mikhail Isaevich, 114,115 Khlebnikov, Velimir, 205 Khlevniuk, Oleg, 72,73,131,135 Khristianovich, Bertkhol’d Ivan, 257 Khrushchev, Nikita, 3,113,225,273,285; destalinization launched by, 289; ouster of, 221,235; Stahn criticized by at XXII Party Congress, 221 Kilin, Iurii, 287 Kirill, Patriarch, 287 Kiselev-Gromov, Nikolai, 25 Kizsi, Lyafitova Sakkina Abbas, 118 Klinger, Anton, 21,24,32 knowledge, subcultural, 75 Kogan, L., 253 Kolyma camp system, 5,157,210,228,233; as “Auschwitz without the ovens,” 229, 230,236; Butugychag (mining section),
INDEX 229; referenced in memoir tides, 159; representation of the camp experience, 227-32; Shalamov as prisoner in, 200,220, 231; Vysotsky songs about, 277 Kolyma Notebooks [Kolymskie tetradi] (Shalamov, 1994), 197 Kolyma Notes (Shelest), 226 Kolyma Stories [Kolymskie rasskazy] (Shalamov), 197,198,201,203,220,232; Berries,” 214n8; “Dry Ration,” 217n69; The Left Bank (second cycle of Kolyma Stories), 220,236; piecemeal publication abroad, 200,234; The Spade Artist (third cycle of Kolyma Stories), 220; “Trampling the Snow,” 228; writing of, 227,235 Kolyma: The Arctic Death Camps (Conquest), 6 Komi ASSR, 55,115,220,261 ; Lithuanian exiles in Inta, 262; Minlag coal mining camp, 223,261 Kondrashev (Novosibirsk procurator), 115 Konovalev, Aleksander, 84 Корка, 72 Kotkin, Stephen, 11 Krasnov, Simeon, 22 Krasnoyarsk camp, 72,75 Krivosh-Nemanich, Vladimir, 48 Kruglov, S., 137 Kruketskii, A. K., 210 Krylov, Hegumen Pitirim, 26 Kudriashov, Μ. Μ., 117 kulaks (wealthy peasants), 3-4,5,96,132,254 Kutiavin, Nikolai Grigor evich, 52-55,63n45 Kutsenko, Grigorii Petrovich, 45,62nl 1 Kuznetsov (commander of Vladimirskaya oblasť labor colonies), 112 Kyiv Society of Political Prisoners and the Repressed, 45 Kyrgyzstan, 68; German POWs in, 142; reputation system in post-Soviet prisons, 78,79-84,95 labor army (trudovaia armita), 109,110 labor camps, 2,3,7,91,96; language policy in, 44; peasants in, 93; presentation albums for visiting dignitaries, 8; projects produced at, 5; as sites of Russification/Sovietization, 60; transfers and, 74 ЗОЇ labor colonies, 2, 3,77,91; censorship protocols in,
52; projects produced at, 5; translators and, 74 “Lake in the Woods” [Lesnoe ozero] (Zabolotsky, 1938/1944), 207 Landau, Lev, 222,223 “Late Spring” [Pozdniaia vesna] (Zabolotsky, 1948), 208 Latvia, 9,288; archives in, 289; Museum of the Occupation of Latvia (Riga), 44,45 Latvian language, 44,45,54 Latvians, 4,172 law merchants, medieval, 69,70 LEF (Left Front ofArt), 204 Leliukhin, Deacon, 31 Lenin, Vladimir, 171 Leningrad Affair, 3 Leninism, 164,167 Leonardovich, Mechislav, 29 Lermontov, Mikhail, 212 Lesiuchevskii, Nikolai, 278-79 letters, 13,156,158,163 Lettersfrom the House ofthe Dead [Pis ma iz mertvogo doma] (Shiller), 167 Levi, Primo, 168 Life and Fate (Grossman), 281 “Life of Engineer Kipreev, The” (Shalamov), 236 Likhachev, Dmitrii S., 34,92,275 Linde, Vera, 222 Lisianskii, Valerii, 162,170 literary studies, 10 Lithuania, 9,68,288; archives in, 289; German POWs in, 134,141; reputation system in post-Soviet prisons, 78,79,83 Lithuanian language, 44,45 Lithuanians, 4,172,257-58,258 Living (Renovationist) Church, 21-22,30, 32,33,93 Lobov, Zakharii, 22 local history (kraevedcheskie) museums, 186 “Lodeinikov” (Zabolotsky, 1932), 216n49 Lozina-Lozinskii, Vladimir, 28 Lundblad-Janjic, Josefina, 228-29 Lutheran inmates, 21 machine learning technology, 190-91,192n9,290 Magadan, 210,229-30
302 INDEX Malenkov, Georgii, 136 Malsagov, Sozerko, 25 Mamedov, Hussien Guli Aga Ogly, 119 Mamuchashvili, Elena, 222 Mandelshtam, Nadezhda, 156,162,175η 14 Mandelshtam, Osip, 203 Mapping the Gulag: Russia s Prison Systemfrom the 1930s to the Present (website), 141,185, 186 Marchenko, Anatolii, 166 Marchenko, Zoia, 159 Martin, Terry, 59 Marushin, Petr Maksimovich, 118 Marxism, 21 “Masks of Sorrow: Europe-Asia” (Neizvestny), 286 Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 204 medical release process (aktirovka or aktirovanie՝), 12,103-5,120-23,184,191; diagnoses by number and percentage, 118·, “façade of legality” and, 105-6,110, 116,120; Ministry ofJustice (Miu) and, 116-20; NKVD and, 107-13; Procuracy and, 113-16; red tape and, 113,116-17, 120,121; registered death index and, 108; “release to die” practice, 104,114,122, 182-83; situational cover-up and, 122,183. See also mortality/death rates Medvedev, Dmitri, 284-85 memoirs, 1,6,8,13,46,291; of camp bosses and guards, 8; on correspondence in non Russian languages, 43; distant reading of, 155-56,189; fictional forms associated with, 165; of German POWs, 142; machine learning technology applied to study of, 190-91; negative view of common criminals in, 67; online database of, 156; by ordinary people, 92; of pohtical prisoners, 84-85,94-95; on politicals’ interaction with thieves, 71; published since fall of Soviet Union, 93; of SLON inmates, 21, 36nl0; of Soviet officials, 105; on speech forms in mixed-ethnicity barracks, 56 memoirs, framing of, 155-58,174-75; authorial prefaces and, 164-68,188; opening scenes and, 168-74,188-89; prefatory
materials and, 158; Russian literature as context, 168,174; titles and, 158-62,163-64,188 Memorial (human rights network), 47,55-57, 186,286; Gulag art collection of, 199; revisionist narratives opposed to, 287-88, 291 memory, 31,237; of executed individuals, 262-64; in ramifies of special settlers, 255-58,257,258; Gulag displaced from cultural memory, 273; of people who died in the camps, 259-62,260-62; Russian state and memorialization of the Gulag, 285-86; as theme in authorial prefaces to Gulag memoirs, 165,166; as theme in Gulag memoirs, 169,170-71; in titles of Gulag memoirs, 159,160-61 “Memory of the Gulag” [Pamiať o Gulage] (Vengerskii), 175nll messages (ksiva, maliava, or progon), 75,81 “Metamorphosis” [Metamorfozy] (Zabolotsky), 207 Michurin, Ivan, 206 “Midday” [Polden ] (Zabolotsky, 1948), 208 Mikhailov (procurator of Birlag), 114 Milgrom, Paul, 69 Mindlin, Μ. B., 159 mining, 5,206,223,278; arrests of mining engineers, 9; POW labor and, 145 Ministry ofJustice (Miu), 104,105,116-20 Minlag camp (Komi ASSR), 223,261 Mironov, S. N., 247 Mitrotskii, Archpriest Mikhail, 23-24 Moldavians, 4 Moldova, 68; German POWs in, 134,141, 142; reputation system in post-Soviet prisons, 78,79,80, 81,82,83,95 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 136,137,147 Monakhov, Viktor, 77 Moretti, Franco, 155 “Morning” [Ufro] (Zabolotsky, 1946), 209 Morson, Gary Saul, 165 mortality/death rates, 2,6,96,103,106,274; archival information about, 7; downwardly revised estimates, 181-82; “façade of legality” and, 105,110; fake documents issued to families, 264,274; of German POWs, 135,149n26; manipulation/
INDEX distortion of, 2,113-14,116,119,122; of medically discharged invalids, 103,117-21, 118; reliabihty of official figures, 104; secrecy and euphemisms involving, 106, 124nl3; of special settlers, 244,253; in war years, 109,133. See also graves/burial sites; medical release process Morukov, Mikhail, 148nl6 Moscow Memorial, 185,190 mourning, 279-80 Murav, Harriet, 274 Museum of Gulag History (Moscow), 286, 288 Museum of the Gulag website, 185 Museum of the Occupation of Latvia (Riga), 288 muzhiki (common prisoners), 71,79,80 MVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs), 44, 77,112,116,118; labor mobilization of POWs and, 137,147,187; Prison Section (Tiuremnyi otdeÎ), 51; red tape in, 120 “My ‘Stalinist Academy’” [Moia “Stalinskaia akademiia ] (Khromushin), 175nll My Testimony [Moipokazaniia] (Marchenko), 166 MZ [mesta zakluchenia] (prisons and colonies), 108 Nakonechnyi, Mikhail, 11-12,133,135, 181-84,191; on “archival cormterrevolution,” 289; on documentation of prisoner burials, 251 Nasedkin (Gulag director), 109,110-11,112 national groups, deportations of, 4 nationalism, among prisoners, 79 national minorities, 10,49,94 national theme/story, in memoirs, 164,165, 169,172,174 Naturphilosophie (Schelling, 1797-99), 216n47 Nazis, 105,129,138,184,230,274,288 Nechaev (URO inspector), 111 Necropolis of the Gulag, 12,186,245,264, 266,273-74. See also graves/burial sites; mortality/death rates Neizvestny, Ernst, 275,286 Nekrasov, Nikolai, 201 ЗОЭ “New York—Moscow—Siberia under Convoy” [N’iu-Iork—Moskva—Sibir po etapu] (Blok-Baers), 159 NGOs, Russian, 186,287,288, 291 nicknaming, in
prison culture, 68,70,75 “Night Garden, The” [Nochnoi sad] (Zabolotsky, 1937), 279-80 “Nightingale” [Solovei] (Zabolotsky, 1939/1944), 207 Nikodim, Father, 28 Nikolaev, O. P., 256,268n32 NKU (Commissariat ofJustice), 107-8,121 NKVD (People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs), 44,47,72,105,268n4; archives of, 267; burial sites concealed by, 274; documentation of death and, 250,254; executions by, 243,246-48,263; German POWs and, 134,142,147,187; in Gulag staff during war years, 97; medical release practicesand, 104,107-13,115,117-18, 122; Procuracy in relation to, 113; records of, 104; special settlements created by, 132. See also secret police; OGPU; UPVI/ GUPVI Nogtev, Aleksandr, 25,26 Noril’sk camp system, 159,206,232 North, Douglass, 69 Northern Camps of Forced Labor, 21 North Korea, 182 Notes from the House of the Dead [Zapiski iz mertvogo doma] (Dostoevsky, 1862), 157, 165,199 Notes of a Camp Doctor [Zapiski lagernogo vracha] (Aleksandrovskii), 160 Notes of a Goner [Zapiski dokhodiagi] (Belousov), 160 Notes of an “Enemy of the People [Zapiski “vraga naroda”] (Ermolaev), 160 Notes of a Political Prisoner [Zapiski politzakliuchennogo] (Bolonkin), 160 “Not Everyone Was Admitted to Our Circle” [V nosh tesnyi krug ne kazhdyi popadal] (Vysotsky song, 1964), 277 Novosibirsk, city of, 5 Novyi mir (journal), 224,225,226 “Nugget, A” (Shelest, 1962), 226 Nuremberg trials, 230
304 INDEX OAGS (registry section), 254 OBERIU [Ob edineniereal nogo iskusstva] (Association for Real Art), 197,205 Ogly, TagievHussien Aga Mamed, 118-19 OGPU (Joint State Political Directorate), 107, 245, 248,254; archives of, 267; civil status of special settlers and, 253; secrecy ofburial sites and, 263; Special Purpose Sections (ChON) of, 249 Olitskaia, E. L., 164 One Day in the Life ofIvan Denisovich (Solzhenitsyn, 1962), 6,91,157,200, 221,222; Demidov influenced by, 232; ex-prisoners’ responses to, 234-35; literary landscape of 1960s influenced by, 225-27; perspective of peasant in, 231; publication approved by Khruschchev, 225; “typical” prisoner experience in, 290 “On Prose” [O proze] (Shalamov), 155,228 oral histories/testimony, 6,13,92,163 organized crime, 77 “Oro” (Florensky, 1936), 199 Orthodox clergymen, as inmates, 19-20, 22,35-36,92-93; abuse ofreligious sensibilities and, 25; Church hierarchy and, 30-35; “Epistle of the Solovetskii Bishops,” 32-33; “Josephites” and “Sergiusites,” 33-35,36,39n71; labor imposed on, 24; memoirs of, 22,24; religious practice in SLON and, 26-29; repression viewed as test of faith, 23-24. See also Russian Orthodox Church OSP (Section for Special Settlers), 253 OTSP (Section for Labor and Special Settlements), 253 Otto, Robert, 134 outcasts (obizhennye), 70 Pallot, Judith, 8,11-12,68,141,290 Partisan mine/camp, 56 Pashutina (head of directorate of camp courts), 116,117,119-20 Pasternak, Boris, 198,201 Päts, Helgi-Alice, 59 peasants, 93,96,231; “toburywell” (pokhoroniť khorosho) as tradition, 256, 257,258,268n32; deported as
families, 244; kulaks (wealthy peasants), 3-4,5,96, 254; Ukrainian famine and, 280 Pechorlag camp, 72,73 People Remain People (Piliar, 1963-64), 226 People’s Commissariat ofJustice, 21 Perm-36 camp, memorial museum at, 287-88 Petr, Archbishop, 28,29 Piacentini, Laura, 73 “Pictures of the Far East” [Kartiny dal’nego voztoka] (Zabolotsky, 1944), 208 Piliar, Iurii, 226 Pirozhenko, Iliia, 22 “Poem in Honor of a Pine Tree” [Stikhi v chest sosny] (Shalamov), 212 “Poet from Within, The” [Poet iznutri] (Shalamov), 202 poetry, nature and, 1,156,197-99,216n47, 228; lyric poetry, 213-14; nature as enduring reference point, 212; nature as source of hope, 201; Russian classical poetry, 205; of Shalamov, 197,200-205, 278; of Zabolotsky, 205-10,278-79 Pokrovka colony, 81 Polak, Lev, 166,167 Poland, Soviet invasion of (1939),129 Polensky, Tomas, 192n7 Poles, 4,254 political offenders, 19,74,78,235; forced labor and, 132; inmate caste system and, 70; medical release of, 110; as minority of Gulag population, 2-3,13n5; personal accounts by, 7; reputation system and, 76,84-85; in strict regime camps (psobye lageri), 91; as translators and censors, 50 Political Red Cross, 48 polozhentsy (prison leaders), 78 Pol’skii, Archpriest, 26,28,32-33 Popashenko, L P., 246-47 Popov, Ivan, 26,32 Pospelov, Archpriest, 31 post-Soviet states, 13 poststructuralism, 182 POWs (prisoners ofwar), German, 5,129, 148n4,184-85; in factories, 135-36; forced-labor mobilization of, 131-38,147; mapping of POW camps, 138,139-40, 141-42,143-44,145-46,147,149֊50n43,
INDEX 187-88; population density of camps, 144, 145,150-51ո53; reconstruction of Soviet Union and, 130-31,133,134,136-38, 145-47,191; repatriations of, 134-35,142, 147,149ո26,150ո51; Western nations’ pressure on USSR to release, 146,151n57 Pratt, Sarah, 207 prisoner mail, in non-Russian languages, 43-47,51-56, 93-94; Arabic script, 55; camp rules and procedures relating to, 47-51; censors and, 44-45,47,62n8; delays in circulation, 51,63n41; emotion conveyed in non-Russian languages, 45,52, 53-54,55,94; forgetting of native language, 59; shifts in language usage over time, 56-59,57; Soviet Latinization campaign and, 55; Soviet “prison ofpeoples” and, 59-61; translators and, 44,48,49 prison-industrial complex, 107,108 prisonization, 67 prisons, 2,3,7; remand prisons, 80,81,84,244, 249; as sites of Russification/Sovietization, 60; underfunding of, 47,82,84 prison transfers, 57,71,74,95; decrease in post-Stalin period, 77; of Orthodox clergymen, 20; in post-Soviet period, 84; translators and, 50; wartime increase in, 74 Procuracy, 104,105,113-16,121 property rights, 70,95 Protestant inmates, 21 Pushkin, Aleksandr, 168,198,205 Putin, Vladimir, 189,284,285,287,289 “quarantine” (reception unit ofprison colony), 80,81,82 railroads, German POW camps near, 140,141, 150n45,188 Ratushchnyi, Major-General, 136 Ratushnaia, L. P., 164-65,166 Razgon, Lev, 167 record-keeping, 253 Red Terror (1918-21), 249 reeducation, 20,22,132,146,148nll refashioning, ideological, 132,146,148nll rehabilitation, 76,173,224,277; certificate of, 231,249; multiple obstacles to, 277 305 religious inmates,
10,11,35 representation, problem of, 155,168 reputation systems, 68-71,84-85; emergence and expansion of, 72-78; faking of reputation, 75; in globalized illegal markets, 77; in post-Soviet prisons, 78-84 Requiem (Akhmatova), 217n66 Research and Information Center (RIC), 243 Resurrection of the Larch, The (Shalamov), 236 “Return from Work, The” [Vosvrashchenie s raboty] (Zabolotsky, 1954), 208 revolution, as theme in Gulag memoirs, 171, 171 Rittersporn, Gabor, 182 Roeder, Bernhard, 71 Roginskii, Arsenii, 185,275 Romanov, Roman, 286 RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Soviet Republic), 108; Criminal Code of, 21,105; German POWs in, 134,136,141,142,187; Gulag camps clustered in north of, 141; Komi ASSR, 55,115,220,223,261-62, 261,262 Russian Federation, 4,47; debate about the Gulag in, 181; memorialization of Gulag in, 286-88; POWs and national mythmaking of, 184; prison system of, 182,184; researching the Gulag in, 289-91; State Archive (GARF), 49,106,252,290; state honors for Solzhenitsyn, 285 Russian language, 43,280; criminal slang, 46; incomplete command of, 45,58; as hngua franca in multiethnic camps, 46,56,94; mixed with non-Russian languages in Gulag correspondence, 54,55,57,57 Russian Orthodox Church, 204,275,287; “black clergy,” 30-31; “Catacomb Church,” 33,34; schism of mid-1920s, 19,20; Solzhenitsyn funeral and, 284; white clergy,” 31. See also Living (Renovationist) Church; Orthodox clergymen, as inmates Russification, 45,94 Rysmukhametov family, 255-56 Sabinin, A. Μ., 167 Sakharov Center (Moscow), 156,157,164, 170,174,188,189
ՅՕ6 INDEX samizdat (“self-published”) literature, 200, 221 Sandarmokh killings, revisionist account of, 287,289 SANO (Sanitary department of Gulag), 107, 108,112,115 Sapina, D. V., 210 Sats, Natalija, 166 Scarry, Elaine, 275 “Scent ofViolets, The” [Zapakhfiliaki] (Alieva), 159 Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph, 216n47 Scrolls [Stolbtsy] (Zabolotsky), 205-6 secret police, 20,21,24,28,32. See also Cheka; KGB; NKVD; OGPU; VChK/GPU Sedakova, Olga, 207 Sederkhoľm, Boris, 25 Sergius, Acting Patriarch, 20 Sergius, Metropolitan, 32,33,34,35, 39n71 Seventeen Years on the Islands of the Gulag [Semnadtsať let na ostrovakh GULAGa] (Marchenko), 159 Sevpechlag camp, 114,115 sexuality, 25,67,278 Shalamov, Tikhon, 275 Shalamov, Varlam, 6,12,85,155,167,188, 200-205; Demidov’s correspondence with, 220-24,226-30,232,234-37, 237nl, 274,276; end of friendship with Demidov, 221; formal conservatism of, 204-5; LEF (Left Front ofArt) and, 204; life after incarceration, 224-25; literary landscape after Ivan Denisovich and, 225-27; Moscow literary scene and, 224; nature themes and, 197-98; pre-camp life of, 224; as prisoner in Kolyma, 200,220,231; representation of camp experience and, 227-32; Solzhenitsyns relationship with, 221,231, 236,276; on suffering and survival, 275; Zabolotsky in comparison with, 210-13 Shalamov, Varlam, prose of: Anna Ivanovna (camp play), 236,238n9; “Graphite,” 203, 228; Ivan Fedorovich ( 1962), 236; “The Life of Engineer Kipreev,” 236; “From Lomonosov’s Diary,” 211; On Prose,” 155, 228; The Resurrection of the Larch, 236. See also Kolyma Stories Shalamov, Varlam, poems
of: “The Adage,” 202; “Burial,” 201; “Campfires and Stars,” 211; “He warms his frozen fingers,” 202-3; “I five not by bread alone,” 202; Kolyma Notebooks (1994), 197; “From Lomonosov’s Diary,” 211; “The Dwarf Pine,” 211-12,213; “Poem in Honor of a Pine Tree,” 212; “The Poet from Within,” 202; “To Poetry,” 203,215nl8; “Some of My Lives,” 200; “A Toast to the River AianUriakh,” 201 Shaufel’berger, Arnol’d, 26 Shelest, Georgii, 226 Shiller, F. P., 167 Shimkunas, Vladas, 261,261 Shiraev, Boris, 28 Shiroklag (Perm region), 159-60,191 Shirokstroi—Shiroklag: A Collection ofMemoirs ofKalmyk Military Participants [Sborník vospominanii voinov-kalmykov] (1994), 172 Shirovskii hydroelectric power station, 159 Shishkin, Aleksei, 22 shortages, 73 Siberia, 35,48,131,187,198; eastern, 4, 5; Lithuanian deportees in, 257,258; mapping of camps in, 186; western, 5,141; Zabolotsky in, 207,208. See aho mortality/ death rates Siniagovskii, P. L, 161 Siniavsky, 277 “skiers” [lizhniki] (prisoners resistant to thieves’ system), 79 Slade, Gavin, 3,11,60,73,94-98 Slezkine, Yuri, 46,59 SLON [Solovki] (Solovetskii Special Purpose Camp), 4,5-6,35-36,92-93, 96; administrators of, 22,25; blasphemy by guards and inmates in, 25; creation of (1923), 21; Kern transfer point and, 22, 23,27,28,259,260,266; mandatory labor imposed at, 24; medical institutions, 29; monastery complex as location of, 22,23; Orthodox Church hierarchy and, 30-35; prisoners’ meditations on nature, 199; referencedin memoir titles, 159; religious practice in, 26-29; secret pohce at, 24; Shalamov in Vishera section, 224
INDEX smotriashchie (overseers), 78-79,83 Socialist Realism, 208,213-14 sociology, 10 Solonevich, Boris, 3S Solovetskii Islands, 19,22,23,27,92 Solovki camp. See SLON [Solovki] Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, S-6,74,91,156, 188,225,275; death and memorialization of, 284-85; Gulag system named by, 1; on lack of access to archives, 2; memoirists’ references to, 166,167-68; moral authority and, 231,235; on numbers of Gulag inmates, 273; pohtical prisoners emphasized by, 132; Shalamovs relationship with, 221,231,236,276; Soviet archives and, 12. See also Gulag Archipelago, The; One Day in the Life ofIvan Denisovich “Some of My Lives” [Neskol ko moikh zhiznei] (Shalamov), 200 “Somewhere in a Field near Magadan” [Gde-to v pole vozle Magadano] (Zabolotsky, 1956), 208,210,211,281 songs, in prison culture, 68,75 Sovietization, 11,45,94 Soviet studies, 11 Soviet Union (USSR), 1,94,95,234; collapse of, 78, 79; constitution of, 21, 22; ethnic and linguistic identity in, 46; fall of, 10,93; five-year plans, 9,145,147; forced labor pervasive in, 129; “guarantee of religious liberty” in, 22,92; historical contingency and, 96; human rights movement in, 156; industrialization targets, 5; Ministry of Internal Affairs, 249-50; minority languages of, 45; Politburo, 131,151n57; transformation into global superpower, 289; XXII Party Congress (1961), 221,222 “speaking Bolshevik,” 11,46,93,290; resisted by criminal culture, 95; in written appeals to authority, 96 special settlements, 2,6,9,91,267nl; dispossessed kulaks in, 132; documentation of death in, 253-54; escapes from, 97-98; mapping of, 186;
peasants in, 93 special settlers, 44,243,267nl; death in transit, 244,254-55; mass-scale deaths ЗО? during “first winter,” 266; memory in families of, 255-58,257,258. See also deportations spiritual journey, memoir as, 174 Spiro, Mariya, 263 Stalin, Joseph, 7,8,35,59,91,274; death of, 3,213-14,277; five-year plans, 9; Gulag camps as embodiment of Stalin regime, 214; Khrushchevs criticism of, 221; labor mobilization of POWs and, 130,133,135, 136,137,145,147,150n51,151n54; poetic reference to, 279; referred to in memoir titles, 159,167,171; revisionist accounts of, 12 Stalinism, 106,113,164,224,289; “black years” of, 227; as a civilization, 11; limited criticism of, 226; memorialization of crimes of, 285-87,288; Party members seen as primary victims of, 171; Russia’s reckoning with, 291 Stalin period, 44,50,51,156,186; arrests described in memoirs of, 173-74; human rights abuses of, 13; “sociafist legality” in, 122 starvation, 106,202 State Military Archive, 106 Stepanian, Elena, 207 “Stiff, The” (Demidov), 232,233 STON (Solovetskii Special Purpose Prison), 4 Story ofMy Experience, The (D’iakov), 226 “Story of My Time in Prison, The” [Istorila moego zakliucheniia] (Zabolotsky, 1988), 208 strict regime camps (psobye lageri), 91, 97 subcamps, 97-98 subjectivity, Soviet, 7,11 “suits (masty), 79-80 “Sun hasn’t yet risen above the village, The” [Eshche zaria ne vstala nad selom] (Zabolotsky, 1946), 211 Suslov, Andrei, 185 Suzdal camp, 49 Sveshnikov, Boris, 275 Sykes, Gresham, 23 Tagantsev, N. S., diary of, 262-63 Tajikistan, 138
ՅՕ8 INDEX tamizdat (“published there” [abroad]), 221, 225,234 Tamm, Milja, 50 Tasso, Torquato, 279 Tatar ASSR, 55 Tatars, Crimean, 4,172 tattooing, prison culture and, 68,70,75,95 terror, Stalinist, 8 testimony, ofwitnesses/survivors, 2,6,163, 164,167,174,232; about burials, 264-66; digitization of, 189-90; Gulag Maps project and, 8; mapping of detention centers and, 186; in Sakharov Center corpus, 188; of secondary importance, 7; “unspeakability” of trauma and, 166 text mining, 11,12,158 “Thaw” [Ottepeľ] (Zabolotsky, 1948), 209 “thick journals,” 235 thieves: mutual aid fund (obshchak) of, 79; as opponents of Soviet system, 71; in postSoviet prisons, 78-84; thieves-in-law (yorv-zakone), 11,70,77,85,94; thieves’ world, 68,77; “uncrowning” (razkoronovanie) of, 75. See also blatnye; criminals, common thieves’ code, 81,83; Bitches’ War (1948-53) and, 75; informers and, 74; as prisoner self governance, 67 “This Cannot Be Forgotten” [Такое ne zabyvaetsia] (Tiurbeev), 161 “This Is How It Was” [Tak eto bylo] (Irshtein), 161 “Thunderstorm, The” [Groza idet] (Zabolotsky, 1957), 209,212 Tikhon, Patriarch, 20,21, 30,93; death of, 32, 35; moderation of anti-Soviet stance, 33 Titov, Archbishop Prokopii, 30,32 Tiurbeev, B. R., 161 Tiutchev, Fedor, 198,201,205,216n47 “Toast to the River Aian-Uriakh, A” [ Tost za rechkuAian -Uriakh] (Shalamov), 201 Toker, Leona, 239n46 To Poetry” [Poezii] (Shalamov), 203 torture, 1,23,275 totalitarian model, 91,96 transit points, 22,23,26,77,210,243,259 Trans-Siberian Railroad, 141,150n45,188 trauma, 10,96,155,157,170,291; Holocaust memoirs and, 168;
legacy of, 12; linguistic amnesia and, 59; trauma museums, 286; “unspeakability” of, 161,166 Trifil’ev, Aleksii, 22 Troitskii, Archbishop liarion, 27,28,30, 39n71; in group portrait, 22; JosephiteSergiusite split and, 33,34 Truba, Raisa Pankrat’evna, 259,260,269n33 Tsarist imperial period, 47,70 Tsyrul’nikov, L. E., 49 Turkmenistan, German POWs in, 142 Twenty-Six Prisons and Escapefrom Solovki [Dvadtsaťshesť tiurem i pobeg s Solovkov] (Bezsonov), 175nll Udmurt language, 45,52,53-54 UITLiK (Administration of Camps and Colonies), 114,115,116,120 Ukhta-Pechora camp, 72 Ukraine, 9,50,288; archives in, 289; famine in, 280; German POWs in, 134,141, 142,145; nationalist prisoners from, 79; western, 93 Ukrainian language, 45,52,56 Ukrainians, 4,63n41 ULLP (Main Administration of Forestry Camps), 111 Umniagin, Viacheslav, 36nl0 United Nations, 146,151n57,182 United States: legacy of past injustices in, 291; penal system of, 182; prison gangs in, 69-70,95 Unknown Gulag, The (Viola, 2007), 9 untouchables (obizhennye), 79,80,81 Upmane, Antonina, 62n8 Upmanis, Bernards, 62n8 UPVI/GUPVI (Administration of Prisoners ofWar and Internees), 5,6,129,136-37, 146,187; climate and location of POW camps, 141,143; overwhelmed by number of German POWs, 130; Stahn and, 133; statistical manipulation by officials, 135; symbiotic relationship with Gulag system, 12 Urals, 4 Urbaitis, Ignas, 54,61ո2 urki (violent career criminals), 3
INDEX URO/OURZ (Allocation and Distribution department), 107,109, 111, 112,115 Uzbekistan, 81; German POWs in, 133,134, 142; Uzbek SSR, 56 Vaiľ, Boris, 167 Vaishvillene, N. A., 162 Vangengeim, Aleksei, 199 Varese, Federico, 74 Vasilenko, Vasilii Kharitonovich, 52 Vaza, E. О., 161 VChK/GPU, 48 Verigin, Sergei, 287 Verkhne-Ural’sk prison, 57,58 Vertov, Dziga, 203 Vetlag camp, 53 Viktor, Bishop, 31,33-34 Vincent, Mark, 67,70 Viola, Lynne, 9,10,11,290 violence, 83,85,168,257; absent or subdued in nature poetry, 199,201,209; from camp administration, 73,76; decrease in post-Stalin period, 77; gang reputations and, 70; lack of formal governance and, 71,72; reputation system in post-Soviet prisons and, 80,95; social status and, 74; in Solovetskii, 24 Vladimir Central, 4 Vodolazkin, Eugene, 177n40 Volga-Don Canal, 137 Volga Germans, 109,110,188 Volkov, Oleg, 30 Vologurin, Vladimir, 22 Vorkuta camp complex, 72,135-36,141,159, 206, 232 Vostoklag, 207 VTsIK (All-Russian Executive Committee), 245 Vysotsky, Vladimir, 277 “Wall of Grief” [stena skarbi] (Moscow), 286-87 Warped Mourning (Etkind), 10,275 We, Who Didn t Exist [My, kotorykh ne bylo] (Gridin), 161 Weingast, Barry, 69 West Germany, 146,151n57 Wheatcroft, Stephen, 104,105 ՅՕ9 White Sea-Baltic (Belomor) Canal, 132-33, 148nl6,274 Winter War, 129 women: among Gulag staff, 97; religious belief in the Gulag and, 93; in womens and mixed-gender camps, 96 work brigades, 5,56 World War, First, 171 World War, Second (Great Patriotic War), 6,52,106,184,232; amnesty at end of, 59; Battle of Stalingrad, 129-30; bitches’ participation in, 75;
composition of Gulag staff during, 97; decrease in incarcerated population during, 3,13n5; forced labor projects during, 133; Gulag death rates during, 109; Gulag inmates released to fight in Red Army, 130-31,133,146; national deportations during, 4; Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, 129; prisoners ofwar, 5; Soviet losses of population and assets, 138, 147; Soviet victory in, 226,288,289; as theme of Gulag memoirs, 171,171 Writer’s Union, 224,234 Yad Vashem (Israel), 286 Years and Wars (Gorbatov, 1964), 226 Yeltsin, Boris, 285 “Yesterday, thinking about death” [Vchera, 0 smerti razmyshliaia] (Zabolotsky), 206-7 Yevtushenko, Yevgeny, 277 Young, Sarah, 12,181,188-90,236 Zabolotsky, Nikita, 279,280 Zabolotsky, Nikolai, 12,216n42,275; Gulag experience of, 207; metamorphosis as theme in poetry of, 205-10; nature themes and, 197-98; Shalamov in comparison with, 210-13 Zabolotsky, Nikolai, poems of: “The Creators of Roads: (1947), 208; “Everything that was in my soul,” 206; “Gomborsky Forest” (1957), 208-9; “I was educated by stern nature” (1953), 208; “Lake in the Woods” (1938/1944), 207; “Late Spring” (1948), 208; “Lodeinikov” (1932), 216n49; “Metamorphosis,” 207; “Midday” (1948), 208; “Morning” (1946), 209; “The Night
ЗЮ INDEX Zabolotsky, Nikolai, poems of (Cont.) Garden” (1937), 279-80; “Nightingale” (1939/1944), 207; “Pictures of the Far East” (1944), 208; “The Return from Work” (1954), 208; “Somewhere in a Field near Magadan” (1956), 208,210,211, 281; “The Story of My Time in Prison” (1988), 208; “The sun hasn’t yet risen above the village” (1946), 211; “In the Taiga” (1947), 208; “Thaw” (1948), 209; “In this Birch Grove” (1946), 209-10,281; “The Thunderstorm” (1957), 209,212; “Yesterday, thinking about death,” 206-7 Zaikin (captain of state security), 109-10 Zaitsev, Ivan, 23,25,26 Zatmilova, G. I., 166 zeks [zakliuchennyi] (prisoners), 1,2 zemliachestvo (compatriot support networks), 60,79,80,96 Zemskov, Viktor, 103,182 Zernov, Archbishop Evgenii, 22,30,32 Zhdanov, Andrei, 150n51 Zhizhilenko, Bishop Maksim, 29,31,33, 38n49 Zitzewitz, Josephine von, 12,228,275,278, 281 Znamenskii, Archpriest Sergei, 23 “zonification,” 72,83 Zotov, Vladimir, 28 Zubkovskii, S. R., 160 Zuleikha (lakhina), 177n40 Zverev, Archbishop Petr, 30,31 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Mönchen
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CONTENTS vii Acknowledgments i. Introduction: Gulag Studies since the Archival Revolution / Alan Barenberg and Emily D. Johnson PART I. i Identities 2. Religious Identity, Practice, and Hierarchy at the Solovetskii Camp of Forced Labor of Special Significance / Jeffrey S. Hardy 19 3. Censoring the Mail in Stalin’s Multiethnic Penal System: The Use of Languages Other Than Russian in Soviet Inmate Correspondence / Emily D. Johnson 43 4. “Who Are You in Life?”: The Gulag Reputation System and Its Legacies Today / Gavin Slade 67 5. The Real Gulag: Commentary on the “Identities” Section / Lynne Viola 91 PART II. Sources 6. “They Won’t Survive for Long”: Soviet Officials on Medical Release Procedure / Mikhail Nakonechnyi 103 7. Applying Digital Methods to Forced Labor History: German POWs during and after the Second World War / Susan Grunewald 129 8. Framing Gulag Memoirs: A Distant Reading / Sarah J. Young 135 9. Researching the Gulag in the Era of “Big Data”: Commentary on the “Sources” Section / Judith Pallot 181
vi CONTENTS part ni. Legacies io. The Role of Nature in Gulag Poetry: Shalamov and Zabolotsky / Josephine von Zitzewitz 197 11. “I Would Very Much Like to Read Your Story about Kolyma”: Georgii Demidov, Varlam Shalamov, and the Development of Gulag Prose, 1965-67 / Alan Barenberg 220 12. The Necropolis of the Gulag as a Historical-Cultural Object: An Overview and Explication of the Problem / Irina Flige, Translated by Josephine von Zitzewitz 243 13. Sites and Sounds of the Camps: Commentary on the “Legacies” Section / Alexander Etkind 273 14. Afterword / Alan Barenberg and Emily D. Johnson Index 295 284
INDEX Italicized page numbers refer to figures or tables. anthropology, 10 antitheft laws (1947), 3,146 Abbas-Ogly, A. Sh., 161 Abez camp (Komi ASSR), 261 Abrosimov (Unzhlag procurator), 126n61 Antonii, Archbishop, 34 Antonov-Ovseenko, Anton, 286 Abushinov, 161 “Adage, The” [Sententsita] (Shalamov), 202 Applebaum, Amie, 132 archives, as memoir theme, 164,165 archives, Soviet and post-Soviet, 2,6, 12-13; “archival counterrevolution,” 289; central and local, 106; declassification of documents, 182,191; FSB, 289; KGB, 170; NKVD, 44; non-Russian, 60-61; opening of (early 1990s), 19; partial opening of, 7, Adzhubei, Aleksei, 226 agriculture, collectivization of, 5 Aituganov, I. P., 167 Akhmatova, Anna, 217n66,263 Akhtiamov, Ia. A., 162,164 Aldan-Semenov, A. I., 226 Aleksandrovskii, V. G., 160 Alexeyeva, Liudmila, 277 Alexopoulos, Golfo, 72-73,104,105,122, 123; on Gulag medical discharge data, 106; on mortality rates in medical release, 113, 121,135 Alieva, Svetlana, 159 Altailag complex, 207 ALZHIR [Akmolinsk Camp for Wives ofTraitors to the Motherland] (Kazakhstan), 160 amnesties, 13n5,59,246,254 And It Was in Those Days [I bylo v te dni] (Ashkenazi), 161 92,184; regional, 289; secret police, 267 Arendt, Hannah, 274-75 Arkhlag camp, 114 Armenia, German POWs in, 134,142 arrests, 3, 6,9,12,170,189; as focus of Gulag manuscripts, 225; in memoirs, 173-74, 173; “prisoner s personal file” and, 249 Art and Life in the Gulag (Tvorchestvo i byt Gulaga) catalogue, 199 Ashkenazi, Μ. B., 161 Anna Ivanovna (Shalamov), 236,238n9 atheism, 20,204 Auschwitz, 228,229,230,236 autobiography, as
genre marker in memoir titles, 163 Aviator, The (Vodolazkin), 177n40 AntConc software, research using, 158,189 Azerbaijan, 118,119,134 Andreev, Gennadii, 24 Andreevskii (layjosephite), 31,33,34 295
296 INDEX Baikal-Amur Mainline, 137 Balakhlag camp, 53 Balkarians, 4 Baltic repubfics, 50,58,79,188. See aho Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania Barenberg, Alan, 12,104,131,135,141,274, 275; on porousness of labor camp system, 156; on Vorkuta and coal mining, 142 Barnes, Steven, 8,47,84,141; on “coddling of the thieves,” 74; on reliability of official statistics, 104 Bas-Relief in the Rock (Aldan-Semenov), 226 Beauty in Hell: Culture in the Gulag (virtual exhibition, Hunterian Museum), 199 Belarus, 4,50; German POWs in, 134,141, 142 Belbaltlag (Medvezh'ia gora) camp, 60 Bell, Wilson, 121,135,141,156 Belousov, V., 160 Beria, Lavrentii Pavlovich: labor mobilization of POWs and, 130,133-37,145, 147,150n51; medical release process (aktirovanie) and, 110, 111; practice of using prisoners as guards and, 98nl3 Berman, Matvei Davydovich, 108,109,112 Bernstein, Seth, 185-86 “Berries” [lagody] (Shalamov), 214n8 biographies, 156,163 Bitches’War (1948-53), 75 Black Candle, The [Chernaia svecha] (Vysotsky and Mochinskii), 277 black markets, 71,82,95 blatnye (career criminals), 3,10,70,82; governance by, 76; as managers of information, 71,86nl8; privileges of, 73-74; signatures of, 75. See also criminals, common; thieves blocs, as threat to thieves’ hierarchy, 79-80 Blok-Baers, R. Μ., 159 Bogdesko, I. T., 167 Bolonkin, A. A., 160 Bolshevik regime, 31,32,33, 34; Bolshevik ideology, 7-8; improvised policies toward religious inmates, 20-25,26; nationalities policy of, 59-60; penal procedures and non-Russian languages, 47-48 Branesti colony (Moldova), 82 Brezhnev, Leonid, 221 Brodskaia, Lidiia
Maksimovna, 222 Bubnov (procurator of Sevpechlag), 114,115 Bulgakov, Viktor, 165 Bulganin, Nikolai, 136 bureaucracy, Stalinist, 106 “Burial” [Pokhorony] (Shalamov), 201 bytoviki (petty offenders), 3,71 Camp Cultural Education Sectors, 7,11 “Campfires and Stars” [Kostry izvezdy] (Shalamov), 211 Cancer Ward [Rakovyi korpus] (Solzhenitsyn), 157 card games, criminal culture and, 68,70,75 caste system (inmate hierarchy), 68,70,74, 85n4; in post-Soviet prisons, 78-79; as reputation system, 75-76; separation of castes, 80-81; supported by bulk of common criminals, 71 Catholic inmates, 21 Caucasus, punished peoples of, 4 cell phones, in prisons, 81,95 cemeteries, 12,250,251,273; cenotaphs to executed family members, 266; of deportees, 257,258. See ako graves/burial sites censorship: delays in mail delivery and, 51; military, 54,55; protocols in different penal categories, 52; self-censorship, 106; shifts in language usage over time and, 56; stamps and blacking, 44-45,47,53,57,62n8; translation and, 48,49, 50 Central Asia, 4,5,56 Černoušek, Stepan, 186,192n7 Chalidze, Valery, 77 Chechens, 4,172 Cheka, 259,263,267 Chekhranov, Pavel, 22,26-27 chekists (secret police), 28 Chernezkii (Dmitlag deputy procurator), 115 Chernyshev, Vasilii Vasilevich, 111, 112,136 Chernysheva (OITKhead), 111-12 Chernyshevsky, Nikolay, 62n23 China, penal system of, 182 Ciliga, Ante, 92 Circle after Circle [Krugza krugom] (Bogesko), 167
INDEX 197 Circles ofHell [Krugi ada] (Aituganov), 167 cities, German POW camps near, 134,139 civil war, Russian, 20,47 Clarke, Roger A., 149n39 class enemies, 19,21 coal basins, German POW camps and, 142, 144,145 Cold War, 130,146,273 collectives (teams ofworkers), 73,95 collectivization, 3-4,9,132 Communist Party, 20,97,231 Conquest, Robert, 6,132 construction projects, large-scale, 132-33 corruption, 71,72,77,95; inabibty to fulfill centralized plans and, 98; ubiquity of, 73; underfunding of prisons and, 84 Council of Europe, 182 “Creators of Roads, The” [Tvortsy dorog] (Zabolotsky, 1947), 208 Cricova No. 15 colony (Moldova), 80 Criminal Russia (Chalidze, 1977), 77 criminals, common, 67,71,131-32,288; culture of, 68; divide with pohtical prisoners, 84; in Solovki, 25,28,35. See also blatnye (career criminals); thieves Cultural Education Sector, 46 Cyrillic alphabet, 54 deportations, 4,170,172,173,188,239n54; of families, 244; funerals and memory among deportees, 255-58,257,258. See also exiles detachment (otriad) system, 76,82,95 “detective story,” as genre marker in memoir titles, 162,164 Devil's Dance, The (Izmailov), 177n40 D’iakonov, Vladimir Pavlovich, 114,115 D’iakov, Boris, 226 Dialectics ofNature (Engels, 1925 [1883]), 216n47 diaries, 8,105,156,158, 163 Dmitlag camp, 49,60,94,115 Dmitriev, Iurii, 273,287 Dobronravov (chief of directorate of camp courts), 112 documentary, as genre marker in memoir titles, 162,163 Dombrovskii, Iurii, 62nl2 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 157,165,167,168,199 Dray-Khmara, Mikhailo, 56 Dreimanis, Janis, 62n8 drug dealers, in prisons, 81-82
Dubravlag, 184 “Dwarf Pine, Ihe” [Stlanik] (Shalamov), 211-12,213 Daniel, Yuly, 277 data-gathering methods, 186,192,192n9 David-Fox, Michael, 123 Death and Redemption (Barnes, 2011), 8, 148Ո11 death rates. See mortality/death rates Decembrist revolutionaries, 168 dekulakization, 173 “Dekulakized for ‘Sabotage’” [Raskulacheny za "sabotazh”] (Ignatov), 17Snll Demidov, Georgii Georgievich, 220,274, 278; end of friendship with Shalamov, 221; literary landscape after Ivan Denisovich and, 225-27; as physicist, 222-23; post-camp life of, 223; as prisoner in Kolyma, 222, 230,233; Shalamov’s correspondence with, 220-24,226-30,232,234-37,276; “The Stiff,” 232,233 Demidova, Valentina Georgievna, 232,233 Eastern Europe, 93,94 ego documents, 105 Egorov (prisoner released with ТВ), 117 Eikhmans, Fedor, 26 Ekibastuz camp (Kazakhstan), 160 “elephants” [slony] (prisoners resistant to thieves’ system), 79 Emets (Siberia region director), 107-8,112 Engalychev (ULLP deputy head), 111 Engels, Friedrich, 216n47 epidemics, 29,243,259 E. P. Peshkova: Aid for Pohtical Prisoners, 49 Epshtein, Mikhail, 215n40 Ermolaev, S. A., 160 escapes, 97-98,175nll Estonia, 9,74,288; archives in, 289; German POWsin, 134,141 Estonian language, 50,59 Estonians, 4
298 INDEX ethnic cleansing, Soviet, 239n54 Etkind, Alexander, 10,12 Eto priamo zdes' (“It happened here”) project (Memorial Society), 186 Everything Flows (Grossman, 1955-63), 278, 280-81,281n6 “Everything that was in my soul” [ Vse, ehto bylo v dushe] (Zabolotsky), 206 executions, 8,267n3; documentation of death and burial, 245-49,254; extrajudicial, 246,249; memory of executed individuals, 262-64; secrecy of, 243,247; as theme of Gulag memoirs, 173 exiles, 3,4,5,8,290. See also deportations Fainshtein, Aleksandra Mikhailovna, 223 Falevich, Petr, 22 family, as memoir theme, 164,165,170,173, 174 famines, 5,106,182,243,280 Fate and Will [Suďba i volia] (Vaishvillene), 162 Federovich (UITLiK procurator), 115 Feldman, A. E., 56 Feodosii, Archimandrite, 24,25,26,27,31 Fet, Afanasy, 201 fiction, 1,6,13 “filtration” camps, 268n4 Filtzer, Donald, 121-22,138 Fink, Lev, 166 Finland, 129 Finns, 4,138,188,287 First Circle, The [V krugepervom] (Solzhenitsyn), 5,157 five-year plans, 9 Flige, Irina, 6,12,186,214,273,274 Florensky, Pavel, 199 forced labor, 5,131,185,209; economic gains through, 9; five-year plans and, 9; of German POWs, 131-38; in Tsarist period, 131 Forced Labor in Soviet Russia (Dallin and Nicolaevsky), 6 Formakov, Arsenii, 43,54 Formakova, Anna Ivanovna, 43 Frolov (chairman ofAzerbaijani UITLiK camp court), 118,119-20 “From Lomonosov’s Diary” [Iz dnevnika Lomonosova] (Shalamov), 211 FSB (Federal Security Service), 93,274,285, 289 Full Face and Profile: [Article] S8-10 [Anfas i profil': 58-10] (Mindlin), 159 Fursenko, Andrei, 284 Futurism, 204,205 Gambetta, Diego, 74
gangs, prison, 69-70,80 GARF (State Archive of the Russian Federation), 49,106,252,290 Gavrilova, Sofiya, 185 gender, 96,158 Georgia, 68; German POWs in, 134; reputation system in post-Soviet prisons, 78,83 German language, 50,257 Germans, Soviet, 4,257 Gershman, Μ. D., 167 Getty, Arch, 182 Ginzburg, Evgeniia, 6,157,167,188,198. See also Journey into the Whirlwind [Krutoi marshrut] Ginzburg, Isaak Grigorievich, 108 GIS (geographic information system) mapping, 12,131,184,185,186,187 glasnost’, 289 Goldstein, Darra, 207,216n47 “Gomborsky Forest” [Gomborskii les] (Zabolotsky, 1957), 208-9 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 285,289 Gorbatov, Aleksandr, 226 Gorshenin, Konstantin Petrovich, 116-17 Granovskii, German Markovich, 112 “Graphite” (Shalamov), 203,228 “Grasshopper and the Cricket, The” [Kuznechik i sverchok] (Sedakova), 207 graves/burial sites, 12,233,243-45,266-67; “to bury well” (pokhoroniť khorosho) as tradition, 256,257,258,268n32; Christian burials, 29,38-39n51; documentation of death in camps and prisons, 249-53, 251; documentation of death in special settlements, 253-54; documentation of deaths in transit, 254-55; executions
INDEX and, 245-49; memory of those who died in camps, 259-62,260-62; special settler cemeteries, 243,244,258; witness statements about burials, 264-66. See also cemeteries; mortality/death rates Great Terror (1937-38), 3,132,171,231, 246,290; executions during, 263; secrecy and, 259,262 Greeks, Crimean, 172 Gridin, V. Μ., 161 Grigorii, Bishop, 31 Grinev, Mitrofin, 22 Grinevich, Archpriest, 30-31 Grossman, Vasilii, 167,278,280-81,281n6 Grunewald, Susan, 12,181,184-85,187-88, 191 guards, 8,71,233; failure to separate prisoners by category, 72; inmates as, 97,98nl3; processing of new arrivals, 82 Gubanov (UITLiK camp court chairman), 120 Guide to the Labor Camps of the USSR [Spravochnik ispravitel'no-trudovykh lágerei v SSSR] (Moscow Memorial), 185,186 GUITU (Main Administration of CorrectiveLabor Establishments), 107,108,121 Gulag [Glavnoe upravlenie lágerei] (Main Administration of Camps), 1,6,9,105; broadened definition of, 91-92; camps linked by transportation arteries, 74; capital construction projects and, 132-33; chronology and context in relation to, 96-97; creation of (1929), 131; as defining experience of the Soviet Union, 162; economic role of, 5,9-10,76,116, 123,132,274; lack of formal control in camps, 72; legacies of, 10,12,13,84,291; medical release practices and, 104,105; Nazi camp system compared with, 91, 97,182,230,236,274; number of staff, 97; poor functioning of, 96; Procuracy and, 121; record-keeping agencies of, 253-54; rehabilitation as goal, 76; SANO (Sanitary department), 107,108,112,115; SLON as predecessor of, 19; symbiotic relationship with GUPVI
network, 12; Third Department, 74; as underfunded system, 122-23 299 Gulag Archipelago, The (Solzhenitsyn, 1973), 1,6,10,91,157,234,235; authorial prefaces’ references to, 166,167,168; as framework for later Gulag memoirs, 221 ; on the Great Terror, 171 ; illegal circulation in the Soviet Union, 221; preface, 2; subtitle of, 155; testimony of prisoners and, 232 Gulag Maps project, 8 Gulag studies, 2,67, 157, 290; computer technologies and, 181; evolution of, 6-10; interdisciplinary, 11; POW camp system integrated into, 187 Gullotta, Andrea, 156 GUPVI (prisoner of war) network. See UPVI/ GUPVI Hardy, Jeffrey, 11,74,92-94,98,113,199 Healey, Dan, 123 Heinzen, James, 73,74 “He warms his frozen fingers” [ On pal’tsy zamerzchie greet] (Shalamov), 202-3 Hirsch, Francine, 46,59 history, as memoir theme, 164,165,169 Holmgren, Beth, 165 Holocaust, 274; memoirs of, 168; spatial history project at Stanford, 185; US Holocaust Memorial Museum, 286 hooliganism, 72,132,148n9 Hoover Institution, 290 Hope Abandoned (Mandelshtam), 175nl4 Hope Against Hope (Mandel’shtam), 175nl4 Hunterian Museum (Glasgow), 199 lagoda, Genrikh, 254 lakhina, Guzel, 177n40 “I Ask Myself” [I sprashivaiu sebia] (Vaza), 161 I Cannot Forget [Ne moguzabyt’] (AbbasOgly), 161 identity, national, 2,4,9,45,49,79; cultivated by Soviet state, 60; persistence and erosion of, 94 “I live not by bread alone” [Ia zhiv ne edinym khlebom] (Shalamov), 202 “Impossible to Express in Words” [Nevozmozhno vyraziť slovami] (Abushinov), 161
ЗОО INDEX “I Must Tell” [la dolzhen rasskazať] (Siniagovskii), 161 In Defiance of the Blows of Fate [Naperekor udarom sud'by] (Akhtiamov), 162 industrialization, 3,132,206; forced labor and, 5; seen as achievement of Soviet Union, 288 informants/informers, 8, 50,84,277; “goats” {kozly), 79; in post-Soviet prisons, 78,83; ubiquitous presence of, 71,74,76,95 information/communication, 68-70,71,76, 95; across state borders, 81-82; central remand prisons as switchboards, 80-81; credibility of, 75,81,85; documentation of death and, 259; “polyopticon” (mutual monitoring among prisoners), 73,83; reputation system and, 78; thieves’ code and, 74 Ingush, 4 intelligentsia, Soviet, 224,231,276 interrogation, 1,4,172-73,173 “In the Taiga” [Vtaige] (Zabolotsky, 1947), 208 “In the wild North a lone pine tree stands” [Na severe dikom stoit odinoko] (Lermontov, 1841), 212 “In this Birch Grove” [Vetoi rochche berezevoi] (Zabolotsky, 1946), 209-10,281 I Remember How It Was [Ia pomniu, как eto bylo] (Zubovskii), 160 “irregulars” [neputi; neputevye] (thieves’ code breachers), 79,81 Irshtein, Μ., 161 “Islands of the Gulag Archipelago in Kazakhstan” [Ostrova arkhipelaga GULAG v Kazakhstane] (Sabinin), 167 lusoshius, General Ionas, 261,261 Ivan Fedorovich (Shalamov, 1962), 236 Ivanova, Gahna, 116,121,124n4,131 “I was educated by stern nature” [Ia vospitan prirodoi surovoi] (Zabolotsky, 1953), 208 “I was given a body” [Dano mne telo] (О. Mandel’shtam, 1909), 203 Izmailov, Hamid, 177n40 Jakobson, Michael, 131 jargon/slang, criminal, 46, 68,70,75,82,95 Jewish inmates, 21 Johnson, Emily D.,
11,93-94,98,174 Joseph, Metropolitan, 33 Journey into the Whirlwind [Krutoi marshrut] (Ginzburg), 157,198,225,234 Journey to the Gulag, A (film, dir. Polensky), 192n7 Kaganovich, Lazar, 136 Kakhovskaia, Irina, 166 Kalmyks, 4,172 Karachai, 4 Karéba (Karelo-Finland), 134,268nl5,274, 287 Karlag camp (Kazakh SSR), 8,60,94 Karvasin, Lev, 261 Katyn, murder of Polish officers at, 289 Kazakhstan, 4,8, 58,207; German POWs in, 133,141,142,145; Karaganda region, 51, 60,160; regional archives in, 289; Western Kazakhstan UITLiK camp court, 120 Keats, John, 207 Kengir camp (Kazakhstan), 160 KGB (Committee for State Security), 170, 234,267,274 Khalmuradov, Sagdulla Khalmuradovich, 56-58 Kharkhordin, Oleg, 73 Khasanov, Mirsaid Mustafich, 55 Khelemskii, Mikhail Isaevich, 114,115 Khlebnikov, Velimir, 205 Khlevniuk, Oleg, 72,73,131,135 Khristianovich, Bertkhol’d Ivan, 257 Khrushchev, Nikita, 3,113,225,273,285; destalinization launched by, 289; ouster of, 221,235; Stahn criticized by at XXII Party Congress, 221 Kilin, Iurii, 287 Kirill, Patriarch, 287 Kiselev-Gromov, Nikolai, 25 Kizsi, Lyafitova Sakkina Abbas, 118 Klinger, Anton, 21,24,32 knowledge, subcultural, 75 Kogan, L., 253 Kolyma camp system, 5,157,210,228,233; as “Auschwitz without the ovens,” 229, 230,236; Butugychag (mining section),
INDEX 229; referenced in memoir tides, 159; representation of the camp experience, 227-32; Shalamov as prisoner in, 200,220, 231; Vysotsky songs about, 277 Kolyma Notebooks [Kolymskie tetradi] (Shalamov, 1994), 197 Kolyma Notes (Shelest), 226 Kolyma Stories [Kolymskie rasskazy] (Shalamov), 197,198,201,203,220,232; "Berries,” 214n8; “Dry Ration,” 217n69; The Left Bank (second cycle of Kolyma Stories), 220,236; piecemeal publication abroad, 200,234; The Spade Artist (third cycle of Kolyma Stories), 220; “Trampling the Snow,” 228; writing of, 227,235 Kolyma: The Arctic Death Camps (Conquest), 6 Komi ASSR, 55,115,220,261 ; Lithuanian exiles in Inta, 262; Minlag coal mining camp, 223,261 Kondrashev (Novosibirsk procurator), 115 Konovalev, Aleksander, 84 Корка, 72 Kotkin, Stephen, 11 Krasnov, Simeon, 22 Krasnoyarsk camp, 72,75 Krivosh-Nemanich, Vladimir, 48 Kruglov, S., 137 Kruketskii, A. K., 210 Krylov, Hegumen Pitirim, 26 Kudriashov, Μ. Μ., 117 kulaks (wealthy peasants), 3-4,5,96,132,254 Kutiavin, Nikolai Grigor'evich, 52-55,63n45 Kutsenko, Grigorii Petrovich, 45,62nl 1 Kuznetsov (commander of Vladimirskaya oblasť labor colonies), 112 Kyiv Society of Political Prisoners and the Repressed, 45 Kyrgyzstan, 68; German POWs in, 142; reputation system in post-Soviet prisons, 78,79-84,95 labor army (trudovaia armita), 109,110 labor camps, 2,3,7,91,96; language policy in, 44; peasants in, 93; presentation albums for visiting dignitaries, 8; projects produced at, 5; as sites of Russification/Sovietization, 60; transfers and, 74 ЗОЇ labor colonies, 2, 3,77,91; censorship protocols in,
52; projects produced at, 5; translators and, 74 “Lake in the Woods” [Lesnoe ozero] (Zabolotsky, 1938/1944), 207 Landau, Lev, 222,223 “Late Spring” [Pozdniaia vesna] (Zabolotsky, 1948), 208 Latvia, 9,288; archives in, 289; Museum of the Occupation of Latvia (Riga), 44,45 Latvian language, 44,45,54 Latvians, 4,172 law merchants, medieval, 69,70 LEF (Left Front ofArt), 204 Leliukhin, Deacon, 31 Lenin, Vladimir, 171 Leningrad Affair, 3 Leninism, 164,167 Leonardovich, Mechislav, 29 Lermontov, Mikhail, 212 Lesiuchevskii, Nikolai, 278-79 letters, 13,156,158,163 Lettersfrom the House ofthe Dead [Pis'ma iz mertvogo doma] (Shiller), 167 Levi, Primo, 168 Life and Fate (Grossman), 281 “Life of Engineer Kipreev, The” (Shalamov), 236 Likhachev, Dmitrii S., 34,92,275 Linde, Vera, 222 Lisianskii, Valerii, 162,170 literary studies, 10 Lithuania, 9,68,288; archives in, 289; German POWs in, 134,141; reputation system in post-Soviet prisons, 78,79,83 Lithuanian language, 44,45 Lithuanians, 4,172,257-58,258 Living (Renovationist) Church, 21-22,30, 32,33,93 Lobov, Zakharii, 22 local history (kraevedcheskie) museums, 186 “Lodeinikov” (Zabolotsky, 1932), 216n49 Lozina-Lozinskii, Vladimir, 28 Lundblad-Janjic, Josefina, 228-29 Lutheran inmates, 21 machine learning technology, 190-91,192n9,290 Magadan, 210,229-30
302 INDEX Malenkov, Georgii, 136 Malsagov, Sozerko, 25 Mamedov, Hussien Guli Aga Ogly, 119 Mamuchashvili, Elena, 222 Mandelshtam, Nadezhda, 156,162,175η 14 Mandelshtam, Osip, 203 Mapping the Gulag: Russia's Prison Systemfrom the 1930s to the Present (website), 141,185, 186 Marchenko, Anatolii, 166 Marchenko, Zoia, 159 Martin, Terry, 59 Marushin, Petr Maksimovich, 118 Marxism, 21 “Masks of Sorrow: Europe-Asia” (Neizvestny), 286 Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 204 medical release process (aktirovka or aktirovanie՝), 12,103-5,120-23,184,191; diagnoses by number and percentage, 118·, “façade of legality” and, 105-6,110, 116,120; Ministry ofJustice (Miu) and, 116-20; NKVD and, 107-13; Procuracy and, 113-16; red tape and, 113,116-17, 120,121; registered death index and, 108; “release to die” practice, 104,114,122, 182-83; situational cover-up and, 122,183. See also mortality/death rates Medvedev, Dmitri, 284-85 memoirs, 1,6,8,13,46,291; of camp bosses and guards, 8; on correspondence in non Russian languages, 43; distant reading of, 155-56,189; fictional forms associated with, 165; of German POWs, 142; machine learning technology applied to study of, 190-91; negative view of common criminals in, 67; online database of, 156; by ordinary people, 92; of pohtical prisoners, 84-85,94-95; on politicals’ interaction with thieves, 71; published since fall of Soviet Union, 93; of SLON inmates, 21, 36nl0; of Soviet officials, 105; on speech forms in mixed-ethnicity barracks, 56 memoirs, framing of, 155-58,174-75; authorial prefaces and, 164-68,188; opening scenes and, 168-74,188-89; prefatory
materials and, 158; Russian literature as context, 168,174; titles and, 158-62,163-64,188 Memorial (human rights network), 47,55-57, 186,286; Gulag art collection of, 199; revisionist narratives opposed to, 287-88, 291 memory, 31,237; of executed individuals, 262-64; in ramifies of special settlers, 255-58,257,258; Gulag displaced from cultural memory, 273; of people who died in the camps, 259-62,260-62; Russian state and memorialization of the Gulag, 285-86; as theme in authorial prefaces to Gulag memoirs, 165,166; as theme in Gulag memoirs, 169,170-71; in titles of Gulag memoirs, 159,160-61 “Memory of the Gulag” [Pamiať o Gulage] (Vengerskii), 175nll messages (ksiva, maliava, or progon), 75,81 “Metamorphosis” [Metamorfozy] (Zabolotsky), 207 Michurin, Ivan, 206 “Midday” [Polden'] (Zabolotsky, 1948), 208 Mikhailov (procurator of Birlag), 114 Milgrom, Paul, 69 Mindlin, Μ. B., 159 mining, 5,206,223,278; arrests of mining engineers, 9; POW labor and, 145 Ministry ofJustice (Miu), 104,105,116-20 Minlag camp (Komi ASSR), 223,261 Mironov, S. N., 247 Mitrotskii, Archpriest Mikhail, 23-24 Moldavians, 4 Moldova, 68; German POWs in, 134,141, 142; reputation system in post-Soviet prisons, 78,79,80, 81,82,83,95 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 136,137,147 Monakhov, Viktor, 77 Moretti, Franco, 155 “Morning” [Ufro] (Zabolotsky, 1946), 209 Morson, Gary Saul, 165 mortality/death rates, 2,6,96,103,106,274; archival information about, 7; downwardly revised estimates, 181-82; “façade of legality” and, 105,110; fake documents issued to families, 264,274; of German POWs, 135,149n26; manipulation/
INDEX distortion of, 2,113-14,116,119,122; of medically discharged invalids, 103,117-21, 118; reliabihty of official figures, 104; secrecy and euphemisms involving, 106, 124nl3; of special settlers, 244,253; in war years, 109,133. See also graves/burial sites; medical release process Morukov, Mikhail, 148nl6 Moscow Memorial, 185,190 mourning, 279-80 Murav, Harriet, 274 Museum of Gulag History (Moscow), 286, 288 Museum of the Gulag website, 185 Museum of the Occupation of Latvia (Riga), 288 muzhiki (common prisoners), 71,79,80 MVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs), 44, 77,112,116,118; labor mobilization of POWs and, 137,147,187; Prison Section (Tiuremnyi otdeÎ), 51; red tape in, 120 “My ‘Stalinist Academy’” [Moia “Stalinskaia akademiia"] (Khromushin), 175nll My Testimony [Moipokazaniia] (Marchenko), 166 MZ [mesta zakluchenia] (prisons and colonies), 108 Nakonechnyi, Mikhail, 11-12,133,135, 181-84,191; on “archival cormterrevolution,” 289; on documentation of prisoner burials, 251 Nasedkin (Gulag director), 109,110-11,112 national groups, deportations of, 4 nationalism, among prisoners, 79 national minorities, 10,49,94 national theme/story, in memoirs, 164,165, 169,172,174 Naturphilosophie (Schelling, 1797-99), 216n47 Nazis, 105,129,138,184,230,274,288 Nechaev (URO inspector), 111 Necropolis of the Gulag, 12,186,245,264, 266,273-74. See also graves/burial sites; mortality/death rates Neizvestny, Ernst, 275,286 Nekrasov, Nikolai, 201 ЗОЭ “New York—Moscow—Siberia under Convoy” [N’iu-Iork—Moskva—Sibir' po etapu] (Blok-Baers), 159 NGOs, Russian, 186,287,288, 291 nicknaming, in
prison culture, 68,70,75 “Night Garden, The” [Nochnoi sad] (Zabolotsky, 1937), 279-80 “Nightingale” [Solovei] (Zabolotsky, 1939/1944), 207 Nikodim, Father, 28 Nikolaev, O. P., 256,268n32 NKU (Commissariat ofJustice), 107-8,121 NKVD (People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs), 44,47,72,105,268n4; archives of, 267; burial sites concealed by, 274; documentation of death and, 250,254; executions by, 243,246-48,263; German POWs and, 134,142,147,187; in Gulag staff during war years, 97; medical release practicesand, 104,107-13,115,117-18, 122; Procuracy in relation to, 113; records of, 104; special settlements created by, 132. See also secret police; OGPU; UPVI/ GUPVI Nogtev, Aleksandr, 25,26 Noril’sk camp system, 159,206,232 North, Douglass, 69 Northern Camps of Forced Labor, 21 North Korea, 182 Notes from the House of the Dead [Zapiski iz mertvogo doma] (Dostoevsky, 1862), 157, 165,199 Notes of a Camp Doctor [Zapiski lagernogo vracha] (Aleksandrovskii), 160 Notes of a Goner [Zapiski dokhodiagi] (Belousov), 160 Notes of an “Enemy of the People" [Zapiski “vraga naroda”] (Ermolaev), 160 Notes of a Political Prisoner [Zapiski politzakliuchennogo] (Bolonkin), 160 “Not Everyone Was Admitted to Our Circle” [V nosh tesnyi krug ne kazhdyi popadal] (Vysotsky song, 1964), 277 Novosibirsk, city of, 5 Novyi mir (journal), 224,225,226 “Nugget, A” (Shelest, 1962), 226 Nuremberg trials, 230
304 INDEX OAGS (registry section), 254 OBERIU [Ob'edineniereal'nogo iskusstva] (Association for Real Art), 197,205 Ogly, TagievHussien Aga Mamed, 118-19 OGPU (Joint State Political Directorate), 107, 245, 248,254; archives of, 267; civil status of special settlers and, 253; secrecy ofburial sites and, 263; Special Purpose Sections (ChON) of, 249 Olitskaia, E. L., 164 One Day in the Life ofIvan Denisovich (Solzhenitsyn, 1962), 6,91,157,200, 221,222; Demidov influenced by, 232; ex-prisoners’ responses to, 234-35; literary landscape of 1960s influenced by, 225-27; perspective of peasant in, 231; publication approved by Khruschchev, 225; “typical” prisoner experience in, 290 “On Prose” [O proze] (Shalamov), 155,228 oral histories/testimony, 6,13,92,163 organized crime, 77 “Oro” (Florensky, 1936), 199 Orthodox clergymen, as inmates, 19-20, 22,35-36,92-93; abuse ofreligious sensibilities and, 25; Church hierarchy and, 30-35; “Epistle of the Solovetskii Bishops,” 32-33; “Josephites” and “Sergiusites,” 33-35,36,39n71; labor imposed on, 24; memoirs of, 22,24; religious practice in SLON and, 26-29; repression viewed as test of faith, 23-24. See also Russian Orthodox Church OSP (Section for Special Settlers), 253 OTSP (Section for Labor and Special Settlements), 253 Otto, Robert, 134 outcasts (obizhennye), 70 Pallot, Judith, 8,11-12,68,141,290 Partisan mine/camp, 56 Pashutina (head of directorate of camp courts), 116,117,119-20 Pasternak, Boris, 198,201 Päts, Helgi-Alice, 59 peasants, 93,96,231; “toburywell” (pokhoroniť khorosho) as tradition, 256, 257,258,268n32; deported as
families, 244; kulaks (wealthy peasants), 3-4,5,96, 254; Ukrainian famine and, 280 Pechorlag camp, 72,73 People Remain People (Piliar, 1963-64), 226 People’s Commissariat ofJustice, 21 Perm-36 camp, memorial museum at, 287-88 Petr, Archbishop, 28,29 Piacentini, Laura, 73 “Pictures of the Far East” [Kartiny dal’nego voztoka] (Zabolotsky, 1944), 208 Piliar, Iurii, 226 Pirozhenko, Iliia, 22 “Poem in Honor of a Pine Tree” [Stikhi v chest' sosny] (Shalamov), 212 “Poet from Within, The” [Poet iznutri] (Shalamov), 202 poetry, nature and, 1,156,197-99,216n47, 228; lyric poetry, 213-14; nature as enduring reference point, 212; nature as source of hope, 201; Russian classical poetry, 205; of Shalamov, 197,200-205, 278; of Zabolotsky, 205-10,278-79 Pokrovka colony, 81 Polak, Lev, 166,167 Poland, Soviet invasion of (1939),129 Polensky, Tomas, 192n7 Poles, 4,254 political offenders, 19,74,78,235; forced labor and, 132; inmate caste system and, 70; medical release of, 110; as minority of Gulag population, 2-3,13n5; personal accounts by, 7; reputation system and, 76,84-85; in strict regime camps (psobye lageri), 91; as translators and censors, 50 Political Red Cross, 48 polozhentsy (prison leaders), 78 Pol’skii, Archpriest, 26,28,32-33 Popashenko, L P., 246-47 Popov, Ivan, 26,32 Pospelov, Archpriest, 31 post-Soviet states, 13 poststructuralism, 182 POWs (prisoners ofwar), German, 5,129, 148n4,184-85; in factories, 135-36; forced-labor mobilization of, 131-38,147; mapping of POW camps, 138,139-40, 141-42,143-44,145-46,147,149֊50n43,
INDEX 187-88; population density of camps, 144, 145,150-51ո53; reconstruction of Soviet Union and, 130-31,133,134,136-38, 145-47,191; repatriations of, 134-35,142, 147,149ո26,150ո51; Western nations’ pressure on USSR to release, 146,151n57 Pratt, Sarah, 207 prisoner mail, in non-Russian languages, 43-47,51-56, 93-94; Arabic script, 55; camp rules and procedures relating to, 47-51; censors and, 44-45,47,62n8; delays in circulation, 51,63n41; emotion conveyed in non-Russian languages, 45,52, 53-54,55,94; forgetting of native language, 59; shifts in language usage over time, 56-59,57; Soviet Latinization campaign and, 55; Soviet “prison ofpeoples” and, 59-61; translators and, 44,48,49 prison-industrial complex, 107,108 prisonization, 67 prisons, 2,3,7; remand prisons, 80,81,84,244, 249; as sites of Russification/Sovietization, 60; underfunding of, 47,82,84 prison transfers, 57,71,74,95; decrease in post-Stalin period, 77; of Orthodox clergymen, 20; in post-Soviet period, 84; translators and, 50; wartime increase in, 74 Procuracy, 104,105,113-16,121 property rights, 70,95 Protestant inmates, 21 Pushkin, Aleksandr, 168,198,205 Putin, Vladimir, 189,284,285,287,289 “quarantine” (reception unit ofprison colony), 80,81,82 railroads, German POW camps near, 140,141, 150n45,188 Ratushchnyi, Major-General, 136 Ratushnaia, L. P., 164-65,166 Razgon, Lev, 167 record-keeping, 253 Red Terror (1918-21), 249 reeducation, 20,22,132,146,148nll refashioning, ideological, 132,146,148nll rehabilitation, 76,173,224,277; certificate of, 231,249; multiple obstacles to, 277 305 religious inmates,
10,11,35 representation, problem of, 155,168 reputation systems, 68-71,84-85; emergence and expansion of, 72-78; faking of reputation, 75; in globalized illegal markets, 77; in post-Soviet prisons, 78-84 Requiem (Akhmatova), 217n66 Research and Information Center (RIC), 243 Resurrection of the Larch, The (Shalamov), 236 “Return from Work, The” [Vosvrashchenie s raboty] (Zabolotsky, 1954), 208 revolution, as theme in Gulag memoirs, 171, 171 Rittersporn, Gabor, 182 Roeder, Bernhard, 71 Roginskii, Arsenii, 185,275 Romanov, Roman, 286 RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Soviet Republic), 108; Criminal Code of, 21,105; German POWs in, 134,136,141,142,187; Gulag camps clustered in north of, 141; Komi ASSR, 55,115,220,223,261-62, 261,262 Russian Federation, 4,47; debate about the Gulag in, 181; memorialization of Gulag in, 286-88; POWs and national mythmaking of, 184; prison system of, 182,184; researching the Gulag in, 289-91; State Archive (GARF), 49,106,252,290; state honors for Solzhenitsyn, 285 Russian language, 43,280; criminal slang, 46; incomplete command of, 45,58; as hngua franca in multiethnic camps, 46,56,94; mixed with non-Russian languages in Gulag correspondence, 54,55,57,57 Russian Orthodox Church, 204,275,287; “black clergy,” 30-31; “Catacomb Church,” 33,34; schism of mid-1920s, 19,20; Solzhenitsyn funeral and, 284; "white clergy,” 31. See also Living (Renovationist) Church; Orthodox clergymen, as inmates Russification, 45,94 Rysmukhametov family, 255-56 Sabinin, A. Μ., 167 Sakharov Center (Moscow), 156,157,164, 170,174,188,189
ՅՕ6 INDEX samizdat (“self-published”) literature, 200, 221 Sandarmokh killings, revisionist account of, 287,289 SANO (Sanitary department of Gulag), 107, 108,112,115 Sapina, D. V., 210 Sats, Natalija, 166 Scarry, Elaine, 275 “Scent ofViolets, The” [Zapakhfiliaki] (Alieva), 159 Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph, 216n47 Scrolls [Stolbtsy] (Zabolotsky), 205-6 secret police, 20,21,24,28,32. See also Cheka; KGB; NKVD; OGPU; VChK/GPU Sedakova, Olga, 207 Sederkhoľm, Boris, 25 Sergius, Acting Patriarch, 20 Sergius, Metropolitan, 32,33,34,35, 39n71 Seventeen Years on the Islands of the Gulag [Semnadtsať let na ostrovakh GULAGa] (Marchenko), 159 Sevpechlag camp, 114,115 sexuality, 25,67,278 Shalamov, Tikhon, 275 Shalamov, Varlam, 6,12,85,155,167,188, 200-205; Demidov’s correspondence with, 220-24,226-30,232,234-37, 237nl, 274,276; end of friendship with Demidov, 221; formal conservatism of, 204-5; LEF (Left Front ofArt) and, 204; life after incarceration, 224-25; literary landscape after Ivan Denisovich and, 225-27; Moscow literary scene and, 224; nature themes and, 197-98; pre-camp life of, 224; as prisoner in Kolyma, 200,220,231; representation of camp experience and, 227-32; Solzhenitsyns relationship with, 221,231, 236,276; on suffering and survival, 275; Zabolotsky in comparison with, 210-13 Shalamov, Varlam, prose of: Anna Ivanovna (camp play), 236,238n9; “Graphite,” 203, 228; Ivan Fedorovich ( 1962), 236; “The Life of Engineer Kipreev,” 236; “From Lomonosov’s Diary,” 211; On Prose,” 155, 228; The Resurrection of the Larch, 236. See also Kolyma Stories Shalamov, Varlam, poems
of: “The Adage,” 202; “Burial,” 201; “Campfires and Stars,” 211; “He warms his frozen fingers,” 202-3; “I five not by bread alone,” 202; Kolyma Notebooks (1994), 197; “From Lomonosov’s Diary,” 211; “The Dwarf Pine,” 211-12,213; “Poem in Honor of a Pine Tree,” 212; “The Poet from Within,” 202; “To Poetry,” 203,215nl8; “Some of My Lives,” 200; “A Toast to the River AianUriakh,” 201 Shaufel’berger, Arnol’d, 26 Shelest, Georgii, 226 Shiller, F. P., 167 Shimkunas, Vladas, 261,261 Shiraev, Boris, 28 Shiroklag (Perm region), 159-60,191 Shirokstroi—Shiroklag: A Collection ofMemoirs ofKalmyk Military Participants [Sborník vospominanii voinov-kalmykov] (1994), 172 Shirovskii hydroelectric power station, 159 Shishkin, Aleksei, 22 shortages, 73 Siberia, 35,48,131,187,198; eastern, 4, 5; Lithuanian deportees in, 257,258; mapping of camps in, 186; western, 5,141; Zabolotsky in, 207,208. See aho mortality/ death rates Siniagovskii, P. L, 161 Siniavsky, 277 “skiers” [lizhniki] (prisoners resistant to thieves’ system), 79 Slade, Gavin, 3,11,60,73,94-98 Slezkine, Yuri, 46,59 SLON [Solovki] (Solovetskii Special Purpose Camp), 4,5-6,35-36,92-93, 96; administrators of, 22,25; blasphemy by guards and inmates in, 25; creation of (1923), 21; Kern transfer point and, 22, 23,27,28,259,260,266; mandatory labor imposed at, 24; medical institutions, 29; monastery complex as location of, 22,23; Orthodox Church hierarchy and, 30-35; prisoners’ meditations on nature, 199; referencedin memoir titles, 159; religious practice in, 26-29; secret pohce at, 24; Shalamov in Vishera section, 224
INDEX smotriashchie (overseers), 78-79,83 Socialist Realism, 208,213-14 sociology, 10 Solonevich, Boris, 3S Solovetskii Islands, 19,22,23,27,92 Solovki camp. See SLON [Solovki] Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, S-6,74,91,156, 188,225,275; death and memorialization of, 284-85; Gulag system named by, 1; on lack of access to archives, 2; memoirists’ references to, 166,167-68; moral authority and, 231,235; on numbers of Gulag inmates, 273; pohtical prisoners emphasized by, 132; Shalamovs relationship with, 221,231,236,276; Soviet archives and, 12. See also Gulag Archipelago, The; One Day in the Life ofIvan Denisovich “Some of My Lives” [Neskol'ko moikh zhiznei] (Shalamov), 200 “Somewhere in a Field near Magadan” [Gde-to v pole vozle Magadano] (Zabolotsky, 1956), 208,210,211,281 songs, in prison culture, 68,75 Sovietization, 11,45,94 Soviet studies, 11 Soviet Union (USSR), 1,94,95,234; collapse of, 78, 79; constitution of, 21, 22; ethnic and linguistic identity in, 46; fall of, 10,93; five-year plans, 9,145,147; forced labor pervasive in, 129; “guarantee of religious liberty” in, 22,92; historical contingency and, 96; human rights movement in, 156; industrialization targets, 5; Ministry of Internal Affairs, 249-50; minority languages of, 45; Politburo, 131,151n57; transformation into global superpower, 289; XXII Party Congress (1961), 221,222 “speaking Bolshevik,” 11,46,93,290; resisted by criminal culture, 95; in written appeals to authority, 96 special settlements, 2,6,9,91,267nl; dispossessed kulaks in, 132; documentation of death in, 253-54; escapes from, 97-98; mapping of, 186;
peasants in, 93 special settlers, 44,243,267nl; death in transit, 244,254-55; mass-scale deaths ЗО? during “first winter,” 266; memory in families of, 255-58,257,258. See also deportations spiritual journey, memoir as, 174 Spiro, Mariya, 263 Stalin, Joseph, 7,8,35,59,91,274; death of, 3,213-14,277; five-year plans, 9; Gulag camps as embodiment of Stalin regime, 214; Khrushchevs criticism of, 221; labor mobilization of POWs and, 130,133,135, 136,137,145,147,150n51,151n54; poetic reference to, 279; referred to in memoir titles, 159,167,171; revisionist accounts of, 12 Stalinism, 106,113,164,224,289; “black years” of, 227; as a civilization, 11; limited criticism of, 226; memorialization of crimes of, 285-87,288; Party members seen as primary victims of, 171; Russia’s reckoning with, 291 Stalin period, 44,50,51,156,186; arrests described in memoirs of, 173-74; human rights abuses of, 13; “sociafist legality” in, 122 starvation, 106,202 State Military Archive, 106 Stepanian, Elena, 207 “Stiff, The” (Demidov), 232,233 STON (Solovetskii Special Purpose Prison), 4 Story ofMy Experience, The (D’iakov), 226 “Story of My Time in Prison, The” [Istorila moego zakliucheniia] (Zabolotsky, 1988), 208 strict regime camps (psobye lageri), 91, 97 subcamps, 97-98 subjectivity, Soviet, 7,11 “suits" (masty), 79-80 “Sun hasn’t yet risen above the village, The” [Eshche zaria ne vstala nad selom] (Zabolotsky, 1946), 211 Suslov, Andrei, 185 Suzdal camp, 49 Sveshnikov, Boris, 275 Sykes, Gresham, 23 Tagantsev, N. S., diary of, 262-63 Tajikistan, 138
ՅՕ8 INDEX tamizdat (“published there” [abroad]), 221, 225,234 Tamm, Milja, 50 Tasso, Torquato, 279 Tatar ASSR, 55 Tatars, Crimean, 4,172 tattooing, prison culture and, 68,70,75,95 terror, Stalinist, 8 testimony, ofwitnesses/survivors, 2,6,163, 164,167,174,232; about burials, 264-66; digitization of, 189-90; Gulag Maps project and, 8; mapping of detention centers and, 186; in Sakharov Center corpus, 188; of secondary importance, 7; “unspeakability” of trauma and, 166 text mining, 11,12,158 “Thaw” [Ottepeľ] (Zabolotsky, 1948), 209 “thick journals,” 235 thieves: mutual aid fund (obshchak) of, 79; as opponents of Soviet system, 71; in postSoviet prisons, 78-84; thieves-in-law (yorv-zakone), 11,70,77,85,94; thieves’ world, 68,77; “uncrowning” (razkoronovanie) of, 75. See also blatnye; criminals, common thieves’ code, 81,83; Bitches’ War (1948-53) and, 75; informers and, 74; as prisoner self governance, 67 “This Cannot Be Forgotten” [Такое ne zabyvaetsia] (Tiurbeev), 161 “This Is How It Was” [Tak eto bylo] (Irshtein), 161 “Thunderstorm, The” [Groza idet] (Zabolotsky, 1957), 209,212 Tikhon, Patriarch, 20,21, 30,93; death of, 32, 35; moderation of anti-Soviet stance, 33 Titov, Archbishop Prokopii, 30,32 Tiurbeev, B. R., 161 Tiutchev, Fedor, 198,201,205,216n47 “Toast to the River Aian-Uriakh, A” [ Tost za rechkuAian -Uriakh] (Shalamov), 201 Toker, Leona, 239n46 "To Poetry” [Poezii] (Shalamov), 203 torture, 1,23,275 totalitarian model, 91,96 transit points, 22,23,26,77,210,243,259 Trans-Siberian Railroad, 141,150n45,188 trauma, 10,96,155,157,170,291; Holocaust memoirs and, 168;
legacy of, 12; linguistic amnesia and, 59; trauma museums, 286; “unspeakability” of, 161,166 Trifil’ev, Aleksii, 22 Troitskii, Archbishop liarion, 27,28,30, 39n71; in group portrait, 22; JosephiteSergiusite split and, 33,34 Truba, Raisa Pankrat’evna, 259,260,269n33 Tsarist imperial period, 47,70 Tsyrul’nikov, L. E., 49 Turkmenistan, German POWs in, 142 Twenty-Six Prisons and Escapefrom Solovki [Dvadtsaťshesť tiurem i pobeg s Solovkov] (Bezsonov), 175nll Udmurt language, 45,52,53-54 UITLiK (Administration of Camps and Colonies), 114,115,116,120 Ukhta-Pechora camp, 72 Ukraine, 9,50,288; archives in, 289; famine in, 280; German POWs in, 134,141, 142,145; nationalist prisoners from, 79; western, 93 Ukrainian language, 45,52,56 Ukrainians, 4,63n41 ULLP (Main Administration of Forestry Camps), 111 Umniagin, Viacheslav, 36nl0 United Nations, 146,151n57,182 United States: legacy of past injustices in, 291; penal system of, 182; prison gangs in, 69-70,95 Unknown Gulag, The (Viola, 2007), 9 untouchables (obizhennye), 79,80,81 Upmane, Antonina, 62n8 Upmanis, Bernards, 62n8 UPVI/GUPVI (Administration of Prisoners ofWar and Internees), 5,6,129,136-37, 146,187; climate and location of POW camps, 141,143; overwhelmed by number of German POWs, 130; Stahn and, 133; statistical manipulation by officials, 135; symbiotic relationship with Gulag system, 12 Urals, 4 Urbaitis, Ignas, 54,61ո2 urki (violent career criminals), 3
INDEX URO/OURZ (Allocation and Distribution department), 107,109, 111, 112,115 Uzbekistan, 81; German POWs in, 133,134, 142; Uzbek SSR, 56 Vaiľ, Boris, 167 Vaishvillene, N. A., 162 Vangengeim, Aleksei, 199 Varese, Federico, 74 Vasilenko, Vasilii Kharitonovich, 52 Vaza, E. О., 161 VChK/GPU, 48 Verigin, Sergei, 287 Verkhne-Ural’sk prison, 57,58 Vertov, Dziga, 203 Vetlag camp, 53 Viktor, Bishop, 31,33-34 Vincent, Mark, 67,70 Viola, Lynne, 9,10,11,290 violence, 83,85,168,257; absent or subdued in nature poetry, 199,201,209; from camp administration, 73,76; decrease in post-Stalin period, 77; gang reputations and, 70; lack of formal governance and, 71,72; reputation system in post-Soviet prisons and, 80,95; social status and, 74; in Solovetskii, 24 Vladimir Central, 4 Vodolazkin, Eugene, 177n40 Volga-Don Canal, 137 Volga Germans, 109,110,188 Volkov, Oleg, 30 Vologurin, Vladimir, 22 Vorkuta camp complex, 72,135-36,141,159, 206, 232 Vostoklag, 207 VTsIK (All-Russian Executive Committee), 245 Vysotsky, Vladimir, 277 “Wall of Grief” [stena skarbi] (Moscow), 286-87 Warped Mourning (Etkind), 10,275 We, Who Didn't Exist [My, kotorykh ne bylo] (Gridin), 161 Weingast, Barry, 69 West Germany, 146,151n57 Wheatcroft, Stephen, 104,105 ՅՕ9 White Sea-Baltic (Belomor) Canal, 132-33, 148nl6,274 Winter War, 129 women: among Gulag staff, 97; religious belief in the Gulag and, 93; in womens and mixed-gender camps, 96 work brigades, 5,56 World War, First, 171 World War, Second (Great Patriotic War), 6,52,106,184,232; amnesty at end of, 59; Battle of Stalingrad, 129-30; bitches’ participation in, 75;
composition of Gulag staff during, 97; decrease in incarcerated population during, 3,13n5; forced labor projects during, 133; Gulag death rates during, 109; Gulag inmates released to fight in Red Army, 130-31,133,146; national deportations during, 4; Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, 129; prisoners ofwar, 5; Soviet losses of population and assets, 138, 147; Soviet victory in, 226,288,289; as theme of Gulag memoirs, 171,171 Writer’s Union, 224,234 Yad Vashem (Israel), 286 Years and Wars (Gorbatov, 1964), 226 Yeltsin, Boris, 285 “Yesterday, thinking about death” [Vchera, 0 smerti razmyshliaia] (Zabolotsky), 206-7 Yevtushenko, Yevgeny, 277 Young, Sarah, 12,181,188-90,236 Zabolotsky, Nikita, 279,280 Zabolotsky, Nikolai, 12,216n42,275; Gulag experience of, 207; metamorphosis as theme in poetry of, 205-10; nature themes and, 197-98; Shalamov in comparison with, 210-13 Zabolotsky, Nikolai, poems of: “The Creators of Roads: (1947), 208; “Everything that was in my soul,” 206; “Gomborsky Forest” (1957), 208-9; “I was educated by stern nature” (1953), 208; “Lake in the Woods” (1938/1944), 207; “Late Spring” (1948), 208; “Lodeinikov” (1932), 216n49; “Metamorphosis,” 207; “Midday” (1948), 208; “Morning” (1946), 209; “The Night
ЗЮ INDEX Zabolotsky, Nikolai, poems of (Cont.) Garden” (1937), 279-80; “Nightingale” (1939/1944), 207; “Pictures of the Far East” (1944), 208; “The Return from Work” (1954), 208; “Somewhere in a Field near Magadan” (1956), 208,210,211, 281; “The Story of My Time in Prison” (1988), 208; “The sun hasn’t yet risen above the village” (1946), 211; “In the Taiga” (1947), 208; “Thaw” (1948), 209; “In this Birch Grove” (1946), 209-10,281; “The Thunderstorm” (1957), 209,212; “Yesterday, thinking about death,” 206-7 Zaikin (captain of state security), 109-10 Zaitsev, Ivan, 23,25,26 Zatmilova, G. I., 166 zeks [zakliuchennyi] (prisoners), 1,2 zemliachestvo (compatriot support networks), 60,79,80,96 Zemskov, Viktor, 103,182 Zernov, Archbishop Evgenii, 22,30,32 Zhdanov, Andrei, 150n51 Zhizhilenko, Bishop Maksim, 29,31,33, 38n49 Zitzewitz, Josephine von, 12,228,275,278, 281 Znamenskii, Archpriest Sergei, 23 “zonification,” 72,83 Zotov, Vladimir, 28 Zubkovskii, S. R., 160 Zuleikha (lakhina), 177n40 Zverev, Archbishop Petr, 30,31 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Mönchen |
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| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>05252nam a2200889 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV048296588</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20231017 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">220623s2022 a||| b||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780253059611</subfield><subfield code="c">pbk</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-253-05961-1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780253059628</subfield><subfield code="c">hbk</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-253-05962-8</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1296712296</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV048296588</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-11</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-521</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NQ 5071</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)128535:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Rethinking the Gulag</subfield><subfield code="b">identities, sources, legacies</subfield><subfield code="c">edited by Alan Barenberg and Emily D. Johnson</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Bloomington, Indiana</subfield><subfield code="b">Indiana University Press</subfield><subfield code="c">[2022]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2022</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">vii, 310 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen, Karten (schwarz-weiß)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Literaturangaben</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"The Soviet Gulag was one of the largest, most complex, and deadliest systems of incarceration in the 20th century. What lessons can we learn from its network of labor camps and prisons and exile settlements, which stretched across vast geographic expanses, included varied institutions, and brought together inmates from all the Soviet Union's ethnicities, professions, and social classes? Drawing on a massive body of documentary evidence, Rethinking the Gulag: Identities, Sources, Legacies explores the Soviet penal system from various disciplinary perspectives. Divided into three sections, the collection first considers "identities"--the lived experiences of contingents of detainees who have rarely figured in Gulag histories to date, such as common criminals and clerics. The second section, "sources," explores the ways new research methods can revolutionize our understanding of the system. The third section, "legacies," reveals the aftermath of the Gulag, including the folk beliefs and traditions it has inspired and the museums built to memorialize it. While all the chapters respond to one another, each section also concludes with a reaction by a leading researcher: geographer Judith Pallot, historian Lynne Viola, and literary scholar Alexander Etkind. 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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russland Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV048296588 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:05:27Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:34:31Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780253059611 9780253059628 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033676451 |
| oclc_num | 1296712296 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-11 DE-521 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-11 DE-521 |
| physical | vii, 310 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten (schwarz-weiß) |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220810 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Indiana University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Rethinking the Gulag identities, sources, legacies edited by Alan Barenberg and Emily D. Johnson Bloomington, Indiana Indiana University Press [2022] © 2022 vii, 310 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten (schwarz-weiß) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben "The Soviet Gulag was one of the largest, most complex, and deadliest systems of incarceration in the 20th century. What lessons can we learn from its network of labor camps and prisons and exile settlements, which stretched across vast geographic expanses, included varied institutions, and brought together inmates from all the Soviet Union's ethnicities, professions, and social classes? Drawing on a massive body of documentary evidence, Rethinking the Gulag: Identities, Sources, Legacies explores the Soviet penal system from various disciplinary perspectives. Divided into three sections, the collection first considers "identities"--the lived experiences of contingents of detainees who have rarely figured in Gulag histories to date, such as common criminals and clerics. The second section, "sources," explores the ways new research methods can revolutionize our understanding of the system. The third section, "legacies," reveals the aftermath of the Gulag, including the folk beliefs and traditions it has inspired and the museums built to memorialize it. While all the chapters respond to one another, each section also concludes with a reaction by a leading researcher: geographer Judith Pallot, historian Lynne Viola, and literary scholar Alexander Etkind. Moving away from grand metaphorical or theoretical models, Rethinking the Gulag instead unearths the complexities and nuances of experience that represent a primary focus in the new wave of Gulag studies."-- English; one contribution in English translated from Russian Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd rswk-swf Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 gnd rswk-swf Strafgefangener (DE-588)4057788-0 gnd rswk-swf Straflager (DE-588)4243878-0 gnd rswk-swf Straflager Motiv (DE-588)4277510-3 gnd rswk-swf Arbeitslager (DE-588)4002716-8 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Labor camps / Soviet Union / History Forced labor / Soviet Union / History Prisons / Soviet Union / History Prisoners / Soviet Union / History Abris pour travailleurs / URSS / Histoire Travail forcé / URSS / Histoire Prisons / URSS / Histoire Prisonniers / URSS / Histoire Forced labor Labor camps Prisoners Prisons Soviet Union History (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Straflager (DE-588)4243878-0 s Arbeitslager (DE-588)4002716-8 s Strafgefangener (DE-588)4057788-0 s Geschichte z DE-604 Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 s Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 s Straflager Motiv (DE-588)4277510-3 s Barenberg, Alan (DE-588)1070885843 edt Johnson, Emily D. 1966- (DE-588)13766348X edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-253-05960-4 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033676451&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033676451&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Rethinking the Gulag identities, sources, legacies Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 gnd Strafgefangener (DE-588)4057788-0 gnd Straflager (DE-588)4243878-0 gnd Straflager Motiv (DE-588)4277510-3 gnd Arbeitslager (DE-588)4002716-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4200793-8 (DE-588)4035964-5 (DE-588)4057788-0 (DE-588)4243878-0 (DE-588)4277510-3 (DE-588)4002716-8 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Rethinking the Gulag identities, sources, legacies |
| title_auth | Rethinking the Gulag identities, sources, legacies |
| title_exact_search | Rethinking the Gulag identities, sources, legacies |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Rethinking the Gulag identities, sources, legacies |
| title_full | Rethinking the Gulag identities, sources, legacies edited by Alan Barenberg and Emily D. Johnson |
| title_fullStr | Rethinking the Gulag identities, sources, legacies edited by Alan Barenberg and Emily D. Johnson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rethinking the Gulag identities, sources, legacies edited by Alan Barenberg and Emily D. Johnson |
| title_short | Rethinking the Gulag |
| title_sort | rethinking the gulag identities sources legacies |
| title_sub | identities, sources, legacies |
| topic | Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 gnd Strafgefangener (DE-588)4057788-0 gnd Straflager (DE-588)4243878-0 gnd Straflager Motiv (DE-588)4277510-3 gnd Arbeitslager (DE-588)4002716-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kollektives Gedächtnis Literatur Strafgefangener Straflager Straflager Motiv Arbeitslager Russland Sowjetunion Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033676451&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033676451&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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