Polymer Testing:
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| Other Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Munich
Carl Hanser Verlag
[2022]
|
| Edition: | 3rd edition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XLII, 714 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781569908068 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Polymer Testing |c Wolfgang Grellmann, Sabine Seidler (Eds.) ; with contribution by Volker Altstädt [und 12 weitere] |
| 250 | |a 3rd edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Munich |b Carl Hanser Verlag |c [2022] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c ©2022 | |
| 300 | |a XLII, 714 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme |c 25 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
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| 653 | |a Kunststoffe | ||
| 653 | |a Prüftechnik | ||
| 653 | |a Werkstoffprüfung | ||
| 653 | |a FBKTANAL: Werkstoffprüfung und Analytik | ||
| 653 | |a PLAS2021 | ||
| 653 | |a Composite materials | ||
| 653 | |a Material testing | ||
| 653 | |a Mechanical properties | ||
| 653 | |a Nondestructive testing | ||
| 653 | |a Part properties | ||
| 653 | |a Plastics testing | ||
| 653 | |a Product safety | ||
| 653 | |a Stress cracking resistance | ||
| 653 | |a Tensile test | ||
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| 700 | 1 | |a Grellmann, Wolfgang |d 1949- |0 (DE-588)122373421 |4 edt | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Seidler, Sabine |d 1961- |0 (DE-588)1071840517 |4 edt | |
| 710 | 2 | |a Hanser Publications |0 (DE-588)1064064051 |4 pbl | |
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| 883 | 1 | |8 1\p |a vlb |d 20201209 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#vlb | |
Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804184131242819584 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
PREFACE
TO
THE
THIRD
EDITION
....................................................................
V
PREFACE
TO
THE
SECOND
EDITION
................................................................
VI
PREFACE
TO
THE
FIRST
EDITION
....................................................................
VIII
THE
AUTHORS
...............................................................................................
XI
THE
EDITORS
.............................................................................................................
XI
WOLFGANG
GRELLMANN
...................................................................................
XI
SABINE
SEIDLER
...............................................................................................
XI
THE
CO-AUTHORS
.......................................................................................................
XII
NOMENCLATURE
(SELECTION)
.......................................................................
XXVII
TERMINOLOGY
............................................................................................
XXXVII
MATERIALS
-
SYMBOLS
AND
ABBREVIATED
TERMS
.....................................
XLI
1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................
1
1.1
THE
GENESIS
OF
POLYMER
TESTING
AS
A
SCIENCE
...........................................
1
1.2
FACTORS
INFLUENCING
DATA
ACQUISITION
..........................................................
5
1.3
CLASSIFICATION
OF
POLYMER
TESTING
METHODS
................................................
6
1.4
STANDARDS
AND
REGULATORY
CODES
FOR
POLYMER
TESTING
.............................
8
1.5
COMPILATION
OF
STANDARDS
...........................................................................
11
2
PREPARATION
OF
SPECIMENS
.............................................................
15
2.1
INTRODUCTION
.................................................................................................
15
2.2
TESTING
MOLDING
MATERIALS
...........................................................................
17
2.3
SPECIMEN
PREPARATION
.................................................................................
18
2.3.1
GENERAL
REMARKS
...........................................................................
18
2.3.2
SPECIMEN
PREPARATION
BY
DIRECT
SHAPING
...................................
20
2.3.2.1
PRODUCTION
OF
SPECIMENS
FROM
THERMOPLASTIC
MOLDING
MATERIALS
........................................
20
2.3.2.2
PRODUCTION
OF
SPECIMENS
FROM
THERMOSETTING
MOLDING
MATERIALS
........................................
26
2.3.2.3
PRODUCTION
OF
SPECIMENS
FROM
ELASTOMERIC
MATERIALS
......................................................
28
2.3.3
SPECIMEN
PREPARATION
BY
INDIRECT
SHAPING
...............................
29
2.3.4
CHARACTERIZATION
OF
SPECIMEN
STATE
.............................................
30
2.4
SPECIMEN
PREPARATION
AND
CONDITIONING
....................................................
33
2.5
COMPILATION
OF
STANDARDS
............................................................................
36
3
DETERMINING
PROCESS-RELATED
PROPERTIES
....................................
39
3.1
MOLDING
MATERIALS
........................................................................................
39
3.2
DETERMINING
BULK
MATERIAL
PROPERTIES
.....................................................
40
3.2.1
BULK
DENSITY,
COMPACTED
APPARENT
DENSITY,
FILL
FACTOR
...........
40
3.2.2
POURABILITY,
REPOSE
ANGLE
,
SLIDE
ANGLE
.....................................
42
3.3
DETERMINING
THE
PROPERTIES
OF
FLUIDS
..........................................................
43
3.3.1
RHEOLOGICAL
FUNDAMENTALS
..............................................................
43
3.3.1.1
VISCOSITY
OF
NEWTONIAN
AND
MON-NEWTONIAN
FLUIDS
..
43
3.3.1.2
TEMPERATURE
AND
PRESSURE
DEPENDENCE
OF
VISCOSITY
46
3.3.1.3
MOLECULAR MASS
INFLUENCE
ON
VISCOSITY
........................
46
3.3.1.4
VOLUME
PROPERTIES
........................................................
47
3.3.2
MEASURING
RHEOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
...............................................
47
3.3.2.1
RHEOMETRY/VISCOMETRY
..................................................
47
3.3.2.2
ROTATIONAL
RHEOMETERS
..................................................
48
3.3.2.3
CAPILLARY
RHEOMETERS
....................................................
55
3.3.2.4
EXTENSIONAL
RHEOMETERS
................................................
65
3.3.3
SELECTING
MEASUREMENT
METHODS
FOR
CHARACTERIZING
POLYMER
MATERIALS
...........................................................................
67
3.4
COMPILATION
OF
STANDARDS
...........................................................................
68
4
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
POLYMERS
.............................................
71
4.1
FUNDAMENTAL
PRINCIPLES
OF
MECHANICAL
BEHAVIOR
...................................
71
4.1.1
MECHANICAL
LOADING
PARAMETERS
...................................................
71
4.1.1.1
STRESS
................................................................................
71
4.1.1.2
STRAIN
................................................................................
74
4.1.2
MATERIAL
BEHAVIOR
AND
CONSTITUTIVE
EQUATIONS
..........................
75
4.1.2.1
ELASTIC
BEHAVIOR
..............................................................
75
4.1.2.2
VISCOUS
BEHAVIOR
............................................................
78
4.1.2.3
VISCOELASTIC
BEHAVIOR
......................................................
79
4.1.2.4
PLASTIC
BEHAVIOR
..............................................................
85
4.2
MECHANICAL
SPECTROSCOPY
...........................................................................
87
4.2.1
EXPERIMENTAL
DETERMINATION
OF
TIME-DEPENDENT
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
...................................................................
87
4.2.1.1
STATIC
TESTING
METHODS
.................................................
87
4.2.1.2
DYNAMIC-MECHANICAL
ANALYSIS
(DMA)
........................
88
4.2.2
TIME
AND
TEMPERATURE
DEPENDENCE
OF
VISCOELASTIC
PROPERTIES
96
4.2.3
STRUCTURAL
FACTORS
INFLUENCING
VISCOELASTIC
PROPERTIES
............
99
4.3
QUASI-STATIC
TEST
METHODS
...........................................................................
101
4.3.1
DEFORMATION
BEHAVIOR
OF
POLYMERS
................................................
101
4.3.2
TENSILE
TESTS
ON
POLYMERS
............................................................
106
4.3.2.1
THEORETICAL
BASIS
OF
THE
TENSILE
TEST
...........................
106
4.3.2.2
CONVENTIONAL
TENSILE
TESTS
........................................
109
4.3.2.3
ENHANCED
INFORMATION
OF
TENSILE
TESTS
....................
118
4.3.3
TEAR
TEST
........................................................................................
124
4.3.4
COMPRESSION
TEST
ON
POLYMERS
.....................................................
125
4.3.4.1
THEORETICAL
BASIS
OF
THE
COMPRESSION
TEST
................
125
4.3.4.2
PERFORMANCE
AND
EVALUATION
OF
COMPRESSION
TESTS
..
129
4.3.5
BEND
TESTS
ON
POLYMERS
.................................................................
133
4.3.5.1
THEORETICAL
BASIS
OF
THE
BEND
TEST
.............................
133
4.3.5.2
THE
STANDARDIZED
BEND
TEST
.........................................
139
4.4
IMPACT
LOADING
............................................................................................
143
4.4.1
INTRODUCTION
.....................................................................................
143
4.4.2
CHARPY
IMPACT
TEST
AND
NOTCHED
CHARPY
IMPACT
TEST
.................
144
4.4.3
TENSILE-IMPACT
AND
NOTCHED
TENSILE-IMPACT
TESTS
.......................
150
4.4.4
FREE-FALLING
DART
TEST
AND
PUNCTURE
IMPACT
TEST
.......................
152
4.5
FATIGUE
BEHAVIOR
............................................................................................
156
4.5.1
FUNDAMENTALS
..................................................................................
156
4.5.2
EXPERIMENTAL
DETERMINATION
OF
FATIGUE
BEHAVIOR
.......................
158
4.5.3
PLANNING
AND
EVALUATING
FATIGUE
TESTS
........................................
162
4.5.4
FACTORS
INFLUENCING
THE
FATIGUE
BEHAVIOR
AND
SERVICE-LIFE
PREDICTION
OF
SERVICE
LIFE
FOR
POLYMERS
.....
164
4.6
LONG-TERM
STATIC
BEHAVIOR
.........................................................................
167
4.6.1
FUNDAMENTALS
..................................................................................
167
4.6.2
TENSILE
CREEP
TEST
............................................................................
168
4.6.3
FLEXURAL
CREEP
TEST
..........................................................................
175
4.6.4
CREEP
COMPRESSION
TEST
................................................................
176
4.7
HARDNESS
TEST
METHODS
...............................................................................
178
4.7.1
PRINCIPLES
OF
HARDNESS
TESTING
......................................................
178
4.7.2
CONVENTIONAL
HARDNESS
TESTING
METHODS
......................................
180
4.7.2.1
TEST
METHODS
FOR
DETERMINING
HARDNESS
VALUES
AFTER
UNLOADING
.............................................................
180
4.7.2.2
TEST
METHODS
FOR
DETERMINING
HARDNESS
VALUES
UNDER
LOAD
.....................................................................
182
4.7.2.3
SPECIAL
TEST
METHODS
.....................................................
185
4.7.2.4
COMPARABILITY
OF
HARDNESS
VALUES
................................
186
4.7.3
INSTRUMENTED
HARDNESS
TEST
..........................................................
187
4.7.3.1
FUNDAMENTALS
OF
MEASUREMENT
METHODOLOGY
..........
187
4.7.3.2
MATERIAL
PARAMETERS
DERIVED
FROM
INSTRUMENTED
HARDNESS
TESTS
...............................................................
190
4.7.3.3
EXAMPLES
OF
APPLICATIONS
.............................................
192
4.7.4
CORRELATING
MICROHARDNESS
WITH
YIELD
STRESS
AND
FRACTURE
TOUGHNESS
.......................................................................................
194
4.8
FRICTION
AND
WEAR
.........................................................................................
198
4.8.1
INTRODUCTION
......................................................................................
198
4.8.2
FUNDAMENTALS
OF
FRICTION
AND
WEAR
..............................................
200
4.8.2.1
FRICTIONAL
FORCES
...........................................................
200
4.8.2.2
TEMPERATURE
INCREASE
RESULTING
FROM
FRICTION
........
201
4.8.2.3
WEAR
AS
A
SYSTEM
CHARACTERISTIC
.................................
201
4.8.2.4
WEAR
MECHANISMS
AND
FORMATION
OF
TRANSFER
FILM
..
202
4.8.3
WEAR
TESTS
AND
WEAR
CHARACTERISTICS
...........................................
203
4.8.3.1
SELECTED
MODEL
WEAR
TESTS
............................................
204
4.8.3.2
WEAR
PARAMETERS
AND
THEIR
DETERMINATION
...............
205
4.8.3.3
WEAR
PARAMETERS
AND
THEIR
PRESENTATION
...................
206
4.8.4
SELECTED
EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS
.....................................................
207
4.8.4.1
COUNTERBODY
INFLUENCE
..................................................
207
4.8.4.2
INFLUENCING
OF
FILLERS
......................................................
208
4.8.4.3
INFLUENCE
OF
LOADING
PARAMETERS
.................................
210
4.8.4.4
PREDICTING
PROPERTIES
VIA
ARTIFICIAL
NEURAL
NETWORKS
212
4.8.5
SUMMARY
.........................................................................................
213
4.9
COMPILATION
OF
STANDARDS
...........................................................................
214
5
FRACTURE
TOUGHNESS
MEASUREMENTS
IN
ENGINEERING
PLASTICS
..
229
5.1
INTRODUCTION
..................................................................................................
229
5.2
CURRENT
STATE
AND
DEVELOPMENT
TRENDS
...................................................
230
5.3
FUNDAMENTAL
CONCEPTS
OF
FRACTURE
MECHANICS
.........................................
231
5.3.1
LINEAR-ELASTIC
FRACTURE
MECHANICS
(LEFM)
...................................
231
5.3.2
CRACK-TIP-OPENING
DISPLACEMENT
(CTOD)
CONCEPT
......................
236
5.3.3
J-INTEGRAL
CONCEPT
...........................................................................
239
5.3.4
CRACK
RESISTANCE
(R-)
CURVE
CONCEPT
............................................
241
5.4
EXPERIMENTAL
DETERMINATION
OF
FRACTURE
MECHANICAL
PARAMETERS
..........
243
5.4.1
QUASI-STATIC
LOADING
........................................................................
243
5.4.2
INSTRUMENTED
CHARPY
IMPACT
TEST
..................................................
246
5.4.2.1
TEST
CONFIGURATION
.........................................................
246
5.4.2.2
MAINTENANCE
OF
EXPERIMENTAL
CONDITIONS
...................
248
5.4.2.3
TYPES
OF
LOAD-DEFLECTION
DIAGRAMS
-
OPTIMIZATION
OF
DIAGRAM
SHAPE
...........................................................
250
5.4.2.4
SPECIAL
APPROXIMATION
METHODS
FOR
ESTIMATING
J
VALUES
......................................................
251
5.4.2.5
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
SPECIMEN
GEOMETRY
.......................
254
5.4.3
INSTRUMENTED
FREE-FALLING
DART
TEST
..................................................
256
5.5
APPLICATIONS
FOR
MATERIAL
DEVELOPMENT
.....................................................
258
5.5.1
FRACTURE
MECHANICAL TOUGHNESS
EVALUATION
ON
MODIFIED
POLYMERS
.........................................................................
258
5.5.1.1
PARTICLE
FILLED
THERMOPLASTICS
......................................
258
5.5.1.2
FIBER-REINFORCED
THERMOPLASTICS
..................................
262
5.5.1.3
BLENDS
AND
COPOLYMERS
..................................................
266
5.5.2
INSTRUMENTED
TENSILE-IMPACT TESTING
FOR
PRODUCT
EVALUATION
..
272
5.5.3
CONSIDERATION
OF
FRACTURE
BEHAVIOR
FOR
MATERIAL
SELECTION
AND
DIMENSIONING
............................................................
275
5.6
COMPILATION
OF
STANDARDS
............................................................................
277
6
TESTING
OF
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
..........................................................
283
6.1
THERMAL
PROPERTIES
......................................................................................
283
6.1.1
INTRODUCTION
......................................................................................
283
6.1.2
DETERMINING
HEAT
CONDUCTIVITY
....................................................
285
6.1.3
DIFFERENTIAL
SCANNING
CALORIMETRY
(DSC)
......................................
289
6.1.4
THERMOGRAVIMETRIC
ANALYSIS
(TGA)
..............................................
294
6.1.5
THERMOMECHANICAL
ANALYSIS
(TMA)
..............................................
296
6.2
OPTICAL
PROPERTIES
.........................................................................................
299
6.2.1
INTRODUCTION
......................................................................................
299
6.2.2
REFLECTION
AND
DIFFRACTION
..............................................................
300
6.2.2.1
DIRECTED
AND
DIFFUSE
REFLECTION
...................................
300
6.2.2.2
REFRACTIVE
INDEX
DETERMINATION
...................................
301
6.2.3
DISPERSION
........................................................................................
305
6.2.4
POLARIZATION
......................................................................................
305
6.2.4.1
OPTICAL
ACTIVITY
.............................................................
306
6.2.4.2
POLARIZATION
OF
OPTICAL
COMPONENTS
.............................
306
6.2.4.3
POLARIZATION-OPTICAL
TESTING METHODS
.........................
308
6.2.5
TRANSMISSION,
ABSORPTION
AND
REFLECTION
....................................
314
6.2.6
GLOSS,
INTRINSIC
DIFFUSE
REFLECTANCE
AND
HAZE
..............................
315
6.2.7
COLOR
...................................................................................................
319
6.2.8
TRANSPARENCY
AND
TRANSLUCENCY
....................................................
322
6.2.9
INFRARED
SPECTROSCOPY
....................................................................
325
6.2.10
LASER
TECHNOLOGY
............................................................................
328
6.2.11
TESTING
THE
STABILITY
OF
OPTICAL
VALUES
..........................................
329
6.3
ELECTRICAL
AND
DIELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES
.......................................................
330
6.3.1
INTRODUCTION
......................................................................................
330
6.3.2
PHYSICAL
FUNDAMENTALS
..................................................................
333
6.3.3
ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY
AND
RESISTANCE
........................................
336
6.3.3.1
VOLUME
RESISTIVITY
..........................................................
336
6.3.3.2
SURFACE
RESISTIVITY
..........................................................
339
6.3.3.3
INSULATION
RESISTANCE
....................................................
340
6.3.3.4
CONTACTING
AND
SPECIMEN
PREPARATION
........................
343
6.3.4
DIELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES
AND
DIELECTRICAL
SPECTROSCOPY
...............
344
6.3.4.1
RELAXATION
PROCESSES
......................................................
345
6.3.4.2
ALTERNATING
CURRENT
CONDUCTIVITY
(AC
CONDUCTIVITY)
353
6.3.4.3
BROADBAND DIELECTRIC
MEASUREMENT
TECHNIQUES
....
354
6.3.5
SPECIAL
TECHNICAL
TESTING
METHODS
................................................
361
6.3.5.1
ELECTROSTATIC
CHARGE
........................................................
361
6.3.5.2
ELECTRIC
STRENGTH
............................................................
362
6.3.5.3
CREEP
RESISTANCE
AND
ARC
RESISTANCE
.........................
366
6.4
COMPILATION
OF
STANDARDS
...........................................................................
369
7
EVALUATING
ENVIRONMENTAL
STRESS
CRACKING
RESISTANCE
............
383
7.1
GENERAL
REMARKS
ON
THE
FAILURE
OF
POLYMERS
IN
AGGRESSIVE
FLUIDS
...
383
7.2
TESTING
ENVIRONMENTAL
STRESS
CRACKING
RESISTANCE
................................
387
7.2.1
TEST
METHODS
FOR
DETERMINING
ENVIRONMENTAL
STRESS
CRACK
FORMATION
.........................................................................
387
7.2.2
EXAMPLES
FOR
EVALUATING
ENVIRONMENTAL
STRESS
CRACKING
RESISTANCE
WITH
STANDARDIZED
TEST
METHODS
..............................
391
7.2.3
FRACTURE
MECHANICS
TEST
METHODS
...............................................
394
7.3
MODELING
PLASTICS
FAILURE
IN
FLUIDS
CAUSED
BY
STRESS
CRACKING
............
398
7.4
FACTORS
INFLUENCING
STRESS
CRACKING
BEHAVIOR
........................................
402
7.4.1
CROSSLINKING
....................................................................................
402
7.4.2
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
AND
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
DISTRIBUTION
...............
403
7.4.3
BRANCHING
.......................................................................................
404
7.4.4
CRYSTALLINE
REGIONS
.......................................................................
405
7.4.5
MOLECULAR
ORIENTATION
...................................................................
407
7.4.6
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL
INTERACTION
PROCESSES
.....................................
410
7.4.7
VISCOSITY
OF
THE
IMMERSION
FLUID
...........................................
416
7.4.8
INFLUENCE
OF
TEST
SPECIMEN
THICKNESS
...................................
421
7.4.9
TEMPERATURE
INFLUENCE
...................................................................
422
7.5
COMPILATION
OF
STANDARDS
............................................................................
425
8
NON-DESTRUCTIVE
POLYMER
TESTING
...................................................
431
8.1
INTRODUCTION
..................................................................................................
431
8.2
NON-DESTRUCTIVE
TESTING
BY
ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES
.................................
433
8.2.1
X-RAY
RADIATION
...............................................................................
433
8.2.1.1
PROJECTION
METHODS
BY
MEANS
OF
ABSORPTION
............
434
8.2.1.2
COMPTON
BACKSCATTER
.....................................................
436
8.2.1.3
X-RAY
REFRACTOMETRY
.....................................................
437
8.2.2
SPECTRAL
RANGE
OF
VISIBLE
LIGHT
.....................................................
440
8.2.2.1
MEASURING
THICKNESS
OF
TRANSPARENT
COMPONENTS
..
440
8.2.2.2
PHOTOELASTIC
IMAGING
OF
TRANSPARENT
COMPONENTS
...
440
8.2.2.3
CONFOCAL
LASER
SCAN
MICROSCOPES
...............................
441
8.2.2.4
LINE
PROJECTION
FOR
DETECTING
CONTOUR
...................
442
8.2.2.5
INTERFEROMETRIC
METHODS
.........................................
443
8.2.3
THERMOGRAPHY
..................................................................................
449
8.2.4
MICROWAVES
......................................................................................
449
8.2.5
DIELECTRIC
SPECTROSCOPY
..................................................................
453
8.2.6
EDDY
CURRENT
....................................................................................
454
8.3
NON-DESTRUCTIVE
TESTING
WITH
ELASTIC
WAVES
.............................................
456
8.3.1
ELASTIC
WAVES
UNDER
LINEAR
MATERIAL
BEHAVIOR
...........................
457
8.3.1.1
ULTRASOUND
.....................................................................
457
8.3.1.2
MECHANICAL
VIBROMETRY
.................................................
468
8.3.2
ELASTIC
WAVES
WITH
NON-LINEAR
MATERIAL
BEHAVIOR
.....................
471
8.3.2.1
FUNDAMENTALS
ON
ELASTIC
WAVES
IN
NON-LINEAR
MATERIALS
.....................................................
471
8.3.2.2
NON-LINEAR
AIR-ULTRASOUND
...........................................
472
8.3.2.3
NON-LINEAR
VIBROMETRY
.................................................
475
8.4
NON-DESTRUCTIVE
TESTING
BY
DYNAMIC
HEAT
TRANSPORT
.............................
477
8.4.1
EXTERNAL
EXCITATION
..........................................................................
478
8.4.1.1
HEAT-FLUX
THERMOGRAPHY
BY
NON-PERIODICAL
HEAT
TRANSPORT
...............................................................
478
8.4.1.2
THERMOGRAPHY
WITH
PERIODICAL
HEAT
TRANSPORT
........
480
8.4.2
INTERNAL
EXCITATION
.........................................................................
484
8.4.2.1
THERMOGRAPHY
WITH
EXCITATION
BY
ELASTIC
WAVES
....
484
8.4.2.2
THERMOGRAPHY
WITH
OTHER
TYPES
OF
INTERNAL
EXCITATION
.........................................................
489
8.5
OUTLOOK
....................................................................................................
489
9
HYBRID
METHODS
OF
POLYMER
DIAGNOSTICS
......................................
497
9.1
OBJECTIVES
....................................................................................................
497
9.2
TENSILE
TEST,
ACOUSTIC
EMISSION
TEST
AND
VIDEO
THERMOGRAPHY
............
499
9.3
TENSILE
TEST
AND
LASER
EXTENSOMETRY
........................................................
502
9.4
FRACTURE
MECHANICS
AND
NON-DESTRUCTIVE
TESTING
...................................
507
10
TESTING
OF
COMPOSITE
MATERIALS
.....................................................
515
10.1
INTRODUCTION
................................................................................................
515
10.2
THEORETICAL
BACKGROUND
..............................................................................
517
10.2.1
ANISOTROPY
.......................................................................................
517
10.2.2
ELASTIC
PROPERTIES
OF
LAMINATES
.....................................................
518
10.2.3
INFLUENCE
FROM
MOISTURE
AND
TEMPERATURE
................................
518
10.2.4
LAMINATE
THEORY
AND
ST.
VENANT
S
PRINCIPLE
................................
519
10.2.5
APPLYING
FRACTURE
MECHANICAL
CONCEPTS
TO
FIBER
COMPOSITES
..
520
10.3
SPECIMEN
PREPARATION
................................................................................
522
10.3.1
MANUFACTURE
OF
LAMINATES
.............................................................
522
10.3.2
PREPARING
SPECIMENS
FOR
UNIDIRECTIONAL
LOADING
.....................
524
10.4
DETERMINING
FIBER
VOLUME
CONTENT
..........................................................
526
10.5
MECHANICAL
TEST
METHODS
..........................................................................
527
10.5.1
TENSILE
TESTS
..................................................................................
527
10.5.2
COMPRESSION
TESTS
........................................................................
530
10.5.3
FLEXURAL
TESTS
................................................................................
534
10.5.4
INTERLAMINAR
SHEAR
STRENGTH
.......................................................
537
10.5.5
SHEAR
TESTS
....................................................................................
538
10.5.5.1
45
OFF-AXIS
TENSILE
TEST
..........................................
538
10.5.5.2
10
OFF-AXIS
TENSILE
TEST
.............................................
540
10.5.5.3
TWO
AND
THREE-RAIL
SHEAR
TEST
...................................
541
10.5.5.4
LOSIPESCU
SHEAR
TEST
.....................................................
543
10.5.5.5
PLATE-TWIST
SHEAR
TEST
...................................................
544
10.5.5.6
TORSIONAL
LOADING
ON
THIN-WALLED
TUBES
...................
545
10.6
FRACTURE
MECHANICAL
TEST
METHODS
...........................................................
546
10.6.1
EXPERIMENTAL
TESTS
ON
FIBER
COMPOSITE
MATERIALS
.....................
546
10.6.2
SPECIAL
SPECIMEN
CONFIGURATION
...................................................
547
10.6.2.1
SPECIMENS
FOR
MODE
I
LOADING
.....................................
547
10.6.2.2
SPECIMEN
FOR
MODE
II
LOADING
.....................................
548
10.6.2.3
MIXED-MODE
SPECIMENS
...............................................
551
10.6.3
FRACTURE
MECHANICAL
VALUES
OF
FIBER
COMPOSITE
MATERIALS
....
554
10.7
DEDICATED
TEST
METHODS
...............................................................................
555
10.7.1
EDGE
DELAMINATION
TEST
(EDT)
.......................................................
555
10.7.2
BOEING
OPEN-HOLE
COMPRESSION
TEST
...........................................
556
10.8
PEEL
STRENGTH
OF
FLEXIBLE
LAMINATES
...........................................................
557
10.9
IMPACT
LOADING
AND
DAMAGE
TOLERANCE
.....................................................
559
10.10
COMPILATION
OF
STANDARDS
AND
GUIDELINES
.................................................
562
11
TECHNOLOGICAL
TESTING
METHODS
......................................................
569
11.1
HEAT
DISTORTION
RESISTANCE
.........................................................................
569
11.1.1
FUNDAMENTALS
AND
DEFINITIONS
.....................................................
569
11.1.2
DETERMINING
HEAT
DISTORTION
RESISTANCE
TEMPERATURE
HDT
AND
VICAT
SOFTENING
TEMPERATURE
.........................................
570
11.1.3
PRACTICAL
EXAMPLES
FOR
THE
INFORMATIONAL
VALUE
OF
THE
VICAT
AND
HDT
TEST
.........................................................................
573
11.2
FIRE
BEHAVIOR
...............................................................................................
577
11.2.1
INTRODUCTION
.....................................................................................
577
11.2.2
STAGES
OF
A
FIRE
AND
FIRE-DETERMINING
PARAMETERS
...................
579
11.2.3
FIRE
TESTS
.........................................................................................
581
11.2.3.1
SMOLDERING
FIRE
............................................................
582
11.2.3.2
IGNITABILITY
....................................................................
583
11.2.3.3
FLAME
SPREAD
................................................................
587
11.2.3.4
HEAT
RELEASE
..................................................................
590
11.2.3.5
FIRE
RESISTANCE
...............................................................
592
11.2.3.6
EASE
OF
EXTINCTION
.........................................................
592
11.2.4
UTILIZATION
OF
CONE
CALORIMETER
TO
CHARACTERIZE
FIRE
BEHAVIOR
...................................................................................
594
11.3
COMPONENT
TESTING
.....................................................................................
600
11.3.1
INTRODUCTION
....................................................................................
600
11.3.2
BASIC
TESTING
METHODS
..................................................................
601
11.3.2.1
GENERAL
REMARKS
.........................................................
601
11.3.2.2
TESTING
VISIBLE
FEATURES
.............................................
601
11.3.2.3
TESTING
MATERIALS
PROPERTIES
.......................................
603
11.3.2.4
TESTING
SERVICEABILITY
.................................................
605
11.3.3
TESTING
PLASTIC
PIPING
...................................................................
606
11.3.3.1
QUALITY
ASSURANCE
FOR
PLASTIC
PIPING
............................
606
11.3.3.2
TESTING
HYDROSTATIC
RUPTURE
STRENGTH
FOR
PLASTIC
PIPES
.................................................................
608
11.3.4
TESTING
PLASTICS
COMPONENTS
FOR
APPLICATION
IN
VEHICLE
DESIGN
611
11.3.4.1
TEST
REQUIREMENTS
........................................................
611
11.3.4.2
MECHANICAL
TESTS
..........................................................
611
11.3.4.3
PERMEATION
AND
EMISSION
TESTS
..................................
613
11.3.5
TESTING
PLASTICS
COMPONENTS
FOR
APPLICATION
IN
BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
...................................................................................
616
11.3.5.1
INTRODUCTION
...................................................................
616
11.3.5.2
TESTING
SANDWICH
PANELS
..............................................
617
11.3.5.3
TESTING
PLASTIC
CASING
PIPES
........................................
620
11.4
IMPLANT
TESTING
.............................................................................................
624
11.4.1
INTRODUCTION
....................................................................................
624
11.4.2
PUSH-OUT
TESTS
FOR
IMPLANTS
.........................................................
626
11.4.3
TESTING
THE
APPLICATION
BEHAVIOR
OF
PHARYNGOTRACHEAL
VOICE
PROSTHESES
............................................................................
629
11.4.4
DETERMINING
THE
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
HUMAN
CARTILAGE
..
632
11.5
COMPILATION
OF
STANDARDS
..........................................................................
634
12
TESTING
OF
POLYMERIC
FILMS
...............................................................
643
12.1
BASICS
..............................................................................................................
643
12.2
DETERMINATION
OF
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
FILMS
...................................
644
12.2.1
TENSILE
TEST
....................................................................................
644
12.2.2
TEAR
TEST
........................................................................................
647
12.2.3
IMPACT
BEHAVIOR
............................................................................
648
12.2.3.1
TENSILE-IMPACT
TEST
.......................................................
648
12.2.3.2
DYNAMIC
TEAR
TESTING
...................................................
651
12.2.3.3
PUNCTURE
TESTS
...............................................................
653
12.3
CHARACTERIZATION
OF
SEPARATION
BEHAVIOR
.................................................
657
12.3.1
PEEL
TESTS
......................................................................................
657
12.3.2
CLING
TEST
.........................................................................................
666
12.4
FRACTURE
MECHANICS
CHARACTERIZATION
......................................................
668
12.5
CHARACTERIZATION
OF
FILM
SURFACES
............................................................
672
12.6
COMPILATION
OF
STANDARDS
AND
GUIDELINES
................................................
675
13
TESTING
OF
MICROCOMPONENTS
...........................................................
679
13.1
INTRODUCTION
.................................................................................................
679
13.2
MICROSPECIMEN
TESTING
..............................................................................
682
13.2.1
MICRO-TENSILE
TESTS
.........................................................................
682
13.2.2
FRACTURE
MECHANICS
INVESTIGATIONS
USING
MINI
COMPACT
TENSION
(CT)
SPECIMENS
.................................................................
687
13.3
NANOINDENTATION
TESTING
............................................................................
689
13.4
TESTING
METHODS
ON
THEIR
WAY
TO
THE
NANOWORLD
....................................
691
13.4.1
NON-CONTACTING
DISPLACEMENT
FIELD
ANALYSIS
USING
DIGITAL
IMAGE
CORRELATION
(GRAY-VALUE
CORRELATION
ANALYSIS)
..
691
13.4.2
IN-SITU
DEFORMATION
MEASUREMENT
WITH
ATOMIC
FORCE
MICROSCOPY
(AFM)
..................................................
693
INDEX
.............................................................................................................
701
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
PREFACE
TO
THE
THIRD
EDITION
.
V
PREFACE
TO
THE
SECOND
EDITION
.
VI
PREFACE
TO
THE
FIRST
EDITION
.
VIII
THE
AUTHORS
.
XI
THE
EDITORS
.
XI
WOLFGANG
GRELLMANN
.
XI
SABINE
SEIDLER
.
XI
THE
CO-AUTHORS
.
XII
NOMENCLATURE
(SELECTION)
.
XXVII
TERMINOLOGY
.
XXXVII
MATERIALS
-
SYMBOLS
AND
ABBREVIATED
TERMS
.
XLI
1
INTRODUCTION
.
1
1.1
THE
GENESIS
OF
POLYMER
TESTING
AS
A
SCIENCE
.
1
1.2
FACTORS
INFLUENCING
DATA
ACQUISITION
.
5
1.3
CLASSIFICATION
OF
POLYMER
TESTING
METHODS
.
6
1.4
STANDARDS
AND
REGULATORY
CODES
FOR
POLYMER
TESTING
.
8
1.5
COMPILATION
OF
STANDARDS
.
11
2
PREPARATION
OF
SPECIMENS
.
15
2.1
INTRODUCTION
.
15
2.2
TESTING
MOLDING
MATERIALS
.
17
2.3
SPECIMEN
PREPARATION
.
18
2.3.1
GENERAL
REMARKS
.
18
2.3.2
SPECIMEN
PREPARATION
BY
DIRECT
SHAPING
.
20
2.3.2.1
PRODUCTION
OF
SPECIMENS
FROM
THERMOPLASTIC
MOLDING
MATERIALS
.
20
2.3.2.2
PRODUCTION
OF
SPECIMENS
FROM
THERMOSETTING
MOLDING
MATERIALS
.
26
2.3.2.3
PRODUCTION
OF
SPECIMENS
FROM
ELASTOMERIC
MATERIALS
.
28
2.3.3
SPECIMEN
PREPARATION
BY
INDIRECT
SHAPING
.
29
2.3.4
CHARACTERIZATION
OF
SPECIMEN
STATE
.
30
2.4
SPECIMEN
PREPARATION
AND
CONDITIONING
.
33
2.5
COMPILATION
OF
STANDARDS
.
36
3
DETERMINING
PROCESS-RELATED
PROPERTIES
.
39
3.1
MOLDING
MATERIALS
.
39
3.2
DETERMINING
BULK
MATERIAL
PROPERTIES
.
40
3.2.1
BULK
DENSITY,
COMPACTED
APPARENT
DENSITY,
FILL
FACTOR
.
40
3.2.2
POURABILITY,
REPOSE
ANGLE
,
SLIDE
ANGLE
.
42
3.3
DETERMINING
THE
PROPERTIES
OF
FLUIDS
.
43
3.3.1
RHEOLOGICAL
FUNDAMENTALS
.
43
3.3.1.1
VISCOSITY
OF
NEWTONIAN
AND
MON-NEWTONIAN
FLUIDS
.
43
3.3.1.2
TEMPERATURE
AND
PRESSURE
DEPENDENCE
OF
VISCOSITY
46
3.3.1.3
MOLECULAR MASS
INFLUENCE
ON
VISCOSITY
.
46
3.3.1.4
VOLUME
PROPERTIES
.
47
3.3.2
MEASURING
RHEOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
.
47
3.3.2.1
RHEOMETRY/VISCOMETRY
.
47
3.3.2.2
ROTATIONAL
RHEOMETERS
.
48
3.3.2.3
CAPILLARY
RHEOMETERS
.
55
3.3.2.4
EXTENSIONAL
RHEOMETERS
.
65
3.3.3
SELECTING
MEASUREMENT
METHODS
FOR
CHARACTERIZING
POLYMER
MATERIALS
.
67
3.4
COMPILATION
OF
STANDARDS
.
68
4
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
POLYMERS
.
71
4.1
FUNDAMENTAL
PRINCIPLES
OF
MECHANICAL
BEHAVIOR
.
71
4.1.1
MECHANICAL
LOADING
PARAMETERS
.
71
4.1.1.1
STRESS
.
71
4.1.1.2
STRAIN
.
74
4.1.2
MATERIAL
BEHAVIOR
AND
CONSTITUTIVE
EQUATIONS
.
75
4.1.2.1
ELASTIC
BEHAVIOR
.
75
4.1.2.2
VISCOUS
BEHAVIOR
.
78
4.1.2.3
VISCOELASTIC
BEHAVIOR
.
79
4.1.2.4
PLASTIC
BEHAVIOR
.
85
4.2
MECHANICAL
SPECTROSCOPY
.
87
4.2.1
EXPERIMENTAL
DETERMINATION
OF
TIME-DEPENDENT
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
.
87
4.2.1.1
STATIC
TESTING
METHODS
.
87
4.2.1.2
DYNAMIC-MECHANICAL
ANALYSIS
(DMA)
.
88
4.2.2
TIME
AND
TEMPERATURE
DEPENDENCE
OF
VISCOELASTIC
PROPERTIES
96
4.2.3
STRUCTURAL
FACTORS
INFLUENCING
VISCOELASTIC
PROPERTIES
.
99
4.3
QUASI-STATIC
TEST
METHODS
.
101
4.3.1
DEFORMATION
BEHAVIOR
OF
POLYMERS
.
101
4.3.2
TENSILE
TESTS
ON
POLYMERS
.
106
4.3.2.1
THEORETICAL
BASIS
OF
THE
TENSILE
TEST
.
106
4.3.2.2
CONVENTIONAL
TENSILE
TESTS
.
109
4.3.2.3
ENHANCED
INFORMATION
OF
TENSILE
TESTS
.
118
4.3.3
TEAR
TEST
.
124
4.3.4
COMPRESSION
TEST
ON
POLYMERS
.
125
4.3.4.1
THEORETICAL
BASIS
OF
THE
COMPRESSION
TEST
.
125
4.3.4.2
PERFORMANCE
AND
EVALUATION
OF
COMPRESSION
TESTS
.
129
4.3.5
BEND
TESTS
ON
POLYMERS
.
133
4.3.5.1
THEORETICAL
BASIS
OF
THE
BEND
TEST
.
133
4.3.5.2
THE
STANDARDIZED
BEND
TEST
.
139
4.4
IMPACT
LOADING
.
143
4.4.1
INTRODUCTION
.
143
4.4.2
CHARPY
IMPACT
TEST
AND
NOTCHED
CHARPY
IMPACT
TEST
.
144
4.4.3
TENSILE-IMPACT
AND
NOTCHED
TENSILE-IMPACT
TESTS
.
150
4.4.4
FREE-FALLING
DART
TEST
AND
PUNCTURE
IMPACT
TEST
.
152
4.5
FATIGUE
BEHAVIOR
.
156
4.5.1
FUNDAMENTALS
.
156
4.5.2
EXPERIMENTAL
DETERMINATION
OF
FATIGUE
BEHAVIOR
.
158
4.5.3
PLANNING
AND
EVALUATING
FATIGUE
TESTS
.
162
4.5.4
FACTORS
INFLUENCING
THE
FATIGUE
BEHAVIOR
AND
SERVICE-LIFE
PREDICTION
OF
SERVICE
LIFE
FOR
POLYMERS
.
164
4.6
LONG-TERM
STATIC
BEHAVIOR
.
167
4.6.1
FUNDAMENTALS
.
167
4.6.2
TENSILE
CREEP
TEST
.
168
4.6.3
FLEXURAL
CREEP
TEST
.
175
4.6.4
CREEP
COMPRESSION
TEST
.
176
4.7
HARDNESS
TEST
METHODS
.
178
4.7.1
PRINCIPLES
OF
HARDNESS
TESTING
.
178
4.7.2
CONVENTIONAL
HARDNESS
TESTING
METHODS
.
180
4.7.2.1
TEST
METHODS
FOR
DETERMINING
HARDNESS
VALUES
AFTER
UNLOADING
.
180
4.7.2.2
TEST
METHODS
FOR
DETERMINING
HARDNESS
VALUES
UNDER
LOAD
.
182
4.7.2.3
SPECIAL
TEST
METHODS
.
185
4.7.2.4
COMPARABILITY
OF
HARDNESS
VALUES
.
186
4.7.3
INSTRUMENTED
HARDNESS
TEST
.
187
4.7.3.1
FUNDAMENTALS
OF
MEASUREMENT
METHODOLOGY
.
187
4.7.3.2
MATERIAL
PARAMETERS
DERIVED
FROM
INSTRUMENTED
HARDNESS
TESTS
.
190
4.7.3.3
EXAMPLES
OF
APPLICATIONS
.
192
4.7.4
CORRELATING
MICROHARDNESS
WITH
YIELD
STRESS
AND
FRACTURE
TOUGHNESS
.
194
4.8
FRICTION
AND
WEAR
.
198
4.8.1
INTRODUCTION
.
198
4.8.2
FUNDAMENTALS
OF
FRICTION
AND
WEAR
.
200
4.8.2.1
FRICTIONAL
FORCES
.
200
4.8.2.2
TEMPERATURE
INCREASE
RESULTING
FROM
FRICTION
.
201
4.8.2.3
WEAR
AS
A
SYSTEM
CHARACTERISTIC
.
201
4.8.2.4
WEAR
MECHANISMS
AND
FORMATION
OF
TRANSFER
FILM
.
202
4.8.3
WEAR
TESTS
AND
WEAR
CHARACTERISTICS
.
203
4.8.3.1
SELECTED
MODEL
WEAR
TESTS
.
204
4.8.3.2
WEAR
PARAMETERS
AND
THEIR
DETERMINATION
.
205
4.8.3.3
WEAR
PARAMETERS
AND
THEIR
PRESENTATION
.
206
4.8.4
SELECTED
EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS
.
207
4.8.4.1
COUNTERBODY
INFLUENCE
.
207
4.8.4.2
INFLUENCING
OF
FILLERS
.
208
4.8.4.3
INFLUENCE
OF
LOADING
PARAMETERS
.
210
4.8.4.4
PREDICTING
PROPERTIES
VIA
ARTIFICIAL
NEURAL
NETWORKS
212
4.8.5
SUMMARY
.
213
4.9
COMPILATION
OF
STANDARDS
.
214
5
FRACTURE
TOUGHNESS
MEASUREMENTS
IN
ENGINEERING
PLASTICS
.
229
5.1
INTRODUCTION
.
229
5.2
CURRENT
STATE
AND
DEVELOPMENT
TRENDS
.
230
5.3
FUNDAMENTAL
CONCEPTS
OF
FRACTURE
MECHANICS
.
231
5.3.1
LINEAR-ELASTIC
FRACTURE
MECHANICS
(LEFM)
.
231
5.3.2
CRACK-TIP-OPENING
DISPLACEMENT
(CTOD)
CONCEPT
.
236
5.3.3
J-INTEGRAL
CONCEPT
.
239
5.3.4
CRACK
RESISTANCE
(R-)
CURVE
CONCEPT
.
241
5.4
EXPERIMENTAL
DETERMINATION
OF
FRACTURE
MECHANICAL
PARAMETERS
.
243
5.4.1
QUASI-STATIC
LOADING
.
243
5.4.2
INSTRUMENTED
CHARPY
IMPACT
TEST
.
246
5.4.2.1
TEST
CONFIGURATION
.
246
5.4.2.2
MAINTENANCE
OF
EXPERIMENTAL
CONDITIONS
.
248
5.4.2.3
TYPES
OF
LOAD-DEFLECTION
DIAGRAMS
-
OPTIMIZATION
OF
DIAGRAM
SHAPE
.
250
5.4.2.4
SPECIAL
APPROXIMATION
METHODS
FOR
ESTIMATING
J
VALUES
.
251
5.4.2.5
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
SPECIMEN
GEOMETRY
.
254
5.4.3
INSTRUMENTED
FREE-FALLING
DART
TEST
.
256
5.5
APPLICATIONS
FOR
MATERIAL
DEVELOPMENT
.
258
5.5.1
FRACTURE
MECHANICAL TOUGHNESS
EVALUATION
ON
MODIFIED
POLYMERS
.
258
5.5.1.1
PARTICLE
FILLED
THERMOPLASTICS
.
258
5.5.1.2
FIBER-REINFORCED
THERMOPLASTICS
.
262
5.5.1.3
BLENDS
AND
COPOLYMERS
.
266
5.5.2
INSTRUMENTED
TENSILE-IMPACT TESTING
FOR
PRODUCT
EVALUATION
.
272
5.5.3
CONSIDERATION
OF
FRACTURE
BEHAVIOR
FOR
MATERIAL
SELECTION
AND
DIMENSIONING
.
275
5.6
COMPILATION
OF
STANDARDS
.
277
6
TESTING
OF
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
.
283
6.1
THERMAL
PROPERTIES
.
283
6.1.1
INTRODUCTION
.
283
6.1.2
DETERMINING
HEAT
CONDUCTIVITY
.
285
6.1.3
DIFFERENTIAL
SCANNING
CALORIMETRY
(DSC)
.
289
6.1.4
THERMOGRAVIMETRIC
ANALYSIS
(TGA)
.
294
6.1.5
THERMOMECHANICAL
ANALYSIS
(TMA)
.
296
6.2
OPTICAL
PROPERTIES
.
299
6.2.1
INTRODUCTION
.
299
6.2.2
REFLECTION
AND
DIFFRACTION
.
300
6.2.2.1
DIRECTED
AND
DIFFUSE
REFLECTION
.
300
6.2.2.2
REFRACTIVE
INDEX
DETERMINATION
.
301
6.2.3
DISPERSION
.
305
6.2.4
POLARIZATION
.
305
6.2.4.1
OPTICAL
ACTIVITY
.
306
6.2.4.2
POLARIZATION
OF
OPTICAL
COMPONENTS
.
306
6.2.4.3
POLARIZATION-OPTICAL
TESTING METHODS
.
308
6.2.5
TRANSMISSION,
ABSORPTION
AND
REFLECTION
.
314
6.2.6
GLOSS,
INTRINSIC
DIFFUSE
REFLECTANCE
AND
HAZE
.
315
6.2.7
COLOR
.
319
6.2.8
TRANSPARENCY
AND
TRANSLUCENCY
.
322
6.2.9
INFRARED
SPECTROSCOPY
.
325
6.2.10
LASER
TECHNOLOGY
.
328
6.2.11
TESTING
THE
STABILITY
OF
OPTICAL
VALUES
.
329
6.3
ELECTRICAL
AND
DIELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES
.
330
6.3.1
INTRODUCTION
.
330
6.3.2
PHYSICAL
FUNDAMENTALS
.
333
6.3.3
ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY
AND
RESISTANCE
.
336
6.3.3.1
VOLUME
RESISTIVITY
.
336
6.3.3.2
SURFACE
RESISTIVITY
.
339
6.3.3.3
INSULATION
RESISTANCE
.
340
6.3.3.4
CONTACTING
AND
SPECIMEN
PREPARATION
.
343
6.3.4
DIELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES
AND
DIELECTRICAL
SPECTROSCOPY
.
344
6.3.4.1
RELAXATION
PROCESSES
.
345
6.3.4.2
ALTERNATING
CURRENT
CONDUCTIVITY
(AC
CONDUCTIVITY)
353
6.3.4.3
BROADBAND DIELECTRIC
MEASUREMENT
TECHNIQUES
.
354
6.3.5
SPECIAL
TECHNICAL
TESTING
METHODS
.
361
6.3.5.1
ELECTROSTATIC
CHARGE
.
361
6.3.5.2
ELECTRIC
STRENGTH
.
362
6.3.5.3
CREEP
RESISTANCE
AND
ARC
RESISTANCE
.
366
6.4
COMPILATION
OF
STANDARDS
.
369
7
EVALUATING
ENVIRONMENTAL
STRESS
CRACKING
RESISTANCE
.
383
7.1
GENERAL
REMARKS
ON
THE
FAILURE
OF
POLYMERS
IN
AGGRESSIVE
FLUIDS
.
383
7.2
TESTING
ENVIRONMENTAL
STRESS
CRACKING
RESISTANCE
.
387
7.2.1
TEST
METHODS
FOR
DETERMINING
ENVIRONMENTAL
STRESS
CRACK
FORMATION
.
387
7.2.2
EXAMPLES
FOR
EVALUATING
ENVIRONMENTAL
STRESS
CRACKING
RESISTANCE
WITH
STANDARDIZED
TEST
METHODS
.
391
7.2.3
FRACTURE
MECHANICS
TEST
METHODS
.
394
7.3
MODELING
PLASTICS
FAILURE
IN
FLUIDS
CAUSED
BY
STRESS
CRACKING
.
398
7.4
FACTORS
INFLUENCING
STRESS
CRACKING
BEHAVIOR
.
402
7.4.1
CROSSLINKING
.
402
7.4.2
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
AND
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
DISTRIBUTION
.
403
7.4.3
BRANCHING
.
404
7.4.4
CRYSTALLINE
REGIONS
.
405
7.4.5
MOLECULAR
ORIENTATION
.
407
7.4.6
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL
INTERACTION
PROCESSES
.
410
7.4.7
VISCOSITY
OF
THE
IMMERSION
FLUID
.
416
7.4.8
INFLUENCE
OF
TEST
SPECIMEN
THICKNESS
.
421
7.4.9
TEMPERATURE
INFLUENCE
.
422
7.5
COMPILATION
OF
STANDARDS
.
425
8
NON-DESTRUCTIVE
POLYMER
TESTING
.
431
8.1
INTRODUCTION
.
431
8.2
NON-DESTRUCTIVE
TESTING
BY
ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES
.
433
8.2.1
X-RAY
RADIATION
.
433
8.2.1.1
PROJECTION
METHODS
BY
MEANS
OF
ABSORPTION
.
434
8.2.1.2
COMPTON
BACKSCATTER
.
436
8.2.1.3
X-RAY
REFRACTOMETRY
.
437
8.2.2
SPECTRAL
RANGE
OF
VISIBLE
LIGHT
.
440
8.2.2.1
MEASURING
THICKNESS
OF
TRANSPARENT
COMPONENTS
.
440
8.2.2.2
PHOTOELASTIC
IMAGING
OF
TRANSPARENT
COMPONENTS
.
440
8.2.2.3
CONFOCAL
LASER
SCAN
MICROSCOPES
.
441
8.2.2.4
LINE
PROJECTION
FOR
DETECTING
CONTOUR
.
442
8.2.2.5
INTERFEROMETRIC
METHODS
.
443
8.2.3
THERMOGRAPHY
.
449
8.2.4
MICROWAVES
.
449
8.2.5
DIELECTRIC
SPECTROSCOPY
.
453
8.2.6
EDDY
CURRENT
.
454
8.3
NON-DESTRUCTIVE
TESTING
WITH
ELASTIC
WAVES
.
456
8.3.1
ELASTIC
WAVES
UNDER
LINEAR
MATERIAL
BEHAVIOR
.
457
8.3.1.1
ULTRASOUND
.
457
8.3.1.2
MECHANICAL
VIBROMETRY
.
468
8.3.2
ELASTIC
WAVES
WITH
NON-LINEAR
MATERIAL
BEHAVIOR
.
471
8.3.2.1
FUNDAMENTALS
ON
ELASTIC
WAVES
IN
NON-LINEAR
MATERIALS
.
471
8.3.2.2
NON-LINEAR
AIR-ULTRASOUND
.
472
8.3.2.3
NON-LINEAR
VIBROMETRY
.
475
8.4
NON-DESTRUCTIVE
TESTING
BY
DYNAMIC
HEAT
TRANSPORT
.
477
8.4.1
EXTERNAL
EXCITATION
.
478
8.4.1.1
HEAT-FLUX
THERMOGRAPHY
BY
NON-PERIODICAL
HEAT
TRANSPORT
.
478
8.4.1.2
THERMOGRAPHY
WITH
PERIODICAL
HEAT
TRANSPORT
.
480
8.4.2
INTERNAL
EXCITATION
.
484
8.4.2.1
THERMOGRAPHY
WITH
EXCITATION
BY
ELASTIC
WAVES
.
484
8.4.2.2
THERMOGRAPHY
WITH
OTHER
TYPES
OF
INTERNAL
EXCITATION
.
489
8.5
OUTLOOK
.
489
9
HYBRID
METHODS
OF
POLYMER
DIAGNOSTICS
.
497
9.1
OBJECTIVES
.
497
9.2
TENSILE
TEST,
ACOUSTIC
EMISSION
TEST
AND
VIDEO
THERMOGRAPHY
.
499
9.3
TENSILE
TEST
AND
LASER
EXTENSOMETRY
.
502
9.4
FRACTURE
MECHANICS
AND
NON-DESTRUCTIVE
TESTING
.
507
10
TESTING
OF
COMPOSITE
MATERIALS
.
515
10.1
INTRODUCTION
.
515
10.2
THEORETICAL
BACKGROUND
.
517
10.2.1
ANISOTROPY
.
517
10.2.2
ELASTIC
PROPERTIES
OF
LAMINATES
.
518
10.2.3
INFLUENCE
FROM
MOISTURE
AND
TEMPERATURE
.
518
10.2.4
LAMINATE
THEORY
AND
ST.
VENANT
'
S
PRINCIPLE
.
519
10.2.5
APPLYING
FRACTURE
MECHANICAL
CONCEPTS
TO
FIBER
COMPOSITES
.
520
10.3
SPECIMEN
PREPARATION
.
522
10.3.1
MANUFACTURE
OF
LAMINATES
.
522
10.3.2
PREPARING
SPECIMENS
FOR
UNIDIRECTIONAL
LOADING
.
524
10.4
DETERMINING
FIBER
VOLUME
CONTENT
.
526
10.5
MECHANICAL
TEST
METHODS
.
527
10.5.1
TENSILE
TESTS
.
527
10.5.2
COMPRESSION
TESTS
.
530
10.5.3
FLEXURAL
TESTS
.
534
10.5.4
INTERLAMINAR
SHEAR
STRENGTH
.
537
10.5.5
SHEAR
TESTS
.
538
10.5.5.1
45
OFF-AXIS
TENSILE
TEST
.
538
10.5.5.2
10
OFF-AXIS
TENSILE
TEST
.
540
10.5.5.3
TWO
AND
THREE-RAIL
SHEAR
TEST
.
541
10.5.5.4
LOSIPESCU
SHEAR
TEST
.
543
10.5.5.5
PLATE-TWIST
SHEAR
TEST
.
544
10.5.5.6
TORSIONAL
LOADING
ON
THIN-WALLED
TUBES
.
545
10.6
FRACTURE
MECHANICAL
TEST
METHODS
.
546
10.6.1
EXPERIMENTAL
TESTS
ON
FIBER
COMPOSITE
MATERIALS
.
546
10.6.2
SPECIAL
SPECIMEN
CONFIGURATION
.
547
10.6.2.1
SPECIMENS
FOR
MODE
I
LOADING
.
547
10.6.2.2
SPECIMEN
FOR
MODE
II
LOADING
.
548
10.6.2.3
MIXED-MODE
SPECIMENS
.
551
10.6.3
FRACTURE
MECHANICAL
VALUES
OF
FIBER
COMPOSITE
MATERIALS
.
554
10.7
DEDICATED
TEST
METHODS
.
555
10.7.1
EDGE
DELAMINATION
TEST
(EDT)
.
555
10.7.2
BOEING
OPEN-HOLE
COMPRESSION
TEST
.
556
10.8
PEEL
STRENGTH
OF
FLEXIBLE
LAMINATES
.
557
10.9
IMPACT
LOADING
AND
DAMAGE
TOLERANCE
.
559
10.10
COMPILATION
OF
STANDARDS
AND
GUIDELINES
.
562
11
TECHNOLOGICAL
TESTING
METHODS
.
569
11.1
HEAT
DISTORTION
RESISTANCE
.
569
11.1.1
FUNDAMENTALS
AND
DEFINITIONS
.
569
11.1.2
DETERMINING
HEAT
DISTORTION
RESISTANCE
TEMPERATURE
HDT
AND
VICAT
SOFTENING
TEMPERATURE
.
570
11.1.3
PRACTICAL
EXAMPLES
FOR
THE
INFORMATIONAL
VALUE
OF
THE
VICAT
AND
HDT
TEST
.
573
11.2
FIRE
BEHAVIOR
.
577
11.2.1
INTRODUCTION
.
577
11.2.2
STAGES
OF
A
FIRE
AND
FIRE-DETERMINING
PARAMETERS
.
579
11.2.3
FIRE
TESTS
.
581
11.2.3.1
SMOLDERING
FIRE
.
582
11.2.3.2
IGNITABILITY
.
583
11.2.3.3
FLAME
SPREAD
.
587
11.2.3.4
HEAT
RELEASE
.
590
11.2.3.5
FIRE
RESISTANCE
.
592
11.2.3.6
EASE
OF
EXTINCTION
.
592
11.2.4
UTILIZATION
OF
CONE
CALORIMETER
TO
CHARACTERIZE
FIRE
BEHAVIOR
.
594
11.3
COMPONENT
TESTING
.
600
11.3.1
INTRODUCTION
.
600
11.3.2
BASIC
TESTING
METHODS
.
601
11.3.2.1
GENERAL
REMARKS
.
601
11.3.2.2
TESTING
VISIBLE
FEATURES
.
601
11.3.2.3
TESTING
MATERIALS
PROPERTIES
.
603
11.3.2.4
TESTING
SERVICEABILITY
.
605
11.3.3
TESTING
PLASTIC
PIPING
.
606
11.3.3.1
QUALITY
ASSURANCE
FOR
PLASTIC
PIPING
.
606
11.3.3.2
TESTING
HYDROSTATIC
RUPTURE
STRENGTH
FOR
PLASTIC
PIPES
.
608
11.3.4
TESTING
PLASTICS
COMPONENTS
FOR
APPLICATION
IN
VEHICLE
DESIGN
611
11.3.4.1
TEST
REQUIREMENTS
.
611
11.3.4.2
MECHANICAL
TESTS
.
611
11.3.4.3
PERMEATION
AND
EMISSION
TESTS
.
613
11.3.5
TESTING
PLASTICS
COMPONENTS
FOR
APPLICATION
IN
BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
.
616
11.3.5.1
INTRODUCTION
.
616
11.3.5.2
TESTING
SANDWICH
PANELS
.
617
11.3.5.3
TESTING
PLASTIC
CASING
PIPES
.
620
11.4
IMPLANT
TESTING
.
624
11.4.1
INTRODUCTION
.
624
11.4.2
PUSH-OUT
TESTS
FOR
IMPLANTS
.
626
11.4.3
TESTING
THE
APPLICATION
BEHAVIOR
OF
PHARYNGOTRACHEAL
VOICE
PROSTHESES
.
629
11.4.4
DETERMINING
THE
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
HUMAN
CARTILAGE
.
632
11.5
COMPILATION
OF
STANDARDS
.
634
12
TESTING
OF
POLYMERIC
FILMS
.
643
12.1
BASICS
.
643
12.2
DETERMINATION
OF
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
FILMS
.
644
12.2.1
TENSILE
TEST
.
644
12.2.2
TEAR
TEST
.
647
12.2.3
IMPACT
BEHAVIOR
.
648
12.2.3.1
TENSILE-IMPACT
TEST
.
648
12.2.3.2
DYNAMIC
TEAR
TESTING
.
651
12.2.3.3
PUNCTURE
TESTS
.
653
12.3
CHARACTERIZATION
OF
SEPARATION
BEHAVIOR
.
657
12.3.1
PEEL
TESTS
.
657
12.3.2
CLING
TEST
.
666
12.4
FRACTURE
MECHANICS
CHARACTERIZATION
.
668
12.5
CHARACTERIZATION
OF
FILM
SURFACES
.
672
12.6
COMPILATION
OF
STANDARDS
AND
GUIDELINES
.
675
13
TESTING
OF
MICROCOMPONENTS
.
679
13.1
INTRODUCTION
.
679
13.2
MICROSPECIMEN
TESTING
.
682
13.2.1
MICRO-TENSILE
TESTS
.
682
13.2.2
FRACTURE
MECHANICS
INVESTIGATIONS
USING
MINI
COMPACT
TENSION
(CT)
SPECIMENS
.
687
13.3
NANOINDENTATION
TESTING
.
689
13.4
TESTING
METHODS
ON
THEIR
WAY
TO
THE
NANOWORLD
.
691
13.4.1
NON-CONTACTING
DISPLACEMENT
FIELD
ANALYSIS
USING
DIGITAL
IMAGE
CORRELATION
(GRAY-VALUE
CORRELATION
ANALYSIS)
.
691
13.4.2
IN-SITU
DEFORMATION
MEASUREMENT
WITH
ATOMIC
FORCE
MICROSCOPY
(AFM)
.
693
INDEX
.
701 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author2 | Grellmann, Wolfgang 1949- Seidler, Sabine 1961- |
| author2_role | edt edt |
| author2_variant | w g wg s s ss |
| author_GND | (DE-588)122373421 (DE-588)1071840517 |
| author_facet | Grellmann, Wolfgang 1949- Seidler, Sabine 1961- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048294756 |
| classification_tum | WER 700 WER 550 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1227033109 (DE-599)DNB1223037134 |
| discipline | Werkstoffwissenschaften |
| discipline_str_mv | Werkstoffwissenschaften |
| edition | 3rd edition |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV048294756 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:04:44Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:34:27Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1064064051 |
| isbn | 9781569908068 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033674657 |
| oclc_num | 1227033109 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-210 DE-12 DE-92 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM |
| owner_facet | DE-210 DE-12 DE-92 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM |
| physical | XLII, 714 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Carl Hanser Verlag |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Polymer Testing Wolfgang Grellmann, Sabine Seidler (Eds.) ; with contribution by Volker Altstädt [und 12 weitere] 3rd edition Munich Carl Hanser Verlag [2022] ©2022 XLII, 714 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Kunststoffprüfung (DE-588)4166070-5 gnd rswk-swf Werkstoffprüfung (DE-588)4037934-6 gnd rswk-swf Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd rswk-swf Kunststoffe Prüftechnik Werkstoffprüfung FBKTANAL: Werkstoffprüfung und Analytik PLAS2021 Composite materials Material testing Mechanical properties Nondestructive testing Part properties Plastics testing Product safety Stress cracking resistance Tensile test (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Kunststoffprüfung (DE-588)4166070-5 s DE-604 Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 s Werkstoffprüfung (DE-588)4037934-6 s Grellmann, Wolfgang 1949- (DE-588)122373421 edt Seidler, Sabine 1961- (DE-588)1071840517 edt Hanser Publications (DE-588)1064064051 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-56990-807-5 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-56990-808-2 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033674657&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p vlb 20201209 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#vlb |
| spellingShingle | Polymer Testing Kunststoffprüfung (DE-588)4166070-5 gnd Werkstoffprüfung (DE-588)4037934-6 gnd Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4166070-5 (DE-588)4037934-6 (DE-588)4033676-1 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Polymer Testing |
| title_auth | Polymer Testing |
| title_exact_search | Polymer Testing |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Polymer Testing |
| title_full | Polymer Testing Wolfgang Grellmann, Sabine Seidler (Eds.) ; with contribution by Volker Altstädt [und 12 weitere] |
| title_fullStr | Polymer Testing Wolfgang Grellmann, Sabine Seidler (Eds.) ; with contribution by Volker Altstädt [und 12 weitere] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Polymer Testing Wolfgang Grellmann, Sabine Seidler (Eds.) ; with contribution by Volker Altstädt [und 12 weitere] |
| title_short | Polymer Testing |
| title_sort | polymer testing |
| topic | Kunststoffprüfung (DE-588)4166070-5 gnd Werkstoffprüfung (DE-588)4037934-6 gnd Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kunststoffprüfung Werkstoffprüfung Kunststoff Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033674657&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT grellmannwolfgang polymertesting AT seidlersabine polymertesting AT hanserpublications polymertesting |