The unknown war: anti-Soviet armed resistance in Lithuania and its legacies
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London ; New York
Routledge
2022
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| Beschreibung: | xii, 174 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781032185088 9781032185118 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents vii viii x List of illustrations List of contributors Acknowledgements Glossary of Russian and Lithuanian terms and abbreviations xi 1 Introduction ARŪNAS STREIKUS PARTI 13 A Strange Long War 1 Lithuanian anti-Soviet armed resistance in the context of XXth-century partisan wars 15 KĘSTUTIS K. GIRNIUS 2 Who were the Lithuanian partisans? 48 DAINIUS NOREIKA 3 Partisan supporters: The unseen participants in the resistance 73 ENRIKĄ KRIPIENÉ PARTII 97 From the Memory War to the Heroic Narrative 4 The memory of the armed anti-Soviet resistance during the Cold War MINGAILĖ JURKUTĖ 99
vi Contents 5 The partisan war in Lithuanian memory culture after 1990 127 AISTĖ PETRAUSKIENĖ 6 Archaeology in the study of the anti-Soviet Lithuanian partisan war 149 GINTAUTAS VĖLIUS Index 168
Index Acus, Marcelinas codename Vanagas 66, 67 Aid, Mathew M. 115 Aitvariukas, codename 164 Albanese, David 61-63 Aldona 111 Algimantas District 160, 163; Monte’s bunker 164 Aliukevičius, Alfonsas codename Saulė 65 Ambrazaitis, Kazys 117 Ambrulevičienė, Marija 88 Ambrulevičius, Antanas 88 Ambrulevičius, Stasys 88 Anusauskas, Arvydas 2, 5, 6, 15, 24, 28, 37, 39, 63, 74, 81, 133, 134 Aputis, Juozas 109 Aras, codename see Baranauskas, Pranas Armonas, Barbara 123nl2 art and literature: contemporary Lithuanian cinema 11ո6, 11ոՅ; contemporary Lithuanian literature 73, 74; contemporary Lithuanian music - Skylė ‘Broliai’ 91nl, 100, 100; see also Smilgevičiūtė, Aistė 9lni, 91ո2, 100, 100; émigré literature 118, 119; Niekas nenorėjo mirti (Nobody wanted to die) 111-113; Soviet cinema 111-114; Soviet literature 108-111 Ashworth, Gregory J. 129 Assmann, Jan 101 Atlantic Charter 22, 25, 51 Audronis see Pyplys, Kazimieras Augustytė, Albina 140 Avyžius, Jonas 111 Bakšys, Algimantas codename Germantas 80 Baliukevičius, Lionginas codename Dzūkas [commander of the Dainava District] 82, 100, 159 Baltakis, Algimantas 108 Baltrūnas, Aleksas 108 Baltūsis, Antanas codename Žvejas [commander of the Tauras District] 64 Banga see Židavavičiūtė, Ona Marcelė Banionis, Donatas 123nl0 Baranauskas, Boleslovas 106 Baranauskas, Pranas codename Aras [Commander of the Kęstutis Group] 87, 88 Bartkutis, Jonas 63 Bartkus, Petras codename Žadgaila [Commander of the Prisikėlimas District, Chief of the Organizational Division of the Defense Forces Headquarters of the LLKS, signatory of the 16 February 1949
Declaration] 141, 164 battles 2, 73, 100, 134, 135, 144, 149, 158, 161, 162, 164; Kalniškė 17, 18, 164; Užpelkės forest 164, 165 Beleška, Vytautas codename Pušis 60 Bergholz, Max 29 Beria, Lavrentiy 25 Bičius, Algis 109 Bieliauskas, Alfonsas 108 Bilkis, Vladas Bronius 63 Blokh, L M. 159 Bloznelis, M. 59 Bonilla, Yarimar 144 Boruchas, Benvūras 65 Brazaitis, Juozas 22, 102, 103, 105, 117 Brazauskas, N. 74 Bražėnaitė, Nijolė 49
Index British intelligence (MI6, SIS) 54-56 Broz, Josip codename Tito 16, 19, 21-23, 28, 29, 43 Bubnys, Arūnas 33, 34, 60, 63-65 Bubnys, Vytautas 111, 113 Budak, Mila 28 Budginaitė, Ona 140 Bujanauskas, Juozas codename Bailys, Radastas 85, 91n5, 91 Bukauskienė 53 Bukelevičiūtė, D. 52, 53 bunkers 2, 81, 86, 88, 109, 134, 135, 141, 142, 144, 149, 151, 158, 166; Balandiškis bunker 160, 161, 164; construction 159-164; Minaičiai bunker 142, 160, 161, 162, 164 Burauskaitė, Teresė Birutė 83 Burds, J. 38, 43, 44 Burlicky, Grigory 119, 123nl2 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 4, 50, 55-57, 61, 104, 105, 115, 116 Chiang Kai-shek 22 Churchill, Winston 2, 25 collectivization (kolkhozy / kolkhozi / kolkhozes) 5, 24, 30, 41, 85, 104, 105, 118 Conquest, R. 54 Čebatorienė, Erika 144 Čepaitienė, Rasa 129, 130, 133 Čėpla, Stasys codename Vilkas 63 Černevičius, Jurgis 60, 65, 70 Česnulevičius, Antanas codename Mėnulis 151 Dainava District 80, 82, 103, 151, 160, 163; Dzūkai detachment 81; ‘Genys Group’ (Kazimieraitis detachment, Vytautas the Great tėvūnija (group)) 151, 163; Grand Duke Kęstutis Company (group, tėvūnija) 77, 80-83, 85, 88-90; Juozapavičius Detachment 83 Dakanis, В. 150 Daumantas see Lukša, Juozas Daumantas, Juozas see Lukša, Juozas De Jong, L. 34 defenders of the people see stribai Deksnys, Jonas 54, 55, 68n5, 115 Dementavičius, Justinas 134, 142 Didžioji kova (Great Struggle) District 83, 160; Grand Duke Margiris detachment 127 169 Dieninis, Hubertas codename Šarūnas 63 Djilas, Milovan 30 Dorril, S. 54 Dovydaitis, Jonas 108, 109 Driskius, Klaudijus 74 Dushanski see Dushansky,
Nachman Dushansky, Nachman 62, 63, 69ո7 Eckstein, Harry 15 Eden, Anthony 21 Evans, Μ. 19 extermination squad see stribai Faitelson, Alex 62, 63, 69n8 Figes, Orlando 104 Fischer, L. 21 French intelligence 50, 55, 57 Gailienė, Danutė И Gailius, Bernardas 8-10, 53, 82, 99, 123n9, 131 Garmutė, A. 136 Gaškaitė, Nijolė (Gaškaitė-Žemaitienė) 8, 40, 74, 76, 80, 84, 127 Gedminas, Jonas codename Girėnas 141, 164 Gellner, E. 29, 30 Genocide and Resistance research Centre of Lithuania (GRRCL) 11ո4, 49, 56, 74, 122ո5, 123ո17, 129, 131-134, 145, 146ո2, 149, 151-153, 156-158 German intelligence 54-57 Germanavičius, Jonas codename Driežas 63 Girėnas see Gedminas, Juozas Girnius Kęstutis see Girnius, Kęstutis K. Girnius, Kęstutis K. 8, 9, 15, 23, 74, 114, 117, 12Խ1 Godaitė-Šaltenienė, Emilija 139 Gricius, Jonas 113, 123nl0 Grikevičius, Almantas 113 Griškonytė, Marija codename Rita [courier of staff of southern Lithuania region] 83 Grišmanauskas, Juozas 104, 105, 123nl2 Gudavičius, Henrikas 142 Gumz, J. 28 Guoga, Edvardas codename Glaudys 63 Halperin, S. 52 Haman, Joachim 65 Hastings, M. 38
170 Index Heer, H. 31 heritage: Cultural Heritage Inspectorate 134; Department of Cultural Heritage (DCH) 129, 132, 145, 150, 151, 160; Department for Monument Management 134 Hilberg, Raul 63, 64 Holocaust in Lithuania 20, 61-68, 69n6, 69n8, 69; Einsatzgruppe 63, 69n6, 70; Lietūkis garage 61, 63, 69n6 Horne, A. 19 Indrišionis, Darius 151-153, 158 Irena Stulpinaité 61 istrebiteli (destroyers) see stribai Ivanauskas, Albinas codename Topolis 157 Ivanovaitè, L. 160 Ivanovas, B. 52 Jacunskas, Petras 86, 88 Jakštas, Jonas codename Pikuolis 63 Jakutis, V. codename Skaisgiris 150 Jankauskas, R. 152 Jankauskienė, Jūratė 158 Jankevičiūtė, Giedrė 138 Juciūtė, Elena 123nl2 Juknevičius, A. 160 June uprising 1941 48, 60, 65, 118, 133 Juodis-Sarūnas see Juodis, Vytautas Juodis, Algirdas, codename Vermachtas 58, 60 Juodis, Darius 17, 91n4, 92, 116 Juodis, Motiejus 70 Juodis, Vytautas codename Šarūnas 58, 60 Juodzevičius, Balys 128, 129 Jurkutė, Mingailė 9, 20, 99, 104, 115, 146n3 Juršėnas, Česlovas 131 Kalyvas, S. N. 21, 38, 40 Karosas, Jonas 122n6 Kašėta, Algis 8, 74, 76, 80, 84, 159 Kasparas, Kęstutis 8, 55, 107 Kasparavičius, A. 51 Kasperavičius, Juozas codename Visvydas 78 Kaubrys, S. 52 Kaulinis, Vincas codename Miškinis [commander of the Vytautas District] 64 Kaunietis, Romas 58, 74, 141 Kazlauskas, Evaldas 11, 137 Kersten, Charles J. 105, 119, 122n3 Kęstutis District (United Kęstutis District) 78, 127 KGB 56, 69n7, 102, 104, 106, 107, 122n6, 133, 146nl, 151, 152, 154, 159; see also NKGB-MGB-KGB Internal Prison Khrushchev, Nikita 105 King Mindaugas (Kalnai) partisan district 163,
163 kolkhoz see collectivization Kontrimas, D. 150 Korsakienė, Halina 110, 111 Kozakaitė, Justina 156, 158 Kraujelis, Antanas codename Siaubūnas 158 Krikščiūnas, Jurgis codename Rimvydas 123nl4 Kripienė, Enriką (Žilytė) 8, 9, 27, 73, 83 Krištaponis, Juozas 63 Kruglov, Sergei 44 Kruklienė, Marė 87 Kruklys, Juozas 87 Kučinskas, Vytautas 133, 134 Kuckailis 165 Kulikauskas, Antanas codename Daktaras 83 Kuodytė, Dalia 8, 20, 74, 76, 80, 84 Kuprys, Rolandas 100 Kutuzov 164 Kuzmickaitė, Albina 87 Kuzmickas, Juozas codename Ąžuolas 86, 91n5 Kuzmickienė, Ona 87 Laar, M. 42 Lagrou, P. 35 Laima 112 Landsbergis, Algirdas (K. V. Tauras) 117, 118, 119 Lapinskas, Altanas codename Kietis 66 Laucė, Jonas 111 Laurinavičius, Č. 45, 51 Lawrence see TE. LA. (Lawrence) Levy, M. F. 28 Liaudis, Kazimieras 102 Liberation Committee of Lithuana 77 Lieb, P. 34 Liesis, Bronius codename Naktis [Chief of Staff of the Prisikėlimas District, Chief of the National Division of the Public Section of the LLKS, signatory of the 16 February 1949 Declaration] 141, 164
Index Lithuanian Freedom Army, LFA (Lietuvos laisvės armija, LLA) 56, 74-77; LFA Hawks (Vanagai) 76, 77 Lithuanian partisans: centralisation process 3-5, 78, 85, 116; partisan goals 3, 4, 37, 38, 50, 51, 54; partisan tactics 2Л, 39, 40, 57, 77, 78, 158, 164; penetration of the Iron Curtain 4, 48, 54-57, 116; press 3, 37, 77, 79, 116; punishment of collaborators 3, 4, 6, 37^42, 63, 89; statistics 1, 2, 3, 15, 27, 37, 40, 52, 53, 57, 58, 60, 63, 65, 67, 74, 80-82, 84, 85, 89 Lithuanian Resistance Accord (Lietuvos rezistencinė santarvė) 115 Lithuanian Riflemen’s Union 7, 53, 59, 68n4, 123nl5, 143 Lithuanian self-Defence Battalions (self-defence units) 17, 22, 33, 60, 61, 63, 64, 68n3 Lithuanian Territorial Defence Force, LTDF (Vietinė rinktinė) 20, 33, 60 Lithuanian Waffen SS legion 20, 34, 65, 69ո6 LLA see Lithuanian Freedom Army LLKS see Movement of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters Lozoraitis, Julius 122n7 Lucas, E. 55 Lukoševičius, Vytautas codename Balandis 151 Lukša-Daumantas see Lukša, Juozas Lukša, Juozas codename Daumantas [Chief Delegate of Lithuanian partisans abroad, Chief of the Intelligence Division of the Defense Forces Headquarters of the LLKS] 4, 8, 11ոՅ, 48, 49, 49, 50-55, 56, 57, 61-64, 67, 73, 104, 115-118, 123nl4, 123nl5 Lusas, Jonas codename Aitvaras 141 Maciulevičius, Pranas 65 Maercker, A. 137 Maksimov 115 Maksimov, Lavrentiy agent Antanas 115 Makštutytė, Ona 88 Malygin, Aleksander 103 Mann, C. 35, 36 Mao Zedong 19, 22 Marcinkevičius, Jonas 108 Marcinkevičius, Justinas 108 Marčiulionis, Jonas codename Audronis 59 171 Marčiulionis, Jurgis 59 Marčiulionis,
Vytautas codename Viesulas 59 Markeliūnas, Albinas 88, 89 Martavičius, Leonardas 102, 122n6 Masilionis, Povilas 6 Matulevičius, Jonas Stasys 83 Mayer, A. J. 38 Mazower, M. 30, 35 McAdam, Doug 50 McConville, M. 19 Melamed, J. 62 Melson, C. D. 21 MGB (Ministry of State Security) 5, 6, 40, 42, 45, 68ո2, 69ո7, 90, 115, 116, 133, 150-154, 157, 164; see also NKGB: NKGB-MGB-KGB Internal Prison MI6 see British intelligence Mickevičius, Eurikas codename Laisvūnas 165 Mihailovič, Dragoljub 29 Mikalionis 89 Mikelinskas, Jonas 111 Misiūnas, R. 51, 117 mobilisation into Red Army (forced conscription) 2, 24, 44, 58, 81 Mockūnas, L. 115 Morkūnas, Jonas codename Banginis 151 Moshenska, G. 138 Movement of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters (Lietuvos laisvės kovos sąjūdis, LLKS) 4, 5, 37, 79, 80, 84, 90, 122n2, 131, 132, 160, 164; Declaration of the Lithuanian Freedom Movement 79, 122n2, 131, 132, 141, 160, 164 Mussolini, Benito 28 Myron, codename 45 Napoleon 18 Narkutė, leva 91n2 National Salvation Union 77 Nazi occupation 20, 27; Nazi repressions in Lithuania 28; Anti-Nazi resistance 3, 7, 20, 22, 25, 68n5, 75; Lithuanian Front (Lietuvių frontas, LF) 75, 118; LF military branch ‘Kęstutis’ 74 Nedzinskas, Albinas codename Jovaras [staff commander] 81, 93 Neifalta, Jonas codename Lakūnas 165 Nekrich 28
172 Index NKGB 25, 65, 68n2, 133, 151, 153, 154, 157; NKGB-MGB-KGB Internai Prison 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 157 NKVD (People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs) 1,2, 17, 24, 25, 28, 31, 33, 37, 38, 41, 44, 45, 57, 58, 62, 68n2, 101, 133, 150, 164 Noreiką, Dainius 7, 9, 17, 22, 48, 58, 65-67, 81, Norkūnas, Aleksas 66, 67 Norkūnas, R. 142 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) 4 Novickas, Audrius 138 O’Rourke, L. 57 O’ya, Bruno 123nl0 Ogilba, Juozas codename Dobilas 66, 67 Oginskiai 150 Öhman, Jonas 9ԽՅ, 100, 122n4 Old Bear 113 Olekas, Juozas 122n6 Pajaujis, Juozas 122n6 Paneriai 65 Pattinson, J. 26, 35 Pavlaković, V. 29 Pavlowitch 29 Pečiūraitė, A. 141, 150 Petersen, D. Roger 7, 51, 54, 58, 121 nl Petkevičius, Vytautas 109, 110 Petrauskas, Gediminas 142, 144, 160, 164, 165 Petrauskienė, Aistė 9, 10, 127, 142, 160, 165 Pielmaier, L. 137 Pieracki, Bronisław 43 Pipinytė, Živilei 13 Pocius, Mindaugas 6, 18, 25, 41 Požėra, Juozas 111, 113 Pranckūnienė-Sapkauskaitė, A. 139 Pranskūnaitė, E, 164 Prisikėlimas (Resurrection) District 141, 160, 164, 165; Kudirka tėvūnija (Maironis detachment) 165; Nemunas unit (Maironis detachment Mindaugas tėvūnija) 165 Prūsaitis, Pranciškus codename Lapė 158 Putinaitė, Nerija 123n9 Pyplys-Audronis see Pyplys, Kazimieras Pyplys, Antanas codename Putinas 60 Pyplys, Kazimieras codename Audronis 49, 49, 50, 52-55, 57-61, 64, 65, 67, 116, 118, 123nl4 Kacėnaitė, R. 142 Račkauskas, Juozas 85 Radzevičius, Bronius 111 Radzevičius, Jonas 88 Rakūnas, A. 114 Ramanauskas, Adolfas codename Vanagas [Commander of Lithuanian Defence Forces, deputy of Jonas
Žemaitis, signatory of the 16 February 1949 Declaration] 10, 27, 62, 104, 132, 152, 157; dicovery of remains 152, 157, 158; funeral (reburial) 10, 132 Randis, Jurgis 66, 67 Raslauskas, Juozas 60 Raslauskas, Simonas codename Klevas 59, 60 Redfield, R. 57 Reikvykis 78 Remeikis, Thomas 22, 117 Rigby, A. 130 Rimkevičius, Vytautas 108 Rimkus, H. 80, 81 Rinkevičius, Antanas 85 Romualdas codename Axe 111 Rozauskas, Eusiejus 122n6 Rukšėnas, Alfredas 63, 66 Rutenas, L. 114 Ruzgys codename Prutenis 77 Sadauskas, Vytautas codename Karys 151 Safronovas, Vasilijus 129, 130 Sajauskas, J. 87 Sąjūdis (Sąjūdis national reform movement) 99, 120, 129-132, 150 Sakalauskas, J. 59 Saliekas, Vytautas 88 Schlögel, К. 130 Schmitt, Karl 53 Schwegman, M. 26 Schweizer, Richard 63 Semaška, Jonas codename Liepa [commander of the Žemaičiai legion] 77 Senkutė, Anelė 118 Shepherd, В. 28-30 Shukhevych, Roman 45 Simonavicius, Kazys 88 Simonavičiūtė, Birutė 88 Slepyan, K. 19, 31
Index Sluckis, Mykolas 108, 109, 112 Smetona, Antanas 51, 52, 121n2 Smilgevičiūtė, Aistė 91nl Snyder, T. 43 Soviet elections 18; of 1946 36, 37 Soviet forces: statistics 5, 6, 15; tactics of suppression 5 Soviet intelligence 4, 115; SMERSH 65; see also MGB Soviet partisans 17,17, 19, 30-33, 43, 60, 69n8; statistics 32, 33 Soviet propaganda 1, 4, 6, 50, 55, 56, 62, 102-114 Soviet terror 24, 27, 32, 40, 53, 54, 66, 69n7, 105; terror statistics 5, 39, 40, 105; deportations 5, 23-24; deportation statistics 15, 24, 105, 122n5, 123nl7; deportations of June 1941 118, 123nl8; Gulag statistics 15, 24, 122n5; mass deportations of 1948 {Весна} and 1949 {Прибой} 5, 42, 105, 121Ո5 Sruoginis, Vincas 91n3, 100 St. Anthony 158 staff: staff bunkers 19, 151, 163, 163; see also Balandiškis bunker; see also Minaičiai bunker; see Baliukevičius, Lionginas; see Baltūsis, Antanas; see Baranauskas, Pranas; see Bartkus, Petras; see Griškonytė, Marija; see Kasperavičius, Juozas; see Kaulinis, Vincas; see Liesis, Bronius; see Lukša, Juozas; see Nedzinskas, Albinas; see Ramanauskas, Adolfas; see Semaška, Jonas; see Šibaila, Juozas; see Šniuolis, Vytautas; see Varkaļa, Algirdas; see Vitkus, Juozas; see Vygantas Juozas; see Žemaitis, Jonas Stahlecker, Franz Walter 63, 69n6 Stalin, Josef 21, 24, 25, 30 Stanislovaitis, Romualdas 108, 110 Starkauskas 18, 39 Statiev, Alexander 7, 8, 44 Stoškus, Pranas codename Danutė 165 Streikus, Arūnas 1, 104 Streikus, Juozapas codename Stumbras 158 stribai (istrebiteli / defenders of the people / extermination squad / destroyers) 1, 3, 4-6, lini, 18, 38, 41, 44, 101, 102,
109, 110, 149, 150 Strods, H. 42 Stulpinas, Balys codename Vytautas Didysis 60, 61 173 Surmas, Juozas 63 Sviderskas, Edvardas 88 Sviderskytė, Gražina 63 Swain, G. 41 Swedish intelligence 50, 54, 57 Šarmaitis, Romas 122n6 Šermukšnytė, Rūta 135 Šibaila, Juozas codename Diedukas [Chief of Staff of the Didžioji kova (Great Struggle) District, Chief of the Public Section of the LLKS, signatory of the 16 February 1949 Declaration] 83 Širvys, Klemensas 55, 56 Šiugžda, J. 65 Šlekys, D. 73 Šniuolis, Vytautas codename Svajūnas [Chief of Staff of the Prisikėlimas District] 141, 164 Štriupkus-Žaibas see Štriupkus, Vytautas Štriupkus, Juozas 60 Štriupkus, Vytautas codename Žaibas ֊ 59, 60 Šukys, Antanas codename Varūnas 165 Šumauskas, Motiejus 33 Šutinienė, Irena 130, 138 Švarcas, Jonas65 Švedkauskas, Česlovas Juozas codename Vilkas 83 T.E. LA. (Lawrence) 18 Taagepera, R. 51 Tankelevičius, Jonas 87 Tauras District 49, 55, 64, 77; Gediminas Company 58, 65, 66 Tauras, K. V. see Landsbergis, Algirdas Terleckas, Antanas 74 ‘Thaw’ 105, 111 Tininis, Vytautas 24, 54 Tinteris, Povilas 63 Tito see Broz, Josip Tkačenka, I. 25 Trifkovic, G. 29 Trimonienė, Rūta 80, 133 Truc, Gérôme 128, 129, 134 Truman, Harry 2, 25 Trumpis, Benediktas 55, 56 Truska, Liudas 37 Tuan, Yi-Fu 142 Ulevičius, Bonifacas 8, 74, 76, 80, 84 Urbanavičius, Vytautas 151, 152 Urnevičiūtė, Dalia 110
174 Index Ūksienė-Rupšytė 139 Ūselis, Juozas codename Pakalnis 63 Weichs, Maximilian von 28 Wievorka, O. 35, 36 Vabalas, Raimondas 112, 114 Vaitkevičius, Vykintas 165 Vaitkus, Jonas 91n3 Van Galen Last, D. 34 Vanagaitė, Rūta 10 Vanagas see Ramanauskas, Adolfas Vardys, Vytautas 22, 51, 117 Varkaļa, A. codename Daumantas [Commander of the Geležinis Vilkas detachment] 78 Vaskela, G. 53 Vaskeliené, I. 137 Vatutin, Nikolai 44 Vėlius, Gintautas 10, 142, 146ո4, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 159, 160, 162, 162, 163 Venclova, Adolfas 139 Veškelis, Bronius 123n8 Villani, G. 60 Vilutienė, Aldona 80, 87 Višilienė, J. 139 Vitkus, Juozas codename Kazimieraitis [commander of Dzūkai group - A detachment, organiser and commander of Southern Lithuania partisan district] 84, 142 VLIK (Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania) 49, 55, 122n3 Vygantas, Juozas codename Ivanauskas [Commander of the Žemaičiai District] 64, 78 Vytautas District 64, 77 Vytautas, codename see Žemaitis, Jonas Vytis Union (Vyčių sąjunga, VS) 80 Yefimov, Dmitry 18 Young Lithuania 59 Wars of Lithuanian Independence (Wars of Independence) (1918-1920) 48, 59, 60, 61, 73 Wehrmacht 21, 30, 34, 35, 42, 46 Zagreckas, Rimantas 41 Zavistanavičius, Vytautas 65 Zenonas (Stulpinas) 61 Zhukov, Y. 45 Žilionis, agent 164 Zimanas, Genrikas 33, 122ո6 Zizas, Rimantas 32, 33 Zubrus, Vytas 89, 91ո7 Zubrus, Vytas codename Memelis 89, v 91n7 Žalakevičius, Vytautas 111-113, 123nl0 Žebriūnas, Arūnas 112 Žemaičiai District 64, 76 Žemaitis-Vytautas see Žemaitis, Jonas Žemaitis, Jonas codename Vytautas [supreme commander of Lithuanian
partisans, signatory of the 16 February 1949 Declaration] 2, 4, 62, V 132, 152 Židavavičiūtė, Ona Marcelė codename Banga 83, 85 Žilinskaitė, A. 151, 160, 162 Žilinskas, Antanas 87 Žilinskienė, L. 138 Žilyté see Kripienė, Enriką Žukauskaitė, Ona 140 Žukovskis, R. 152 Žvinakas, Česlovas 85 Žygelis, Dalius 151, 158-160 Žymantas, Stasys 123nl6 Весна see Soviet terror: mass deportations Прибой see Soviet terror: mass deportations |
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Contents vii viii x List of illustrations List of contributors Acknowledgements Glossary of Russian and Lithuanian terms and abbreviations xi 1 Introduction ARŪNAS STREIKUS PARTI 13 A Strange Long War 1 Lithuanian anti-Soviet armed resistance in the context of XXth-century partisan wars 15 KĘSTUTIS K. GIRNIUS 2 Who were the Lithuanian partisans? 48 DAINIUS NOREIKA 3 Partisan supporters: The unseen participants in the resistance 73 ENRIKĄ KRIPIENÉ PARTII 97 From the Memory War to the Heroic Narrative 4 The memory of the armed anti-Soviet resistance during the Cold War MINGAILĖ JURKUTĖ 99
vi Contents 5 The partisan war in Lithuanian memory culture after 1990 127 AISTĖ PETRAUSKIENĖ 6 Archaeology in the study of the anti-Soviet Lithuanian partisan war 149 GINTAUTAS VĖLIUS Index 168
Index Acus, Marcelinas codename Vanagas 66, 67 Aid, Mathew M. 115 Aitvariukas, codename 164 Albanese, David 61-63 Aldona 111 Algimantas District 160, 163; Monte’s bunker 164 Aliukevičius, Alfonsas codename Saulė 65 Ambrazaitis, Kazys 117 Ambrulevičienė, Marija 88 Ambrulevičius, Antanas 88 Ambrulevičius, Stasys 88 Anusauskas, Arvydas 2, 5, 6, 15, 24, 28, 37, 39, 63, 74, 81, 133, 134 Aputis, Juozas 109 Aras, codename see Baranauskas, Pranas Armonas, Barbara 123nl2 art and literature: contemporary Lithuanian cinema 11ո6, 11ոՅ; contemporary Lithuanian literature 73, 74; contemporary Lithuanian music - Skylė ‘Broliai’ 91nl, 100, 100; see also Smilgevičiūtė, Aistė 9lni, 91ո2, 100, 100; émigré literature 118, 119; Niekas nenorėjo mirti (Nobody wanted to die) 111-113; Soviet cinema 111-114; Soviet literature 108-111 Ashworth, Gregory J. 129 Assmann, Jan 101 Atlantic Charter 22, 25, 51 Audronis see Pyplys, Kazimieras Augustytė, Albina 140 Avyžius, Jonas 111 Bakšys, Algimantas codename Germantas 80 Baliukevičius, Lionginas codename Dzūkas [commander of the Dainava District] 82, 100, 159 Baltakis, Algimantas 108 Baltrūnas, Aleksas 108 Baltūsis, Antanas codename Žvejas [commander of the Tauras District] 64 Banga see Židavavičiūtė, Ona Marcelė Banionis, Donatas 123nl0 Baranauskas, Boleslovas 106 Baranauskas, Pranas codename Aras [Commander of the Kęstutis Group] 87, 88 Bartkutis, Jonas 63 Bartkus, Petras codename Žadgaila [Commander of the Prisikėlimas District, Chief of the Organizational Division of the Defense Forces Headquarters of the LLKS, signatory of the 16 February 1949
Declaration] 141, 164 battles 2, 73, 100, 134, 135, 144, 149, 158, 161, 162, 164; Kalniškė 17, 18, 164; Užpelkės forest 164, 165 Beleška, Vytautas codename Pušis 60 Bergholz, Max 29 Beria, Lavrentiy 25 Bičius, Algis 109 Bieliauskas, Alfonsas 108 Bilkis, Vladas Bronius 63 Blokh, L M. 159 Bloznelis, M. 59 Bonilla, Yarimar 144 Boruchas, Benvūras 65 Brazaitis, Juozas 22, 102, 103, 105, 117 Brazauskas, N. 74 Bražėnaitė, Nijolė 49
Index British intelligence (MI6, SIS) 54-56 Broz, Josip codename Tito 16, 19, 21-23, 28, 29, 43 Bubnys, Arūnas 33, 34, 60, 63-65 Bubnys, Vytautas 111, 113 Budak, Mila 28 Budginaitė, Ona 140 Bujanauskas, Juozas codename Bailys, Radastas 85, 91n5, 91 Bukauskienė 53 Bukelevičiūtė, D. 52, 53 bunkers 2, 81, 86, 88, 109, 134, 135, 141, 142, 144, 149, 151, 158, 166; Balandiškis bunker 160, 161, 164; construction 159-164; Minaičiai bunker 142, 160, 161, 162, 164 Burauskaitė, Teresė Birutė 83 Burds, J. 38, 43, 44 Burlicky, Grigory 119, 123nl2 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 4, 50, 55-57, 61, 104, 105, 115, 116 Chiang Kai-shek 22 Churchill, Winston 2, 25 collectivization (kolkhozy / kolkhozi / kolkhozes) 5, 24, 30, 41, 85, 104, 105, 118 Conquest, R. 54 Čebatorienė, Erika 144 Čepaitienė, Rasa 129, 130, 133 Čėpla, Stasys codename Vilkas 63 Černevičius, Jurgis 60, 65, 70 Česnulevičius, Antanas codename Mėnulis 151 Dainava District 80, 82, 103, 151, 160, 163; Dzūkai detachment 81; ‘Genys Group’ (Kazimieraitis detachment, Vytautas the Great tėvūnija (group)) 151, 163; Grand Duke Kęstutis Company (group, tėvūnija) 77, 80-83, 85, 88-90; Juozapavičius Detachment 83 Dakanis, В. 150 Daumantas see Lukša, Juozas Daumantas, Juozas see Lukša, Juozas De Jong, L. 34 defenders of the people see stribai Deksnys, Jonas 54, 55, 68n5, 115 Dementavičius, Justinas 134, 142 Didžioji kova (Great Struggle) District 83, 160; Grand Duke Margiris detachment 127 169 Dieninis, Hubertas codename Šarūnas 63 Djilas, Milovan 30 Dorril, S. 54 Dovydaitis, Jonas 108, 109 Driskius, Klaudijus 74 Dushanski see Dushansky,
Nachman Dushansky, Nachman 62, 63, 69ո7 Eckstein, Harry 15 Eden, Anthony 21 Evans, Μ. 19 extermination squad see stribai Faitelson, Alex 62, 63, 69n8 Figes, Orlando 104 Fischer, L. 21 French intelligence 50, 55, 57 Gailienė, Danutė И Gailius, Bernardas 8-10, 53, 82, 99, 123n9, 131 Garmutė, A. 136 Gaškaitė, Nijolė (Gaškaitė-Žemaitienė) 8, 40, 74, 76, 80, 84, 127 Gedminas, Jonas codename Girėnas 141, 164 Gellner, E. 29, 30 Genocide and Resistance research Centre of Lithuania (GRRCL) 11ո4, 49, 56, 74, 122ո5, 123ո17, 129, 131-134, 145, 146ո2, 149, 151-153, 156-158 German intelligence 54-57 Germanavičius, Jonas codename Driežas 63 Girėnas see Gedminas, Juozas Girnius Kęstutis see Girnius, Kęstutis K. Girnius, Kęstutis K. 8, 9, 15, 23, 74, 114, 117, 12Խ1 Godaitė-Šaltenienė, Emilija 139 Gricius, Jonas 113, 123nl0 Grikevičius, Almantas 113 Griškonytė, Marija codename Rita [courier of staff of southern Lithuania region] 83 Grišmanauskas, Juozas 104, 105, 123nl2 Gudavičius, Henrikas 142 Gumz, J. 28 Guoga, Edvardas codename Glaudys 63 Halperin, S. 52 Haman, Joachim 65 Hastings, M. 38
170 Index Heer, H. 31 heritage: Cultural Heritage Inspectorate 134; Department of Cultural Heritage (DCH) 129, 132, 145, 150, 151, 160; Department for Monument Management 134 Hilberg, Raul 63, 64 Holocaust in Lithuania 20, 61-68, 69n6, 69n8, 69; Einsatzgruppe 63, 69n6, 70; Lietūkis garage 61, 63, 69n6 Horne, A. 19 Indrišionis, Darius 151-153, 158 Irena Stulpinaité 61 istrebiteli (destroyers) see stribai Ivanauskas, Albinas codename Topolis 157 Ivanovaitè, L. 160 Ivanovas, B. 52 Jacunskas, Petras 86, 88 Jakštas, Jonas codename Pikuolis 63 Jakutis, V. codename Skaisgiris 150 Jankauskas, R. 152 Jankauskienė, Jūratė 158 Jankevičiūtė, Giedrė 138 Juciūtė, Elena 123nl2 Juknevičius, A. 160 June uprising 1941 48, 60, 65, 118, 133 Juodis-Sarūnas see Juodis, Vytautas Juodis, Algirdas, codename Vermachtas 58, 60 Juodis, Darius 17, 91n4, 92, 116 Juodis, Motiejus 70 Juodis, Vytautas codename Šarūnas 58, 60 Juodzevičius, Balys 128, 129 Jurkutė, Mingailė 9, 20, 99, 104, 115, 146n3 Juršėnas, Česlovas 131 Kalyvas, S. N. 21, 38, 40 Karosas, Jonas 122n6 Kašėta, Algis 8, 74, 76, 80, 84, 159 Kasparas, Kęstutis 8, 55, 107 Kasparavičius, A. 51 Kasperavičius, Juozas codename Visvydas 78 Kaubrys, S. 52 Kaulinis, Vincas codename Miškinis [commander of the Vytautas District] 64 Kaunietis, Romas 58, 74, 141 Kazlauskas, Evaldas 11, 137 Kersten, Charles J. 105, 119, 122n3 Kęstutis District (United Kęstutis District) 78, 127 KGB 56, 69n7, 102, 104, 106, 107, 122n6, 133, 146nl, 151, 152, 154, 159; see also NKGB-MGB-KGB Internal Prison Khrushchev, Nikita 105 King Mindaugas (Kalnai) partisan district 163,
163 kolkhoz see collectivization Kontrimas, D. 150 Korsakienė, Halina 110, 111 Kozakaitė, Justina 156, 158 Kraujelis, Antanas codename Siaubūnas 158 Krikščiūnas, Jurgis codename Rimvydas 123nl4 Kripienė, Enriką (Žilytė) 8, 9, 27, 73, 83 Krištaponis, Juozas 63 Kruglov, Sergei 44 Kruklienė, Marė 87 Kruklys, Juozas 87 Kučinskas, Vytautas 133, 134 Kuckailis 165 Kulikauskas, Antanas codename Daktaras 83 Kuodytė, Dalia 8, 20, 74, 76, 80, 84 Kuprys, Rolandas 100 Kutuzov 164 Kuzmickaitė, Albina 87 Kuzmickas, Juozas codename Ąžuolas 86, 91n5 Kuzmickienė, Ona 87 Laar, M. 42 Lagrou, P. 35 Laima 112 Landsbergis, Algirdas (K. V. Tauras) 117, 118, 119 Lapinskas, Altanas codename Kietis 66 Laucė, Jonas 111 Laurinavičius, Č. 45, 51 Lawrence see TE. LA. (Lawrence) Levy, M. F. 28 Liaudis, Kazimieras 102 Liberation Committee of Lithuana 77 Lieb, P. 34 Liesis, Bronius codename Naktis [Chief of Staff of the Prisikėlimas District, Chief of the National Division of the Public Section of the LLKS, signatory of the 16 February 1949 Declaration] 141, 164
Index Lithuanian Freedom Army, LFA (Lietuvos laisvės armija, LLA) 56, 74-77; LFA Hawks (Vanagai) 76, 77 Lithuanian partisans: centralisation process 3-5, 78, 85, 116; partisan goals 3, 4, 37, 38, 50, 51, 54; partisan tactics 2Л, 39, 40, 57, 77, 78, 158, 164; penetration of the Iron Curtain 4, 48, 54-57, 116; press 3, 37, 77, 79, 116; punishment of collaborators 3, 4, 6, 37^42, 63, 89; statistics 1, 2, 3, 15, 27, 37, 40, 52, 53, 57, 58, 60, 63, 65, 67, 74, 80-82, 84, 85, 89 Lithuanian Resistance Accord (Lietuvos rezistencinė santarvė) 115 Lithuanian Riflemen’s Union 7, 53, 59, 68n4, 123nl5, 143 Lithuanian self-Defence Battalions (self-defence units) 17, 22, 33, 60, 61, 63, 64, 68n3 Lithuanian Territorial Defence Force, LTDF (Vietinė rinktinė) 20, 33, 60 Lithuanian Waffen SS legion 20, 34, 65, 69ո6 LLA see Lithuanian Freedom Army LLKS see Movement of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters Lozoraitis, Julius 122n7 Lucas, E. 55 Lukoševičius, Vytautas codename Balandis 151 Lukša-Daumantas see Lukša, Juozas Lukša, Juozas codename Daumantas [Chief Delegate of Lithuanian partisans abroad, Chief of the Intelligence Division of the Defense Forces Headquarters of the LLKS] 4, 8, 11ոՅ, 48, 49, 49, 50-55, 56, 57, 61-64, 67, 73, 104, 115-118, 123nl4, 123nl5 Lusas, Jonas codename Aitvaras 141 Maciulevičius, Pranas 65 Maercker, A. 137 Maksimov 115 Maksimov, Lavrentiy agent Antanas 115 Makštutytė, Ona 88 Malygin, Aleksander 103 Mann, C. 35, 36 Mao Zedong 19, 22 Marcinkevičius, Jonas 108 Marcinkevičius, Justinas 108 Marčiulionis, Jonas codename Audronis 59 171 Marčiulionis, Jurgis 59 Marčiulionis,
Vytautas codename Viesulas 59 Markeliūnas, Albinas 88, 89 Martavičius, Leonardas 102, 122n6 Masilionis, Povilas 6 Matulevičius, Jonas Stasys 83 Mayer, A. J. 38 Mazower, M. 30, 35 McAdam, Doug 50 McConville, M. 19 Melamed, J. 62 Melson, C. D. 21 MGB (Ministry of State Security) 5, 6, 40, 42, 45, 68ո2, 69ո7, 90, 115, 116, 133, 150-154, 157, 164; see also NKGB: NKGB-MGB-KGB Internal Prison MI6 see British intelligence Mickevičius, Eurikas codename Laisvūnas 165 Mihailovič, Dragoljub 29 Mikalionis 89 Mikelinskas, Jonas 111 Misiūnas, R. 51, 117 mobilisation into Red Army (forced conscription) 2, 24, 44, 58, 81 Mockūnas, L. 115 Morkūnas, Jonas codename Banginis 151 Moshenska, G. 138 Movement of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters (Lietuvos laisvės kovos sąjūdis, LLKS) 4, 5, 37, 79, 80, 84, 90, 122n2, 131, 132, 160, 164; Declaration of the Lithuanian Freedom Movement 79, 122n2, 131, 132, 141, 160, 164 Mussolini, Benito 28 Myron, codename 45 Napoleon 18 Narkutė, leva 91n2 National Salvation Union 77 Nazi occupation 20, 27; Nazi repressions in Lithuania 28; Anti-Nazi resistance 3, 7, 20, 22, 25, 68n5, 75; Lithuanian Front (Lietuvių frontas, LF) 75, 118; LF military branch ‘Kęstutis’ 74 Nedzinskas, Albinas codename Jovaras [staff commander] 81, 93 Neifalta, Jonas codename Lakūnas 165 Nekrich 28
172 Index NKGB 25, 65, 68n2, 133, 151, 153, 154, 157; NKGB-MGB-KGB Internai Prison 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 157 NKVD (People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs) 1,2, 17, 24, 25, 28, 31, 33, 37, 38, 41, 44, 45, 57, 58, 62, 68n2, 101, 133, 150, 164 Noreiką, Dainius 7, 9, 17, 22, 48, 58, 65-67, 81, Norkūnas, Aleksas 66, 67 Norkūnas, R. 142 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) 4 Novickas, Audrius 138 O’Rourke, L. 57 O’ya, Bruno 123nl0 Ogilba, Juozas codename Dobilas 66, 67 Oginskiai 150 Öhman, Jonas 9ԽՅ, 100, 122n4 Old Bear 113 Olekas, Juozas 122n6 Pajaujis, Juozas 122n6 Paneriai 65 Pattinson, J. 26, 35 Pavlaković, V. 29 Pavlowitch 29 Pečiūraitė, A. 141, 150 Petersen, D. Roger 7, 51, 54, 58, 121 nl Petkevičius, Vytautas 109, 110 Petrauskas, Gediminas 142, 144, 160, 164, 165 Petrauskienė, Aistė 9, 10, 127, 142, 160, 165 Pielmaier, L. 137 Pieracki, Bronisław 43 Pipinytė, Živilei 13 Pocius, Mindaugas 6, 18, 25, 41 Požėra, Juozas 111, 113 Pranckūnienė-Sapkauskaitė, A. 139 Pranskūnaitė, E, 164 Prisikėlimas (Resurrection) District 141, 160, 164, 165; Kudirka tėvūnija (Maironis detachment) 165; Nemunas unit (Maironis detachment Mindaugas tėvūnija) 165 Prūsaitis, Pranciškus codename Lapė 158 Putinaitė, Nerija 123n9 Pyplys-Audronis see Pyplys, Kazimieras Pyplys, Antanas codename Putinas 60 Pyplys, Kazimieras codename Audronis 49, 49, 50, 52-55, 57-61, 64, 65, 67, 116, 118, 123nl4 Kacėnaitė, R. 142 Račkauskas, Juozas 85 Radzevičius, Bronius 111 Radzevičius, Jonas 88 Rakūnas, A. 114 Ramanauskas, Adolfas codename Vanagas [Commander of Lithuanian Defence Forces, deputy of Jonas
Žemaitis, signatory of the 16 February 1949 Declaration] 10, 27, 62, 104, 132, 152, 157; dicovery of remains 152, 157, 158; funeral (reburial) 10, 132 Randis, Jurgis 66, 67 Raslauskas, Juozas 60 Raslauskas, Simonas codename Klevas 59, 60 Redfield, R. 57 Reikvykis 78 Remeikis, Thomas 22, 117 Rigby, A. 130 Rimkevičius, Vytautas 108 Rimkus, H. 80, 81 Rinkevičius, Antanas 85 Romualdas codename Axe 111 Rozauskas, Eusiejus 122n6 Rukšėnas, Alfredas 63, 66 Rutenas, L. 114 Ruzgys codename Prutenis 77 Sadauskas, Vytautas codename Karys 151 Safronovas, Vasilijus 129, 130 Sajauskas, J. 87 Sąjūdis (Sąjūdis national reform movement) 99, 120, 129-132, 150 Sakalauskas, J. 59 Saliekas, Vytautas 88 Schlögel, К. 130 Schmitt, Karl 53 Schwegman, M. 26 Schweizer, Richard 63 Semaška, Jonas codename Liepa [commander of the Žemaičiai legion] 77 Senkutė, Anelė 118 Shepherd, В. 28-30 Shukhevych, Roman 45 Simonavicius, Kazys 88 Simonavičiūtė, Birutė 88 Slepyan, K. 19, 31
Index Sluckis, Mykolas 108, 109, 112 Smetona, Antanas 51, 52, 121n2 Smilgevičiūtė, Aistė 91nl Snyder, T. 43 Soviet elections 18; of 1946 36, 37 Soviet forces: statistics 5, 6, 15; tactics of suppression 5 Soviet intelligence 4, 115; SMERSH 65; see also MGB Soviet partisans 17,17, 19, 30-33, 43, 60, 69n8; statistics 32, 33 Soviet propaganda 1, 4, 6, 50, 55, 56, 62, 102-114 Soviet terror 24, 27, 32, 40, 53, 54, 66, 69n7, 105; terror statistics 5, 39, 40, 105; deportations 5, 23-24; deportation statistics 15, 24, 105, 122n5, 123nl7; deportations of June 1941 118, 123nl8; Gulag statistics 15, 24, 122n5; mass deportations of 1948 {Весна} and 1949 {Прибой} 5, 42, 105, 121Ո5 Sruoginis, Vincas 91n3, 100 St. Anthony 158 staff: staff bunkers 19, 151, 163, 163; see also Balandiškis bunker; see also Minaičiai bunker; see Baliukevičius, Lionginas; see Baltūsis, Antanas; see Baranauskas, Pranas; see Bartkus, Petras; see Griškonytė, Marija; see Kasperavičius, Juozas; see Kaulinis, Vincas; see Liesis, Bronius; see Lukša, Juozas; see Nedzinskas, Albinas; see Ramanauskas, Adolfas; see Semaška, Jonas; see Šibaila, Juozas; see Šniuolis, Vytautas; see Varkaļa, Algirdas; see Vitkus, Juozas; see Vygantas Juozas; see Žemaitis, Jonas Stahlecker, Franz Walter 63, 69n6 Stalin, Josef 21, 24, 25, 30 Stanislovaitis, Romualdas 108, 110 Starkauskas 18, 39 Statiev, Alexander 7, 8, 44 Stoškus, Pranas codename Danutė 165 Streikus, Arūnas 1, 104 Streikus, Juozapas codename Stumbras 158 stribai (istrebiteli / defenders of the people / extermination squad / destroyers) 1, 3, 4-6, lini, 18, 38, 41, 44, 101, 102,
109, 110, 149, 150 Strods, H. 42 Stulpinas, Balys codename Vytautas Didysis 60, 61 173 Surmas, Juozas 63 Sviderskas, Edvardas 88 Sviderskytė, Gražina 63 Swain, G. 41 Swedish intelligence 50, 54, 57 Šarmaitis, Romas 122n6 Šermukšnytė, Rūta 135 Šibaila, Juozas codename Diedukas [Chief of Staff of the Didžioji kova (Great Struggle) District, Chief of the Public Section of the LLKS, signatory of the 16 February 1949 Declaration] 83 Širvys, Klemensas 55, 56 Šiugžda, J. 65 Šlekys, D. 73 Šniuolis, Vytautas codename Svajūnas [Chief of Staff of the Prisikėlimas District] 141, 164 Štriupkus-Žaibas see Štriupkus, Vytautas Štriupkus, Juozas 60 Štriupkus, Vytautas codename Žaibas ֊ 59, 60 Šukys, Antanas codename Varūnas 165 Šumauskas, Motiejus 33 Šutinienė, Irena 130, 138 Švarcas, Jonas65 Švedkauskas, Česlovas Juozas codename Vilkas 83 T.E. LA. (Lawrence) 18 Taagepera, R. 51 Tankelevičius, Jonas 87 Tauras District 49, 55, 64, 77; Gediminas Company 58, 65, 66 Tauras, K. V. see Landsbergis, Algirdas Terleckas, Antanas 74 ‘Thaw’ 105, 111 Tininis, Vytautas 24, 54 Tinteris, Povilas 63 Tito see Broz, Josip Tkačenka, I. 25 Trifkovic, G. 29 Trimonienė, Rūta 80, 133 Truc, Gérôme 128, 129, 134 Truman, Harry 2, 25 Trumpis, Benediktas 55, 56 Truska, Liudas 37 Tuan, Yi-Fu 142 Ulevičius, Bonifacas 8, 74, 76, 80, 84 Urbanavičius, Vytautas 151, 152 Urnevičiūtė, Dalia 110
174 Index Ūksienė-Rupšytė 139 Ūselis, Juozas codename Pakalnis 63 Weichs, Maximilian von 28 Wievorka, O. 35, 36 Vabalas, Raimondas 112, 114 Vaitkevičius, Vykintas 165 Vaitkus, Jonas 91n3 Van Galen Last, D. 34 Vanagaitė, Rūta 10 Vanagas see Ramanauskas, Adolfas Vardys, Vytautas 22, 51, 117 Varkaļa, A. codename Daumantas [Commander of the Geležinis Vilkas detachment] 78 Vaskela, G. 53 Vaskeliené, I. 137 Vatutin, Nikolai 44 Vėlius, Gintautas 10, 142, 146ո4, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 159, 160, 162, 162, 163 Venclova, Adolfas 139 Veškelis, Bronius 123n8 Villani, G. 60 Vilutienė, Aldona 80, 87 Višilienė, J. 139 Vitkus, Juozas codename Kazimieraitis [commander of Dzūkai group - A detachment, organiser and commander of Southern Lithuania partisan district] 84, 142 VLIK (Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania) 49, 55, 122n3 Vygantas, Juozas codename Ivanauskas [Commander of the Žemaičiai District] 64, 78 Vytautas District 64, 77 Vytautas, codename see Žemaitis, Jonas Vytis Union (Vyčių sąjunga, VS) 80 Yefimov, Dmitry 18 Young Lithuania 59 Wars of Lithuanian Independence (Wars of Independence) (1918-1920) 48, 59, 60, 61, 73 Wehrmacht 21, 30, 34, 35, 42, 46 Zagreckas, Rimantas 41 Zavistanavičius, Vytautas 65 Zenonas (Stulpinas) 61 Zhukov, Y. 45 Žilionis, agent 164 Zimanas, Genrikas 33, 122ո6 Zizas, Rimantas 32, 33 Zubrus, Vytas 89, 91ո7 Zubrus, Vytas codename Memelis 89, v 91n7 Žalakevičius, Vytautas 111-113, 123nl0 Žebriūnas, Arūnas 112 Žemaičiai District 64, 76 Žemaitis-Vytautas see Žemaitis, Jonas Žemaitis, Jonas codename Vytautas [supreme commander of Lithuanian
partisans, signatory of the 16 February 1949 Declaration] 2, 4, 62, V 132, 152 Židavavičiūtė, Ona Marcelė codename Banga 83, 85 Žilinskaitė, A. 151, 160, 162 Žilinskas, Antanas 87 Žilinskienė, L. 138 Žilyté see Kripienė, Enriką Žukauskaitė, Ona 140 Žukovskis, R. 152 Žvinakas, Česlovas 85 Žygelis, Dalius 151, 158-160 Žymantas, Stasys 123nl6 Весна see Soviet terror: mass deportations Прибой see Soviet terror: mass deportations |
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| era | Geschichte 1945-1948 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1945-1948 |
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| id | DE-604.BV048233022 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:51:32Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-07T13:15:45Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781032185088 9781032185118 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | The unknown war anti-Soviet armed resistance in Lithuania and its legacies edited by Arūnas Streikus London ; New York Routledge 2022 xii, 174 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Europa country perspectives Geschichte 1945-1948 gnd rswk-swf Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd rswk-swf Partisan (DE-588)4044782-0 gnd rswk-swf Widerstand (DE-588)4079262-6 gnd rswk-swf Partisanenkrieg (DE-588)4173446-4 gnd rswk-swf Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 g Partisan (DE-588)4044782-0 s Partisanenkrieg (DE-588)4173446-4 s Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Geschichte 1945-1948 z DE-604 Widerstand (DE-588)4079262-6 s Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 s Streikus, Arūnas 1971- (DE-588)1015203469 edt Äquivalent Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 978-1-032-18511-8 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ebk. 978-1-003-25488-1 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033613695&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033613695&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | The unknown war anti-Soviet armed resistance in Lithuania and its legacies Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd Partisan (DE-588)4044782-0 gnd Widerstand (DE-588)4079262-6 gnd Partisanenkrieg (DE-588)4173446-4 gnd |
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| title | The unknown war anti-Soviet armed resistance in Lithuania and its legacies |
| title_auth | The unknown war anti-Soviet armed resistance in Lithuania and its legacies |
| title_exact_search | The unknown war anti-Soviet armed resistance in Lithuania and its legacies |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The unknown war anti-Soviet armed resistance in Lithuania and its legacies |
| title_full | The unknown war anti-Soviet armed resistance in Lithuania and its legacies edited by Arūnas Streikus |
| title_fullStr | The unknown war anti-Soviet armed resistance in Lithuania and its legacies edited by Arūnas Streikus |
| title_full_unstemmed | The unknown war anti-Soviet armed resistance in Lithuania and its legacies edited by Arūnas Streikus |
| title_short | The unknown war |
| title_sort | the unknown war anti soviet armed resistance in lithuania and its legacies |
| title_sub | anti-Soviet armed resistance in Lithuania and its legacies |
| topic | Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd Partisan (DE-588)4044782-0 gnd Widerstand (DE-588)4079262-6 gnd Partisanenkrieg (DE-588)4173446-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kollektives Gedächtnis Partisan Widerstand Partisanenkrieg Litauen Sowjetunion Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033613695&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033613695&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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