Forest ecology:
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| Previous Title: | Barnes, Burton Verne Forest ecology |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , , , |
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Hoboken, NJ
Wiley
2023
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| Edition: | Fifth edition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | 1.-3. Auflage: Spurr, Stephen H.: Forest ecology; 4. Auflage: Barnes, Burton V.: Forest ecology |
| Physical Description: | xxiv, 757 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781119476085 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Forest ecology |c Daniel M. Kashian, Donald R. Zak, Burton V. Barnes (deceased), Stephen H. Spurr (deceased) |
| 250 | |a Fifth edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Hoboken, NJ |b Wiley |c 2023 | |
| 300 | |a xxiv, 757 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten | ||
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| 700 | 1 | |a Barnes, Burton Verne |d 1930-2014 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)133535967 |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Spurr, Stephen H. |d 1918-1990 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)106789201X |4 aut | |
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| adam_text | Contents Preface xxiii Forest Ecology and Landscape Ecosystems з Ecology, 4 Landscape Ecosystems, 4 Landscape Ecosystem and Community, 7 Ecosystem Structure and Function, 7 Examples of Landscape Ecosystems, 9 An Approach to The Study of Forest Ecology, 11 Applicability to Forest Management, 12 Suggested Readings, 13 Landscape Ecosystems at Multiple Scales 15 Overview of Spatial and Temporal Scales, 15 Spatial Scales of Hierarchical Landscape Ecosystems, 17 Climatic Classification, 18 Physiography, 20 Vegetation Types and Biomes, 20 Distinguishing and Mapping Landscape Ecosystems at Multiple Spatial Scales, 25 Regional Landscape Ecosystems, 26 Regional Landscape Ecosystems of Michigan, 28 Local Landscape Ecosystems, 30 Local Landscape Ecosystems in Upper Michigan, 30 Suggested Readings, 32 vii
Viii CONTENTS The Forest Tree ■ Forest Tree Variation ; . J ■ 35 Components of Phenotypic Variation, 35 Plasticity of the Phenotype, 36 Sources of Variation, 37 The Evolutionary Sequence, 38 Sexual and Asexual Systems, 39 Genetic Diversity of Woody Species, 39 Genecology, 40 Patterns of Genecological Differentiation, 41 Genecological Categories, 42 Factors Eliciting Genecological Differentiation, 42 Growth Cessation, 43 Growth Resumption, 46 Examples of Genecological Differentiation, 46 Eastern North American Species, 47 Scots Pine, 49 Wide-Ranging Western North American Conifers, 50 Ponderosa pine, 50 Douglas-fir, 52 Local Genecological Differentiation, 55 Factors Affecting Differentiation: Gene Flow and Selection Pressure, 56 Ecological Considerations at the Species Level, 57 Niche, 60 Hybridization, 60 ՝ Polyploidy, 63 The Fitness-Flexibility Compromise, 66 Epigenetics, 66 Suggested Readings, 67 ’ 69 Regeneration, 69 Sexual Reproduction, 71 Maturation and the Ability to Flower, 72 Increasing Seed Production, 73 Reproductive Cycles, 74 Pollination, 75
Contents ¡x Periodicity of Seed Crops, 76 Effects of Reproduction on Vegetative Growth, 78 Dispersal, 80 Seed Bank, Dormancy, and Germination, 82 Establishment Following Sexual Reproduction, 83 Post-Establishment Development, 90 Vegetative Reproduction, 90 Suggested Readings, 94 95 Tree Form, 95 Architectural Models, 97 Short and Long Shoots, 99 Patterns of Intermittent Growth, 100 Sylleptic and Proleptic Shoots, 102 Roots, 102 Kinds, Forms, and Occurrence, 103 Fine Root Relations, 105 Horizontal and Vertical Root Development, 107 Periodicity of Primary Root Growth, 108 Root Grafting, 108 Specialized Roots and Buttresses, 110 Stems, 110 Xylem Cells and Growth Rings, 111 Periodicity and Control of Secondary Growth, 112 Control of Earlywood and Latewood Formation, 114 ՛ Winter Freezing and Water Transport, 115 Water Deficits and Tree Growth, 116 Suggested Readings, 118 The Physical Envhonment Forest Environment, 119 Site Factors, 120 Organization of Site Factors, 120 Interrelationships Among Site Factors, 121 Importance of Site in Forest Ecology, 122
X CONTENTS Distribution of Light Reaching the Ecosphere, 124 Plant Interception of Radiation, 125 Canopy Structure and Leaf Area, 125 Light Quality Beneath the Forest Canopy, 130 Sunflecks, 130 Light and Growth of Trees, 133 Light and Seedling Survival and Growth, 136 Light and Tree Morphology and Anatomy, 137 Light and Epicormic Sprouting, 139 Photocontrol of Plant Response, 139 Light and Ecosystem Change, 141 Suggested Readings, 141 143 Geographical Patterns of Temperature, 143 Temperatures at the Soil Surface, 145 Temperature within the Forest, 147 Temperature Variation with Local Topography, 148 Temperature and Plant Growth, 150 Cold Injury to Plants, 153 Dormancy, 155 Frost Hardiness and Cold Resistance, 156 Thermotropic Movements in Rhododendrons, 159 Winter Chilling and Growth Resumption, 161 Natural Plant Distributions and Cold Hardiness, 162 Deciduousness and Temperature, 164 Suggested Readings, 165 167 Concepts and Terms, 167 Characteristics of Physiography and their Significance, 168 Physiographic Setting, 169 Specific Landforms, 170 Elevation, 170 Form of Landforms, 170 Level Terrain, 170 Sloping Terrain, 171 Slope Characteristics, 171 w y ’
Contents xi ■ ■ ■ Position on slope, 172 ■ Aspect, 172 Slope inclination, 173 Parent Material in Relation to Landform, 173 Position of Landform in the Landscape, 174 Multiple Roles of Physiography, 174 Physiographic Diversity, Landscape Ecosystems, and Vegetation, 176 Mountainous Physiography, 176 Mountainous Terrain of California and the Pacific Northwest, 177 Physiography and Forests of the Central Appalachians, 180 Flatlands, 183 The Great Plains, 184 Pine Savannas of the Western Great Lakes Region, 185 ■ Till Plains of the Midwest, 185 Southeastern and Southern Coastal Plain, 186 Floodplains, 186 Physiography and Firebreaks, 190 ՛ Microlandforms and Microtopography, 191 Tree Uprooting and Pit-and-Mound Microtopography, 191 Microtopography and Regeneration in Hardwood Swamps, 193 Suggested Readings, 194 Soil ■ ¿у . ; ՛ . ՛ .... .... Parent Material, 195 Soil Formation, 197 Soil Profile Development, 197 Physical Properties of Soil, 200 Soil Texture, 200 Soil Structure, 201 Soil Color, 202 Soil Water, 202 Physical Properties of Water, 203 Soil Water Potential, 204 Chemical Properties of Soil, 206 Clay Mineralogy, 207 Cation Exchange and the Supply of Nutrients, 209 Soil Acidity, 210 Soil Organic Matter, 212 Soil Classification, 213 Landform, Soil, and Forest Vegetation: Landscape Relationships, 215 Suggested Readings, 217 195
Xii CONTENTS И^ШІRrç 219 Fire and the Forest Tree, 220 Causes, 220 Fire Regime, 220 ՛ Fire Types, Frequency, and Severity, 221 Fire Adaptations and Key Characteristics, 224 : Strategies of Species Persistence, 227 Closed-Cone Pines, 228 Fire and the Forest Site, 230 Indirect Effects, 230 Direct Effects, 232 ” ’ Organic Matter and Erosion, 234 Beneficial Effects of Fire, 236 Suggested Readings, 236 Site Quality and Ecosystem Evaluation and Classification հ ■ 237 Direct Measurement of Forest Productivity, 238 Tree Height as a Measure of Site, 239 Site-Index Curves, 240 Comparisons Between. Species, 243 Advantages and Limitations, 243 Vegetation as an. Indicator of Site Quality, 244 Species Groups of Ground Cover, 245 Indicator Plants of Coastal British Columbia, 246 Ecological Species Groups, 246 Plant Associations and Habitat Types in the Western United States, 247 Operational Site Classification Based on. Vegetation, 247 Applications and Limitations of Vegetation, 250 Environmental Factors as a Measure of Site, 251 Climatic Factors, 251 Physiographic Land Classification, 252 Physiographic and Soil Factors: Soil-Site Studies, 252 Soil Surveys, 256 Multiple-Factor Methods of Site and Ecosystem Classification, 256 Ecosystem Classification and Mapping in Baden-Württemberg, 257 Applications of Multi-Factor Methods in the United States and Canada, 258 Ecosystem Classification and Mapping in Michigan, 258 Ecosystem Classification in the Southeastern United States, 261
Contents xiii Ecosystem Classification in the Southwestern United States, 262 National Classification Systems in the United States, 262 Ecological Land Classification in Canada, 263 Hills’ physiographic approach, 263 Other approaches used in Canada, 264 Suggested Readings, 265 PART 4 Forest Communities 269 Plant Defense, 269 Investment in Plant Defense, 270 Plant Defense Against Insects, 272 Examples of Injury and Plant Defense, 273 Nutrition, 274 Plant Hybrid Zones as Reservoirs for Insect Diversity, 275 Plant Defense Against Mammals, 276 Roles of Animals in Plant Life History, 277 Pollination, 277 Seed Dispersal, 278 Fish and Reptiles, 278 Birds, 279 . Mammals, 282 Germination and Establishment, 284 Decomposition, Mineral Cycling, and Soil Improvement, 285 Damage and Death, 286 Influence of Livestock on Forest Ecosystems, 288 Suggested Readings, 290 291 Community Concept, 291 Grounding Communities, 292 Florida Keys, 292 Interior Alaska, 294 ՛ Southern Illinois, 294 View from the Past: Community Concepts, 296 Schools and Terminology, 296 Concepts of Clements and Gleason, 297
Xiv CONTENTS Phytosociology in Europe, 298 ՛ Continuum Concept, 298 Community as a Landscape Ecosystem Property, ’ 299 ՛ Examples of Spatial Variation in Forest Communities, 300 Discrete Forest Communities, 300 Coastal California: Giant and Pygmy Forests, 301 Forest-Grassland Ecotone, 302 Alpine Tree Lines, 302 Merging Forest Communities, 303 Eastern Deciduous Forest—Southern Appalachians, 303 New England, 304 Competition and Niche Differentiation, 305 Interactions Among Organisms, 307 - Mutualisms in Forest Ecosystems, 307 ■ Symbiotic Mutualisms—Mycorrhizae, 307 Nonsymbiotic Mhtualisms, 307 Competition, 308 ■ ■ Forest Community Structure and Composition,. 308 Vertical Structure, 310 Stand Density, 312 Competition and Overstory Composition, 313 Competition in the Understory, 314 Understory Tolerance, 315 Characteristics of Understory-Tolerant and-Intolerant Species, 316 Tolerance Ratings of Tree Species, 317 Examples of Understory Tolerance in Forest Ecosystems, 319 Nature of Understory Tolerance, 319 . Environmental Factors Relating to Understory Tolerance, 322 Physiological Processes Relating to Tolerance, 323 Suggested Readings, 325 Diversity in Forests 1 ■ ■ ■ ’ ■ հ Concepts of Biological and Ecosystem Diversity, 327 The Value of Species Diversity, 328 Value of Biodiversity, 329 Common Threats to Diversity, 331 Measuring Diversity, 331 Levels of Diversity, 331 Measurement, 333 ’ / Հ w Inventory Diversity: Alpha Diversity, 333 Differentiation or Beta Diversity, 335 327
Contents XV Diversity of Landscape Ecosystems, 336 Examples of Diversity, 337 Ground-Cover Species Diversity in Northern Lower Michigan, 337 Ecosystem Groups, 337 ■ Ecosystem Types, 340 Ecosystem Diversity, 342 Causes of Species Diversity, 343 Diversity at Continental and Subcontinental Scales, 343 Paleogeography and Continental Relationships, 343 Glaciation, 344 Latitude and Elevation, 344 Diversity at Local Scales, 346 Physiography and Soil, 346 ■ Community Composition and Structure, 349 ■ Disturbance and Succession, 349 Focal Species in Conserving Diversity, 351 Foundation Species, 352 Keystone Species, 352 Endemics and Rare and Endangered Species, 353 Diversity and the Functioning of Ecosystems, 354 Biodiversity-Productivity-Relationship, 354 The Role of Biodiversity in Ecosystem Stability, 356 Forest Management and Diversity, 357 Effects of Traditional Forest Management on Diversity, 357 Preserving Diversity in Managed Forests, 358 ■ Ecological Forestry: Incorporating Biodiversity into Forest Management, 359 Variable-Retention Harvest System, 360 Designing a Variable-Retention Harvest System, 361 How Well Does Variable Retention Conserve Biodiversity?, 361 Epilog: Conserving Ecosystem and Biological Diversity, 363 Suggested Readings, 364 PART 5 Forest Ecosystem Dynamics Long-Term Forest Ecosystem and Vegetation Change Change Before the Pleistocene Age, 367 Pleistocene Glaciations, 368 Ecosystem and Vegetational Change Since the Last Glacial Maximum, 370 367
xvi CONTENTS Eastern North America, 370 ’ Overall Migration Sequence and Patterns, 371 Ecosystem Change in the Southern Appalachians, 373 Western North America, 373. Patterns of Tree Genera and Species Migrations, 375 Migration Irregularities and Disturbance, 377 ՛ Migration From Glacial Microrefugia, 377 Independent Migration and Similarity of Communities Through Time, 379 Suggested Readings, 380 ՜ l|| Disturbance 381 Concepts of Disturbance, 382 ֊ Defining a Disturbance, 382 Disturbance as an Ecosystem Process, 384 Sources of Disturbance, 386 ’ Major Disturbances in Forest Ecosystems, 387 Fire, 387 . Roles of Fire in Forest Ecosystems, 387 Pines in New England and the Lake States, 389 Western Pines and Trembling Aspen, 390 Southern Pines, 393 . Douglas-Fir in the Pacific Northwest, 394 Giant Sequoia, 394 Fire History and Behavior, 395 Northern Lake States, 395 Boreal Forest and Taiga, 397 Northern Rocky Mountains, 398 Fire Suppression and Exclusion, 399 ■ Wind, 400 Widespread and Local Effects, 401 Principles of Wind Damage, 401 ՛ Broadscale Disturbance by Hurricanes, 403 ՛ Gulf and Southern Atlantic Coasts, 403 New England—1938 Hurricane, 404 Wave-Regenerated Fir Species, 404 Floodwater and Ice Storms, 404 Insects and Disease, 406 . ՛ ՛ ? ՛ Catastrophic and Local Land Movements, 407 ■ Logging, 407 Land Clearing, 409 Disturbance Interactions, 409 ՛ ՛ ՛
Contents xvii Biotic Composition Changes, 411 Elimination of Species, 411 Addition of Species, 412 Suggested Readings, 412 Forest Succession . 413 Basic Concepts of Succession, 414 Primary and Secondary Succession, 414 Biological Legacies, 414 Successional Pathways, Mechanisms, and Models, 414 Autogenic and Allogenic Succession, 416 How is Succession Determined?, 416 Evolution of the Concept of Forest Succession, 417 Formal Ecological Theory, 417 How Does Succession Work?, 418 Clementsian Succession, 419 Stages of Succession, 420 Primary Succession, 420 Secondary Succession, 423 ■ Successional Causes, Mechanisms, and Models, 427 Key Characteristics and Regeneration Strategies, 427 Availability and Arrival Sequence of Species, 428 Facilitation, Tolerance, and Inhibition, 428 Change in Ecosystems, 431 End Point of Succession?, 431 Succession as an Ecosystem Process, 432 Examples of Forest Succession, 434 Primary Succession on Recently Deglaciated Terrain, 434 Succession Following the Eruption of Mount St. Helens, 437 Secondary Succession Following Fire in Ponderosa Pine Forests of Western Montana, 439 Secondary Succession and Gap Dynamics, 439 Gap Specialists: American Beech and Sugar Maple, 444 Fire and Oak Dominance—Oaks at Risk, 446 Suggested Readings, 447 Carbon Balance of Trees and Ecosystems Carbon Balance of Trees, 450 Photosynthesis, Dark Respiration, and Leaf C Gain, 450 . Light and Leaf C Gain, 452 449
xviii CONTENTS Temperature and Leaf C Gain, 454 Water and Leaf C Gain, 455 Soil Nitrogen Availability and Leaf C Gain, 456 Construction and Maintenance Respiration, 456 Allocation to Structure, Storage, and Defense, 459 Light and C Allocation, 461 Soil Nitrogen Availability and C Allocation, 461 Carbon Balance of Ecosystems, 465 Biomass and Productivity of Forest Ecosystems, 466 Measurement of Biomass and Productivity, 469 Climate and Productivity, 473 Soil Properties, Forest Biomass, and ANPP, 475 Biomass Accumulation During Ecosystem Development, 477 Soil N Availability and Belowground Net Primary Productivity, 482 Suggested Readings, 485, 487 ■ Nutrient Additions to Forest Ecosystems, 488 Mineral Weathering, 488 Atmospheric Deposition, 490 Biological Fixation of Nitrogen, 493 Nutrient Cycling within Forest Ecosystems, 497 Nutrient Transport to Roots, 497 ’ Nutrient Uptake and Assimilation by Roots, 498 Root Architecture, Mycorrhizae, and Nutrient Acquisition, 501 Root Architecture, 501 Mycorrhizae, 502 Plant Litter and the Return of Nutrients to Forest Floor and Soil, 504 Leaf and Root Litter Production, 505 Nutrient Retranslocation, 507 . Nutrients in the Forest Floor, 509 Organic Matter Decomposition and Nutrient Mineralization, 512 Biochemical Constituents of Plant Litter, 513 Dynamics of Decomposition, 515 Nitrogen Immobilization and Mineralization, 519 Nitrogen Availability in Forest Ecosystems, 521 Nitrification, 522 Nutrient Loss From Forest Ecosystems, 523 Nutrient Leaching from Forest Ecosystems, 524
Contents xix Denitrification, 525 The Cycling and Storage of Nutrients in Forest Ecosystems, 527 Nutrient Storage in Boreal, Temperate, and Tropical Forests, 527 The Nitrogen and Calcium Cycle of a Temperate Forest Ecosystem, 528 Ecosystem C Balance and the Retention and Loss of Nutrients, 530 Forest Harvesting and Nutrient Loss, 532 Suggested Readings, 534 ■ Forests of the Future Climate Change and Forest Ecosystems 537 Climate Change Concepts, 537 Effects on Temperature, 540 ՛ Effects on Precipitation, 543 Climate Change Effects on the Forest Tree, 546 Tree Growth and Mortality, 546 Phenology, 548 Regeneration, 551 Climate Change Effects on Tree Species Distributions, 554 Observed Range Shifts, 554 Projected Changes in Tree Species Distributions, 556 Projected Changes in Forest Type Distributions, 559 Climate Change Effects on Forest Disturbances, 561 Fires, 563 Insects and Pathogens, 568 Wind, 570 Climate Change Effects on Forest Carbon, 571 Climate Change Effects on Carbon Gain: Primary Productivity, 572 Climate Change Effects on Carbon Loss: Heterotrophic Respiration, 573 Feedbacks Among Disturbance, Climate Change, and Carbon in Forests, 575 Fire, Carbon, and Climate Change in Forests of Yellowstone National Park, 577 Adapting to Climate Change Effects on Forests, 578 Assisted Migration, 579 Refugia, 581 Forest Carbon Management, 583 Suggested Readings, 585
XX CONTENTS 587 Concepts of Invasive Species, 587 Definition of Invasive Species, 587 Characteristic Traits of Invasive Plant Species, 589 Non-Plant Invasive Species in Forests, 594 Impacts of Invasive Species on Forests, 597 Impacts of Invasive Plants on Forests, 597 Competition, 598 Altered Fire Regimes, 598 T ՝ Carbon and Nutrient Cycling, 599 Impacts of Invasive Insects and Pathogens on Forests, 600 Chestnut Blight, Dutch Elm Disease, and Forest Succession, 601 Impacts of Invasive Animals on Forests, 604 A Primer of Invasive Species Management in Forests, 605 Early Intervention Strategies, 607 Management Approaches for Established Invasive Species, 607 Novel Ecosystems and Invasive Species, 608 ’ Suggested Readings, 610 611 est Landscape Ecology Concepts of Landscape Ecology, 612 · Forest Fragmentation and Connectivity, 615 Patches in Forest Ecology, 616 Forest Fragmentation, 617 Ecological Effects, 617 . Connectivity, 620 Հ Disturbances on Landscapes, 622 Effects of Heterogeneity on Disturbances, 622 Hurricanes in New England, 622 Landscape Pattern Effects on Disturbance Spread, 625 Effects of Disturbances on Heterogeneity, 625 Stand-Replacing Wildfires in Yellowstone National Park, 627 Historical Range of Variability, 630 Interactions of Landscape Patterns and Ecological Processes, 632 Leaf Area and Productivity, 633 Forest Carbon Dynamics, 635 Nutrient Dynamics, 636 Suggested Readings, 638 ’ ’ Հ /
Contents XXI Sustainability of Forest Ecosystems . 639 Concepts of Sustainability, 639 The Prevalence of Human Values in Forest Ecology, 639 Historical Perspective of Sustainability in Forests, 641 EcosystemServices, 642 ■ Toward a Definition of Sustainability, 644 Where Do We Go From Here?, 646 Epilog: Earth as a Metaphor for Life, 648 Suggested Readings, 650 ■ 651 Scientific Names of Trees and Shrubs 731 Index 739 References
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Contents Preface xxiii Forest Ecology and Landscape Ecosystems з Ecology, 4 Landscape Ecosystems,' 4 Landscape Ecosystem and Community, 7 Ecosystem Structure and Function, 7 Examples of Landscape Ecosystems, 9 An Approach to The Study of Forest Ecology, 11 Applicability to Forest Management, 12 Suggested Readings, 13 Landscape Ecosystems at Multiple Scales 15 Overview of Spatial and Temporal Scales, 15 Spatial Scales of Hierarchical Landscape Ecosystems, 17 Climatic Classification, 18 Physiography, 20 Vegetation Types and Biomes, 20 Distinguishing and Mapping Landscape Ecosystems at Multiple Spatial Scales, 25 Regional Landscape Ecosystems, 26 Regional Landscape Ecosystems of Michigan, 28 Local Landscape Ecosystems, 30 Local Landscape Ecosystems in Upper Michigan, 30 Suggested Readings, 32 vii
Viii CONTENTS The Forest Tree ■ Forest Tree Variation ; . J ■ 35 Components of Phenotypic Variation, 35 Plasticity of the Phenotype, 36 ' ' Sources of Variation, 37 The Evolutionary Sequence, 38 Sexual and Asexual Systems, 39 Genetic Diversity of Woody Species, 39 Genecology, 40 ' Patterns of Genecological Differentiation, 41 Genecological Categories, 42 Factors Eliciting Genecological Differentiation, 42 Growth Cessation, 43 Growth Resumption, 46 ' Examples of Genecological Differentiation, 46 Eastern North American Species, 47 ' Scots Pine, 49 ' Wide-Ranging Western North American Conifers, 50 Ponderosa pine, 50 Douglas-fir, 52 Local Genecological Differentiation, 55 Factors Affecting Differentiation: Gene Flow and Selection Pressure, 56 Ecological Considerations at the Species Level, 57 Niche, 60 Hybridization, 60 ՝ ' ' Polyploidy, 63 The Fitness-Flexibility Compromise, 66 Epigenetics, 66 Suggested Readings, 67 ' ' ’ 69 Regeneration, 69 Sexual Reproduction, 71 Maturation and the Ability to Flower, 72 Increasing Seed Production, 73 Reproductive Cycles, 74 Pollination, 75
Contents ¡x Periodicity of Seed Crops, 76 Effects of Reproduction on Vegetative Growth, 78 Dispersal, 80 Seed Bank, Dormancy, and Germination, 82 Establishment Following Sexual Reproduction, 83 Post-Establishment Development, 90 Vegetative Reproduction, 90 Suggested Readings, 94 95 Tree Form, 95 Architectural Models, 97 Short and Long Shoots, 99 Patterns of Intermittent Growth, 100 Sylleptic and Proleptic Shoots, 102 Roots, 102 Kinds, Forms, and Occurrence, 103 Fine Root Relations, 105 Horizontal and Vertical Root Development, 107 Periodicity of Primary Root Growth, 108 Root Grafting, 108 Specialized Roots and Buttresses, 110 Stems, 110 Xylem Cells and Growth Rings, 111 Periodicity and Control of Secondary Growth, 112 Control of Earlywood and Latewood Formation, 114 ՛ Winter Freezing and Water Transport, 115 Water Deficits and Tree Growth, 116 Suggested Readings, 118 The Physical Envhonment Forest Environment, 119 Site Factors, 120 Organization of Site Factors, 120 Interrelationships Among Site Factors, 121 Importance of Site in Forest Ecology, 122
X CONTENTS Distribution of Light Reaching the Ecosphere, 124 Plant Interception of Radiation, 125 Canopy Structure and Leaf Area, 125 Light Quality Beneath the Forest Canopy, 130 Sunflecks, 130 Light and Growth of Trees, 133 Light and Seedling Survival and Growth, 136 Light and Tree Morphology and Anatomy, 137 Light and Epicormic Sprouting, 139 Photocontrol of Plant Response,'139 Light and Ecosystem Change, 141 Suggested Readings, 141 143 Geographical Patterns of Temperature, 143 Temperatures at the Soil Surface, 145 Temperature within the Forest, 147 Temperature Variation with Local Topography, 148 Temperature and Plant Growth, 150 Cold Injury to Plants, 153 Dormancy, 155 Frost Hardiness and Cold Resistance, 156 Thermotropic Movements in Rhododendrons, 159 Winter Chilling and Growth Resumption, 161 Natural Plant Distributions and Cold Hardiness, 162 Deciduousness and Temperature, 164 Suggested Readings, 165 167 Concepts and Terms, 167 Characteristics of Physiography and their Significance, 168 Physiographic Setting, 169 ' Specific Landforms, 170 Elevation, 170 Form of Landforms, 170 Level Terrain, 170 Sloping Terrain, 171 Slope Characteristics, 171 w ' y ' ' ' ’
Contents xi ■ ' ■ ' ' ■ ' Position on slope, 172 ■ ' Aspect, 172 Slope inclination, 173 Parent Material in Relation to Landform, 173 Position of Landform in the Landscape, 174 Multiple Roles of Physiography, 174 Physiographic Diversity, Landscape Ecosystems, and Vegetation, 176 Mountainous Physiography, 176 Mountainous Terrain of California and the Pacific Northwest, 177 Physiography and Forests of the Central Appalachians, 180 Flatlands, 183 The Great Plains, 184 Pine Savannas of the Western Great Lakes Region, 185 ' ■ Till Plains of the Midwest, 185 Southeastern and Southern Coastal Plain, 186 Floodplains, 186 Physiography and Firebreaks, 190 ՛ Microlandforms and Microtopography, 191 Tree Uprooting and Pit-and-Mound Microtopography, 191 Microtopography and Regeneration in Hardwood Swamps, 193 Suggested Readings, 194 Soil ■ ¿у . ; ՛ . ՛ . . Parent Material, 195 Soil Formation, 197 Soil Profile Development, 197 Physical Properties of Soil, 200 Soil Texture, 200 Soil Structure, 201 Soil Color, 202 Soil Water, 202 Physical Properties of Water, 203 Soil Water Potential, 204 Chemical Properties of Soil, 206 Clay Mineralogy, 207 Cation Exchange and the Supply of Nutrients, 209 Soil Acidity, 210 Soil Organic Matter, 212 Soil Classification, 213 ' Landform, Soil, and Forest Vegetation: Landscape Relationships, 215 Suggested Readings, 217 195
Xii CONTENTS И^ШІRrç 219 Fire and the Forest Tree, 220 Causes, 220 Fire Regime, 220 ՛ ' Fire Types, Frequency, and Severity, 221 Fire Adaptations and Key Characteristics, 224 : Strategies of Species Persistence, 227 Closed-Cone Pines, 228 Fire and the Forest Site, 230 ' Indirect Effects, 230 Direct Effects, 232 ” ' ’ ' Organic Matter and Erosion, 234 ' Beneficial Effects of Fire, 236 Suggested Readings, 236 ' Site Quality and Ecosystem Evaluation and Classification հ ■ 237 Direct Measurement of Forest Productivity, 238 Tree Height as a Measure of Site, 239 Site-Index Curves, 240 ' Comparisons Between. Species, 243 ' Advantages and Limitations, 243 ' ' Vegetation as an. Indicator of Site Quality, 244 Species Groups of Ground Cover, 245 Indicator Plants of Coastal British Columbia, 246 Ecological Species Groups, 246 Plant Associations and Habitat Types in the Western United States, 247 Operational Site Classification Based on. Vegetation, 247 Applications and Limitations of Vegetation, 250 Environmental Factors as a Measure of Site, 251 Climatic Factors, 251 Physiographic Land Classification, 252 ' Physiographic and Soil Factors: Soil-Site Studies, 252 Soil Surveys, 256 Multiple-Factor Methods of Site and Ecosystem Classification, 256 Ecosystem Classification and Mapping in Baden-Württemberg, 257 Applications of Multi-Factor Methods in the United States and Canada, 258 Ecosystem Classification and Mapping in Michigan, 258 Ecosystem Classification in the Southeastern United States, 261
Contents xiii Ecosystem Classification in the Southwestern United States, 262 National Classification Systems in the United States, 262 Ecological Land Classification in Canada, 263 Hills’ physiographic approach, 263 Other approaches used in Canada, 264 Suggested Readings, 265 PART 4 Forest Communities 269 Plant Defense, 269 Investment in Plant Defense, 270 Plant Defense Against Insects, 272 Examples of Injury and Plant Defense, 273 Nutrition, 274 Plant Hybrid Zones as Reservoirs for Insect Diversity, 275 Plant Defense Against Mammals, 276 Roles of Animals in Plant Life History, 277 Pollination, 277 Seed Dispersal, 278 Fish and Reptiles, 278 Birds, 279 . Mammals, 282 Germination and Establishment, 284 Decomposition, Mineral Cycling, and Soil Improvement, 285 Damage and Death, 286 Influence of Livestock on Forest Ecosystems, 288 Suggested Readings, 290 291 Community Concept, 291 Grounding Communities, 292 Florida Keys, 292 Interior Alaska, 294 ՛ Southern Illinois, 294 View from the Past: Community Concepts, 296 Schools and Terminology, 296 Concepts of Clements and Gleason, 297
Xiv CONTENTS Phytosociology in Europe, 298 ՛ ' Continuum Concept, 298 ' Community as a Landscape Ecosystem Property, ’ 299 ՛ Examples of Spatial Variation in Forest Communities, 300 Discrete Forest Communities, 300 Coastal California: Giant and Pygmy Forests, 301 Forest-Grassland Ecotone, 302 Alpine Tree Lines, 302 Merging Forest Communities, 303 ' ' ' Eastern Deciduous Forest—Southern Appalachians, 303 New England, 304 Competition and Niche Differentiation, 305 Interactions Among Organisms, 307 - Mutualisms in Forest Ecosystems, 307 ■ Symbiotic Mutualisms—Mycorrhizae, 307 Nonsymbiotic Mhtualisms, 307 Competition, 308 ■ ■ Forest Community Structure and Composition,. 308 Vertical Structure, 310 Stand Density, 312 Competition and Overstory Composition, 313 Competition in the Understory, 314 Understory Tolerance, 315 Characteristics of Understory-Tolerant and-Intolerant Species, 316 Tolerance Ratings of Tree Species, 317 Examples of Understory Tolerance in Forest Ecosystems, 319 Nature of Understory Tolerance, 319 . Environmental Factors Relating to Understory Tolerance, 322 Physiological Processes Relating to Tolerance, 323 Suggested Readings, 325 Diversity in Forests 1 ■ ■ ' ' ' ■ ’ ■ հ Concepts of Biological and Ecosystem Diversity, 327 The Value of Species Diversity, 328 Value of Biodiversity, 329 Common Threats to Diversity, 331 Measuring Diversity, 331 Levels of Diversity, 331 Measurement, 333 ’ ' / Հ w ' ' Inventory Diversity: Alpha Diversity, 333 Differentiation or Beta Diversity, 335 ' 327
Contents XV Diversity of Landscape Ecosystems, 336 Examples of Diversity, 337 Ground-Cover Species Diversity in Northern Lower Michigan, 337 Ecosystem Groups, 337 ■ Ecosystem Types, 340 Ecosystem Diversity, 342 Causes of Species Diversity, 343 Diversity at Continental and Subcontinental Scales, 343 ' Paleogeography and Continental Relationships, 343 Glaciation, 344 Latitude and Elevation, 344 Diversity at Local Scales, 346 Physiography and Soil, 346 ■ Community Composition and Structure, 349 ■ Disturbance and Succession, 349 Focal Species in Conserving Diversity, 351 Foundation Species, 352 Keystone Species, 352 Endemics and Rare and Endangered Species, 353 Diversity and the Functioning of Ecosystems, 354 Biodiversity-Productivity-Relationship, 354 The Role of Biodiversity in Ecosystem Stability, 356 Forest Management and Diversity, 357 Effects of Traditional Forest Management on Diversity, 357 Preserving Diversity in Managed Forests, 358 ■ Ecological Forestry: Incorporating Biodiversity into Forest Management, 359 Variable-Retention Harvest System, 360 Designing a Variable-Retention Harvest System, 361 How Well Does Variable Retention Conserve ' Biodiversity?, 361 Epilog: Conserving Ecosystem and Biological Diversity, 363 Suggested Readings, 364 PART 5 Forest Ecosystem Dynamics Long-Term Forest Ecosystem and Vegetation Change Change Before the Pleistocene Age, 367 Pleistocene Glaciations, 368 Ecosystem and Vegetational Change Since the Last Glacial Maximum, 370 367
xvi CONTENTS Eastern North America, 370 ’ Overall Migration Sequence and Patterns, 371 Ecosystem Change in the Southern Appalachians, 373 Western North America, 373. ' Patterns of Tree Genera and Species Migrations, 375 Migration Irregularities and Disturbance, 377 ՛ Migration From Glacial Microrefugia, 377 Independent Migration and Similarity of Communities Through Time, 379 Suggested Readings, 380 ՜ l|| Disturbance 381 Concepts of Disturbance, 382 ֊ Defining a Disturbance, 382 Disturbance as an Ecosystem Process, 384 Sources of Disturbance, 386 ’ Major Disturbances in Forest Ecosystems, 387 Fire, 387 . Roles of Fire in Forest Ecosystems, 387 Pines in New England and the Lake States, 389 Western Pines and Trembling Aspen, 390 Southern Pines, 393 . Douglas-Fir in the Pacific Northwest, 394 Giant Sequoia, 394 Fire History and Behavior, 395 Northern Lake States, 395 Boreal Forest and Taiga, 397 Northern Rocky Mountains, 398 Fire Suppression and Exclusion, 399 ■ Wind, 400 Widespread and Local Effects, 401 Principles of Wind Damage, 401 ՛ Broadscale Disturbance by Hurricanes, 403 ՛ Gulf and Southern Atlantic Coasts, 403 New England—1938 Hurricane, 404 Wave-Regenerated Fir Species, 404 Floodwater and Ice Storms, 404 Insects and Disease, 406 . ՛ ՛ ? ՛ Catastrophic and Local Land Movements, 407 ■ Logging, 407 Land Clearing, 409 Disturbance Interactions, 409 ՛ ՛ ՛
Contents xvii Biotic Composition Changes, 411 Elimination of Species, 411 Addition of Species, 412 Suggested Readings, 412 Forest Succession . 413 Basic Concepts of Succession, 414 Primary and Secondary Succession, 414 Biological Legacies, 414 Successional Pathways, Mechanisms, and Models, 414 Autogenic and Allogenic Succession, 416 How is Succession Determined?, 416 Evolution of the Concept of Forest Succession, 417 Formal Ecological Theory, 417 How Does Succession Work?, 418 Clementsian Succession, 419 Stages of Succession, 420 Primary Succession, 420 ' Secondary Succession, 423 ■ Successional Causes, Mechanisms, and Models, 427 Key Characteristics and Regeneration Strategies, 427 Availability and Arrival Sequence of Species, 428 Facilitation, Tolerance, and Inhibition, 428 Change in Ecosystems, 431 End Point of Succession?, 431 Succession as an Ecosystem Process, 432 Examples of Forest Succession, 434 Primary Succession on Recently Deglaciated Terrain, 434 Succession Following the Eruption of Mount St. Helens, 437 Secondary Succession Following Fire in Ponderosa Pine Forests of Western Montana, 439 Secondary Succession and Gap Dynamics, 439 Gap Specialists: American Beech and Sugar Maple, 444 Fire and Oak Dominance—Oaks at Risk, 446 Suggested Readings, 447 Carbon Balance of Trees and Ecosystems Carbon Balance of Trees, 450 Photosynthesis, Dark Respiration, and Leaf C Gain, 450 . Light and Leaf C Gain, 452 449
xviii CONTENTS Temperature and Leaf C Gain, 454 Water and Leaf C Gain, 455 ' Soil Nitrogen Availability and Leaf C Gain, 456 Construction and Maintenance Respiration, 456 Allocation to Structure, Storage, and Defense, 459 Light and C Allocation, 461 Soil Nitrogen Availability and C Allocation, 461 Carbon Balance of Ecosystems, 465 Biomass and Productivity of Forest Ecosystems, 466 Measurement of Biomass and Productivity, 469 Climate and Productivity, 473 Soil Properties, Forest Biomass, and ANPP, 475 Biomass Accumulation During Ecosystem Development, 477 Soil N Availability and Belowground Net Primary Productivity, 482 Suggested Readings, 485, 487 ■ Nutrient Additions to Forest Ecosystems, 488 Mineral Weathering, 488 Atmospheric Deposition, 490 ' Biological Fixation of Nitrogen, 493 Nutrient Cycling within Forest Ecosystems, 497 Nutrient Transport to Roots, 497 ’ ' ' Nutrient Uptake and Assimilation by Roots, 498 Root Architecture, Mycorrhizae, and Nutrient Acquisition, 501 Root Architecture, 501 Mycorrhizae, 502 Plant Litter and the Return of Nutrients to Forest Floor and Soil, 504 Leaf and Root Litter Production, 505 Nutrient Retranslocation, 507 . ' Nutrients in the Forest Floor, 509 ' Organic Matter Decomposition and Nutrient Mineralization, 512 Biochemical Constituents of Plant Litter, 513 Dynamics of Decomposition, 515 Nitrogen Immobilization and Mineralization, 519 Nitrogen Availability in Forest Ecosystems, 521 Nitrification, 522 Nutrient Loss From Forest Ecosystems, 523 Nutrient Leaching from Forest Ecosystems, 524
Contents xix Denitrification, 525 The Cycling and Storage of Nutrients in Forest Ecosystems, 527 Nutrient Storage in Boreal, Temperate, and Tropical Forests, 527 The Nitrogen and Calcium Cycle of a Temperate Forest Ecosystem, 528 Ecosystem C Balance and the Retention and Loss of Nutrients, 530 Forest Harvesting and Nutrient Loss, 532 Suggested Readings, 534 ■ Forests of the Future Climate Change and Forest Ecosystems 537 Climate Change Concepts, 537 Effects on Temperature, 540 ՛ Effects on Precipitation, 543 Climate Change Effects on the Forest Tree, 546 Tree Growth and Mortality, 546 Phenology, 548 Regeneration, 551 Climate Change Effects on Tree Species Distributions, 554 Observed Range Shifts, 554 Projected Changes in Tree Species Distributions, 556 Projected Changes in Forest Type Distributions, 559 Climate Change Effects on Forest Disturbances, 561 Fires, 563 Insects and Pathogens, 568 Wind, 570 Climate Change Effects on Forest Carbon, 571 Climate Change Effects on Carbon Gain: Primary Productivity, 572 Climate Change Effects on Carbon Loss: Heterotrophic Respiration, 573 Feedbacks Among Disturbance, Climate Change, and Carbon in Forests, 575 ' Fire, Carbon, and Climate Change in Forests of Yellowstone National Park, 577 Adapting to Climate Change Effects on Forests, 578 Assisted Migration, 579 Refugia, 581 Forest Carbon Management, 583 Suggested Readings, 585
XX CONTENTS 587 Concepts of Invasive Species, 587 Definition of Invasive Species, 587 Characteristic Traits of Invasive Plant Species, 589 Non-Plant Invasive Species in Forests, 594 Impacts of Invasive Species on Forests, 597 Impacts of Invasive Plants on Forests, 597 Competition, 598 Altered Fire Regimes, 598 T ՝ Carbon and Nutrient Cycling, 599 Impacts of Invasive Insects and Pathogens on Forests, 600 Chestnut Blight, Dutch Elm Disease, and Forest Succession, 601 Impacts of Invasive Animals on Forests, 604 A Primer of Invasive Species Management in Forests, 605 Early Intervention Strategies, 607 Management Approaches for Established Invasive Species, 607 Novel Ecosystems and Invasive Species, 608 ’ Suggested Readings, 610 611 est Landscape Ecology Concepts of Landscape Ecology, 612 · Forest Fragmentation and Connectivity, 615 Patches in Forest Ecology, 616 Forest Fragmentation, 617 Ecological Effects, 617 . Connectivity, 620 Հ \ Disturbances on Landscapes, 622 Effects of Heterogeneity on Disturbances, 622 Hurricanes in New England, 622 Landscape Pattern Effects on Disturbance Spread, 625 Effects of Disturbances on Heterogeneity, 625 Stand-Replacing Wildfires in Yellowstone National Park, 627 Historical Range of Variability, 630 Interactions of Landscape Patterns and Ecological Processes, 632 Leaf Area and Productivity, 633 Forest Carbon Dynamics, 635 Nutrient Dynamics, 636 Suggested Readings, 638 ' ' ' ’ ’ Հ /
Contents XXI Sustainability of Forest Ecosystems . 639 Concepts of Sustainability, 639 The Prevalence of Human Values in Forest Ecology, 639 Historical Perspective of Sustainability in Forests, 641 EcosystemServices, 642 ■ Toward a Definition of Sustainability, 644 Where Do We Go From Here?, 646 Epilog: Earth as a Metaphor for Life, 648 Suggested Readings, 650 ■ ' ' 651 Scientific Names of Trees and Shrubs 731 Index 739 References |
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| author | Kashian, Daniel M. Zak, Donald R. Barnes, Burton Verne 1930-2014 Spurr, Stephen H. 1918-1990 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1284222217 (DE-588)1284222756 (DE-588)133535967 (DE-588)106789201X |
| author_facet | Kashian, Daniel M. Zak, Donald R. Barnes, Burton Verne 1930-2014 Spurr, Stephen H. 1918-1990 |
| author_role | aut aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Kashian, Daniel M. |
| author_variant | d m k dm dmk d r z dr drz b v b bv bvb s h s sh shs |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047960046 |
| classification_rvk | WI 5300 ZC 72800 |
| classification_tum | FOR 180 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1374274431 (DE-599)BVBBV047960046 |
| dewey-full | 577.3 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 577 - Ecology |
| dewey-raw | 577.3 |
| dewey-search | 577.3 |
| dewey-sort | 3577.3 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie Forstwissenschaft Agrar-/Forst-/Ernährungs-/Haushaltswissenschaft / Gartenbau |
| discipline_str_mv | Biologie Forstwissenschaft Agrar-/Forst-/Ernährungs-/Haushaltswissenschaft / Gartenbau |
| edition | Fifth edition |
| format | Book |
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| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV047960046 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:40:14Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:26:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781119476085 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033341254 |
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| physical | xxiv, 757 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
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| spelling | Kashian, Daniel M. Verfasser (DE-588)1284222217 aut Forest ecology Daniel M. Kashian, Donald R. Zak, Burton V. Barnes (deceased), Stephen H. Spurr (deceased) Fifth edition Hoboken, NJ Wiley 2023 xxiv, 757 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier 1.-3. Auflage: Spurr, Stephen H.: Forest ecology; 4. Auflage: Barnes, Burton V.: Forest ecology Wald (DE-588)4064354-2 gnd rswk-swf Forstökologie (DE-588)4017951-5 gnd rswk-swf Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf Waldökosystem (DE-588)4282537-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Wald (DE-588)4064354-2 s Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s DE-604 Forstökologie (DE-588)4017951-5 s Waldökosystem (DE-588)4282537-4 s Zak, Donald R. Verfasser (DE-588)1284222756 aut Barnes, Burton Verne 1930-2014 Verfasser (DE-588)133535967 aut Spurr, Stephen H. 1918-1990 Verfasser (DE-588)106789201X aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-119-47605-4 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-119-47614-6 Ersatz von Barnes, Burton Verne Forest ecology 4. ed. 0-471-30822-6 (DE-604)BV012072473 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033341254&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kashian, Daniel M. Zak, Donald R. Barnes, Burton Verne 1930-2014 Spurr, Stephen H. 1918-1990 Forest ecology Wald (DE-588)4064354-2 gnd Forstökologie (DE-588)4017951-5 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Waldökosystem (DE-588)4282537-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4064354-2 (DE-588)4017951-5 (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4282537-4 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Forest ecology |
| title_auth | Forest ecology |
| title_exact_search | Forest ecology |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Forest ecology |
| title_full | Forest ecology Daniel M. Kashian, Donald R. Zak, Burton V. Barnes (deceased), Stephen H. Spurr (deceased) |
| title_fullStr | Forest ecology Daniel M. Kashian, Donald R. Zak, Burton V. Barnes (deceased), Stephen H. Spurr (deceased) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Forest ecology Daniel M. Kashian, Donald R. Zak, Burton V. Barnes (deceased), Stephen H. Spurr (deceased) |
| title_old | Barnes, Burton Verne Forest ecology |
| title_short | Forest ecology |
| title_sort | forest ecology |
| topic | Wald (DE-588)4064354-2 gnd Forstökologie (DE-588)4017951-5 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Waldökosystem (DE-588)4282537-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wald Forstökologie Ökologie Waldökosystem Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033341254&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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