Parasitology: an integrated approach
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Hoboken, NJ ; Chichester, West Sussex
Wiley
2022
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| Edition: | Second edition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Companion website: www.wiley.com/go/gunn/parasitology2 |
| Physical Description: | xvii, 536 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781119641193 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Parasitology |b an integrated approach |c Alan Gunn (School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK), Sarah J. Pitt (School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK) |
| 250 | |a Second edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Hoboken, NJ ; Chichester, West Sussex |b Wiley |c 2022 | |
| 300 | |a xvii, 536 Seiten |b Illustrationen | ||
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| 650 | 7 | |a parasites |2 cabt | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | vii Contents Preface xv About the Companion Website xvii 1 1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.1.1 1.2.1.2 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.5.1 1.2.6 1.2.7 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.6 1.7 1.7.1 1.8 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.4 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 Animal Associations and the Importance of Parasites 1 Introduction 1 Animal Associations 1 Symbiosis 3 Symbionts 3 The Importance of Symbionts to Blood-feeding Organisms 3 Commensalism 5 Phoresis 5 Mutualism 6 Parasitism 6 Intra-specific Parasites 8 Parasitoids 8 The Concept of Harm 10 Parasite Hosts 10 Zoonotic Infections 13 The Co-evolution of Parasites and Their Hosts 13 The Red Queen’s Race Hypothesis 14 Parasites in the Fossil Record 15 Parasites and the Evolution of Sexual Reproduction 16 Parasitism as a‘Lifestyle’: Advantages and Limitations 17 The Economic Cost of Parasitic Diseases 18 DALYs: Disability-Adjusted Life Years 20 Why Parasitic Diseases Remain a Problem 22 Taxonomy 27 Introduction 27 Viruses: A Special (Unresolved) Case 28 Taxonomic Hierarchy 28 The Binomen System 29 Kingdom Protista 30 Kingdom Ammalia 31 Parazoa 31 Eumetazoa 31
vill I Contents 3 Parasitic Protozoa Part A: Phyla Rhizopoda, Metamonada, Apicomplexa 3.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.2.7 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.1.1 3.3.2 3.3.2.1 3.3.2.2 3.3.2.3 3.3.2.4 3.3.2.5 3.3.2.6 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.1.1 3.4.1.2 3.4.1.3 3.4.1.4 3.4.1.5 3.4.1.6 3.4.2 3.4.2.1 3.4.2.2 3.4.3 3.4.3.1 3.4.3.2 3.5 3.5.1 3.5.1.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.3.1 3.5.4 3.5.4.1 3.5.5 3.5.6 3.5.7 3.5.7.1 3.5.8 Introduction 33 Phylum Rhizopoda 34 Entamoeba histolytica 34 Entamoeba dispar 38 Entamoeba moshkovskii 38 Entamoeba gingivalis 38 Naegleria fowleri 39 Balamuthia mandrillaris 40 Genus Acanthamoeba 41 Phylum Metamonada 42 Order Diplomonadida 42 Genus Giardia 42 Order Trichomonadida 44 Histomonas meleagradis 45 Trichomonas vaginalis 45 Trichomonas tenax 46 Trichomonas gallinae 46 Tritrichomonas foetus 48 Pentatrichomonas hominis 48 Phylum Apicomplexa 49 Genus Plasmodium 50 Plasmodium Life Cycle 52 Plasmodium falciparum 53 Plasmodium vivax 54 Plasmodium ovale 54 Plasmodium malariae 54 Plasmodium knowlesi 54 Genus Theileria 55 Theileria Life Cycle 55 Theileria parva 56 Genus Babesia 57 Babesia Life Cycle 57 Babesia bigemina 59 Subclass Coccidiasina 60 Genus Eimeria 60 Eimeria tenella 60 Genus Isospora 61 Genus Cystoisospora 61 Cystoisospora (Isospora) belli 62 Genus Cyclospora 63 Cyclospora cayetanensis 63 Genus Sarcocystis 63 Genus Toxoplasma, Toxoplasma gondii Genus Neospora 70 Neospora caninum 70 Genus Cryptosporidium 72 66 33
Contents 74 4 Parasitic Protozoa Part B: Phylum Kinetoplastida; Parasitic Algae and Fungi 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.1.1 4.2.1.2 4.2.1.3 4.2.1.4 4.2.2 4.2.2.1 4.2.2.2 4.2.2.3 4.2.2.4 4.2.2.5 4.2.2.6 4.3 4.3.1 4.4 4.4.1 Introduction 74 Phylum Kinetoplastida 74 Genus Leishmania 77 Leishmania Life Cycle 79 Visceral Leishmaniasis 82 Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis 83 Cutaneous Leishmaniasis 83 Genus Trypanosoma 84 Trypanosoma brūcei 86 Trypanosoma congolense 91 Trypanosoma evansi 92 Trypanosoma equinum 92 Trypanosoma equiperdum 93 Trypanosoma cruzi 94 Phylum Chlorophyta 96 Genus Prototheca 97 Kingdom Fungi 97 Phylum Microspora 98 5 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.1.1 5.3.2 5.3.2.1 5.3.2.2 5.3.2.3 5.4 101 Introduction 101 Phylum Platyhelminthes 101 Trematoda 102 Family Fasciolidae 104 Family Dicrocoeliidae 110 Family Paramphistomatidae 112 Family Opisthorchiformes 112 Family Paragonomidae 115 Family Cathaemasiidae: Genus Ribeiroia 117 Family Schistosomatidae: Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma haematobium 119 Class Cestoda 125 Order Pseudophyllidea/Diphyllobothridea 126 Genus Diphyllobothrium 126 Order Cyclophyllidea 129 Family Taeniidae 129 Genus Echinococcus 138 Family Anoplocephalidae 142 Phylum Acanthocephala 145 6 Nematode Parasites 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.1.1 5.2.1.2 5.2.1.3 5.2.1.4 5.2.1.5 5.2.1.6 5.2.1.7 6.1 6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.2.1 Platyhelminth and Acanthocephalan Parasites 148 Introduction 148 Class Enoplea 150 Genus Trichuris 150 Genus Trichinella 152 Trichinella spiralis 154 lx
x Contents 6.3 6.3.1 6.3.1.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4 6.3.5 6.3.6 6.3.7 6.3.8 6.3.8.1 6.3.8.2 6.3.8.3 6.3.8.4 6.3.9 Class Rhabdita 156 Genus Strongyloides 156 Strongyloides stercoralis 157 Genus Ancylostoma 159 Genus Necator 163 Genus Ascaris 164 Genus Enterobius: Enterobius vermicularis 168 Genus Toxocara: Toxocara canis 170 Genus Anisakis 171 Family Onchocercidae 172 Genus Onchocerca 173 Genus Wuchereria, Wuchereria bancrofti 176 Genus Brugia 177 Genus Loa, Loa loa 177 Family Dracunculidae: Dracunculus medinensis 179 7 Arthropod Parasites 182 Introduction 182 Phylum Chelicerata 183 Family Demodicidae 185 Family Sarcoptidae 186 Genus Sarcoptes 186 Genus Notoedres, Notoedres cati 188 Genus Knemidocoptes 189 Family Psoroptidae 189 Genus Psoroptes 189 Suborder Ixodida 190 Family Argasidae 191 Family Ixodidae 192 Phylum Crustacea 194 Subclass Copepoda 194 Infraclass Cirripedia 195 Subclass Branchiura 196 Subclass Pentastomida 197 Subphylum Hexapoda 200 Order Phthiraptera (Lice) 202 Order Siphonaptera (Fleas) 207 Order Diptera (True Flies) 211 Suborder Nematocera 211 Suborder Brachycera 212 7.1 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.2.1 7.2.2.2 7.2.2.3 7.2.3 7.2.3.1 7.2.4 7.2.4.1 7.2.4.2 73 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 7.3.4 7.4 7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3 7.4.3.1 7.4.3.2 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.3.1 8.3.2 Parasite Transmission 229 Introduction 229 Contaminative Transmission 230 Transmission Associated with Reproduction 234 Sexual (Venereal) Transmission 234 Transmission within Gametes 236
Contents 8.3.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.7.1 8.7.2 8.7.3 8.8 8.8.1 8.8.2 8.8.3 8.8.4 8.8.5 8.9 8.10 8.10.1 8.10.2 8.10.3 Congenital Transmission 236 Autoinfection 239 Nosocomial Transmission 239 Active Parasite Transmission 240 Hosts and Vectors 241 Paratenic Hosts 241 Intermediate Hosts 242 Vectors 243 Host Factors 246 Host Identification 246 The Influence of Host Behaviour on Parasite Transmission 246 Religion and Parasite Transmission 249 War and Parasite Transmission 251 Parasites Influencing Host Behaviour 251 Co-Transmission and Interactions Between Pathogens 254 Environmental Factors 256 Natural Environmental Variables 256 Pollution 256 Climate Change 259 9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.3.1 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.4 9.4.1 9.4.2 9.4.3 9.4.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.8.1 9.8.2 9.8.2.1 9.8.2.2 9.8.2.3 9.9 9.10 9.10.1 9.10.2 9.10.2.1 9.10.2.2 Immune Reactions to Parasitic Infections 261 Introduction 261 Invertebrate Immunity 262 Vertebrate Immunity 265 Innate Immunity 265 Adaptive Immunity 268 Cell-Mediated Immunity 270 Innate Immunity to Parasites 272 Physical Factors 272 Chemical and Microbial Factors 272 Acute Inflammatory Response 273 Cell-Mediated Immune Reactions 274 Adaptive Immune Reactions to Parasites 275 Microbiomes and Host Immune Reactions to Parasites 277 Avoiding the Host Immune Response 278 Immunity to Malaria 284 Plasmodium: Anopheles Interactions 284 Plasmodium: Human Interactions 286 Innate Immune Mechanisms Against Malaria 286 Antibodies Against Malaria 287 Why Humans Do Not Develop Protective Immunity Against Malaria 288 Schistosoma spp. and Hepatitis C Virus Interactions 289 HIV-AIDS and
Parasitic Infections 289 Parasites and the Transmission of HIV 290 Parasite-HIV Co-Infections 291 Leishmania-HW Co-Infections 292 Malaria-HIV Co-Infections 293 xi
xli J Contents 9.10.2.3 Toxoplasma-HIV Co-Infections 294 9.10.2.4 Microsporidia-HIV Co-Infections 294 10 Pathology Part A: Factors Influencing Pathogenesis, How Parasites Cause Pathology, Types of Pathology 295 10.1 10.2 10.2.1 10.2.2 10.3 10.3.1 10.3.2 10.4 10.4.1 10.4.2 10.4.3 10.4.4 10.4.5 10.4.6 10.4.7 10.4.8 10.4.9 10.4.10 10.4.11 10.4.12 10.4.13 10.4.14 10.4.15 10.4.16 10.4.17 10.4.18 10.4.19 10.4.20 10.4.21 10.4.22 10.4.23 Introduction 296 Factors Influencing Pathogenesis 296 Host Factors 296 Parasite Factors 297 Mechanisms By Which Parasites Cause Pathology 298 Direct Damage 298 Indirect Damage 300 types of Pathology 300 Abortion and Obstetric Pathology 300 Abscesses and Ulcers 301 Anaemia 302 Anorexia 303 ·« Apoptosis 304 Autoimmunity 305 Calcification 306 Cancer 306 Castration 309 Delusional Parasitosis 310 Diarrhoea 311 Elephantiasis 312 Fever 313 Fibrosis 314 Granulation 314 Hyperplasia 316 Hypertrophy 316 Hypoplasia and Hypotrophy 317 Inflammation 317 Jaundice 318 Metaplasia 319 Pressure Atrophy 319 Psychological Disturbance 319 11 11.1 11.2 11.2.1 11.2.2 11.2.3 11.2.4 11.2.5 11.2.6 11.2.7 Pathology Part B: Damage to Specific Organs; Co-Infections and Pathogenesis Introduction 322 Damage to Specific Organs 322 Bladder 322 Brain and Nervous System 323 Gastrointestinal Tract 327 Gall Bladder and Bile Ducts 330 Genitalia 330 Kidney 332 Liver 333 322
Contents 11.2.8 11.2.9 11.2.10 11.3 Lungs 335 Skin 338 Spleen 343 Co-Infections and Pathogenesis 344 12 The Useful Parasite 12.1 12.2 12.2.1 12.2.2 12.2.3 12.2.4 12.3 12.3.1 12.3.1.1 12.3.2 12.3.2.1 12.3.2.2 12.3.3 12.3.3.1 12.3.4 12.4 12.5 12.5.1 12.6 13 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.5.1 13.5.2 13.5.3 13.5.4 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.9.1 13.9.1.1 13.9.1.2 13.9.2 13.9.2.1 13.9.2.2 13.9.2.3 347 Introduction: The Goodness of Parasites? 347 The Importance of Parasites for the Maintenance of a Healthy Immune System 348 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus 350 Type 2 Diabetes 352 Irritable Bowel Syndrome 353 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 354 The Use of Parasites to Treat Medical Conditions 355 Helminth Therapy 355 Helminth Therapy in Practice 358 Maggot Therapy 359 Maggot Therapy in Practice 361 How Maggot Therapy Works 361 Leech Therapy 362 Leech Therapy in Practice 363 Malaria Therapy (Malariotherapy) 364 Parasites as Sources of Novel Pharmaceutically Active Substances 366 Parasites as Biological Control Agents 369 Life Cycle of the Entomopathogenic Nematodes Heterorhabditis and Steinernema 370 Parasites as Forensic Indicators 372 375 Laboratory Testing for Parasitic Infections: Introduction 375 Importance of Correct Identification 376 Properties of an Ideal Diagnostic Test 377 Isolation of Parasites 379 Identification from Gross Morphology 382 Morphological Identification of Entamoeba spp. 383 Morphological Identification of Plasmodium spp. and Babesia spp. 384 Morphological Identification of Taenia spp. Tapeworms 385 Morphological Identification of Filarial Nematode Infections 386 Biochemical
Techniques for Identification 386 Immunological Techniques for Identification 387 Molecular Techniques for Identification 389 Diagnostic Testing of Parasitic Infections Outside the Laboratory: Introduction 393 Immunochromatographic (Lateral Flow) Tests 393 Detection of Parasites in Blood with LFDs 394 Detection of Parasites in Faeces with LFDs 397 Point-of-Care Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs) 399 Detection of Trichomonas vaginalis Using РОСТ NAATs 400 Detection of Plasmodium spp. Using РОСТ NAATs 401 Invertebrate Vector and Intermediate Host Monitoring Using РОСТ NAATs 401 The Identification of Protozoan and Helminth Parasites xiii
xlv Contents 14 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 15 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.6.1 15.6.2 15.6.3 15.6.4 15.6.5 15.6.6 15.6.7 15.6.8 15.7 15.8 15.9 15.10 15.11 16 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 Parasite Treatment 403 Introduction 403 The Ideal Antiparasitic Drug 403 Pharmaceutical Drugs 409 DNA/RNA Technology 411 Molecular Chaperones (Heat Shock Proteins) 414 Nanotechnology 415 Quantum Dots 417 Natural Remedies 417 Homeopathy 421 Parasite Vaccines 422 Introduction 422 The Design and Use of Vaccines 423 Herd Immunity 423 Factors Limiting the Production of Commercial Antiparasitic Vaccines 424 Properties of an Ideal Vaccine 424 Types of Vaccine 426 Live Attenuated Vaccines 427 Inactivated Vaccines 428 Subunit/Recombinant Vaccines 428 Peptide/Polypeptide Vaccines 430 Carbohydrate Vaccines 430 Toxoid (Anti-toxin) Vaccines 431 Virus-Like Particles Vaccines 431 DNA/RNA Vaccines 432 Identification of Antigens for Use in Anti-parasite Vaccines 432 Vaccine Delivery 433 Vaccines Against Malaria 434 Nanobodies (Single Domain Antibodies) 435 Problems with Vaccination Strategies 435 Parasite Control 437 Introduction 437 Eradication, Elimination, and Control 439 Education 441 Environmental Modification and Cultural Control 442 Remote Sensing and GIS Technology 444 Whether to Treat the Individual or the Population 445 Piggy-Backing Control Programmes 447 Disruptions to Control Programmes 447 Role of Governments, Foundations, and Aid Organisations 449 References 452 Index 521
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vii Contents Preface xv About the Companion Website xvii 1 1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.1.1 1.2.1.2 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.5.1 1.2.6 1.2.7 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.6 1.7 1.7.1 1.8 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.4 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 Animal Associations and the Importance of Parasites 1 Introduction 1 Animal Associations 1 Symbiosis 3 Symbionts 3 The Importance of Symbionts to Blood-feeding Organisms 3 Commensalism 5 Phoresis 5 Mutualism 6 Parasitism 6 Intra-specific Parasites 8 Parasitoids 8 The Concept of Harm 10 Parasite Hosts 10 Zoonotic Infections 13 The Co-evolution of Parasites and Their Hosts 13 The Red Queen’s Race Hypothesis 14 Parasites in the Fossil Record 15 Parasites and the Evolution of Sexual Reproduction 16 Parasitism as a‘Lifestyle’: Advantages and Limitations 17 The Economic Cost of Parasitic Diseases 18 DALYs: Disability-Adjusted Life Years 20 Why Parasitic Diseases Remain a Problem 22 Taxonomy 27 Introduction 27 Viruses: A Special (Unresolved) Case 28 Taxonomic Hierarchy 28 The Binomen System 29 Kingdom Protista 30 Kingdom Ammalia 31 Parazoa 31 Eumetazoa 31
vill I Contents 3 Parasitic Protozoa Part A: Phyla Rhizopoda, Metamonada, Apicomplexa 3.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.2.7 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.1.1 3.3.2 3.3.2.1 3.3.2.2 3.3.2.3 3.3.2.4 3.3.2.5 3.3.2.6 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.1.1 3.4.1.2 3.4.1.3 3.4.1.4 3.4.1.5 3.4.1.6 3.4.2 3.4.2.1 3.4.2.2 3.4.3 3.4.3.1 3.4.3.2 3.5 3.5.1 3.5.1.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.3.1 3.5.4 3.5.4.1 3.5.5 3.5.6 3.5.7 3.5.7.1 3.5.8 Introduction 33 Phylum Rhizopoda 34 Entamoeba histolytica 34 Entamoeba dispar 38 Entamoeba moshkovskii 38 Entamoeba gingivalis 38 Naegleria fowleri 39 Balamuthia mandrillaris 40 Genus Acanthamoeba 41 Phylum Metamonada 42 Order Diplomonadida 42 Genus Giardia 42 Order Trichomonadida 44 Histomonas meleagradis 45 Trichomonas vaginalis 45 Trichomonas tenax 46 Trichomonas gallinae 46 Tritrichomonas foetus 48 Pentatrichomonas hominis 48 Phylum Apicomplexa 49 Genus Plasmodium 50 Plasmodium Life Cycle 52 Plasmodium falciparum 53 Plasmodium vivax 54 Plasmodium ovale 54 Plasmodium malariae 54 Plasmodium knowlesi 54 Genus Theileria 55 Theileria Life Cycle 55 Theileria parva 56 Genus Babesia 57 Babesia Life Cycle 57 Babesia bigemina 59 Subclass Coccidiasina 60 Genus Eimeria 60 Eimeria tenella 60 Genus Isospora 61 Genus Cystoisospora 61 Cystoisospora (Isospora) belli 62 Genus Cyclospora 63 Cyclospora cayetanensis 63 Genus Sarcocystis 63 Genus Toxoplasma, Toxoplasma gondii Genus Neospora 70 Neospora caninum 70 Genus Cryptosporidium 72 66 33
Contents 74 4 Parasitic Protozoa Part B: Phylum Kinetoplastida; Parasitic Algae and Fungi 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.1.1 4.2.1.2 4.2.1.3 4.2.1.4 4.2.2 4.2.2.1 4.2.2.2 4.2.2.3 4.2.2.4 4.2.2.5 4.2.2.6 4.3 4.3.1 4.4 4.4.1 Introduction 74 Phylum Kinetoplastida 74 Genus Leishmania 77 Leishmania Life Cycle 79 Visceral Leishmaniasis 82 Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis 83 Cutaneous Leishmaniasis 83 Genus Trypanosoma 84 Trypanosoma brūcei 86 Trypanosoma congolense 91 Trypanosoma evansi 92 Trypanosoma equinum 92 Trypanosoma equiperdum 93 Trypanosoma cruzi 94 Phylum Chlorophyta 96 Genus Prototheca 97 Kingdom Fungi 97 Phylum Microspora 98 5 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.1.1 5.3.2 5.3.2.1 5.3.2.2 5.3.2.3 5.4 101 Introduction 101 Phylum Platyhelminthes 101 Trematoda 102 Family Fasciolidae 104 Family Dicrocoeliidae 110 Family Paramphistomatidae 112 Family Opisthorchiformes 112 Family Paragonomidae 115 Family Cathaemasiidae: Genus Ribeiroia 117 Family Schistosomatidae: Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma haematobium 119 Class Cestoda 125 Order Pseudophyllidea/Diphyllobothridea 126 Genus Diphyllobothrium 126 Order Cyclophyllidea 129 Family Taeniidae 129 Genus Echinococcus 138 Family Anoplocephalidae 142 Phylum Acanthocephala 145 6 Nematode Parasites 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.1.1 5.2.1.2 5.2.1.3 5.2.1.4 5.2.1.5 5.2.1.6 5.2.1.7 6.1 6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.2.1 Platyhelminth and Acanthocephalan Parasites 148 Introduction 148 Class Enoplea 150 Genus Trichuris 150 Genus Trichinella 152 Trichinella spiralis 154 lx
x Contents 6.3 6.3.1 6.3.1.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4 6.3.5 6.3.6 6.3.7 6.3.8 6.3.8.1 6.3.8.2 6.3.8.3 6.3.8.4 6.3.9 Class Rhabdita 156 Genus Strongyloides 156 Strongyloides stercoralis 157 Genus Ancylostoma 159 Genus Necator 163 Genus Ascaris 164 Genus Enterobius: Enterobius vermicularis 168 Genus Toxocara: Toxocara canis 170 Genus Anisakis 171 Family Onchocercidae 172 Genus Onchocerca 173 Genus Wuchereria, Wuchereria bancrofti 176 Genus Brugia 177 Genus Loa, Loa loa 177 Family Dracunculidae: Dracunculus medinensis 179 7 Arthropod Parasites 182 Introduction 182 Phylum Chelicerata 183 Family Demodicidae 185 Family Sarcoptidae 186 Genus Sarcoptes 186 Genus Notoedres, Notoedres cati 188 Genus Knemidocoptes 189 Family Psoroptidae 189 Genus Psoroptes 189 Suborder Ixodida 190 Family Argasidae 191 Family Ixodidae 192 Phylum Crustacea 194 Subclass Copepoda 194 Infraclass Cirripedia 195 Subclass Branchiura 196 Subclass Pentastomida 197 Subphylum Hexapoda 200 Order Phthiraptera (Lice) 202 Order Siphonaptera (Fleas) 207 Order Diptera (True Flies) 211 Suborder Nematocera 211 Suborder Brachycera 212 7.1 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.2.1 7.2.2.2 7.2.2.3 7.2.3 7.2.3.1 7.2.4 7.2.4.1 7.2.4.2 73 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 7.3.4 7.4 7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3 7.4.3.1 7.4.3.2 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.3.1 8.3.2 Parasite Transmission 229 Introduction 229 Contaminative Transmission 230 Transmission Associated with Reproduction 234 Sexual (Venereal) Transmission 234 Transmission within Gametes 236
Contents 8.3.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.7.1 8.7.2 8.7.3 8.8 8.8.1 8.8.2 8.8.3 8.8.4 8.8.5 8.9 8.10 8.10.1 8.10.2 8.10.3 Congenital Transmission 236 Autoinfection 239 Nosocomial Transmission 239 Active Parasite Transmission 240 Hosts and Vectors 241 Paratenic Hosts 241 Intermediate Hosts 242 Vectors 243 Host Factors 246 Host Identification 246 The Influence of Host Behaviour on Parasite Transmission 246 Religion and Parasite Transmission 249 War and Parasite Transmission 251 Parasites Influencing Host Behaviour 251 Co-Transmission and Interactions Between Pathogens 254 Environmental Factors 256 Natural Environmental Variables 256 Pollution 256 Climate Change 259 9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.3.1 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.4 9.4.1 9.4.2 9.4.3 9.4.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.8.1 9.8.2 9.8.2.1 9.8.2.2 9.8.2.3 9.9 9.10 9.10.1 9.10.2 9.10.2.1 9.10.2.2 Immune Reactions to Parasitic Infections 261 Introduction 261 Invertebrate Immunity 262 Vertebrate Immunity 265 Innate Immunity 265 Adaptive Immunity 268 Cell-Mediated Immunity 270 Innate Immunity to Parasites 272 Physical Factors 272 Chemical and Microbial Factors 272 Acute Inflammatory Response 273 Cell-Mediated Immune Reactions 274 Adaptive Immune Reactions to Parasites 275 Microbiomes and Host Immune Reactions to Parasites 277 Avoiding the Host Immune Response 278 Immunity to Malaria 284 Plasmodium: Anopheles Interactions 284 Plasmodium: Human Interactions 286 Innate Immune Mechanisms Against Malaria 286 Antibodies Against Malaria 287 Why Humans Do Not Develop Protective Immunity Against Malaria 288 Schistosoma spp. and Hepatitis C Virus Interactions 289 HIV-AIDS and
Parasitic Infections 289 Parasites and the Transmission of HIV 290 Parasite-HIV Co-Infections 291 Leishmania-HW Co-Infections 292 Malaria-HIV Co-Infections 293 xi
xli J Contents 9.10.2.3 Toxoplasma-HIV Co-Infections 294 9.10.2.4 Microsporidia-HIV Co-Infections 294 10 Pathology Part A: Factors Influencing Pathogenesis, How Parasites Cause Pathology, Types of Pathology 295 10.1 10.2 10.2.1 10.2.2 10.3 10.3.1 10.3.2 10.4 10.4.1 10.4.2 10.4.3 10.4.4 10.4.5 10.4.6 10.4.7 10.4.8 10.4.9 10.4.10 10.4.11 10.4.12 10.4.13 10.4.14 10.4.15 10.4.16 10.4.17 10.4.18 10.4.19 10.4.20 10.4.21 10.4.22 10.4.23 Introduction 296 Factors Influencing Pathogenesis 296 Host Factors 296 Parasite Factors 297 Mechanisms By Which Parasites Cause Pathology 298 Direct Damage 298 Indirect Damage 300 "types of Pathology 300 Abortion and Obstetric Pathology 300 Abscesses and Ulcers 301 Anaemia 302 Anorexia 303 ·« Apoptosis 304 Autoimmunity 305 Calcification 306 Cancer 306 Castration 309 Delusional Parasitosis 310 Diarrhoea 311 Elephantiasis 312 Fever 313 Fibrosis 314 Granulation 314 Hyperplasia 316 Hypertrophy 316 Hypoplasia and Hypotrophy 317 Inflammation 317 Jaundice 318 Metaplasia 319 Pressure Atrophy 319 Psychological Disturbance 319 11 11.1 11.2 11.2.1 11.2.2 11.2.3 11.2.4 11.2.5 11.2.6 11.2.7 Pathology Part B: Damage to Specific Organs; Co-Infections and Pathogenesis Introduction 322 Damage to Specific Organs 322 Bladder 322 Brain and Nervous System 323 Gastrointestinal Tract 327 Gall Bladder and Bile Ducts 330 Genitalia 330 Kidney 332 Liver 333 322
Contents 11.2.8 11.2.9 11.2.10 11.3 Lungs 335 Skin 338 Spleen 343 Co-Infections and Pathogenesis 344 12 The Useful Parasite 12.1 12.2 12.2.1 12.2.2 12.2.3 12.2.4 12.3 12.3.1 12.3.1.1 12.3.2 12.3.2.1 12.3.2.2 12.3.3 12.3.3.1 12.3.4 12.4 12.5 12.5.1 12.6 13 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.5.1 13.5.2 13.5.3 13.5.4 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.9.1 13.9.1.1 13.9.1.2 13.9.2 13.9.2.1 13.9.2.2 13.9.2.3 347 Introduction: The Goodness of Parasites? 347 The Importance of Parasites for the Maintenance of a Healthy Immune System 348 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus 350 Type 2 Diabetes 352 Irritable Bowel Syndrome 353 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 354 The Use of Parasites to Treat Medical Conditions 355 Helminth Therapy 355 Helminth Therapy in Practice 358 Maggot Therapy 359 Maggot Therapy in Practice 361 How Maggot Therapy Works 361 Leech Therapy 362 Leech Therapy in Practice 363 Malaria Therapy (Malariotherapy) 364 Parasites as Sources of Novel Pharmaceutically Active Substances 366 Parasites as Biological Control Agents 369 Life Cycle of the Entomopathogenic Nematodes Heterorhabditis and Steinernema 370 Parasites as Forensic Indicators 372 375 Laboratory Testing for Parasitic Infections: Introduction 375 Importance of Correct Identification 376 Properties of an Ideal Diagnostic Test 377 Isolation of Parasites 379 Identification from Gross Morphology 382 Morphological Identification of Entamoeba spp. 383 Morphological Identification of Plasmodium spp. and Babesia spp. 384 Morphological Identification of Taenia spp. Tapeworms 385 Morphological Identification of Filarial Nematode Infections 386 Biochemical
Techniques for Identification 386 Immunological Techniques for Identification 387 Molecular Techniques for Identification 389 Diagnostic Testing of Parasitic Infections Outside the Laboratory: Introduction 393 Immunochromatographic (Lateral Flow) Tests 393 Detection of Parasites in Blood with LFDs 394 Detection of Parasites in Faeces with LFDs 397 Point-of-Care Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs) 399 Detection of Trichomonas vaginalis Using РОСТ NAATs 400 Detection of Plasmodium spp. Using РОСТ NAATs 401 Invertebrate Vector and Intermediate Host Monitoring Using РОСТ NAATs 401 The Identification of Protozoan and Helminth Parasites xiii
xlv Contents 14 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 15 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.6.1 15.6.2 15.6.3 15.6.4 15.6.5 15.6.6 15.6.7 15.6.8 15.7 15.8 15.9 15.10 15.11 16 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 Parasite Treatment 403 Introduction 403 The Ideal Antiparasitic Drug 403 Pharmaceutical Drugs 409 DNA/RNA Technology 411 Molecular Chaperones (Heat Shock Proteins) 414 Nanotechnology 415 Quantum Dots 417 Natural Remedies 417 Homeopathy 421 Parasite Vaccines 422 Introduction 422 The Design and Use of Vaccines 423 Herd Immunity 423 Factors Limiting the Production of Commercial Antiparasitic Vaccines 424 Properties of an Ideal Vaccine 424 Types of Vaccine 426 Live Attenuated Vaccines 427 Inactivated Vaccines 428 Subunit/Recombinant Vaccines 428 Peptide/Polypeptide Vaccines 430 Carbohydrate Vaccines 430 Toxoid (Anti-toxin) Vaccines 431 Virus-Like Particles Vaccines 431 DNA/RNA Vaccines 432 Identification of Antigens for Use in Anti-parasite Vaccines 432 Vaccine Delivery 433 Vaccines Against Malaria 434 Nanobodies (Single Domain Antibodies) 435 Problems with Vaccination Strategies 435 Parasite Control 437 Introduction 437 Eradication, Elimination, and Control 439 Education 441 Environmental Modification and Cultural Control 442 Remote Sensing and GIS Technology 444 Whether to Treat the Individual or the Population 445 Piggy-Backing Control Programmes 447 Disruptions to Control Programmes 447 Role of Governments, Foundations, and Aid Organisations 449 References 452 Index 521 |
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| title | Parasitology an integrated approach |
| title_auth | Parasitology an integrated approach |
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| title_full | Parasitology an integrated approach Alan Gunn (School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK), Sarah J. Pitt (School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK) |
| title_fullStr | Parasitology an integrated approach Alan Gunn (School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK), Sarah J. Pitt (School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Parasitology an integrated approach Alan Gunn (School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK), Sarah J. Pitt (School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK) |
| title_short | Parasitology |
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