Všetku moc do rúk ľudu!: Politický vývoj na slovensku po februári 1948
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Slovak |
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Bratislava
Ústav pamäti národa
2021
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| Edition: | 1. vydanie |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract Literaturverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Literaturverzeichnis Seite 140-143 |
| Physical Description: | 148 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts |
| ISBN: | 9788089335954 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Obsah Poďakovanie................................................................................................................... 7 Úvod................................................................................................................................ 9 1. Nástup komunistického režimu ֊ februárové udalosti roku 1948 na Slovensku.... 15 1.1 Cesta k Februáru................................................................................................. 15 1.2 Prevzatie moci.................................................................................................... 23 2. „Očista“ verejného života na Slovensku po Februári a pôsobenie akčných výborov Národného frontu......................................................................................................... 35 2.1 Začiatok čistiek.................................................................................................. 35 2.2 Akčné výbory v politických stranách.............................................................. 41 2.3 Akčné výbory v slovenskej praxi...................................................................... 50 Obrázková príloha........................................................................................................ 57 3. Ovládnutie zákonodarných a výkonných orgánov, Ústava 9. mája a parlamentné volby................................................................................................................................81 3.1 Slovenská národná rada (SNR) a Zbor povereníkov...................................... 81 3.2 Prijatie Ústavy 9.
mája........................................................................................87 3.3 Volby.....................................................................................................................94 4. Členstvo, organizačná štruktúra a vývoj v KSS počas roka 1948...................... 103 4.1 Masový nábor členstva..................................................................................... 103 4.2 Tito verzus Stalin a zlúčenie KSS s KSČ......................................................... 112 4.3 Zmena kurzu...................................................................................................... 119 Záver............................................................................................................................. 131 Summary...................................................................................................................... 135 Pramene a literatúra................................................................................................... 140 Zoznam skratiek.......................................................................................................... 144 Menný register............................................................................................................. 145
Summary Summary he Communist Party prepared for the power takeover already during the war in illegality or in exile, and immediately after its end it became the strongest political entity in the Czechoslovak Republic with disciplined membership. It had no interest to participate in the government with other political parties in the long term and strengthened its position step by step. The ultimate goal of the Communists was a complete control of the state, and to this end they subordinated all their tactics, which succeeded during February 1948. The political system introduced by the Communist Party lasted with smaller or bigger changes from February 1948 to November 1989, and most of the society grad ually got used to the situation, or reconciled with it. The foundations of the one-party government were laid during 1948 in a relatively short period of time, literally in several months. In Slovakia, this process was managed by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) in cooperation with the Communist Party of Slovakia (KSS), which operated relatively independently, especially in the first half of 1948. The par ty headquarters in Prague interfered in its activities to an incomparably less extent than in the following years. Developments within KSS and its political activities did not show the same signs as the policies of the Communist Party in the Czech lands before February 1948, because the development in Slovakia was characterized by their specifics. Moreover, in 1945-1948, the Slovak communists did not reach the strongest position within the Slovak party-political
scene. Therefore, they had to adapt their tactics in the fight for power. However, the Communists managed to weaken the Democratic Party (DS). There fore, the Democrats were unable effectively resist to the Communists after the outbreak of the crisis in February 1948. The question of power was thus resolved in Bratislava a little earlier than in Prague. Immediately after or in parallel with the events of Feb ruary, the process of consolidating the acquired power began. The process was asso ciated with the elimination of real or alleged opponents of the regime, and also with the liquidation or marginalization of the remaining political parties, non-communist social organizations and the transformation of the National Front into the gear lever of the newly formed communist regime. KSČ on the national scale and KSS in Slovakia became a new centre of power, and state authorities began to play only a secondary role in this process. Inevitably, this meant a complete reorganisation, and especially the expansion of the party apparatus, which was to make real decisions in the future instead of the governmental, legislative and judicial bodies, which also became only a gear lever. This was accompanied by mass recruitment of new members of the Communist T 135 j
Všetku moc do rúk ľudu! Party, which took place at the same rate in the Czech lands as in Slovakia, where the membership of KSS recorded a double increase in five months. At the same time, purges took place throughout the society, from the top to bottom, affecting every sphere of political, economic or cultural lives. The so-called purification of the public life became an integral part of life in those months and was presented as a necessary act for the consolidation and further progress of the state and Slovakia. Watching at the purges, and first show trials, the citizen could realize for the first time that February events were not just the reconstruction of the government or the Board of Commissioners, but the takeover of power by one political party and the liquidation of remnants of democracy in Czechoslovakia. The mapping of that process also deals with the aforementioned ruling of the state bodies and, in this context, the preparation of a new constitution and the course of the parliamentary elections. Thanks to proposed single slates of candidates and various forms of pressure on voters, they had nothing to do with the traditionally understood democratic elections. The elections represented a kind of official completion of the power takeover by the Communist Party. Soon after, the chairman of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia Klement Gottwald was elected as a President of the Republic. Those times members of KSČ and KSS experienced euphoria from the seized power and to their personal benefit, which was guaranteed by membership in the party and by holding
positions, vacant after the purges. First blow to this euphoria came from the outside, and was related to the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict, which affected developments in all states of the Eastern Bloc. After June 1948, the policy of the Communist Party began to change, but to this, in addition to international factors, contributed also purely domestic political reasons. The population in both the Czech Republic and Slovakia began to feel economic deficiencies in mid-1948, which resulted in growing dissatisfaction with the regime. At the same time, after the initial hit and purges, the political opponents of the Com munists began to reactivate, which was reflected mostly in the Czech lands during the Sokol rally or at the funeral of the former President Edvard Beneš. In Slovakia, the opposition to the regime was mainly represented by the Catholic Church and not the former DS structures, which were either intimidated or transferred to KSS after February 1948. In Slovakia, however, dissatisfaction caused by the economic situation, and not only by the very liquidation of democracy, resonated among the population in this period. In any case, all the above-mentioned factors caused a change in the policy of the Communist Party, which began to sharpen from the autumn 1948, what affected not only non-communists but also party members. The leadership of KSČ decided to adopt the so-called sharp course against the class enemies, which affected the self-employed, the peasants, the intelligentsia, and a new wave of purges took place. The screening also took place within the Commu nist
Party. The National Assembly approved persecution laws against the opponents 136
Summary of the regime, prepared and approved by the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. In the middle of 1948, it was also de cided to officially merge KSS with KSČ, as in the new conditions it was useless for two communist parties to exist within one republic. Such tactics were important before February, but after seizing power, it rather complicated the implementation of a unified policy. In the new conditions, centralism began to be applied not only in the state politics, but also in the party politics, to the displeasure of some Slovak communist functionaries. In the autumn 1948, KSS thus became the official territorial organization of KSČ for Slovakia. The autumn of 1948 showed the direction of the communist regime in the Czecho slovak Republic and thus also in Slovakia. The commenced course only hardened, which was fully experienced by people. It was not only about the liquidation of democracy, political pluralism and purges in all spheres of society, but also about the economic side. The question remains, what direction would the development in the Czechoslovak Republic (ČSR) take if the already mentioned specific course to socialism got into practice. However, taking to account the international development, it had no chance of success and the Soviet, or rather Stalinist, model of functioning of the communist state was fully applied. We can therefore state that without external interventions by the Soviet Union, not only would the later major political processes and large-scale persecutions of the population take place, but
developments would also go in other direction in the economic or cultural spheres. During the spring 1948, the Communists in ČSR only tried to find their position within society, they did not have a completely clear idea of what their ruling regime should look like, how exactly they should act against their opponents, or what their policy towards self-employed or peasants should be. The leadership of KSČ calculated during the elections in 1948 also with the possibility of participation of several political parties. Even in 1948, we see some effort to reach an agreement with the churches. At that time, the chairman of KSČ Gottwald probably really believed that KSČ could, under his leadership, go on its own way to socialism, and that it would not be necessary to completely copy the entire Soviet system. In the first half of 1948, we do not even see the brutal nationwide terror that is characteristic of the early 1950s. Nevertheless, the responsibility of the then representatives of the party and state power in the ČSR is unquestionable. 1371
Pramene a literatúra Archívne fondy Národní archív, Praha Fondy: ÚV KSČ - Předsednictvo 1945 - 1954 ÚV KSČ - Sekretariát ÚV KSČ - Klement Gottwald ÚV KSČ - Rudolf Slánský ÚV KSČ - Viliam Široký ÚV KSČ - Július Ďuriš ÚV KSČ - Praha - komise (Barnabistká komise) ÚV KSČ - IX. sjezd ŰAVNF Slovenský národný archív, Bratislava Fondy. ÚV KSS - Predsedníctvo ÚV KSS - Sekretariát ÚV KSS - Generálny tajomník ÚV KSS ֊ Zasadania plén ŪAV SNF Úrad Predsedníctva SNR Úrad Predsedníctva Zboru povereníkov Povereníctvo vnútra ֊ Národné výbory Archív Múzea SNP, Banská Bystrica Fond: XII., S 47/2004 (Spomienky Júliusa Ďuriša) Archiv bezpečnostních složek, Praha Fond: MNB, ZV - 62 ֊ MV (Záznam z procesu s Gustávom Husákom a spol.) Periodiká Borba Ľud Mladá fronta Národná obroda Práca Pravda Rudé právo Sloboda 140
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| adam_txt |
Obsah Poďakovanie. 7 Úvod. 9 1. Nástup komunistického režimu ֊ februárové udalosti roku 1948 na Slovensku. 15 1.1 Cesta k Februáru. 15 1.2 Prevzatie moci. 23 2. „Očista“ verejného života na Slovensku po Februári a pôsobenie akčných výborov Národného frontu. 35 2.1 Začiatok čistiek. 35 2.2 Akčné výbory v politických stranách. 41 2.3 Akčné výbory v slovenskej praxi. 50 Obrázková príloha. 57 3. Ovládnutie zákonodarných a výkonných orgánov, Ústava 9. mája a parlamentné volby.81 3.1 Slovenská národná rada (SNR) a Zbor povereníkov. 81 3.2 Prijatie Ústavy 9.
mája.87 3.3 Volby.94 4. Členstvo, organizačná štruktúra a vývoj v KSS počas roka 1948. 103 4.1 Masový nábor členstva. 103 4.2 Tito verzus Stalin a zlúčenie KSS s KSČ. 112 4.3 Zmena kurzu. 119 Záver. 131 Summary. 135 Pramene a literatúra. 140 Zoznam skratiek. 144 Menný register. 145
Summary Summary he Communist Party prepared for the power takeover already during the war in illegality or in exile, and immediately after its end it became the strongest political entity in the Czechoslovak Republic with disciplined membership. It had no interest to participate in the government with other political parties in the long term and strengthened its position step by step. The ultimate goal of the Communists was a complete control of the state, and to this end they subordinated all their tactics, which succeeded during February 1948. The political system introduced by the Communist Party lasted with smaller or bigger changes from February 1948 to November 1989, and most of the society grad ually got used to the situation, or reconciled with it. The foundations of the one-party government were laid during 1948 in a relatively short period of time, literally in several months. In Slovakia, this process was managed by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) in cooperation with the Communist Party of Slovakia (KSS), which operated relatively independently, especially in the first half of 1948. The par ty headquarters in Prague interfered in its activities to an incomparably less extent than in the following years. Developments within KSS and its political activities did not show the same signs as the policies of the Communist Party in the Czech lands before February 1948, because the development in Slovakia was characterized by their specifics. Moreover, in 1945-1948, the Slovak communists did not reach the strongest position within the Slovak party-political
scene. Therefore, they had to adapt their tactics in the fight for power. However, the Communists managed to weaken the Democratic Party (DS). There fore, the Democrats were unable effectively resist to the Communists after the outbreak of the crisis in February 1948. The question of power was thus resolved in Bratislava a little earlier than in Prague. Immediately after or in parallel with the events of Feb ruary, the process of consolidating the acquired power began. The process was asso ciated with the elimination of real or alleged opponents of the regime, and also with the liquidation or marginalization of the remaining political parties, non-communist social organizations and the transformation of the National Front into the gear lever of the newly formed communist regime. KSČ on the national scale and KSS in Slovakia became a new centre of power, and state authorities began to play only a secondary role in this process. Inevitably, this meant a complete reorganisation, and especially the expansion of the party apparatus, which was to make real decisions in the future instead of the governmental, legislative and judicial bodies, which also became only a gear lever. This was accompanied by mass recruitment of new members of the Communist T 135 j
Všetku moc do rúk ľudu! Party, which took place at the same rate in the Czech lands as in Slovakia, where the membership of KSS recorded a double increase in five months. At the same time, purges took place throughout the society, from the top to bottom, affecting every sphere of political, economic or cultural lives. The so-called purification of the public life became an integral part of life in those months and was presented as a necessary act for the consolidation and further progress of the state and Slovakia. Watching at the purges, and first show trials, the citizen could realize for the first time that February events were not just the reconstruction of the government or the Board of Commissioners, but the takeover of power by one political party and the liquidation of remnants of democracy in Czechoslovakia. The mapping of that process also deals with the aforementioned ruling of the state bodies and, in this context, the preparation of a new constitution and the course of the parliamentary elections. Thanks to proposed single slates of candidates and various forms of pressure on voters, they had nothing to do with the traditionally understood democratic elections. The elections represented a kind of official completion of the power takeover by the Communist Party. Soon after, the chairman of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia Klement Gottwald was elected as a President of the Republic. Those times members of KSČ and KSS experienced euphoria from the seized power and to their personal benefit, which was guaranteed by membership in the party and by holding
positions, vacant after the purges. First blow to this euphoria came from the outside, and was related to the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict, which affected developments in all states of the Eastern Bloc. After June 1948, the policy of the Communist Party began to change, but to this, in addition to international factors, contributed also purely domestic political reasons. The population in both the Czech Republic and Slovakia began to feel economic deficiencies in mid-1948, which resulted in growing dissatisfaction with the regime. At the same time, after the initial hit and purges, the political opponents of the Com munists began to reactivate, which was reflected mostly in the Czech lands during the Sokol rally or at the funeral of the former President Edvard Beneš. In Slovakia, the opposition to the regime was mainly represented by the Catholic Church and not the former DS structures, which were either intimidated or transferred to KSS after February 1948. In Slovakia, however, dissatisfaction caused by the economic situation, and not only by the very liquidation of democracy, resonated among the population in this period. In any case, all the above-mentioned factors caused a change in the policy of the Communist Party, which began to sharpen from the autumn 1948, what affected not only non-communists but also party members. The leadership of KSČ decided to adopt the so-called sharp course against the class enemies, which affected the self-employed, the peasants, the intelligentsia, and a new wave of purges took place. The screening also took place within the Commu nist
Party. The National Assembly approved persecution laws against the opponents 136
Summary of the regime, prepared and approved by the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. In the middle of 1948, it was also de cided to officially merge KSS with KSČ, as in the new conditions it was useless for two communist parties to exist within one republic. Such tactics were important before February, but after seizing power, it rather complicated the implementation of a unified policy. In the new conditions, centralism began to be applied not only in the state politics, but also in the party politics, to the displeasure of some Slovak communist functionaries. In the autumn 1948, KSS thus became the official territorial organization of KSČ for Slovakia. The autumn of 1948 showed the direction of the communist regime in the Czecho slovak Republic and thus also in Slovakia. The commenced course only hardened, which was fully experienced by people. It was not only about the liquidation of democracy, political pluralism and purges in all spheres of society, but also about the economic side. The question remains, what direction would the development in the Czechoslovak Republic (ČSR) take if the already mentioned specific course to socialism got into practice. However, taking to account the international development, it had no chance of success and the Soviet, or rather Stalinist, model of functioning of the communist state was fully applied. We can therefore state that without external interventions by the Soviet Union, not only would the later major political processes and large-scale persecutions of the population take place, but
developments would also go in other direction in the economic or cultural spheres. During the spring 1948, the Communists in ČSR only tried to find their position within society, they did not have a completely clear idea of what their ruling regime should look like, how exactly they should act against their opponents, or what their policy towards self-employed or peasants should be. The leadership of KSČ calculated during the elections in 1948 also with the possibility of participation of several political parties. Even in 1948, we see some effort to reach an agreement with the churches. At that time, the chairman of KSČ Gottwald probably really believed that KSČ could, under his leadership, go on its own way to socialism, and that it would not be necessary to completely copy the entire Soviet system. In the first half of 1948, we do not even see the brutal nationwide terror that is characteristic of the early 1950s. Nevertheless, the responsibility of the then representatives of the party and state power in the ČSR is unquestionable. 1371
Pramene a literatúra Archívne fondy Národní archív, Praha Fondy: ÚV KSČ - Předsednictvo 1945 - 1954 ÚV KSČ - Sekretariát ÚV KSČ - Klement Gottwald ÚV KSČ - Rudolf Slánský ÚV KSČ - Viliam Široký ÚV KSČ - Július Ďuriš ÚV KSČ - Praha - komise (Barnabistká komise) ÚV KSČ - IX. sjezd ŰAVNF Slovenský národný archív, Bratislava Fondy. ÚV KSS - Predsedníctvo ÚV KSS - Sekretariát ÚV KSS - Generálny tajomník ÚV KSS ֊ Zasadania plén ŪAV SNF Úrad Predsedníctva SNR Úrad Predsedníctva Zboru povereníkov Povereníctvo vnútra ֊ Národné výbory Archív Múzea SNP, Banská Bystrica Fond: XII., S 47/2004 (Spomienky Júliusa Ďuriša) Archiv bezpečnostních složek, Praha Fond: MNB, ZV - 62 ֊ MV (Záznam z procesu s Gustávom Husákom a spol.) Periodiká Borba Ľud Mladá fronta Národná obroda Práca Pravda Rudé právo Sloboda 140 |
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| author | Černák, Tomáš 1984- |
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| era | Geschichte 1948 gnd |
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| geographic | Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Slowakei |
| id | DE-604.BV047953758 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:38:12Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:26:37Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788089335954 |
| language | Slovak |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033335079 |
| oclc_num | 1335410349 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M457 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-M457 DE-12 |
| physical | 148 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220713 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Ústav pamäti národa |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Černák, Tomáš 1984- Verfasser (DE-588)1077883668 aut Všetku moc do rúk ľudu! Politický vývoj na slovensku po februári 1948 Tomáš Černák 1. vydanie Bratislava Ústav pamäti národa 2021 148 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverzeichnis Seite 140-143 Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache Geschichte 1948 gnd rswk-swf Kommunistische Machtübernahme (DE-588)4186373-2 gnd rswk-swf Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 gnd rswk-swf Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 g Kommunistische Machtübernahme (DE-588)4186373-2 s Geschichte 1948 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033335079&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033335079&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033335079&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Černák, Tomáš 1984- Všetku moc do rúk ľudu! Politický vývoj na slovensku po februári 1948 Kommunistische Machtübernahme (DE-588)4186373-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4186373-2 (DE-588)4055297-4 |
| title | Všetku moc do rúk ľudu! Politický vývoj na slovensku po februári 1948 |
| title_auth | Všetku moc do rúk ľudu! Politický vývoj na slovensku po februári 1948 |
| title_exact_search | Všetku moc do rúk ľudu! Politický vývoj na slovensku po februári 1948 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Všetku moc do rúk ľudu! Politický vývoj na slovensku po februári 1948 |
| title_full | Všetku moc do rúk ľudu! Politický vývoj na slovensku po februári 1948 Tomáš Černák |
| title_fullStr | Všetku moc do rúk ľudu! Politický vývoj na slovensku po februári 1948 Tomáš Černák |
| title_full_unstemmed | Všetku moc do rúk ľudu! Politický vývoj na slovensku po februári 1948 Tomáš Černák |
| title_short | Všetku moc do rúk ľudu! |
| title_sort | vsetku moc do ruk ludu politicky vyvoj na slovensku po februari 1948 |
| title_sub | Politický vývoj na slovensku po februári 1948 |
| topic | Kommunistische Machtübernahme (DE-588)4186373-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kommunistische Machtübernahme Slowakei |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033335079&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033335079&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033335079&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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