Metabolism and medicine: Volume 1 The physics of biological engines
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Boca Raton ; London ; New York
CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group
2022
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| Edition: | First edition |
| Series: | Foundations of biochemistry and biophysics
Foundations of biochemistry and biophysics |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Physical Description: | xxix, 337 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme. - Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9780367699918 9780367712259 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Metabolism and medicine |n Volume 1 |p The physics of biological engines |c Brian J. Fertig, M.D., F.A.C.E. |
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| adam_text | Contents Preface to Vofume One..................................................................................................................................................................xiii Prologue........................................................................................................................................................................................ xvii Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................................................................... xxi Author............................................................................................................................................................................................xxv Personal Statements.................................................................................................................................................................... xxvii 1. Biological Thermodynamics: On Energy, Information, and Its Evil Twin, Entropy..................................................... 1 Chapter Overview.......................................................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................................1 1.2 The Four Forces: Weak, Strong, Electromagnetic, and Gravitational; an Emphasis on the Weak Force................... 3
1.3 Energy in Its Various Forms..........................................................................................................................................6 1.4 Heat and Work..............................................................................................................................................................7 1.5 The Birth of Thermodynamics.....................................................................................................................................7 1.6 Microscopic Origin of Entropy.....................................................................................................................................8 1.7 The Rule of Law in Physics: Energy Conservation..................................................................................................... 10 1.8 The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics........................................................................................................11 1.9 Energy Cannot Be Created but Can Be Transformed.................................................................................................12 1.10 Heat, Entropy, and Energy Efficiency......................................................................................................................... 13 1.11 Specific Heat.................................................................................................................................................................13 1.12 Thermodynamics of Mechanical
Engines..................................................................................................................16 1.13 The Carnot Engine........................................................................................................................................................19 1.14 Enthalpy and Internal Energy—Compared and Contrasted.......................................................................................20 1.15 Gibbs Free Energy and the Chemical Potential...........................................................................................................21 1.16 Thermodynamics of Biochemical Reactions...............................................................................................................23 1.17 Information Energy...................................................................................................................................................... 24 1.18 Thermodynamic Stability: Phase Transitions, Order Parameters, and Susceptibility Functions.............................. 26 1.19 Expanded Concepts of Entropy and Information........................................................................................................29 1.20 How Information Is Connected to Energy.................................................................................................................. 30 1.21 Steady States and Homeostasis..................................................... 30 1.22 Structures and Their
Functions.................................................................................................................................. 32 1.23 Negative Entropy and Self-Organization.................................................................................................................... 33 1.24 Biological Engines as Metaphors of the Carnot Engine..............................................................................................34 1.25 Metabolism: Life’s Necessity....................................................................................................................................... 36 1.26 How Metabolism Is Linked to Aging......................................................................................................................... 39 1.27 The Ultimate Source of Life’s Energy: Photosynthesis.............................................................................................. 41 1.28 The Difference Between Quantum and Classical Metabolism May Be the Difference Between Health and Disease....................................................................................................................................... 41 1.29 Thermodynamic Processes in Metabolism................................................................................................................. 42 1.30 Two Paths to Metabolic Energy Production................................................................................................................42 1.31 Inflammation, Pathogenesis, and
Obesity.................................................................................................................. 45 1.32 Ecological Symbiosis of Plants and Animals..............................................................................................................46 1.33 Metabolic Dysfunction and Disease States................................................................................................................ 48 1.34 Inflammation, Toxicity, and Reactive Oxygen Species.............................................................................................. 49 1.35 What Can Einstein’s Theories of Relativity Tell Us about Aging?............................................................................ 49 1.36 Limitations of Scientific Reductionism and a Way out.............................................................................................. 50 References................................................................................................................................................................................51 2. Biological Engines and the Molecular Machinery of Life.................................................................................................53 Chapter Overview.................................................................................................................................................................... 53 2.1 Living Systems Viewed as Machines.......................................................................................................................... 53 2.2
Physical Forces in a Biological Context...................................................................................................................... 53 2.3 Force and Energy Generation at the Organismic Level..............................................................................................54 vii
Contents viii 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 Cell Energetics: The Cell as a Machine............................................................................................................................ 56 Cells’ Tensional Integrity: Tensegrity................................................................................................................................ 57 The Mechanics of Cell Motion: Cell Motility..................................................................................................................59 Energy Production and Energy Transduction....................................................................................................................59 Mitochondria........................................................................................................................................................................60 Chloroplasts.........................................................................................................................................................................60 Osmotic Work...................................................................................................................................................................... 61 Energy and Material Transport in and out of a Cell........................................................................................................ 62 2.11.1 Passive Transport................................................................................................................................................. 62 2.11.2 Active
Transport.................................................................................................................................................... 62 2.11.3 Ion Channels and Ion Pumps.............................................................................................................................. 62 2.12 The Cytoskeleton................................................................................................................................................................63 2.13 Work During Cell Division: Chromosome Separation.................................................................................................... 63 2.14 Microtubules........................................................................................................................................................................64 2.15 Actin Filaments (Microfilaments)...................................................................................................................................... 65 2.16 Intermediate Filaments....................................................................................................................................................... 65 2.17 The Quantum of Biological Energy: ATP.........................................................................................................................66 2.18 Molecular and Biological Machines: Motor Proteins...................................................................................................... 66 2.19 ATP
Synthase.......................................................................................................................................................................68 2.20 The Myosin Family of Motors............................................................................................................................................68 2.21 The Kinesin Family of Motors.......................................................................................................................................... 69 2.22 Dynein.................................................................................................................................................................................. 69 2.23 Energy Combustion Similarities between Cells and Automobiles..................................................................................69 2.24 Molecular Motors and the Laws of Thermodynamics..................................................................................................... 71 2.25 Analogy between Mechanical and Biological Engines....................................................................................................72 2.26 Biological Thermodynamics...............................................................................................................................................73 2.27 The Many Types of Biological Signals..............................................................................................................................75 2.28 Neuronal Signal
Propagation..............................................................................................................................................76 2.29 Electromagnetic Energy across Scales of Biology........................................................................................................... 78 2.29.1 Bioenergetics: The Davydov Soliton....................................................................................................................78 2.29.2 Biological Coherence: The Fröhlich Model........................................................................................................ 78 2.30 Electrodynamic Interactions in Biology............................................................................................................................81 2.31 Charge Transport................................................................................................................................................................ 82 2.32 Electric Field Effects Present in Cells and Acting on Cells............................................................................................ 82 2.33 Ionic Current Flows through Intra-Cellular Electrolytes.................................................................................................82 2.34 Proton Transport................................................................................................................................................................. 83 2.35 Electron Conduction and
Tunneling..................................................................................................................................83 2.36 Interactions of Biological Systems with Electromagnetic Radiation............................................................................. 84 2.37 Bioelectricity and Biomagnetism.......................................................................................................................................85 2.38 Biological Engines and the Quantum Biological Processes Explaining Cognition......................................................86 2.39 Connections between Electricity, Magnetism, and Energy Generation.........................................................................88 2.40 Connections between Microtubules, Molecular Motors, and Mitochondria: Toward a Molecular Explanation of Free Will...............................................................................................................................89 2.41 Collective Unconscious and Society..................................................................................................................................91 References....................................................................................................................................................................................... 91 3. From Quantum Biology to Quantum Medicine...................................................................................................................... 95 Chapter
Overview........................................................................................................................................................................... 95 3.1 On the Cusp of a Quantum Biology Revolution...............................................................................................................95 3.2 A Historical Perspective on Physics................................................................................................................................. 97 3.3 The Dawn of Quantum Biology....................................................................................................................................... 105 3.4 Decoherence...................................................................................................................................................................... 106 3.5 Quantum Weirdness and Biology....................................................................................................................................108 3.6 Can Objections to Quantum Biology Be Overcome?.....................................................................................................109 3.7 The Appeal of Quantum Mechanisms to Biology.......................................................................................................... 110 3.8 Biophotons: Light in Cells................................................................................................................................................112 3.9 Quantum Nature of Vision, Olfaction, and Bird
Navigation......................................................................................... 114 3.10 Photosynthesis: Quantum Metabolism of Plants............................................................................................................ 116 3.11 Quantum Metabolism....................................................................................................................................................... 118
Contents ix 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 Consequences of Quantum Metabolism......................................................................................................................... 121 Synchronization of Cellular Activities...........................................................................................................................123 The Orchestra of Life: Biological Coherence................................................................................................................ 124 Biological Motors............................................................................................................................................................. 126 Classical and Quantum Molecular Motors and the Laws of Thermodynamics.......................................................... 128 Energy and Information: A Marriage of Physics and Information Science inBiology...............................................130 Classical and Quantum Information in Biology............................................................................................................ 133 Aging and Senescence..................................................................................................................................................... 138 3.19.1 Machine versus Biological Engine Analogy.................................................................................................. 139 3.19.2 Non-Redox Mediated Causes of Dysfunctional Oxidative Metabolism.......................................................140 3.19.3
Energy Transfer and Transformation of Information: Defense against Biological Aging.......................... 141 3.20 Can Special Relativity Be of Relevance to Biology?.....................................................................................................142 3.21 Information and Nutrition................................................................................................................................................143 3.22 Chemical Potential of Physical Biological Systems......................................................................................................150 3.23 Is Consciousness a Quantum Phenomenon?.................................................................................................................. 154 3.24 Brain’s Processing Power: How Many Flops and How Many Watts?..........................................................................156 3.25 The Human Brain: Its Structural Complexity and Amazing Efficiency......................................................................157 3.26 The Neuron: Its Architecture and Central Role in the Brain’s Activities................................................................... 159 3.27 The Special Role of Neuronal Microtubules and the Cytoskeleton.............................................................................159 3.28 Where Is Memory Stored in the Brain?..........................................................................................................................162 3.29 Are There Quantum Excitations in
Microtubules?........................................................................................................162 3.30 Is Anesthesia a Quantum Process?.................................................................................................................................163 3.31 Relevance of Quantum Biology to Health and Disease.................................................................................................164 3.32 The Feasibility of Encoding the Totality of the Human Experience and theInformation Field of the Brain........... 167 3.33 An Integrated Perspective of Energy and Information Flow in Health and Disease..................................................169 References.....................................................................................................................................................................................176 4. From Systems Biology to Systems Medicine..........................................................................................................................181 Chapter Overview......................................................................................................................................................................... 181 4.1 Problem Solving: Reductionism versus Simplifying Complexity................................................................................. 181 4.2 Symmetries, Conservation Laws, and Symmetry Breaking........................................................................................ 182 4.3 Systems: Open and Closed, Simple and
Complex......................................................................................................... 185 4.4 Stability, Biological Complexity, and Energy Flows..................................................................................................... 188 4.5 Implications for Clinical Practice................................................................................................................................... 194 4.6 Framing Energy by the Creation of Time and Life, and by the Breaking ofSymmetry............................................ 195 4.7 Steady States, Attractor States, Strange Attractors, and Chaos................................................................................... 196 4.8 Nonlinear Interactions: Positive and Negative Feedback Loops................................................................................. 200 4.9 Why Life Exists: A Chaos Theory Perspective.............................................................................................................201 4.10 A Pedestrian Overview of Systems Biology...................................................................................................................201 4.11 Relevance of Chaos Theory to Human Biology............................................................................................................ 202 4.12 Self- Organization and Self-Regulation.......................................................................................................................... 205 4.13 Playing Simple Games with Profound Implications:
Cellular Automata.................................................................... 206 4.14 Biological Networks.........................................................................................................................................................207 4.15 Simplifying Complexity................................................................................................................................................. 209 4.16 The Limitations in Molecular Biology and Reductionism in Explaining the Living World...................................... 210 4.17 Systems of Wholes and Parts........................................................................................................................................... 211 4.18 Complexity and Information........................................................................................................................................... 212 4.19 Nonlinearity, Bifurcations, and Phase Transitions.........................................................................................................214 4.20 A Biological Example: Metabolic Memory................................................................................................................... 216 4.21 Plus ça Change, Plus C’est la Même Chose.................................................................................................................. 212 4.22 The Physics of Heat and the Biology of Inflammation: Are They Related?............................................................... 219 4.23 Distinctions Between
Homeostasis, Dynamic Equilibrium, and Steady States........................................................ 223 4.24 Classes of Systems: Man-Made and Biological.............................................................................................................223 4.25 Application of Molecular Biology of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetesto Clinical Enigmas........................ 224 4.26 Integrated Complexity of Systems Biology into an Optimally FunctioningWhole................................................... 225 4.27 Systems Theory: A Perspective..................................................................................................................................... 226 4.28 Chaos Theory................................................................................................................................................................... 228 4.29 Complicated Systems and Complex Systems................................................................................................................228 4.30 Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches........................................................................................................................ 233
x Contents 4.31 4.32 4.33 4.34 Algorithmic Medicine?......................................................................................................................................................235 An Added Layer of Complexity: Gut Microbiome........................................................................................................ 236 Electronic Medical Records.............................................................................................................................................. 237 An Anecdote Shared by Greg Shorr Regarding the Use of His Electronic Medical Record on the Native American Reservation................................................................................................................................238 4.35 The Neuroendocrine and Immune System Hormonal Stress Responses: Adaptive Versus Pathologic and the Role of the Fitness Landscape Model.............................................................................................239 4.36 Concluding Remarks......................................................................................................................................................... 240 4.37 An Unsuspected Trigger of Mental Status Change.........................................................................................................241 References......................................................................................................................................................................................241 5. Introduction to the Roadmap of Future
Medicine: The Physiological Fitness Landscape..........................................245 Chapter Overview.......................................................................................................................................................................... 245 5.1 Models Inspired by Physics Can Help Understand BiologicalSystems.......................................................................... 245 5.1.1 A Free-Energy Landscape Model...................................................................................................................... 246 5.1.2 Biological Motors as Mechanical Engines....................................................................................................... 248 5.1.3 Biological Thermodynamic Engines.................................................................................................................249 5.1.4 Framing Energy by the Creation of Time and Life..........................................................................................253 5.2 The Bridge from Physics to Physiology and Medicine................................................................................................... 256 5.2.1 Symmetry, Symmetry Breaking and Reductionism.........................................................................................256 5.2.2 Biological Mechanisms of Survival and Stress................................................................................................ 258 5.2.3 Why Do We Need a New
Medicine?.................................................................................................................261 5.3 Creative Thinking, Information Transfer, and the Physiological Fitness Landscape................................................. 265 5.3.1 Physiological Fitness Landscape..........................................................................................................................266 5.3.2 Order Parameters, Control Parameters, and Physiological Fitness Landscape for Disease State...............270 5.3.3 An Example of Order and Control Parameters of Diabetes, The Classic Metabolic Disease.................... 272 5.3.4 Physiological Fitness Landscape as a Guiding Concept in Medical Diagnosis............................................274 5.4 Physiological Fitness Landscape as an OrganizingPrinciplefor Understanding Health and Disease....................... 286 5.4.1 Survival and Design Principles for Its Achievement..........................................................................................286 5.4.2 The Various Types of Stress and the Physiological Fitness Landscape........................................................ 287 5.4.3 Main Features of the Physiological Fitness Landscape................................................................................... 288 5.4.4 Entropy Increase along the Time Axis and Aging...........................................................................................292 5.4.5 Curing a Disease Is Not Reversing
Aging........................................................................................................ 292 5.4.6 Summary............................................................................................................................................................. 293 5.5 A Look at the Elements of the Metabolism Story.......................................................................................................... 294 5.5.1 The Stress Response.......................................................................................................................................... 294 5.5.2 Metabolism and the NHR Superfamily............................................................................................................ 296 5.5.3 The Biology of Time.......................................................................................................................................... 297 5.5.4 Calorie Restriction, Intermittent Fasting, and Time-Restricted Feeding......................................................299 5.5.5 The Microbiota....................................................................................................................................................301 5.5.6 Insulin Resistance.............................................................................................................................................. 302 5.5.7 Mitochondrial Function and Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance................................................................ 303 5.5.8 Chronic Diseases of Aging as Metabolic
Disorders........................................................................................303 References.....................................................................................................................................................................................303 6. Science Seen Through the Lessons of Life............................................................................................................................. 307 6.1 A Bird’s-Eye Overview of the Book’s Messages...............................................................................................................307 6.2 Anecdotes and Their Morals........................................................................................................................................... 311 6.2.1 Anecdote 1: Football Teams..............................................................................................................................311 6.2.2 Anecdote 2: Synchronization in Music............................................................................................................. 314 6.2.3 Anecdote 3: The Power of Placebos................................................................................................................. 319 6.2.4 Anecdote 4: Human Interconnectedness......................................................................................................... 320 6.2.5 Anecdote 5: A 40-Year-Old Professional Athlete............................................................................................323 6.3 The Essence of
This Book’s Message............................................................................................................................. 324 6.4 Understanding Biology and Medicine through the Lensof Physics.............................................................................324 6.5 Calming Words of Advice for the Patient.......................................................................................................................325 6.6 A Few Words about Free Will.........................................................................................................................................326
Contents xi 6.7 On the Importance of Connections at All Levels..........................................................................................................326 6.8 The Physiological Fitness Landscape and Society........................................................................................................327 6.9 Striving for Balance Amongst Complexity.................................................................................................................... 328 6.10 A New Perspective........................................................................................................................................................... 329 6.11 The Bridge from Physiology to Spirituality................................................................................................................. 329 Note.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 330 References.................................................................................................................................................................................... 330 Index..................................................................................................................................................................................331
Chronic disease states of aging should be viewed through the prism of metabolism and biophysical processes at all levels of physiological organization present in the human body. This book describes the building blocks of understanding from a reasonable, but not high-level technical language viewpoint, employing the perspective of a clinical physician. It brings together concepts from five specific branches of physics relevant to biology and medicine: biological thermodynamics, systems biology, cellular and molecular biophysics, electromagnetism, and quantum biology. Key Features: • Provides a broad and up-to-date overview of the field of metabolism, especially connecting the spectrum of topics that range from the modern physical underpinnings of cell biology to clinical practice. • Provides a deeper basic science and modern interdisciplinary understanding of biological systems that broadens perspectives, and therapeutic problem solving. • Introduces the concept of the Physiological Fitness Landscape, which invokes its hugely successful analogue used in the physics of phase transitions, as applicable to the biological phase transitions between unhealthy and healthy states. This book, presented as the first of a two-volume set, primarily targets an audience of clinical and science students, biomedical researchers, physicians, and other healthcare practitioners who would benefit from understanding one another’s language.
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Contents Preface to Vofume One.xiii Prologue. xvii Acknowledgments. xxi Author.xxv Personal Statements. xxvii 1. Biological Thermodynamics: On Energy, Information, and Its Evil Twin, Entropy. 1 Chapter Overview.1 1.1 Introduction.1 1.2 The Four Forces: Weak, Strong, Electromagnetic, and Gravitational; an Emphasis on the Weak Force. 3
1.3 Energy in Its Various Forms.6 1.4 Heat and Work.7 1.5 The Birth of Thermodynamics.7 1.6 Microscopic Origin of Entropy.8 1.7 The Rule of Law in Physics: Energy Conservation. 10 1.8 The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics.11 1.9 Energy Cannot Be Created but Can Be Transformed.12 1.10 Heat, Entropy, and Energy Efficiency. 13 1.11 Specific Heat.13 1.12 Thermodynamics of Mechanical
Engines.16 1.13 The Carnot Engine.19 1.14 Enthalpy and Internal Energy—Compared and Contrasted.20 1.15 Gibbs Free Energy and the Chemical Potential.21 1.16 Thermodynamics of Biochemical Reactions.23 1.17 Information Energy. 24 1.18 Thermodynamic Stability: Phase Transitions, Order Parameters, and Susceptibility Functions. 26 1.19 Expanded Concepts of Entropy and Information.29 1.20 How Information Is Connected to Energy. 30 1.21 Steady States and Homeostasis. 30 1.22 Structures and Their
Functions. 32 1.23 Negative Entropy and Self-Organization. 33 1.24 Biological Engines as Metaphors of the Carnot Engine.34 1.25 Metabolism: Life’s Necessity. 36 1.26 How Metabolism Is Linked to Aging. 39 1.27 The Ultimate Source of Life’s Energy: Photosynthesis. 41 1.28 The Difference Between Quantum and Classical Metabolism May Be the Difference Between Health and Disease. 41 1.29 Thermodynamic Processes in Metabolism. 42 1.30 Two Paths to Metabolic Energy Production.42 1.31 Inflammation, Pathogenesis, and
Obesity. 45 1.32 Ecological Symbiosis of Plants and Animals.46 1.33 Metabolic Dysfunction and Disease States. 48 1.34 Inflammation, Toxicity, and Reactive Oxygen Species. 49 1.35 What Can Einstein’s Theories of Relativity Tell Us about Aging?. 49 1.36 Limitations of Scientific Reductionism and a Way out. 50 References.51 2. Biological Engines and the Molecular Machinery of Life.53 Chapter Overview. 53 2.1 Living Systems Viewed as Machines. 53 2.2
Physical Forces in a Biological Context. 53 2.3 Force and Energy Generation at the Organismic Level.54 vii
Contents viii 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 Cell Energetics: The Cell as a Machine. 56 Cells’ Tensional Integrity: Tensegrity. 57 The Mechanics of Cell Motion: Cell Motility.59 Energy Production and Energy Transduction.59 Mitochondria.60 Chloroplasts.60 Osmotic Work. 61 Energy and Material Transport in and out of a Cell. 62 2.11.1 Passive Transport. 62 2.11.2 Active
Transport. 62 2.11.3 Ion Channels and Ion Pumps. 62 2.12 The Cytoskeleton.63 2.13 Work During Cell Division: Chromosome Separation. 63 2.14 Microtubules.64 2.15 Actin Filaments (Microfilaments). 65 2.16 Intermediate Filaments. 65 2.17 The Quantum of Biological Energy: ATP.66 2.18 Molecular and Biological Machines: Motor Proteins. 66 2.19 ATP
Synthase.68 2.20 The Myosin Family of Motors.68 2.21 The Kinesin Family of Motors. 69 2.22 Dynein. 69 2.23 Energy Combustion Similarities between Cells and Automobiles.69 2.24 Molecular Motors and the Laws of Thermodynamics. 71 2.25 Analogy between Mechanical and Biological Engines.72 2.26 Biological Thermodynamics.73 2.27 The Many Types of Biological Signals.75 2.28 Neuronal Signal
Propagation.76 2.29 Electromagnetic Energy across Scales of Biology. 78 2.29.1 Bioenergetics: The Davydov Soliton.78 2.29.2 Biological Coherence: The Fröhlich Model. 78 2.30 Electrodynamic Interactions in Biology.81 2.31 Charge Transport. 82 2.32 Electric Field Effects Present in Cells and Acting on Cells. 82 2.33 Ionic Current Flows through Intra-Cellular Electrolytes.82 2.34 Proton Transport. 83 2.35 Electron Conduction and
Tunneling.83 2.36 Interactions of Biological Systems with Electromagnetic Radiation. 84 2.37 Bioelectricity and Biomagnetism.85 2.38 Biological Engines and the Quantum Biological Processes Explaining Cognition.86 2.39 Connections between Electricity, Magnetism, and Energy Generation.88 2.40 Connections between Microtubules, Molecular Motors, and Mitochondria: Toward a Molecular Explanation of Free Will.89 2.41 Collective Unconscious and Society.91 References. 91 3. From Quantum Biology to Quantum Medicine. 95 Chapter
Overview. 95 3.1 On the Cusp of a Quantum Biology Revolution.95 3.2 A Historical Perspective on Physics. 97 3.3 The Dawn of Quantum Biology. 105 3.4 Decoherence. 106 3.5 Quantum Weirdness and Biology.108 3.6 Can Objections to Quantum Biology Be Overcome?.109 3.7 The Appeal of Quantum Mechanisms to Biology. 110 3.8 Biophotons: Light in Cells.112 3.9 Quantum Nature of Vision, Olfaction, and Bird
Navigation. 114 3.10 Photosynthesis: Quantum Metabolism of Plants. 116 3.11 Quantum Metabolism. 118
Contents ix 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 Consequences of Quantum Metabolism. 121 Synchronization of Cellular Activities.123 The Orchestra of Life: Biological Coherence. 124 Biological Motors. 126 Classical and Quantum Molecular Motors and the Laws of Thermodynamics. 128 Energy and Information: A Marriage of Physics and Information Science inBiology.130 Classical and Quantum Information in Biology. 133 Aging and Senescence. 138 3.19.1 Machine versus Biological Engine Analogy. 139 3.19.2 Non-Redox Mediated Causes of Dysfunctional Oxidative Metabolism.140 3.19.3
Energy Transfer and Transformation of Information: Defense against Biological Aging. 141 3.20 Can Special Relativity Be of Relevance to Biology?.142 3.21 Information and Nutrition.143 3.22 Chemical Potential of Physical Biological Systems.150 3.23 Is Consciousness a Quantum Phenomenon?. 154 3.24 Brain’s Processing Power: How Many Flops and How Many Watts?.156 3.25 The Human Brain: Its Structural Complexity and Amazing Efficiency.157 3.26 The Neuron: Its Architecture and Central Role in the Brain’s Activities. 159 3.27 The Special Role of Neuronal Microtubules and the Cytoskeleton.159 3.28 Where Is Memory Stored in the Brain?.162 3.29 Are There Quantum Excitations in
Microtubules?.162 3.30 Is Anesthesia a Quantum Process?.163 3.31 Relevance of Quantum Biology to Health and Disease.164 3.32 The Feasibility of Encoding the Totality of the Human Experience and theInformation Field of the Brain. 167 3.33 An Integrated Perspective of Energy and Information Flow in Health and Disease.169 References.176 4. From Systems Biology to Systems Medicine.181 Chapter Overview. 181 4.1 Problem Solving: Reductionism versus Simplifying Complexity. 181 4.2 Symmetries, Conservation Laws, and Symmetry Breaking. 182 4.3 Systems: Open and Closed, Simple and
Complex. 185 4.4 Stability, Biological Complexity, and Energy Flows. 188 4.5 Implications for Clinical Practice. 194 4.6 Framing Energy by the Creation of Time and Life, and by the Breaking ofSymmetry. 195 4.7 Steady States, Attractor States, Strange Attractors, and Chaos. 196 4.8 Nonlinear Interactions: Positive and Negative Feedback Loops. 200 4.9 Why Life Exists: A Chaos Theory Perspective.201 4.10 A Pedestrian Overview of Systems Biology.201 4.11 Relevance of Chaos Theory to Human Biology. 202 4.12 Self- Organization and Self-Regulation. 205 4.13 Playing Simple Games with Profound Implications:
Cellular Automata. 206 4.14 Biological Networks.207 4.15 Simplifying Complexity. 209 4.16 The Limitations in Molecular Biology and Reductionism in Explaining the Living World. 210 4.17 Systems of Wholes and Parts. 211 4.18 Complexity and Information. 212 4.19 Nonlinearity, Bifurcations, and Phase Transitions.214 4.20 A Biological Example: Metabolic Memory. 216 4.21 Plus ça Change, Plus C’est la Même Chose. 212 4.22 The Physics of Heat and the Biology of Inflammation: Are They Related?. 219 4.23 Distinctions Between
Homeostasis, Dynamic Equilibrium, and Steady States. 223 4.24 Classes of Systems: Man-Made and Biological.223 4.25 Application of Molecular Biology of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetesto Clinical Enigmas. 224 4.26 Integrated Complexity of Systems Biology into an Optimally FunctioningWhole. 225 4.27 Systems Theory: A Perspective. 226 4.28 Chaos Theory. 228 4.29 Complicated Systems and Complex Systems.228 4.30 Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches. 233
x Contents 4.31 4.32 4.33 4.34 Algorithmic Medicine?.235 An Added Layer of Complexity: Gut Microbiome. 236 Electronic Medical Records. 237 An Anecdote Shared by Greg Shorr Regarding the Use of His Electronic Medical Record on the Native American Reservation.238 4.35 The Neuroendocrine and Immune System Hormonal Stress Responses: Adaptive Versus Pathologic and the Role of the Fitness Landscape Model.239 4.36 Concluding Remarks. 240 4.37 An Unsuspected Trigger of Mental Status Change.241 References.241 5. Introduction to the Roadmap of Future
Medicine: The Physiological Fitness Landscape.245 Chapter Overview. 245 5.1 Models Inspired by Physics Can Help Understand BiologicalSystems. 245 5.1.1 A Free-Energy Landscape Model. 246 5.1.2 Biological Motors as Mechanical Engines. 248 5.1.3 Biological Thermodynamic Engines.249 5.1.4 Framing Energy by the Creation of Time and Life.253 5.2 The Bridge from Physics to Physiology and Medicine. 256 5.2.1 Symmetry, Symmetry Breaking and Reductionism.256 5.2.2 Biological Mechanisms of Survival and Stress. 258 5.2.3 Why Do We Need a New
Medicine?.261 5.3 Creative Thinking, Information Transfer, and the Physiological Fitness Landscape. 265 5.3.1 Physiological Fitness Landscape.266 5.3.2 Order Parameters, Control Parameters, and Physiological Fitness Landscape for Disease State.270 5.3.3 An Example of Order and Control Parameters of Diabetes, The Classic Metabolic Disease. 272 5.3.4 Physiological Fitness Landscape as a Guiding Concept in Medical Diagnosis.274 5.4 Physiological Fitness Landscape as an OrganizingPrinciplefor Understanding Health and Disease. 286 5.4.1 Survival and Design Principles for Its Achievement.286 5.4.2 The Various Types of Stress and the Physiological Fitness Landscape. 287 5.4.3 Main Features of the Physiological Fitness Landscape. 288 5.4.4 Entropy Increase along the Time Axis and Aging.292 5.4.5 Curing a Disease Is Not Reversing
Aging. 292 5.4.6 Summary. 293 5.5 A Look at the Elements of the Metabolism Story. 294 5.5.1 The Stress Response. 294 5.5.2 Metabolism and the NHR Superfamily. 296 5.5.3 The Biology of Time. 297 5.5.4 Calorie Restriction, Intermittent Fasting, and Time-Restricted Feeding.299 5.5.5 The Microbiota.301 5.5.6 Insulin Resistance. 302 5.5.7 Mitochondrial Function and Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance. 303 5.5.8 Chronic Diseases of Aging as Metabolic
Disorders.303 References.303 6. Science Seen Through the Lessons of Life. 307 6.1 A Bird’s-Eye Overview of the Book’s Messages.307 6.2 Anecdotes and Their Morals. 311 6.2.1 Anecdote 1: Football Teams.311 6.2.2 Anecdote 2: Synchronization in Music. 314 6.2.3 Anecdote 3: The Power of Placebos. 319 6.2.4 Anecdote 4: Human Interconnectedness. 320 6.2.5 Anecdote 5: A 40-Year-Old Professional Athlete.323 6.3 The Essence of
This Book’s Message. 324 6.4 Understanding Biology and Medicine through the Lensof Physics.324 6.5 Calming Words of Advice for the Patient.325 6.6 A Few Words about Free Will.326
Contents xi 6.7 On the Importance of Connections at All Levels.326 6.8 The Physiological Fitness Landscape and Society.327 6.9 Striving for Balance Amongst Complexity. 328 6.10 A New Perspective. 329 6.11 The Bridge from Physiology to Spirituality. 329 Note. 330 References. 330 Index.331
Chronic disease states of aging should be viewed through the prism of metabolism and biophysical processes at all levels of physiological organization present in the human body. This book describes the building blocks of understanding from a reasonable, but not high-level technical language viewpoint, employing the perspective of a clinical physician. It brings together concepts from five specific branches of physics relevant to biology and medicine: biological thermodynamics, systems biology, cellular and molecular biophysics, electromagnetism, and quantum biology. Key Features: • Provides a broad and up-to-date overview of the field of metabolism, especially connecting the spectrum of topics that range from the modern physical underpinnings of cell biology to clinical practice. • Provides a deeper basic science and modern interdisciplinary understanding of biological systems that broadens perspectives, and therapeutic problem solving. • Introduces the concept of the Physiological Fitness Landscape, which invokes its hugely successful analogue used in the physics of phase transitions, as applicable to the biological phase transitions between unhealthy and healthy states. This book, presented as the first of a two-volume set, primarily targets an audience of clinical and science students, biomedical researchers, physicians, and other healthcare practitioners who would benefit from understanding one another’s language. |
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| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:36:38Z |
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| isbn | 9780367699918 9780367712259 |
| language | English |
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| physical | xxix, 337 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme. - Illustrationen, Diagramme |
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| spelling | Fertig, Brian J. Verfasser aut Metabolism and medicine Volume 1 The physics of biological engines Brian J. Fertig, M.D., F.A.C.E. First edition Boca Raton ; London ; New York CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group 2022 xxix, 337 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme. - Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Foundations of biochemistry and biophysics (DE-604)BV047946824 1 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-003-14987-3 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033328241&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033328241&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Fertig, Brian J. Metabolism and medicine |
| title | Metabolism and medicine |
| title_auth | Metabolism and medicine |
| title_exact_search | Metabolism and medicine |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Metabolism and medicine |
| title_full | Metabolism and medicine Volume 1 The physics of biological engines Brian J. Fertig, M.D., F.A.C.E. |
| title_fullStr | Metabolism and medicine Volume 1 The physics of biological engines Brian J. Fertig, M.D., F.A.C.E. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Metabolism and medicine Volume 1 The physics of biological engines Brian J. Fertig, M.D., F.A.C.E. |
| title_short | Metabolism and medicine |
| title_sort | metabolism and medicine the physics of biological engines |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033328241&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033328241&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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