Russian nationalism and the Russian-Ukrainian War: autocracy-orthodoxy-nationality
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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London ; New York
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
2022
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| Series: | Europa country perspectives
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Physical Description: | 280 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte |
| ISBN: | 9781032043173 9781032043203 |
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Record in the Search Index
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Contents List offigures r Preface viii 1 PART I 35 Theorical and Comparative Perspectives 1 Civic, ethnic, or civic-ethnic states: A discussion of theoretical concepts 2 Russia and Ukraine in comparative perspective 37 $$ PART П Russian Nationalism about Ukraine 3 Russian nationalism and Ukraine: Émigrés, dissidents and Soviets 4 Boris Yeltsin: Liberalism, tanks, and unions 97 99 129 5 Vladimir Putin: ‘Gatherer of Russian lands’ PARTІП Russian Nationalism versus Ukraine 177 6 Democrats and the ‘red-white-brown’ coalition 179 7 Messianism, ‘Holy Rus,’ and the Russian World 204 8 Russia’s ‘Jerusalem’: Crimea and ‘New Russia’ 228 9 Conclusions 261 Index 268
Index Page numbers in italics indicate Figures. 2014 Ukraine crisis: causes of 2; as clash of sovereignties 132; critical junctures leading up to 158; origins of 65-66; during Russia’s re-Stalinisation 3; White Russian émigrés and 168-171 Abkhazia 238-239 Acton, Emerich E.D. 43 Afanasyev, Yuri N.A. 142 Aksyonov, Sergei 8 Alanov, Viktor 248 Alexeyeva, Ludmilla 108 All-Russian Social Christian Union 111 All Russian Social Christian Union for the Liberation of the People VSKhSON 108 All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical Monuments - VOOPIK 119-120 all-Union Tashkent conference 115 Amalrik, Andrei 46 American Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia 101 American nationalism 48 Andersen, Benedict 37 Andropov, Yuri 74-75, 80, 111, 114-118, 164, 187, 194, 207-209 anti-Americanism 25 Anti-Fascist Youth Movement 159 anti-immigration discourse 185 anti-Semitism 111-112 anti-Western ideology 41 anti-Western xenophobia: as alien to Ukrainian elites 41, 207; allegiance to Russian World correlating to 252; in DNR 252; following Putin’s Munich Security Conference speech 41; legitimising 107; long history of 75; permeating Soviet KGB 74; Russian Orthodox Church contributing to 205; victimhood as justification for 144; Wilson’s view of 165 anti-Zionism 46, 106, 111-112, 117, 120, 207 Applebaum, Anne 74 Arbatova, Nadezhda 41 Archaic Russian identity 71 Armed Forces of the Committee for the Liberation of the People of Russia VS KONR 100-101 Aron, Leon 237 ASN (Association for the Study of Nationalities) 103-104 assimilationism 52 Australia 50, 53, 54 Austria:
differential exclusion and 55; nationality policies 47 autocracy 4 Azov Sea 235-237 Azov Sea treaty 237 Badrak, Valentyn 239 Bandera, Stepan 99 Barkashov, Aleksandr 9, 121, 148, 196 Barrington, Lowell 136 Bartholomew I 162, 206 Baryshnikov, Sergei 249 Basurin, Eduard 249, 251 Bednov, Aleksandr 195 Begun, Vladimir 112 Belarus: declaring independence 66; national identity of 68; nation-building strategies 66; Soviet
Index 269 identity and 66; state language of 136; see also Russian-Belarusian union Belarus-2 (Ukraine becoming similar to Belarus) 10, 87, 218, 221, 232, 241, 253, 261 Belarusianisation 139 Belarusian SSR 73 Belinsky, Vissarion 180 Belton, Catherine 3, 170 Berdyaev, Nikolai 145 Beslan school siege 159 Bezsonov, Denys 78 Biden, Joe 24 Boitsov, Dmitry 9 Black Hundreds (‘Union of Russian People’) 100, 192-193, 197 Black Sea Fleet 139-140, 229, 230, 234-235, 239-241 Bloc of Yulia Tymoshenko - BYuT 110 Bolsheviks 171, 194, 243 Bolshevism 72-74, 164 BORN - Militant Organisation of Russian Nationalists 122 Borodai, Aleksandr 21, 169, 191, 195, 197, 261 Borogan, Irina 2 Braumoellwer, Bear E 109 Braychevskyy, Mykhaylo 84 Brezhnev, Leonid 74, 80, 114-115, 117-118,120,122,207 British historians 1-2 British Nationality Act of 1981 50 Brubaker, Rogers 44, 134 Brudny, Yitzhak 41, 118 Brzezinski, Zbigniew K. 104 Buckley, Neil 210 Budapest Memorandum 12, 138-139 Bukovsky, Vladimir 46 Bulgaria 48 Burbulis, Sergei 129 Calhoun, John 52 Canada: Asian immigration and 52; voting issues 53 Canadian Ukrainians 106 Capoccia, Giovanni 157 Caucasus 44, 54, 71, 166, 185, 235 Chafetz, Glenn 141 Chekist culture 74, 132, 145 Cheng Chen 72 Chernomyrdin, Viktor 136, 140, 146 China 112 Christian Committee for the Defence of the Rights of Religious Believers 111 Christianisation of Kyiv Rus 13-14, 161, 208, 210-211 CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States): Declaration of Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR 11-12; founding documents of 12; Russian elites support for 146; Russian policies toward 214; Russia’s
imperialist role in 133; Russia’s revised foreign policy toward 133; Russia’s role in 71 citizenship: Germany’s definition of 50; nationalism linked with 49; in post-communist Europe 53-54; Russian views of 50 civic nationalism: dominating Orange Revolution 76; French 43; great power nationalism vs 74-77; more liberal variant of 48; patriotism replacing 42; Russian 72; see also Western nationalism civilisational nationalism 162 Clover, Charles 185, 195 Coalson, Robert 165 Cohen, Stephen F. 5 Committee on State Security see KGB Communist Czechoslovakia 66 Communist Party of the Russian Federation - KPRF 71, 102, 121, 138, 142, 147, 148, 166, 191 Communist Party of Ukraine - KPU 69, 189 Communist Youth League - Komsomol 118, 120 Communist Yugoslavia 66 compatriots 49, 134—137 Congress of Russian Communities KRO 121, 147-148, 232 Conquest, Robert 85, 204 consolidated authoritarian regimes 54 conspiracy mania 41, 75, 145 conspiracy mindsets 15, 20, 159 Coordinating Council of Russian Compatriots of the US - KSORS 160 cosmopolitanism 112, 116, 117, 119, 120 Crimea: annexation as international law violation 184; as autonomous republic 4; illegal transfer of 230; Nemtsov condemning annexation of 182-183; opposition to separatism 231; Putin’s view of 228; Russian nationalists in 231-235, 239-240; Russian territorial claims toward 140, 230-231; Russia’s annexation of 2; Russia’s historic justice argument for 78; supporting
270 Index Ukrainian independence 228-229; symbolism in Russian mythology 17; territorial claims on 230-231; as transferred to Ukraine 80; weak support for separatism 228-229 Crimean Tatars 9, 108 critical junctures in Putin’s nationalism 157-163, 168, 234 cultural pluralism 43, 55 Donetsk Republic political group and party 9, 239-240, 246-250 Dontsov, Dmytro 73 Dostoevsky, Fyodor 145 Dubynin, Yuri 130 Dugin, Aleksandr 23, 120, 121, 122, 179, 188, 189 Duncan, Peter S. J. Ill Dzyuba, Ivan 119 D’Anieri, Paul 9 Danilov, Oleksiy 264 Day of the Christianisation of Kyivan Rus-Ukraine 14 Declaration of Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR 46 Declaration on the Respect for Sovereignty, Territorial Integrity, and Inviolability of Borders 11-12 decommunisation laws 86 Democratic Choice of Russia Party 142 Democratic Choice-United Democrats DVR-OD 146 Democratic Movement of the Soviet Union 47, 109 Demyanenko, Viktor 234 Denikin, Anton 158-159, 166 de-Stalinisation 85, 86, 87, 115, 116, 119 Dickinson, Peter 15 Diuk, Nadia 104 DNR (Donetsk Peoples Republic) 4; Borodai and 195; children’s education in 251; cult of Stalin 251; historical myths of 250-252; Just Russia Party and 171; Putin’s political representation in 49; Russian passport holders in 49-50; as Russian proxy 248-252; Russia’s annexation goals 17; Russification of 252; Ukrainophobia in 247; see also Donbas, LNR (Luhansk Peoples Republic) Donbas: as ‘always’ Russian 250; ‘civil war’ 195; Crimea separatism support in 229; foundations in Kievan Russia 249; Protestants 193; Russian Cossacks fighting in 197; Russian nationalists in
246-248; Ukrainianisation in 7, 81; Ukrainophobia in 246-248; see also DNR (Donetsk Peoples Republic), LNR (Luhansk Peoples Republic) Donetsk-Kryvyy Rih Bolshevik Republic 249 Eastern Human Rights Group 248 Eastern nationalism 39-40 eastern Slavic identity 19, 57, 80-81, 139, 217-218 eastern Slavic identity policies 7, 10, 46, 66, 131, 218-221, 232, 261 Economic Freedom Party 146 Eggert, Konstantin 249 émigrés see Latvian émigrés, Polish émigrés, Ukrainian émigrés, White Russian émigrés Epiphanius, Metropolitan 215 Erlacher, Trevor 75 Estonia 53-54 ethnic nationalism 42, 44 45, 48, 118 EU Association Agreement 20, 69, 162, 168, 211 Eurasia: foreign policy 130-131; peacekeeping operations in 145; reunifying 22; Russian Orthodox Church and 205; Russia’s hegemony over 21-22; Russia’s role in 20 Eurasian Economic Union 168, 244 Eurasianism: as anti-American 187-188; fascist political systems and 193-194; national Bolshevism and 132, 186; origins of 186-187; proponents of 164; during Putin’s presidency 188; as reactionary ideology 41; rising influence of 143; as substitute for decolonisation 40; on Ukraine as artificially created 189; White Russian émigrés and 102 Eurasianist youth groups 234 Eurasian Power 112 Eurasian Youth Union 159, 190, 197, 240, 246 Eurasia Party 195 Euromaidan Revolution 6-7, 76, 110, 162, 241, 242, 247-248, 265 European Solidarity Party 110 external representation of the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council zpUHVR 106
Index Fatherland Party 110, 143 Federal Agency for the Commonwealth of Independent States Affairs 160 Federal Security Service - FSB 102, 237 Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia 195 Feklyunina, Valentina 214 Felgenhauer, Pavel 24 Fert, Andriy 161, 208- 209 Filofey (Monastery monk) 206 Florovsky, Georges 187 For a United Rus 233 For Russian Unity 233 For the Union of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia - ZUBR 233 For Truth Party 122 For Yanukovych Bloc 233 Foundation for Effective Policy 214 Fournier, Anna 81 Fourth Political Theory, The (Dugin) 189 France: ethnic nationalism 48; nationality policies 47; women’s voting rights in 50 Freedman, Lawrence 261 Freedom House 45, 86, 247 Free Navalny campaign 184 Free Russia Forum 182 French civic nationalism 43 Frolov, Oleg 9 Gaddy, Clifford G. 2, 3 Galeotti, Mark 204, 205 gathering of Russian lands 3 Gaufman, Elizaveta 218 Georgia, Russian invasion of 238 Georgian Rose Revolution 75 Gerasimov, Valery 239 Gerber, Theodore P. 86 Germanness 50 Germany: citizenship definition in 50; differential exclusion and 55 Gessen, Masha 114 Girkin, Igor 21, 79, 169, 193 Glazyev, Sergei 171, 209-210, 211, 245-246 Goble, Paul 104 Golubev, Mikhail 229 Gorbachev, Mikhail 46 Gorin, Buruch 195 Grachev, Aleksandr 240 Grachev, Pavel 138 Great Don Army 197 Great Host of Don Cossacks 234 271 Great Patriotic War 116, 120, 204, 216, 251 great power nationalism see Russian great power nationalism Greece 48 Greenfeld, Liah 41 Gretskiy, Igor 129, 130-131, 138, 141 Gubarev, Pavel 190, 195-196 Guzenkova, Tamara 170 Hechter, Michael 84 Helsinki Final Act 12
Helsinki Groups 111 Herald of the Russian Christian Movement 103 Hill, Fiona 2, 3 Hitler, Adolf 15 Holodomor 85-86 Holy Mountains Lavra of the Holy Dormition 212 Holy Rus: at core of Russian great power 216; as core of Russian World 214; New Russia project and 242; protecting unity of 207-213; rebuilding of 192; Russian black hundreds supporting 193; Russian elites and 159; Russian Orthodox Church and 163-164, 204; state pressure for unity in 41 ; Ukraine as inalienable part of 158; unbreakable unity of 211; violence as justified 206 Homo Soviéticas (Soviet man) 23, 183, 217 Honcharuk, Ivan 75 Horak, Stephen Μ. 103 Horbulin, Volodymyr 239 Hosking, Geoffrey 72 Hrushevsky, Mykhaylo 80, 82 Hryshchenko, Kostyantin 160 Hurska, Alla 9 Hutchings, Stephen 40 Ilyin, Ivan 145, 165-166 imagined communities 37, 72, 87, 198, 262 immigration 52, 54-55, 58 Imperial Legion 197 inclusivity 55 Independents Bloc 146 information warfare see Russian information warfare Institute for CIS States 239
272 Index integrationism 53 International Eurasian Movement 195, 246 International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) 237 Ireland 84 Italy 47, 50 Ivanov, Yurii 112 Ivan the Terrible 85 Izborsky Club 190, 197 Japan 55 John Paul II (pope) 105 Jordan, Alexei 167 Just Russia Party 49, 121-122, 171 Just Russia - Patriots - For Truth Party 122, 248, 249 Kagarlitsky, Boris 160 Karaganov, Sergei 130, 133, 167 Karaganov Doctrine 133 Kasparov, Garry 182 Kasyanov, Mikhail 136 Kaufmann, Eric 48 Keenan, Edward L. 157, 207-208 Kelemen, R. Daniel 157 Kerch Strait 235-237 KGB: Andropov as chairman of 75, 164; anti-Western xenophobia and 75; chauvinism and 118; Eurasianism and 102; infiltrating Russian Orthodox Church 187, 204; neo-Nazis and 194; Putin’s career at 108, 207; Russian fascism and 121; Russian great power nationalism’s influence on 68; Shelepin as chairman of 99; Ukrainophobia in 74; White Russian émigrés and 164 Kharkiv Accords 139, 240, 263 Khartsyzsk Camp of Ukrainian Cossacks 197 Khmelnytskyy, Bohdan 84 Khvylovy, Mykola 73 Kievan Russia: as birthplace of Russian people 18; Christianisation of 208; as cradle of eastern Slavs 205, 209, 211; description of 82; Donbas history and 249; Nikolayev’s view of 130; Prokhanov’s views of 191; Putin’s mythical view of 13, 81; Russian great power nationalists description of 211; Russian historian’s view of 187, 264; Russian Orthodox Church and 82, 205; Russian World as incarnation of 23; Ukrainians and 215; see also Kyiv Rus, Russian World Kirill, Patriarch 161, 167, 205, 209, 211 see also Russian Orthodox Church Klychnikov,
Vladimir 232 Kohn, Hans 38, 39^0 Kolsto, Pal 72, 184 Komchatov, Vladimir 146 Konovalets, Yeven 99 Kornilov, Lavr 100 Kostenok, Igor V. 249, 251 Kotkin, Stephen 114 Kozak, Dmitry 5, 253 Kozhokin, Yevgeny 78 Kozyrev, Andrei 20, 131, 136, 142-143 KPRF programme 147 Krasavin, Lev 187 Krastev, Ivan 165 Kravchuk, Leonid 66-67, 262 Kremlinology 1, 103 Kremlin project 122 Kristof, Ladis K.D. 70 Kruglov, Aleksandr 232 Kuban region 16 Kuchma, Leonid: Crimean separatists and 229, 231; declaring himself Russian 135; election of 130-131; on negotiations with Russian leaders 218; peace treaty negotiations 218; Putin and 235; recognizing Holodomor as a genocide 85; on Russian as official language 136; supporting Ukraine’s territorial integrity 235-236; Ukrainian-Russian tensions and 65 kulaks 119 Kuleba, Dmytro 22 Kulyk, Volodymyr 77 Kushnir, Ostap 129 Kyiv Rus 13-14, 81-83; as beginning of Ukrainian history 215; as first Russian state 161; as Mother of Russian Cities 215-216; Novgorod as centre of northern 216; Russian great power nationalists of 191; Russian Orthodox Church and 208; Ukraine as sole successor to 161; unity myth 207-208 Kymlicka, Will 56-57 Laba, Roman 130 Laitin, David 134 Laputina, Yuliya 212 Laqueur, Walter 117-118, 122, 142, 157 Lamelle, Marlene 45, 181-182, 184, 218
Index 273 Latvia 53-54 Latvian émigrés 103-104 Lavrov, Sergei 5 Lebed, Nikolai 140, 147-148 Lenin, Vladimir 10-12, 73, 79, 121, 170, 192 Leninism 112 Lester, Jeremy 141 Levada, Yuri A. 148 Levada Centre 160 Liberal Democratic Party of Russia LDPR 121, 148 Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union - LDPSS 121 liberal nationalism 184 liberal universalism 41-43, 47, 57-58 Lichtheim, George 46 Lieven, Anatol 6 Light of Rus, The 197 ‘Little Green Men’ 234, 244-245 Little Russian project 180 LNR (Luhansk Peoples Republic) 4; cult of Stalin 251; historical myths of 250-252; Just Russia Party and 171; Ministry of State Security 251; Putin’s political representation in 49; Russian passport holders in 49-50; as Russian proxy 248-252; Russia’s annexation goals 17; Russification of 252; special forces unit in 195; Ukrainophobia in 247; see also DNR (Donetsk Peoples Republic), Donbas Loshkariov, Ivan D. 6-7, 57 Luhansk Precinct of Don Cossacks 197 Luhansk Volunteer Brigade-General Deniken 197 Lukashenka, Alyaksandr 7, 10, 86 Lukin, Vladimir 140 Luzhkov, Yuri 140, 230, 239 Lysenko, Vladimir 240 Malofeev, Konstantin 168-170 Malomuzh, Mykola 238 Malyarenko, Tetyana 234, 246-247 Malynkovych, Vladimir 106 Manannikov, Aleksei 146 masculinist nationalism 48 Matveeva, Anna 7, 8 Mazepa, Ivan 20 McAuley, Mary 130 McFaul, Michael 45, 52-53 Medvedchuk, Viktor 18, 210 Medvedev, Dmitry 80-81, 109, 263 Medvedev, Roy A. 117 Mendelson, Sarah E. 86 . Mendras, Marie 70 Messianism 145, 158 MI6 (SIS) 105 Minsk agreements 17-18 Mir, definition of 213-214 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 146 monarchism 171, 192
Monarchist Party 193 Moscow House 239 Motherland Party see National Patriotic Union of Russia Motyl, Alexander J. 104, 108 Movement Against Illegal Immigration 195 Movement for Democratic Reforms 140-141 multiculturalism 38, 52, 55-56 Munich Security Conference 160 Muscovy 73, 81, 84-85, 120, 134, 206, 215-216 National Alliance of Russian Solidarists -NTS 47, 100-102, 109-112, 167, 187, 192-193 National Bolshevik party 195 national Bolsheviks 47, 111, 122-123, 147, 171, 186-191, 198, 262 national Bolshevism 67, 72-74, 101-102, 115-118, 122, 132, 186-189 national communism 72-74 National Corps Party 196 National Democratic Alliance 196 national democrats 179, 183-185 National Front - NF 110 national identity: of Belarus 68; language as marker for 70; of Ukraine 68; see also Russian identities nationalism: citizenship and 49; definition of 37; dynamic model of 40-44; nation-states and 39-45; static model of 39 40, 57; as transitory phenomenon 1; see also Russian nationalism, Ukrainian nationalism nationalist particularism 41-43, 56-58 Nationalities Papers journal 103-104 National Patriotic Union of Russia 121, 147, 195, 197 National Salvation Front - FNS 142, 191, 232 National Socialist Initiative 197 National Unity Day 159, 210 nation-building models 149 Nation Speaks, A (manifesto) 112-114
274 Index nation-states: boundaries of 40; citizenship approach by 50; evolution of 40-41; evolution to plurality 51; liberal universalism within 47; nationality policies within 47^48; pluralism within 38 nativism 52 NATO-Ukraine joint military manoeuvres 234 Navalny, Alexei 50-51, 181-182, 184-185 NED (National Endowment for Democracy) 104 Nemtsov, Boris 140, 181, 182-184, 202 neo-imperialism 184 neo-Nazis: deny Ukrainian nation’s existence 15; ideologies of 47; influence of 48; KGB turning blind eye to 194; in Odesa 100; role in Ukraine war 194-195; Soviet media and 120-121; see also Russian National Unity - RNE neo-Slavophilism 118 Neo-Soviet Russian identity 71 neo-Stalinism 118 neo-Stalinist Marxism 118 New Russia 15; failure of 79; as a holy war 192; on loan to Ukraine 78; original inhabitants of 243-244; public opinion of 244; Putin reviving the term 243; Putin’s annexation of 252; Russian control over 19 New Russia project: artificiality of 245; failed support for 135; Holy Rus and 242; key to success of 245-246; overview of 242-246; red-white-brown coalition 47, 72, 190; red-white-brown coalition launching of 197; red-whitebrown coalition providing foundation of 190; red-white-brown nationalism 265; Russian-speaking Ukrainian patriots and 218, 229; Solzhenitsyn and 108; Surkov and 169 Novyj Mir (New World) journal 118 New Zealand 50 Nikolaevna, Anastasia 167 Nikolayev, Andrei 130 Nizhni Novgorod 140, 182 non-Russian nationalists 110 non-Russian Soviet republics 46, 132 Novgorod, Russia 13, 71, 81, 85, 134, 215-216 NPT (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty) 12 Obama,
Barack 238 Ogurtsov, Igor 111 Okhlobystin, Ivan 192 Olearchyk, Roman 210 Onuch, Olga 76 Onufrii, Metropolitan 213 Opposition Bloc Party 69, 248 Opposition Platform - For Life Party 69, 210, 248 Orange Revolution 75, 159 Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists -OUN47, 75, 80, 105, 107 Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists abroad - OUNz 106, 123, 125 Orthodox Church of Ukraine 82, 161, 206, 215 Orthodox Fundamentalism 112, 171 Orthodox-Monarchist nationalism 170 Orthodox-Slavic Values conference 211 Orthodoxy-Autocracy-Nationality 3^4, 111 Osipov, Vladimir 102 Other Russia 197 Our Contemporary 118 Our Home is Russia Party 146, 231 Our Ukraine 110 Pamiat (Memory) movement 100, 120-122, 147, 188, 194 Pan-Russian Nation 69-70, 145, 163 Party of Economic Revival of Crimea PEVK 231 Party of Regions 69, 189, 229, 232-235, 239 Party of Russian Unity and Accord PRES 146 patriotism 42, 76 see also civic nationalism Patriots of Russia Party 122 Patrushev, Nikolai 85 Payne, Daniel P. 6 Peace for Luhansk 248 Pelenski, Jaroslaw 107 Peoples Council 197 People’s Democratic Party - NDP 197, 233 Peoples Front ‘Sevastopol-Crimea-Russia’ 233 People’s Militia 197 Peskov, Dmitry 25, 216-217 Petlura, Symon 99 Petro, Nicolai N. 5, 7, 44 Petro Poroshenko Bloc 110 Pipes, Richard 45
Index 275 Plokhy, Serhii 157 pluralism 38, 43 Poland 105 see also Ukrainian-Polish relations Polish émigrés 104-105 Polish nationalists 104 Polish-Ukrainian border 264 Ponomaryov, Vyacheslav 247 populist nationalism 43 Poroshenko, Petro 18, 24, 237 Porter, Bruce D. 133 Portugal 48 Posev publishing house 101, 103 post-Soviet Russia 131-134 Potichnyj, Petro 104 Power to the People! 147 Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia’s Interests 80-81 Prilepin, Zakhar 122, 249 Primakov, Yevgeny 21, 130-131, 143, 188 Primakov Doctrine 143, 263 Prina, Federica 44 Progressive Socialist Party 234 Prokhanov, Aleksandr 190 pro-Kremlin disinformation 25 Prolog Research Corporation 104, 106 Public Opinion Foundation 130 Purgin, Andrei 9 Purishkevich, Vladimir 100 Putin, Vladimir: challenging uti possidets’ principle 12-13; Crimea welcoming speech 263; defending autocracy 53; Denikin and 158-159; gathering of Russian lands and 3, 167, 210; historical-irredentist claims 13; Ilyin and 165-166; joining KGB 74; justifying Crimea annexation 81-82; on losing Crimea 228; love for Ukraine 78; manipulating history 10; at Medvedchuk’s conference 211; on Minsk agreements 17-18; NATO-Russia Council speech 114, 167; Orthodox Church and 204; paranoid of Ukrainian nationalism 117; response to EU’s Eastern Partnerships 168; returning to Tsarist Russian nationalist roots 163; reviving the term “New Russia” 243; self-determination principle and 10-11; socialised into Chekist culture 74; Stalin and 20; supporting White émigré writers’
rehabilitation 165; Ukraine obsession 214, 265; on Ukraine’s borders 242-243; on Ukraine’s separate history 14-16; Ukrainians’ negative view of 8; on Ukrainian sovereignty 17-18; Unity Party support for 148; view of Ukraine 10, 78-79; violating Ukraine’s sovereignty 165; xenophobic speech 160; Zelenskyy and 218 Raevskiy, Anton 4, 193 Rahr, Alexander 102 Rahr, Gleb 102 Rapawy, Stephen 135 RDK 231, 253-254n9 Rebet, Lev 99 red-brown coalition 22, 73, 142, 147-150, 163, 166, 179 see afeo red-white-brown coalition Reddaway, Peter 108 red-white-brown coalition: black hundreds wing of 192; coming to power 117; components of 118; denying Ukraine’s existence 150; description of 185-186; expanding political base 166; gathering of Russian lands and 190; influence of 248-249; launching operation New Russia 197; national Bolsheviks and 186; Orthodox fundamentalists and 171; Prokhanov and 190; providing foundation for New Russia project 190; providing logistical support for 2014 crisis 245; Putin’s green light to 243; using power to achieve hegemony 179-180; see also red-brown coalition red-white-brown nationalism 72 religious freedom 44-45 Renan, Ernest 43 Republican Movement of Crimea RDK 231-232, 253-254 Republican Party of Crimea - RPK 231-232 Reshetnikov, Leonid 170 re-Sovietisation 85 revanchism 168 Rodina (Motherland) clubs 120 Rogozin, Dmitry 121 Rose Revolution 159 Rowley, David G. 108 Russia: chauvinism towards Ukraine 24; chauvinistic attitude towards neighbours 138; conspiracy mania in
276 Index 75, 145; Eurasian foreign policy 21; foreign policy 133-134, 142-143, 159, 190, 263-264; frozen conflicts 138; great power nationalism 144, 191; great power role 145; hybrid warfare 138; issuing passports to Ukrainian citizens 49-50; Kremlin’s attitudes towards its neighbours 137-139; minority rights 37-38; nation-building strategies 37-38, 68; Near Abroad and 137; post-imperial syndrome 129; protecting compatriots 136; rehabilitation of Stalin 85; sovereign democracy 3^1, 158, 160; sovereignty definition 137-138; sphere of privileged interests 158; transitioning into hegemonic regional power 143; Ukrainians’ negative view of 8; USSR as the same as 22; views of history 80-86; violating UN Charter 13; White Russian émigrés influence on 167; see also KGB, Putin, Vladimir, USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) Russia Bloc 233-234 Russian АП-Military Union 4, 100 Russian All-Peoples Union - ROS 142 Russian-Belarusian Union 22, 70-71, 130-131, 143-144, 147, 232, 263 Russian Communist Workers’ Party of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union - RKRP-KPSS 147 Russian Community of Crimea - ROK 232 Russian conservatism 183 Russian Cossacks 197 Russian elites 132, 146, 158-159 Russian émigrés see White Russian émigrés Russian ethnic engineering 9 Russian fascism 193-195 Russian Federation 16; approach to independence 66; as a diaspora 135; expropriating Soviet institutions 131-132; as imagined community 129; as nationalists 47; seeking legitimacy from its imperial past 134; as separate from Soviet Union 46-47; Soviet legacy and 131-134 Russian great power nationalism:
civic nationalism vs 74-77; communism merging with 186; describing Kievan Russia 211; dominance of 87; dominant in Communist Party 75-76; evolution of 167; as implausible to Ukrainians 189-190; influence of 68; institutionalisation of 263-264; KPRF programme and 147; policies toward 144; promoted after Great Patriotic War 116; Putin and 143; Russian émigrés and 116, 168; Russian Orthodox Church and 162, 204-205, 209; Russian Orthodox fundamentalism and 207; Russian state institutions dominated by 131; separatism support from 265-266; in Soviet Communist Party 75-76, 117; in Soviet KGB 74; Stalinism fused with 72; transition toward 21, 149; see also Eurasianism, national Bolshevism Russian great power nationalists: Chekists as 132; demanding Eurasia as Russia’s sphere of influence 214; laying claim to Kyiv Rus 191; Putin and 10; Russian Orthodox Church and 192-193; support for Russian imagined community 58; supporting territorial claims 230; view of Ukraine and Ukrainians 23, 217; views of Russian-Belarusian Union 144 Russian hybrid warfare 17-19, 133-135, 138, 170, 196, 237, 239 Russian identities: based on Russian language 70; as civic 72; competing 69-72; components of 144-146; conspiracy mania in 145; as extension of Soviet identity 66; messianism and 145; under Putin 71; as racially defined 70; Shenfield’s view of 71; tied to religion 157; Tsarism and 71; variations of 69-70; victimhood, sense of 144 Russian Image 122 Russian imperialism 22, 46, 112, 115, 131, 141, 163, 186, 264, 266 Russian Imperial Movement 197 Russian information warfare: anti-Semitism and 117;
denial of the Holodomor 85; denies Ukraine’s existence 21; denying Ukraine’s existence 21; depicting Ukraine 217; funding of 164; Holodomor and 85; Kremlin’s focus on 17; Russian chauvinism and 24; Russian-Ukrainian war and 195, 198, 245; supporting hybrid war 219; targeting Zelenskyy 265; themes of 17; Ukraine as third rate colony 25; on
Index 277 Ukrainian nationalists 74; on Ukrainian puppet state 25 Russian Institute of Strategic Research 170 Russian language 7, 81, 115, 133, 136 Russian liberalism 38, 140-146, 180-183, 231, 262 Russian Liberation Movement - ROA 100-101 Russian national democracy 73, 104, 108-109, 183, 185, 198, 262 see also national democrats Russian National Front 197 Russian nationalism: anti-Semitic roots in 120-121; in Crimea 231-232; critical junctures in 157-163; factors of 21-23; insecurities of 48-49; myth of 45-47; in Soviet communism 116; Soviet leaders’ support for 114-115; as state policy 115; as substitute state ideology 117; transformation of 75-76; Ukraine relationship and 50-51 Russian nationalists: imprisoned dissidents 109-111, 123; liberalism as viewed by 109; return to ‘normality’ 116-117; view of Russia’s borders 129-130; view of Ukraine 78-79; Yeltsin as first 108 Russian National Liberation Movement -NAROD 183 Russian National Movement 169 Russian National Unity - RNE 9, 100, 121, 147-148, 171, 190, 194-197 Russian Orthodox Army 192-193, 197 Russian Orthodox Church: canonical control of Ukraine 206; canonical territory of 205; at centre of Russian culture 3; claiming lineage to Kyiv Rus 208; competing schools in 208-209; denials of Ukraine’s existence 220; function of 208; KGB infiltration in 204; legitimising unity with Orthodox Church in Ukraine 161; Leninism and 112; messianic views of 206-207, 211-212; pan-Russian nation and 163-164; re-legalising of 187, 204; reuniting domestic and émigré branches of 160, 167; role of 204; Russian-Ukrainian war and 212-213;
as state church in USSR 204; support for Putin 221; Ukrainophobia and 163, 206 Russian Orthodox fundamentalism 207, 249 Russian Orthodox fundamentalists 192, 193 Russian Orthodoxy 70 Russian Party in the Soviet Communist Party 99, 117, 119-120, 187, 194 Russian Party of Crimea - RPK 231, 232 Russian patriotism 207 Russian Patriots 112-114 Russian Peoples Assembly 148 Russian-Speaking Compatriots 70 Russian Spring 21, 72, 100, 122, 186 Russian Supreme Soviet 230 Russian-Ukrainian border: Russian recognising 139-140; Russia’s definition of sovereignty and 137-138; as symbolic 138 Russian-Ukrainian naval clash 237 Russian-Ukrainian relations: conference proceedings for 107-108; Crimea as source of tension in 65; inter-state treaty and 156; Kuchma normalising 131; Russian Orthodox Church and 205-206; treaty’s impact on 138-139; White Russian émigrés influence on 2 Russian-Ukrainian treaty 235-237, 240 Russian-Ukrainian war 2; casualties of 3; as ‘civil war’ 220; continuation of 266; deep roots of 157; escalation of 16; as fratricidal war 220; Petro’s view of 7; Russia’s options to escalate 19-20; South Ossetia gambit and 238; Zelenskyy’s view of 15-16 Russian Union 107, 165, 169 Russian Union of the eastern Slavs 184 Russian Unity Party 8-9, 142, 143, 148 Russian World: factors underpinning 214; goal of 49; Holy Rus as core of 214; as incarnation of Kievan Russia 23; Orthodox messianism infused into 205; Putin’s view of 189, 214; rebuilding natural unity of 157-158; Russian Orthodox Church’s ties to 209; support in the Donbas 242; Ukraine as dissident in 218; Ukraine
disinterest in 219-220; Ukrainians support for 244; weak support for 135; Western Ukraine not part of 78-79 Russian World Foundation 160, 167 Russian youth 145-146, 159 Russia Party 102, 118
278 Index Russia-Ukraine treaty 138 Russian-Ukrainian union 130 Russification 56, 111, 115, 252 Russophobie Western Ukraine 78-79 Rus-Ukrainian Union 233 Rutskoi, Aleksander 129-130, 230 Rywkin, Michael 103-104 Ryzhkov, Nikolay 147 Saakashvili, Mikheil 238 Sandler, Shmuel 158 Sapozhnikov, Dmitry 193 Sasse, Gwendolyn 76 Savitsky, Pyotr N. 187 Security Service of Ukraine - SBU 9, 25, 212, 239-240 self-determination 10-12, 107, 183 Self-Reliance Party 110 Serbian Communist Party 117-118 Serbian nationalists 48 Serov, Valeriy 139 Sevastopol 17, 23, 78. 134, 139-141, 149, 181, 230-235 Shakhmatov, Mikhail 187 Shakhovskoi, Dmitry 170-171 Shakhrai, Sergey 146 Sharina, Natalia 44 Shcherbytskyy, Volodymyr 56, 115 Shelepin, Alexander 99 Shelest, Petro 74 Shenfield, Stephen 71 Sherr, James 5-6 Shevchenko Scientific Society 103 Shield of Moscow 197 Shkandrij, Myroslav 2, 83 Shlapentokh, Vladimir 142 Shpak, Georgy 121 Shushkevich, Stanislav 66-67 Siloviki (security forces) 187 Skak, Mette 72 slavery, injustice of 51-52 Slavic Assembly 148 Slavic Force 196 Slavic Union 195 Slavophilism 158 Smith, Hedrick 129 Smith, Rogers Μ. 51 Snyder, Timothy 102-103 Sobchak, Anatoly 140-141 Socher, Johannes 10 Socialist Party of Ukraine 189 Solchanyk, Roman 217 Soldatov, Andrei 2 ‘Solidarity with Russia’ open letter 170-171 Soloviev, Vladimir 239 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 25, 78, 102-103, 107, 165 Sotiriou, Stylianos A. 6 South Ossetia 238-239 sovereign democracy 3-A, 158, 160 Soviet Communist Party 118 Soviet identity 66, 68-69, 242, 250 Soviet nationalism 46 Sovietology: broadening of 1; focused on
Kremlinology 1; in the UK 1 Soviet patriotism 120 Soviet propaganda discourse 74 Soviet Union see USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) Spain 48 Stakhanov, Alexei 250 Stalin, Joseph: admiration for 112; positive view of 3; Putin’s admiration of 20; as Russian nationalist 114-115; self-determination principle and 10 Stalinism 72, 84, 87, 186-187 Stankevych, Sergei 133 State Committee on the State of Emergency - GKChP 190-191 Stephan, John J. 100 Stroyev, Yegor 140 Stus, Vasyl 111 Suchasnist publishing house 106 Suny, Ronald G. 157 Surkov, Vladislav 15, 24, 37, 160, 169, 197 Sushentsov, Andrey A. 6-7, 57 Svoboda (Freedom) Party 76 Symonenko, Ivan 233 Tikhon, Archimandrite 192 Tolstoy, Pyotr 21 Tolz, Vera 13, 24, 26, 33, 40, 46, 60, 64, 69-71, 81, 90, 94, 95, 134, 144-145, 152, 154, 156-157, 159, 163, 165-166, 172, 174, 176, 181, 186, 194, 199, 201, 216, 227, 250, 256 Tonoyan, Lydia S. 6 Transnistrian region 16, 19, 21, 31, 92, 135, 148, 183, 225, 245, 253, 258 Treaty of Pereyaslav 80, 83-84, 139-140, 216 Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation and Partnership 138-139 Trenin, Dmitri 6, 24 Trotsky, Leon 106
Index 279 Trubetskoi, Nikolai S. 187 Trump, Donald 42, 185 Tsarism 71 Tsarist Russian Empire 75, 80, 83, 110-111, 166, 180, 187, 210, 213, 264 Tuzla Island 235-237 Tyutrinin, Ivan 182 Ukraine: as anti-criminal revolution example 182; as artificial construct 5, 14-15, 23, 72-73, 79; CIS Customs Union and 244; cultural split of 5-7; declaring independence 66; as disinterested in Russian World 219-220; European integration and 41; Indigenous Peoples law 19; joining NPT 12; as Kyiv Rus successor 82; minority rights 37-38; national communism of 73; national democratic constituency 110; national identity of 68; nation building 37-38; nation-building strategies 66; parliamentary system 69; patriotism and 76; portrayed as ‘Little Russian tribe’ 80; as puppet of the West 158; pursuing eastern Slavic identity 57; Russian anger, roots of 216; Russian attitudes to 141-142; Russian chauvinism toward 147; Russian political and religious leaders’ view of 214-216; Russian schizophrenia towards 5; Russian speakers refusing assimilation 134; as sole successor to Kyiv Rus 161; struggle for independence 109; territorial integrity 23; training Russian nationalists in 239-240; as Western project 24—25 Ukrainian Autocephaly 162 Ukrainian Choice - Right of the People Party 210 Ukrainian émigrés 101, 106 Ukrainian Helsinki Group 111 Ukrainian Historical Journal 84 Ukrainian independence 73-74 Ukrainian Institute of National Memory 75 Ukrainian Insurgent Army - UPA 17, 75, 102-103, 104 Ukrainian language: banning of 20, 80-81; defenders of 163; defend from Russification 44, 48; intolerance for 56;
opposition to affirmative action for 57; reduction of use 252; removal of 9; Russian liberals mocking 180; Soviet Union’s view of 23-24 Ukrainian minority 44 Ukrainian nationalism: exaggerated focus on 8; insecurities of 49; Russia’s paranoia of 74-75, 117 Ukrainian patriots 247-248 Ukrainian-Polish relations 104-105, 264 Ukrainian Republican Party 110 Ukrainian Revolutionary Democratic Party - URDP 106 Ukrainian-Russian relations see Russian-Ukrainian relations Ukrainians: attitudes towards Russia 220; ethnic identity and 136; independence referendum 218-219; as ‘Little Russians’ 14-15; negative view or Russian leaders 219-220; Polish emigres attempt at reconciliation with 104-105; Russia passports issued to 49-50; Russification of 44; support Crimea returning to Ukraine 219; support EU membership 22; support NATO membership 22; view of history 80-86; view of Kyiv Rus 264; view of Putin, Vladimir 8; view of Russia 8 Ukrainian security forces 77 Ukrainian sovereignty 17-18, 139, 149, 206, 228, 230, 232, 240 Ukrainian SSR (Soviet Socialist Republic) 11 Ukrainophobia: Black Hundreds and 192; in children’s magazines 248; in Crimea 247; in the Donbas 246-248; Kremlin campaign 160; Medvedchuk and 210; origins of 74-75, 216-218; Russian black hundreds and 192; Russian Orthodox Church and 163, 206; Russian Party of Crimea and 232; in Soviet KGB 74; Soviet legacies and 75; state sponsored 39 Umland, Andreas 188 UNHCHR (UN High Commissioner for Human Rights) 3, 14 Union for the Spiritual Rebirth of the Fatherland 147 Union of Afghan Veterans 232 Union of Bearers of Orthodox Banners
197 Union of Cossack Organisations of Ukraine 197 Union of Donbas Volunteers 169, 197 Union Party 232
280 Index United Russia Party 8-9, 69, 143, 159, 233, 248 United States (USA): Asian immigration and 52; CIA 104, 105; citizenship 51-52; citizenship legislation 52; funding influential publishing houses 105; immigration issues 52; immigration restrictions 54-55; integrationism and 53; plurality in 51; slavery, injustice of 51-52 United Workers Front of Russia 147 Unity Day state holiday 159, 210 universal liberalism 56 Urban, Michael 110 US Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) 44-45 USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics): disintegration of 67, 129, 144; dissident Russian nationalists in 109-111, 123; imprisoned dissidents in 108; national bolshevism in 115; referendum for preservation of 67; revival of 22; Russian Orthodox Church as state church 204; Russian SFSR as separate from 46-47; as synonymous with Russia 22; see also KGB uti possidets’ principle 12-13 Uvarov, Sergei 34 Valuev Circular 180 Verkhovsky, Alexander 207 Vernadsky, Gennady N. 187 Vladimir, Nikolai 167 Vlasov, Andrey 100 Volodymyr, Metropolitan 161, 162, 208-209 see also Russian Orthodox Church Volodymyr the Great 161 Voshchanov, Pavel 137-138 Warning: Zionism! 112 Wawrzonek, Michal 7, 10, 212 Western decadence 25 Westernisers 141 Western nationalism 39 Western nation-states 50 Western Sovietology 1 White Russian émigrés: 2014 Ukraine crisis and 168-171; attitudes towards Ukraine 99; children of 164; description of 99; Eurasianism and 102; growing influence of 161; on growth of great power 101-102; influence of 166, 170-171; KGB and 164; main enemy of 99; nationalism and 166-168;
opposing Western values 164-165; rehabilitation of 164; returning home 163-166; Russian Orthodox Church and 167; as statist imperialists 186; sympathetic to fascist political systems 193-194; ties to KGB 164 Wilson, Andrew 165, 237 Wishnevsky, Julia 121 Wojnowski, Zbigniew 46 Wolff, Stefan 234, 246-247 Wolkonsky, Alexandre 101 Wolves (Cossack) Company 197 xenophobia, anti-Western 41, 75, 112 Yakovlev, Aleksandr 121 Yakunin, Gleb 111 Yakunin, Vladimir 169 Yale University 51-52 Yanov, Alexander 114, 129 Yanukovych, Viktor 22, 57, 236, 263 Yaroslav the Wise 161 Yavlinsky, Grigory 12, 74, 140 Yekhanurov, Yuriy 238 Yeltsin, Boris 67, 69, 73, 108, 134, 139 Young Guard 118, 159 Young Russians 194 Young Russia Youth Movement 159 Yushchenko, Viktor 80-81, 85, 239 Zakharchenko, Aleksandr 221, 248, 250-251 Zakharova, Mariia 5 Zaslavsky, Vladimir 118 Zatulin, Konstantin 138, 233, 239 Zdrilyuk, Serhiy 250 Zelenskyy, Volodymyr: election of 15, 217, 265; independence anniversary speech 14; peace treaty negotiations 218; on Russian-Ukrainian war 10, 15-16 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir 121, 148, 239, 261 Zhuchkovsky, Aleksandr 196 Zhurzhenko, Tatiana 76-77 Zubov, Andrei 3 Zygar, Mikhail 71, 163, 210 Zyuganov, Gennadiy 138, 147 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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Contents List offigures r Preface viii 1 PART I 35 Theorical and Comparative Perspectives 1 Civic, ethnic, or civic-ethnic states: A discussion of theoretical concepts 2 Russia and Ukraine in comparative perspective 37 $$ PART П Russian Nationalism about Ukraine 3 Russian nationalism and Ukraine: Émigrés, dissidents and Soviets 4 Boris Yeltsin: Liberalism, tanks, and unions 97 99 129 5 Vladimir Putin: ‘Gatherer of Russian lands’ PARTІП Russian Nationalism versus Ukraine 177 6 Democrats and the ‘red-white-brown’ coalition 179 7 Messianism, ‘Holy Rus,’ and the Russian World 204 8 Russia’s ‘Jerusalem’: Crimea and ‘New Russia’ 228 9 Conclusions 261 Index 268
Index Page numbers in italics indicate Figures. 2014 Ukraine crisis: causes of 2; as clash of sovereignties 132; critical junctures leading up to 158; origins of 65-66; during Russia’s re-Stalinisation 3; White Russian émigrés and 168-171 Abkhazia 238-239 Acton, Emerich E.D. 43 Afanasyev, Yuri N.A. 142 Aksyonov, Sergei 8 Alanov, Viktor 248 Alexeyeva, Ludmilla 108 All-Russian Social Christian Union 111 All Russian Social Christian Union for the Liberation of the People VSKhSON 108 All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical Monuments - VOOPIK 119-120 all-Union Tashkent conference 115 Amalrik, Andrei 46 American Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia 101 American nationalism 48 Andersen, Benedict 37 Andropov, Yuri 74-75, 80, 111, 114-118, 164, 187, 194, 207-209 anti-Americanism 25 Anti-Fascist Youth Movement 159 anti-immigration discourse 185 anti-Semitism 111-112 anti-Western ideology 41 anti-Western xenophobia: as alien to Ukrainian elites 41, 207; allegiance to Russian World correlating to 252; in DNR 252; following Putin’s Munich Security Conference speech 41; legitimising 107; long history of 75; permeating Soviet KGB 74; Russian Orthodox Church contributing to 205; victimhood as justification for 144; Wilson’s view of 165 anti-Zionism 46, 106, 111-112, 117, 120, 207 Applebaum, Anne 74 Arbatova, Nadezhda 41 Archaic Russian identity 71 Armed Forces of the Committee for the Liberation of the People of Russia VS KONR 100-101 Aron, Leon 237 ASN (Association for the Study of Nationalities) 103-104 assimilationism 52 Australia 50, 53, 54 Austria:
differential exclusion and 55; nationality policies 47 autocracy 4 Azov Sea 235-237 Azov Sea treaty 237 Badrak, Valentyn 239 Bandera, Stepan 99 Barkashov, Aleksandr 9, 121, 148, 196 Barrington, Lowell 136 Bartholomew I 162, 206 Baryshnikov, Sergei 249 Basurin, Eduard 249, 251 Bednov, Aleksandr 195 Begun, Vladimir 112 Belarus: declaring independence 66; national identity of 68; nation-building strategies 66; Soviet
Index 269 identity and 66; state language of 136; see also Russian-Belarusian union Belarus-2 (Ukraine becoming similar to Belarus) 10, 87, 218, 221, 232, 241, 253, 261 Belarusianisation 139 Belarusian SSR 73 Belinsky, Vissarion 180 Belton, Catherine 3, 170 Berdyaev, Nikolai 145 Beslan school siege 159 Bezsonov, Denys 78 Biden, Joe 24 Boitsov, Dmitry 9 Black Hundreds (‘Union of Russian People’) 100, 192-193, 197 Black Sea Fleet 139-140, 229, 230, 234-235, 239-241 Bloc of Yulia Tymoshenko - BYuT 110 Bolsheviks 171, 194, 243 Bolshevism 72-74, 164 BORN - Militant Organisation of Russian Nationalists 122 Borodai, Aleksandr 21, 169, 191, 195, 197, 261 Borogan, Irina 2 Braumoellwer, Bear E 109 Braychevskyy, Mykhaylo 84 Brezhnev, Leonid 74, 80, 114-115, 117-118,120,122,207 British historians 1-2 British Nationality Act of 1981 50 Brubaker, Rogers 44, 134 Brudny, Yitzhak 41, 118 Brzezinski, Zbigniew K. 104 Buckley, Neil 210 Budapest Memorandum 12, 138-139 Bukovsky, Vladimir 46 Bulgaria 48 Burbulis, Sergei 129 Calhoun, John 52 Canada: Asian immigration and 52; voting issues 53 Canadian Ukrainians 106 Capoccia, Giovanni 157 Caucasus 44, 54, 71, 166, 185, 235 Chafetz, Glenn 141 Chekist culture 74, 132, 145 Cheng Chen 72 Chernomyrdin, Viktor 136, 140, 146 China 112 Christian Committee for the Defence of the Rights of Religious Believers 111 Christianisation of Kyiv Rus 13-14, 161, 208, 210-211 CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States): Declaration of Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR 11-12; founding documents of 12; Russian elites support for 146; Russian policies toward 214; Russia’s
imperialist role in 133; Russia’s revised foreign policy toward 133; Russia’s role in 71 citizenship: Germany’s definition of 50; nationalism linked with 49; in post-communist Europe 53-54; Russian views of 50 civic nationalism: dominating Orange Revolution 76; French 43; great power nationalism vs 74-77; more liberal variant of 48; patriotism replacing 42; Russian 72; see also Western nationalism civilisational nationalism 162 Clover, Charles 185, 195 Coalson, Robert 165 Cohen, Stephen F. 5 Committee on State Security see KGB Communist Czechoslovakia 66 Communist Party of the Russian Federation - KPRF 71, 102, 121, 138, 142, 147, 148, 166, 191 Communist Party of Ukraine - KPU 69, 189 Communist Youth League - Komsomol 118, 120 Communist Yugoslavia 66 compatriots 49, 134—137 Congress of Russian Communities KRO 121, 147-148, 232 Conquest, Robert 85, 204 consolidated authoritarian regimes 54 conspiracy mania 41, 75, 145 conspiracy mindsets 15, 20, 159 Coordinating Council of Russian Compatriots of the US - KSORS 160 cosmopolitanism 112, 116, 117, 119, 120 Crimea: annexation as international law violation 184; as autonomous republic 4; illegal transfer of 230; Nemtsov condemning annexation of 182-183; opposition to separatism 231; Putin’s view of 228; Russian nationalists in 231-235, 239-240; Russian territorial claims toward 140, 230-231; Russia’s annexation of 2; Russia’s historic justice argument for 78; supporting
270 Index Ukrainian independence 228-229; symbolism in Russian mythology 17; territorial claims on 230-231; as transferred to Ukraine 80; weak support for separatism 228-229 Crimean Tatars 9, 108 critical junctures in Putin’s nationalism 157-163, 168, 234 cultural pluralism 43, 55 Donetsk Republic political group and party 9, 239-240, 246-250 Dontsov, Dmytro 73 Dostoevsky, Fyodor 145 Dubynin, Yuri 130 Dugin, Aleksandr 23, 120, 121, 122, 179, 188, 189 Duncan, Peter S. J. Ill Dzyuba, Ivan 119 D’Anieri, Paul 9 Danilov, Oleksiy 264 Day of the Christianisation of Kyivan Rus-Ukraine 14 Declaration of Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR 46 Declaration on the Respect for Sovereignty, Territorial Integrity, and Inviolability of Borders 11-12 decommunisation laws 86 Democratic Choice of Russia Party 142 Democratic Choice-United Democrats DVR-OD 146 Democratic Movement of the Soviet Union 47, 109 Demyanenko, Viktor 234 Denikin, Anton 158-159, 166 de-Stalinisation 85, 86, 87, 115, 116, 119 Dickinson, Peter 15 Diuk, Nadia 104 DNR (Donetsk Peoples Republic) 4; Borodai and 195; children’s education in 251; cult of Stalin 251; historical myths of 250-252; Just Russia Party and 171; Putin’s political representation in 49; Russian passport holders in 49-50; as Russian proxy 248-252; Russia’s annexation goals 17; Russification of 252; Ukrainophobia in 247; see also Donbas, LNR (Luhansk Peoples Republic) Donbas: as ‘always’ Russian 250; ‘civil war’ 195; Crimea separatism support in 229; foundations in Kievan Russia 249; Protestants 193; Russian Cossacks fighting in 197; Russian nationalists in
246-248; Ukrainianisation in 7, 81; Ukrainophobia in 246-248; see also DNR (Donetsk Peoples Republic), LNR (Luhansk Peoples Republic) Donetsk-Kryvyy Rih Bolshevik Republic 249 Eastern Human Rights Group 248 Eastern nationalism 39-40 eastern Slavic identity 19, 57, 80-81, 139, 217-218 eastern Slavic identity policies 7, 10, 46, 66, 131, 218-221, 232, 261 Economic Freedom Party 146 Eggert, Konstantin 249 émigrés see Latvian émigrés, Polish émigrés, Ukrainian émigrés, White Russian émigrés Epiphanius, Metropolitan 215 Erlacher, Trevor 75 Estonia 53-54 ethnic nationalism 42, 44 45, 48, 118 EU Association Agreement 20, 69, 162, 168, 211 Eurasia: foreign policy 130-131; peacekeeping operations in 145; reunifying 22; Russian Orthodox Church and 205; Russia’s hegemony over 21-22; Russia’s role in 20 Eurasian Economic Union 168, 244 Eurasianism: as anti-American 187-188; fascist political systems and 193-194; national Bolshevism and 132, 186; origins of 186-187; proponents of 164; during Putin’s presidency 188; as reactionary ideology 41; rising influence of 143; as substitute for decolonisation 40; on Ukraine as artificially created 189; White Russian émigrés and 102 Eurasianist youth groups 234 Eurasian Power 112 Eurasian Youth Union 159, 190, 197, 240, 246 Eurasia Party 195 Euromaidan Revolution 6-7, 76, 110, 162, 241, 242, 247-248, 265 European Solidarity Party 110 external representation of the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council zpUHVR 106
Index Fatherland Party 110, 143 Federal Agency for the Commonwealth of Independent States Affairs 160 Federal Security Service - FSB 102, 237 Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia 195 Feklyunina, Valentina 214 Felgenhauer, Pavel 24 Fert, Andriy 161, 208- 209 Filofey (Monastery monk) 206 Florovsky, Georges 187 For a United Rus 233 For Russian Unity 233 For the Union of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia - ZUBR 233 For Truth Party 122 For Yanukovych Bloc 233 Foundation for Effective Policy 214 Fournier, Anna 81 Fourth Political Theory, The (Dugin) 189 France: ethnic nationalism 48; nationality policies 47; women’s voting rights in 50 Freedman, Lawrence 261 Freedom House 45, 86, 247 Free Navalny campaign 184 Free Russia Forum 182 French civic nationalism 43 Frolov, Oleg 9 Gaddy, Clifford G. 2, 3 Galeotti, Mark 204, 205 gathering of Russian lands 3 Gaufman, Elizaveta 218 Georgia, Russian invasion of 238 Georgian Rose Revolution 75 Gerasimov, Valery 239 Gerber, Theodore P. 86 Germanness 50 Germany: citizenship definition in 50; differential exclusion and 55 Gessen, Masha 114 Girkin, Igor 21, 79, 169, 193 Glazyev, Sergei 171, 209-210, 211, 245-246 Goble, Paul 104 Golubev, Mikhail 229 Gorbachev, Mikhail 46 Gorin, Buruch 195 Grachev, Aleksandr 240 Grachev, Pavel 138 Great Don Army 197 Great Host of Don Cossacks 234 271 Great Patriotic War 116, 120, 204, 216, 251 great power nationalism see Russian great power nationalism Greece 48 Greenfeld, Liah 41 Gretskiy, Igor 129, 130-131, 138, 141 Gubarev, Pavel 190, 195-196 Guzenkova, Tamara 170 Hechter, Michael 84 Helsinki Final Act 12
Helsinki Groups 111 Herald of the Russian Christian Movement 103 Hill, Fiona 2, 3 Hitler, Adolf 15 Holodomor 85-86 Holy Mountains Lavra of the Holy Dormition 212 Holy Rus: at core of Russian great power 216; as core of Russian World 214; New Russia project and 242; protecting unity of 207-213; rebuilding of 192; Russian black hundreds supporting 193; Russian elites and 159; Russian Orthodox Church and 163-164, 204; state pressure for unity in 41 ; Ukraine as inalienable part of 158; unbreakable unity of 211; violence as justified 206 Homo Soviéticas (Soviet man) 23, 183, 217 Honcharuk, Ivan 75 Horak, Stephen Μ. 103 Horbulin, Volodymyr 239 Hosking, Geoffrey 72 Hrushevsky, Mykhaylo 80, 82 Hryshchenko, Kostyantin 160 Hurska, Alla 9 Hutchings, Stephen 40 Ilyin, Ivan 145, 165-166 imagined communities 37, 72, 87, 198, 262 immigration 52, 54-55, 58 Imperial Legion 197 inclusivity 55 Independents Bloc 146 information warfare see Russian information warfare Institute for CIS States 239
272 Index integrationism 53 International Eurasian Movement 195, 246 International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) 237 Ireland 84 Italy 47, 50 Ivanov, Yurii 112 Ivan the Terrible 85 Izborsky Club 190, 197 Japan 55 John Paul II (pope) 105 Jordan, Alexei 167 Just Russia Party 49, 121-122, 171 Just Russia - Patriots - For Truth Party 122, 248, 249 Kagarlitsky, Boris 160 Karaganov, Sergei 130, 133, 167 Karaganov Doctrine 133 Kasparov, Garry 182 Kasyanov, Mikhail 136 Kaufmann, Eric 48 Keenan, Edward L. 157, 207-208 Kelemen, R. Daniel 157 Kerch Strait 235-237 KGB: Andropov as chairman of 75, 164; anti-Western xenophobia and 75; chauvinism and 118; Eurasianism and 102; infiltrating Russian Orthodox Church 187, 204; neo-Nazis and 194; Putin’s career at 108, 207; Russian fascism and 121; Russian great power nationalism’s influence on 68; Shelepin as chairman of 99; Ukrainophobia in 74; White Russian émigrés and 164 Kharkiv Accords 139, 240, 263 Khartsyzsk Camp of Ukrainian Cossacks 197 Khmelnytskyy, Bohdan 84 Khvylovy, Mykola 73 Kievan Russia: as birthplace of Russian people 18; Christianisation of 208; as cradle of eastern Slavs 205, 209, 211; description of 82; Donbas history and 249; Nikolayev’s view of 130; Prokhanov’s views of 191; Putin’s mythical view of 13, 81; Russian great power nationalists description of 211; Russian historian’s view of 187, 264; Russian Orthodox Church and 82, 205; Russian World as incarnation of 23; Ukrainians and 215; see also Kyiv Rus, Russian World Kirill, Patriarch 161, 167, 205, 209, 211 see also Russian Orthodox Church Klychnikov,
Vladimir 232 Kohn, Hans 38, 39^0 Kolsto, Pal 72, 184 Komchatov, Vladimir 146 Konovalets, Yeven 99 Kornilov, Lavr 100 Kostenok, Igor V. 249, 251 Kotkin, Stephen 114 Kozak, Dmitry 5, 253 Kozhokin, Yevgeny 78 Kozyrev, Andrei 20, 131, 136, 142-143 KPRF programme 147 Krasavin, Lev 187 Krastev, Ivan 165 Kravchuk, Leonid 66-67, 262 Kremlinology 1, 103 Kremlin project 122 Kristof, Ladis K.D. 70 Kruglov, Aleksandr 232 Kuban region 16 Kuchma, Leonid: Crimean separatists and 229, 231; declaring himself Russian 135; election of 130-131; on negotiations with Russian leaders 218; peace treaty negotiations 218; Putin and 235; recognizing Holodomor as a genocide 85; on Russian as official language 136; supporting Ukraine’s territorial integrity 235-236; Ukrainian-Russian tensions and 65 kulaks 119 Kuleba, Dmytro 22 Kulyk, Volodymyr 77 Kushnir, Ostap 129 Kyiv Rus 13-14, 81-83; as beginning of Ukrainian history 215; as first Russian state 161; as Mother of Russian Cities 215-216; Novgorod as centre of northern 216; Russian great power nationalists of 191; Russian Orthodox Church and 208; Ukraine as sole successor to 161; unity myth 207-208 Kymlicka, Will 56-57 Laba, Roman 130 Laitin, David 134 Laputina, Yuliya 212 Laqueur, Walter 117-118, 122, 142, 157 Lamelle, Marlene 45, 181-182, 184, 218
Index 273 Latvia 53-54 Latvian émigrés 103-104 Lavrov, Sergei 5 Lebed, Nikolai 140, 147-148 Lenin, Vladimir 10-12, 73, 79, 121, 170, 192 Leninism 112 Lester, Jeremy 141 Levada, Yuri A. 148 Levada Centre 160 Liberal Democratic Party of Russia LDPR 121, 148 Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union - LDPSS 121 liberal nationalism 184 liberal universalism 41-43, 47, 57-58 Lichtheim, George 46 Lieven, Anatol 6 Light of Rus, The 197 ‘Little Green Men’ 234, 244-245 Little Russian project 180 LNR (Luhansk Peoples Republic) 4; cult of Stalin 251; historical myths of 250-252; Just Russia Party and 171; Ministry of State Security 251; Putin’s political representation in 49; Russian passport holders in 49-50; as Russian proxy 248-252; Russia’s annexation goals 17; Russification of 252; special forces unit in 195; Ukrainophobia in 247; see also DNR (Donetsk Peoples Republic), Donbas Loshkariov, Ivan D. 6-7, 57 Luhansk Precinct of Don Cossacks 197 Luhansk Volunteer Brigade-General Deniken 197 Lukashenka, Alyaksandr 7, 10, 86 Lukin, Vladimir 140 Luzhkov, Yuri 140, 230, 239 Lysenko, Vladimir 240 Malofeev, Konstantin 168-170 Malomuzh, Mykola 238 Malyarenko, Tetyana 234, 246-247 Malynkovych, Vladimir 106 Manannikov, Aleksei 146 masculinist nationalism 48 Matveeva, Anna 7, 8 Mazepa, Ivan 20 McAuley, Mary 130 McFaul, Michael 45, 52-53 Medvedchuk, Viktor 18, 210 Medvedev, Dmitry 80-81, 109, 263 Medvedev, Roy A. 117 Mendelson, Sarah E. 86 . Mendras, Marie 70 Messianism 145, 158 MI6 (SIS) 105 Minsk agreements 17-18 Mir, definition of 213-214 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 146 monarchism 171, 192
Monarchist Party 193 Moscow House 239 Motherland Party see National Patriotic Union of Russia Motyl, Alexander J. 104, 108 Movement Against Illegal Immigration 195 Movement for Democratic Reforms 140-141 multiculturalism 38, 52, 55-56 Munich Security Conference 160 Muscovy 73, 81, 84-85, 120, 134, 206, 215-216 National Alliance of Russian Solidarists -NTS 47, 100-102, 109-112, 167, 187, 192-193 National Bolshevik party 195 national Bolsheviks 47, 111, 122-123, 147, 171, 186-191, 198, 262 national Bolshevism 67, 72-74, 101-102, 115-118, 122, 132, 186-189 national communism 72-74 National Corps Party 196 National Democratic Alliance 196 national democrats 179, 183-185 National Front - NF 110 national identity: of Belarus 68; language as marker for 70; of Ukraine 68; see also Russian identities nationalism: citizenship and 49; definition of 37; dynamic model of 40-44; nation-states and 39-45; static model of 39 40, 57; as transitory phenomenon 1; see also Russian nationalism, Ukrainian nationalism nationalist particularism 41-43, 56-58 Nationalities Papers journal 103-104 National Patriotic Union of Russia 121, 147, 195, 197 National Salvation Front - FNS 142, 191, 232 National Socialist Initiative 197 National Unity Day 159, 210 nation-building models 149 Nation Speaks, A (manifesto) 112-114
274 Index nation-states: boundaries of 40; citizenship approach by 50; evolution of 40-41; evolution to plurality 51; liberal universalism within 47; nationality policies within 47^48; pluralism within 38 nativism 52 NATO-Ukraine joint military manoeuvres 234 Navalny, Alexei 50-51, 181-182, 184-185 NED (National Endowment for Democracy) 104 Nemtsov, Boris 140, 181, 182-184, 202 neo-imperialism 184 neo-Nazis: deny Ukrainian nation’s existence 15; ideologies of 47; influence of 48; KGB turning blind eye to 194; in Odesa 100; role in Ukraine war 194-195; Soviet media and 120-121; see also Russian National Unity - RNE neo-Slavophilism 118 Neo-Soviet Russian identity 71 neo-Stalinism 118 neo-Stalinist Marxism 118 New Russia 15; failure of 79; as a holy war 192; on loan to Ukraine 78; original inhabitants of 243-244; public opinion of 244; Putin reviving the term 243; Putin’s annexation of 252; Russian control over 19 New Russia project: artificiality of 245; failed support for 135; Holy Rus and 242; key to success of 245-246; overview of 242-246; red-white-brown coalition 47, 72, 190; red-white-brown coalition launching of 197; red-whitebrown coalition providing foundation of 190; red-white-brown nationalism 265; Russian-speaking Ukrainian patriots and 218, 229; Solzhenitsyn and 108; Surkov and 169 Novyj Mir (New World) journal 118 New Zealand 50 Nikolaevna, Anastasia 167 Nikolayev, Andrei 130 Nizhni Novgorod 140, 182 non-Russian nationalists 110 non-Russian Soviet republics 46, 132 Novgorod, Russia 13, 71, 81, 85, 134, 215-216 NPT (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty) 12 Obama,
Barack 238 Ogurtsov, Igor 111 Okhlobystin, Ivan 192 Olearchyk, Roman 210 Onuch, Olga 76 Onufrii, Metropolitan 213 Opposition Bloc Party 69, 248 Opposition Platform - For Life Party 69, 210, 248 Orange Revolution 75, 159 Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists -OUN47, 75, 80, 105, 107 Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists abroad - OUNz 106, 123, 125 Orthodox Church of Ukraine 82, 161, 206, 215 Orthodox Fundamentalism 112, 171 Orthodox-Monarchist nationalism 170 Orthodox-Slavic Values conference 211 Orthodoxy-Autocracy-Nationality 3^4, 111 Osipov, Vladimir 102 Other Russia 197 Our Contemporary 118 Our Home is Russia Party 146, 231 Our Ukraine 110 Pamiat (Memory) movement 100, 120-122, 147, 188, 194 Pan-Russian Nation 69-70, 145, 163 Party of Economic Revival of Crimea PEVK 231 Party of Regions 69, 189, 229, 232-235, 239 Party of Russian Unity and Accord PRES 146 patriotism 42, 76 see also civic nationalism Patriots of Russia Party 122 Patrushev, Nikolai 85 Payne, Daniel P. 6 Peace for Luhansk 248 Pelenski, Jaroslaw 107 Peoples Council 197 People’s Democratic Party - NDP 197, 233 Peoples Front ‘Sevastopol-Crimea-Russia’ 233 People’s Militia 197 Peskov, Dmitry 25, 216-217 Petlura, Symon 99 Petro, Nicolai N. 5, 7, 44 Petro Poroshenko Bloc 110 Pipes, Richard 45
Index 275 Plokhy, Serhii 157 pluralism 38, 43 Poland 105 see also Ukrainian-Polish relations Polish émigrés 104-105 Polish nationalists 104 Polish-Ukrainian border 264 Ponomaryov, Vyacheslav 247 populist nationalism 43 Poroshenko, Petro 18, 24, 237 Porter, Bruce D. 133 Portugal 48 Posev publishing house 101, 103 post-Soviet Russia 131-134 Potichnyj, Petro 104 Power to the People! 147 Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia’s Interests 80-81 Prilepin, Zakhar 122, 249 Primakov, Yevgeny 21, 130-131, 143, 188 Primakov Doctrine 143, 263 Prina, Federica 44 Progressive Socialist Party 234 Prokhanov, Aleksandr 190 pro-Kremlin disinformation 25 Prolog Research Corporation 104, 106 Public Opinion Foundation 130 Purgin, Andrei 9 Purishkevich, Vladimir 100 Putin, Vladimir: challenging uti possidets’ principle 12-13; Crimea welcoming speech 263; defending autocracy 53; Denikin and 158-159; gathering of Russian lands and 3, 167, 210; historical-irredentist claims 13; Ilyin and 165-166; joining KGB 74; justifying Crimea annexation 81-82; on losing Crimea 228; love for Ukraine 78; manipulating history 10; at Medvedchuk’s conference 211; on Minsk agreements 17-18; NATO-Russia Council speech 114, 167; Orthodox Church and 204; paranoid of Ukrainian nationalism 117; response to EU’s Eastern Partnerships 168; returning to Tsarist Russian nationalist roots 163; reviving the term “New Russia” 243; self-determination principle and 10-11; socialised into Chekist culture 74; Stalin and 20; supporting White émigré writers’
rehabilitation 165; Ukraine obsession 214, 265; on Ukraine’s borders 242-243; on Ukraine’s separate history 14-16; Ukrainians’ negative view of 8; on Ukrainian sovereignty 17-18; Unity Party support for 148; view of Ukraine 10, 78-79; violating Ukraine’s sovereignty 165; xenophobic speech 160; Zelenskyy and 218 Raevskiy, Anton 4, 193 Rahr, Alexander 102 Rahr, Gleb 102 Rapawy, Stephen 135 RDK 231, 253-254n9 Rebet, Lev 99 red-brown coalition 22, 73, 142, 147-150, 163, 166, 179 see afeo red-white-brown coalition Reddaway, Peter 108 red-white-brown coalition: black hundreds wing of 192; coming to power 117; components of 118; denying Ukraine’s existence 150; description of 185-186; expanding political base 166; gathering of Russian lands and 190; influence of 248-249; launching operation New Russia 197; national Bolsheviks and 186; Orthodox fundamentalists and 171; Prokhanov and 190; providing foundation for New Russia project 190; providing logistical support for 2014 crisis 245; Putin’s green light to 243; using power to achieve hegemony 179-180; see also red-brown coalition red-white-brown nationalism 72 religious freedom 44-45 Renan, Ernest 43 Republican Movement of Crimea RDK 231-232, 253-254 Republican Party of Crimea - RPK 231-232 Reshetnikov, Leonid 170 re-Sovietisation 85 revanchism 168 Rodina (Motherland) clubs 120 Rogozin, Dmitry 121 Rose Revolution 159 Rowley, David G. 108 Russia: chauvinism towards Ukraine 24; chauvinistic attitude towards neighbours 138; conspiracy mania in
276 Index 75, 145; Eurasian foreign policy 21; foreign policy 133-134, 142-143, 159, 190, 263-264; frozen conflicts 138; great power nationalism 144, 191; great power role 145; hybrid warfare 138; issuing passports to Ukrainian citizens 49-50; Kremlin’s attitudes towards its neighbours 137-139; minority rights 37-38; nation-building strategies 37-38, 68; Near Abroad and 137; post-imperial syndrome 129; protecting compatriots 136; rehabilitation of Stalin 85; sovereign democracy 3^1, 158, 160; sovereignty definition 137-138; sphere of privileged interests 158; transitioning into hegemonic regional power 143; Ukrainians’ negative view of 8; USSR as the same as 22; views of history 80-86; violating UN Charter 13; White Russian émigrés influence on 167; see also KGB, Putin, Vladimir, USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) Russia Bloc 233-234 Russian АП-Military Union 4, 100 Russian All-Peoples Union - ROS 142 Russian-Belarusian Union 22, 70-71, 130-131, 143-144, 147, 232, 263 Russian Communist Workers’ Party of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union - RKRP-KPSS 147 Russian Community of Crimea - ROK 232 Russian conservatism 183 Russian Cossacks 197 Russian elites 132, 146, 158-159 Russian émigrés see White Russian émigrés Russian ethnic engineering 9 Russian fascism 193-195 Russian Federation 16; approach to independence 66; as a diaspora 135; expropriating Soviet institutions 131-132; as imagined community 129; as nationalists 47; seeking legitimacy from its imperial past 134; as separate from Soviet Union 46-47; Soviet legacy and 131-134 Russian great power nationalism:
civic nationalism vs 74-77; communism merging with 186; describing Kievan Russia 211; dominance of 87; dominant in Communist Party 75-76; evolution of 167; as implausible to Ukrainians 189-190; influence of 68; institutionalisation of 263-264; KPRF programme and 147; policies toward 144; promoted after Great Patriotic War 116; Putin and 143; Russian émigrés and 116, 168; Russian Orthodox Church and 162, 204-205, 209; Russian Orthodox fundamentalism and 207; Russian state institutions dominated by 131; separatism support from 265-266; in Soviet Communist Party 75-76, 117; in Soviet KGB 74; Stalinism fused with 72; transition toward 21, 149; see also Eurasianism, national Bolshevism Russian great power nationalists: Chekists as 132; demanding Eurasia as Russia’s sphere of influence 214; laying claim to Kyiv Rus 191; Putin and 10; Russian Orthodox Church and 192-193; support for Russian imagined community 58; supporting territorial claims 230; view of Ukraine and Ukrainians 23, 217; views of Russian-Belarusian Union 144 Russian hybrid warfare 17-19, 133-135, 138, 170, 196, 237, 239 Russian identities: based on Russian language 70; as civic 72; competing 69-72; components of 144-146; conspiracy mania in 145; as extension of Soviet identity 66; messianism and 145; under Putin 71; as racially defined 70; Shenfield’s view of 71; tied to religion 157; Tsarism and 71; variations of 69-70; victimhood, sense of 144 Russian Image 122 Russian imperialism 22, 46, 112, 115, 131, 141, 163, 186, 264, 266 Russian Imperial Movement 197 Russian information warfare: anti-Semitism and 117;
denial of the Holodomor 85; denies Ukraine’s existence 21; denying Ukraine’s existence 21; depicting Ukraine 217; funding of 164; Holodomor and 85; Kremlin’s focus on 17; Russian chauvinism and 24; Russian-Ukrainian war and 195, 198, 245; supporting hybrid war 219; targeting Zelenskyy 265; themes of 17; Ukraine as third rate colony 25; on
Index 277 Ukrainian nationalists 74; on Ukrainian puppet state 25 Russian Institute of Strategic Research 170 Russian language 7, 81, 115, 133, 136 Russian liberalism 38, 140-146, 180-183, 231, 262 Russian Liberation Movement - ROA 100-101 Russian national democracy 73, 104, 108-109, 183, 185, 198, 262 see also national democrats Russian National Front 197 Russian nationalism: anti-Semitic roots in 120-121; in Crimea 231-232; critical junctures in 157-163; factors of 21-23; insecurities of 48-49; myth of 45-47; in Soviet communism 116; Soviet leaders’ support for 114-115; as state policy 115; as substitute state ideology 117; transformation of 75-76; Ukraine relationship and 50-51 Russian nationalists: imprisoned dissidents 109-111, 123; liberalism as viewed by 109; return to ‘normality’ 116-117; view of Russia’s borders 129-130; view of Ukraine 78-79; Yeltsin as first 108 Russian National Liberation Movement -NAROD 183 Russian National Movement 169 Russian National Unity - RNE 9, 100, 121, 147-148, 171, 190, 194-197 Russian Orthodox Army 192-193, 197 Russian Orthodox Church: canonical control of Ukraine 206; canonical territory of 205; at centre of Russian culture 3; claiming lineage to Kyiv Rus 208; competing schools in 208-209; denials of Ukraine’s existence 220; function of 208; KGB infiltration in 204; legitimising unity with Orthodox Church in Ukraine 161; Leninism and 112; messianic views of 206-207, 211-212; pan-Russian nation and 163-164; re-legalising of 187, 204; reuniting domestic and émigré branches of 160, 167; role of 204; Russian-Ukrainian war and 212-213;
as state church in USSR 204; support for Putin 221; Ukrainophobia and 163, 206 Russian Orthodox fundamentalism 207, 249 Russian Orthodox fundamentalists 192, 193 Russian Orthodoxy 70 Russian Party in the Soviet Communist Party 99, 117, 119-120, 187, 194 Russian Party of Crimea - RPK 231, 232 Russian patriotism 207 Russian Patriots 112-114 Russian Peoples Assembly 148 Russian-Speaking Compatriots 70 Russian Spring 21, 72, 100, 122, 186 Russian Supreme Soviet 230 Russian-Ukrainian border: Russian recognising 139-140; Russia’s definition of sovereignty and 137-138; as symbolic 138 Russian-Ukrainian naval clash 237 Russian-Ukrainian relations: conference proceedings for 107-108; Crimea as source of tension in 65; inter-state treaty and 156; Kuchma normalising 131; Russian Orthodox Church and 205-206; treaty’s impact on 138-139; White Russian émigrés influence on 2 Russian-Ukrainian treaty 235-237, 240 Russian-Ukrainian war 2; casualties of 3; as ‘civil war’ 220; continuation of 266; deep roots of 157; escalation of 16; as fratricidal war 220; Petro’s view of 7; Russia’s options to escalate 19-20; South Ossetia gambit and 238; Zelenskyy’s view of 15-16 Russian Union 107, 165, 169 Russian Union of the eastern Slavs 184 Russian Unity Party 8-9, 142, 143, 148 Russian World: factors underpinning 214; goal of 49; Holy Rus as core of 214; as incarnation of Kievan Russia 23; Orthodox messianism infused into 205; Putin’s view of 189, 214; rebuilding natural unity of 157-158; Russian Orthodox Church’s ties to 209; support in the Donbas 242; Ukraine as dissident in 218; Ukraine
disinterest in 219-220; Ukrainians support for 244; weak support for 135; Western Ukraine not part of 78-79 Russian World Foundation 160, 167 Russian youth 145-146, 159 Russia Party 102, 118
278 Index Russia-Ukraine treaty 138 Russian-Ukrainian union 130 Russification 56, 111, 115, 252 Russophobie Western Ukraine 78-79 Rus-Ukrainian Union 233 Rutskoi, Aleksander 129-130, 230 Rywkin, Michael 103-104 Ryzhkov, Nikolay 147 Saakashvili, Mikheil 238 Sandler, Shmuel 158 Sapozhnikov, Dmitry 193 Sasse, Gwendolyn 76 Savitsky, Pyotr N. 187 Security Service of Ukraine - SBU 9, 25, 212, 239-240 self-determination 10-12, 107, 183 Self-Reliance Party 110 Serbian Communist Party 117-118 Serbian nationalists 48 Serov, Valeriy 139 Sevastopol 17, 23, 78. 134, 139-141, 149, 181, 230-235 Shakhmatov, Mikhail 187 Shakhovskoi, Dmitry 170-171 Shakhrai, Sergey 146 Sharina, Natalia 44 Shcherbytskyy, Volodymyr 56, 115 Shelepin, Alexander 99 Shelest, Petro 74 Shenfield, Stephen 71 Sherr, James 5-6 Shevchenko Scientific Society 103 Shield of Moscow 197 Shkandrij, Myroslav 2, 83 Shlapentokh, Vladimir 142 Shpak, Georgy 121 Shushkevich, Stanislav 66-67 Siloviki (security forces) 187 Skak, Mette 72 slavery, injustice of 51-52 Slavic Assembly 148 Slavic Force 196 Slavic Union 195 Slavophilism 158 Smith, Hedrick 129 Smith, Rogers Μ. 51 Snyder, Timothy 102-103 Sobchak, Anatoly 140-141 Socher, Johannes 10 Socialist Party of Ukraine 189 Solchanyk, Roman 217 Soldatov, Andrei 2 ‘Solidarity with Russia’ open letter 170-171 Soloviev, Vladimir 239 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 25, 78, 102-103, 107, 165 Sotiriou, Stylianos A. 6 South Ossetia 238-239 sovereign democracy 3-A, 158, 160 Soviet Communist Party 118 Soviet identity 66, 68-69, 242, 250 Soviet nationalism 46 Sovietology: broadening of 1; focused on
Kremlinology 1; in the UK 1 Soviet patriotism 120 Soviet propaganda discourse 74 Soviet Union see USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) Spain 48 Stakhanov, Alexei 250 Stalin, Joseph: admiration for 112; positive view of 3; Putin’s admiration of 20; as Russian nationalist 114-115; self-determination principle and 10 Stalinism 72, 84, 87, 186-187 Stankevych, Sergei 133 State Committee on the State of Emergency - GKChP 190-191 Stephan, John J. 100 Stroyev, Yegor 140 Stus, Vasyl 111 Suchasnist publishing house 106 Suny, Ronald G. 157 Surkov, Vladislav 15, 24, 37, 160, 169, 197 Sushentsov, Andrey A. 6-7, 57 Svoboda (Freedom) Party 76 Symonenko, Ivan 233 Tikhon, Archimandrite 192 Tolstoy, Pyotr 21 Tolz, Vera 13, 24, 26, 33, 40, 46, 60, 64, 69-71, 81, 90, 94, 95, 134, 144-145, 152, 154, 156-157, 159, 163, 165-166, 172, 174, 176, 181, 186, 194, 199, 201, 216, 227, 250, 256 Tonoyan, Lydia S. 6 Transnistrian region 16, 19, 21, 31, 92, 135, 148, 183, 225, 245, 253, 258 Treaty of Pereyaslav 80, 83-84, 139-140, 216 Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation and Partnership 138-139 Trenin, Dmitri 6, 24 Trotsky, Leon 106
Index 279 Trubetskoi, Nikolai S. 187 Trump, Donald 42, 185 Tsarism 71 Tsarist Russian Empire 75, 80, 83, 110-111, 166, 180, 187, 210, 213, 264 Tuzla Island 235-237 Tyutrinin, Ivan 182 Ukraine: as anti-criminal revolution example 182; as artificial construct 5, 14-15, 23, 72-73, 79; CIS Customs Union and 244; cultural split of 5-7; declaring independence 66; as disinterested in Russian World 219-220; European integration and 41; Indigenous Peoples law 19; joining NPT 12; as Kyiv Rus successor 82; minority rights 37-38; national communism of 73; national democratic constituency 110; national identity of 68; nation building 37-38; nation-building strategies 66; parliamentary system 69; patriotism and 76; portrayed as ‘Little Russian tribe’ 80; as puppet of the West 158; pursuing eastern Slavic identity 57; Russian anger, roots of 216; Russian attitudes to 141-142; Russian chauvinism toward 147; Russian political and religious leaders’ view of 214-216; Russian schizophrenia towards 5; Russian speakers refusing assimilation 134; as sole successor to Kyiv Rus 161; struggle for independence 109; territorial integrity 23; training Russian nationalists in 239-240; as Western project 24—25 Ukrainian Autocephaly 162 Ukrainian Choice - Right of the People Party 210 Ukrainian émigrés 101, 106 Ukrainian Helsinki Group 111 Ukrainian Historical Journal 84 Ukrainian independence 73-74 Ukrainian Institute of National Memory 75 Ukrainian Insurgent Army - UPA 17, 75, 102-103, 104 Ukrainian language: banning of 20, 80-81; defenders of 163; defend from Russification 44, 48; intolerance for 56;
opposition to affirmative action for 57; reduction of use 252; removal of 9; Russian liberals mocking 180; Soviet Union’s view of 23-24 Ukrainian minority 44 Ukrainian nationalism: exaggerated focus on 8; insecurities of 49; Russia’s paranoia of 74-75, 117 Ukrainian patriots 247-248 Ukrainian-Polish relations 104-105, 264 Ukrainian Republican Party 110 Ukrainian Revolutionary Democratic Party - URDP 106 Ukrainian-Russian relations see Russian-Ukrainian relations Ukrainians: attitudes towards Russia 220; ethnic identity and 136; independence referendum 218-219; as ‘Little Russians’ 14-15; negative view or Russian leaders 219-220; Polish emigres attempt at reconciliation with 104-105; Russia passports issued to 49-50; Russification of 44; support Crimea returning to Ukraine 219; support EU membership 22; support NATO membership 22; view of history 80-86; view of Kyiv Rus 264; view of Putin, Vladimir 8; view of Russia 8 Ukrainian security forces 77 Ukrainian sovereignty 17-18, 139, 149, 206, 228, 230, 232, 240 Ukrainian SSR (Soviet Socialist Republic) 11 Ukrainophobia: Black Hundreds and 192; in children’s magazines 248; in Crimea 247; in the Donbas 246-248; Kremlin campaign 160; Medvedchuk and 210; origins of 74-75, 216-218; Russian black hundreds and 192; Russian Orthodox Church and 163, 206; Russian Party of Crimea and 232; in Soviet KGB 74; Soviet legacies and 75; state sponsored 39 Umland, Andreas 188 UNHCHR (UN High Commissioner for Human Rights) 3, 14 Union for the Spiritual Rebirth of the Fatherland 147 Union of Afghan Veterans 232 Union of Bearers of Orthodox Banners
197 Union of Cossack Organisations of Ukraine 197 Union of Donbas Volunteers 169, 197 Union Party 232
280 Index United Russia Party 8-9, 69, 143, 159, 233, 248 United States (USA): Asian immigration and 52; CIA 104, 105; citizenship 51-52; citizenship legislation 52; funding influential publishing houses 105; immigration issues 52; immigration restrictions 54-55; integrationism and 53; plurality in 51; slavery, injustice of 51-52 United Workers Front of Russia 147 Unity Day state holiday 159, 210 universal liberalism 56 Urban, Michael 110 US Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) 44-45 USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics): disintegration of 67, 129, 144; dissident Russian nationalists in 109-111, 123; imprisoned dissidents in 108; national bolshevism in 115; referendum for preservation of 67; revival of 22; Russian Orthodox Church as state church 204; Russian SFSR as separate from 46-47; as synonymous with Russia 22; see also KGB uti possidets’ principle 12-13 Uvarov, Sergei 34 Valuev Circular 180 Verkhovsky, Alexander 207 Vernadsky, Gennady N. 187 Vladimir, Nikolai 167 Vlasov, Andrey 100 Volodymyr, Metropolitan 161, 162, 208-209 see also Russian Orthodox Church Volodymyr the Great 161 Voshchanov, Pavel 137-138 Warning: Zionism! 112 Wawrzonek, Michal 7, 10, 212 Western decadence 25 Westernisers 141 Western nationalism 39 Western nation-states 50 Western Sovietology 1 White Russian émigrés: 2014 Ukraine crisis and 168-171; attitudes towards Ukraine 99; children of 164; description of 99; Eurasianism and 102; growing influence of 161; on growth of great power 101-102; influence of 166, 170-171; KGB and 164; main enemy of 99; nationalism and 166-168;
opposing Western values 164-165; rehabilitation of 164; returning home 163-166; Russian Orthodox Church and 167; as statist imperialists 186; sympathetic to fascist political systems 193-194; ties to KGB 164 Wilson, Andrew 165, 237 Wishnevsky, Julia 121 Wojnowski, Zbigniew 46 Wolff, Stefan 234, 246-247 Wolkonsky, Alexandre 101 Wolves (Cossack) Company 197 xenophobia, anti-Western 41, 75, 112 Yakovlev, Aleksandr 121 Yakunin, Gleb 111 Yakunin, Vladimir 169 Yale University 51-52 Yanov, Alexander 114, 129 Yanukovych, Viktor 22, 57, 236, 263 Yaroslav the Wise 161 Yavlinsky, Grigory 12, 74, 140 Yekhanurov, Yuriy 238 Yeltsin, Boris 67, 69, 73, 108, 134, 139 Young Guard 118, 159 Young Russians 194 Young Russia Youth Movement 159 Yushchenko, Viktor 80-81, 85, 239 Zakharchenko, Aleksandr 221, 248, 250-251 Zakharova, Mariia 5 Zaslavsky, Vladimir 118 Zatulin, Konstantin 138, 233, 239 Zdrilyuk, Serhiy 250 Zelenskyy, Volodymyr: election of 15, 217, 265; independence anniversary speech 14; peace treaty negotiations 218; on Russian-Ukrainian war 10, 15-16 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir 121, 148, 239, 261 Zhuchkovsky, Aleksandr 196 Zhurzhenko, Tatiana 76-77 Zubov, Andrei 3 Zygar, Mikhail 71, 163, 210 Zyuganov, Gennadiy 138, 147 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DK508 |
| callnumber-raw | DK508.852 |
| callnumber-search | DK508.852 |
| callnumber-sort | DK 3508.852 |
| callnumber-subject | DK - Russia, Soviet Union, Former Soviet Republics, Poland |
| classification_rvk | MG 82094 MG 85080 MG 85330 ML 7260 NQ 8300 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1295430728 (DE-599)KXP1774517280 |
| dewey-full | 947.7086 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 947 - Russia & east Europe |
| dewey-raw | 947.7086 |
| dewey-search | 947.7086 |
| dewey-sort | 3947.7086 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Politologie Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ukraine Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV047940833 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:35:17Z |
| indexdate | 2025-02-24T11:11:10Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781032043173 9781032043203 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033322317 |
| oclc_num | 1295430728 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-188 DE-11 DE-12 DE-29 DE-521 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-188 DE-11 DE-12 DE-29 DE-521 |
| physical | 280 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220701 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Europa country perspectives |
| spelling | Kuzio, Taras 1958- Verfasser (DE-588)120488523 aut Russian nationalism and the Russian-Ukrainian War autocracy-orthodoxy-nationality Taras Kuzio London ; New York Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2022 280 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Europa country perspectives Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Russisch-Ukrainischer Krieg (DE-588)106969780X gnd rswk-swf Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd rswk-swf Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Ukraine Conflict, 2014- / Causes Nationalism / Russia (Federation) Ukraine / Foreign relations / Russia (Federation) Russia (Federation) / Foreign relations / Ukraine Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 g Russisch-Ukrainischer Krieg (DE-588)106969780X s Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 s Geschichte z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-003-19143-8 (DE-604)BV047904414 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033322317&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033322317&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Kuzio, Taras 1958- Russian nationalism and the Russian-Ukrainian War autocracy-orthodoxy-nationality Russisch-Ukrainischer Krieg (DE-588)106969780X gnd Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)106969780X (DE-588)4041300-7 (DE-588)4061496-7 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Russian nationalism and the Russian-Ukrainian War autocracy-orthodoxy-nationality |
| title_auth | Russian nationalism and the Russian-Ukrainian War autocracy-orthodoxy-nationality |
| title_exact_search | Russian nationalism and the Russian-Ukrainian War autocracy-orthodoxy-nationality |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Russian nationalism and the Russian-Ukrainian War autocracy-orthodoxy-nationality |
| title_full | Russian nationalism and the Russian-Ukrainian War autocracy-orthodoxy-nationality Taras Kuzio |
| title_fullStr | Russian nationalism and the Russian-Ukrainian War autocracy-orthodoxy-nationality Taras Kuzio |
| title_full_unstemmed | Russian nationalism and the Russian-Ukrainian War autocracy-orthodoxy-nationality Taras Kuzio |
| title_short | Russian nationalism and the Russian-Ukrainian War |
| title_sort | russian nationalism and the russian ukrainian war autocracy orthodoxy nationality |
| title_sub | autocracy-orthodoxy-nationality |
| topic | Russisch-Ukrainischer Krieg (DE-588)106969780X gnd Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Russisch-Ukrainischer Krieg Nationalismus Ukraine Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033322317&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033322317&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kuziotaras russiannationalismandtherussianukrainianwarautocracyorthodoxynationality |