Belarus: prospects of a middle power
"Belarus, a middle-sized nation with more than a thousand years of history, is not well known beyond periodic media headlines. Modern scholarly and popular literature covers only fragments from Belarus's long history and current geopolitical, social, and cultural issues. Belarusian history...
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London
Lexington Books
[2022]
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Summary: | "Belarus, a middle-sized nation with more than a thousand years of history, is not well known beyond periodic media headlines. Modern scholarly and popular literature covers only fragments from Belarus's long history and current geopolitical, social, and cultural issues. Belarusian history in this book differs in many aspects from history and myths created by Russian scholars and propagated worldwide. The author argues for the existence of a Western-Ruthenian (Belarusian-Ukrainian) civilization as a sub-civilization of Western civilization and thus different from Eurasian civilization. With original, detailed, and critical views on Belarusian history from the ninth century to the present, it explores the latest information about Belarusian society regarding mentality, identity, religion, current elites, the Revolution of Hope 2020. It then analyzes the future prospects of Belarus based on an assessment of modern trends in human societal and political development. It provides detailed analysis of current activities of Belarusian national and ruling elites and their ideologies vis-à-vis the building of a nation-state"-- |
| Physical Description: | xxxv, 311 Seiten Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781793654915 9781793654939 |
Staff View
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| 505 | 8 | |a From Ethnos to a Nation (Belarusians in the 9th to 19th Centuries) -- Belarusian Statehood in the Twentieth Century -- Belarusian-Ukrainian/Western-Ruthenian Civilization -- Belarusians and Ukrainians Belong to Western Civilization -- The Conditions for Nation-building in Belarus in the Late Twentieth Century -- General Information about Modern Belarus -- National Identity and Language -- The Mentality of Belarusian Society (Belarusianess) -- Church and Nation -- Theoretical Models of the Belarusian National State Construction -- Under the "Patronage" of Russia -- "Belarus to Europe" -- Neutrality by Form and Content and Europeanism by Spirit -- Belarusian Elites and Nation-building Today -- The Revolution of Hope | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "Belarus, a middle-sized nation with more than a thousand years of history, is not well known beyond periodic media headlines. Modern scholarly and popular literature covers only fragments from Belarus's long history and current geopolitical, social, and cultural issues. Belarusian history in this book differs in many aspects from history and myths created by Russian scholars and propagated worldwide. The author argues for the existence of a Western-Ruthenian (Belarusian-Ukrainian) civilization as a sub-civilization of Western civilization and thus different from Eurasian civilization. With original, detailed, and critical views on Belarusian history from the ninth century to the present, it explores the latest information about Belarusian society regarding mentality, identity, religion, current elites, the Revolution of Hope 2020. It then analyzes the future prospects of Belarus based on an assessment of modern trends in human societal and political development. It provides detailed analysis of current activities of Belarusian national and ruling elites and their ideologies vis-à-vis the building of a nation-state"-- | |
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Contents Preface ix Prologue: “Was, Worth, Will Be” xiii Maps xxiii A Gallery of Prominent Belarusians Whose Contributions Supported Nation-Building xxix PART I: THE HISTORY OF BELARUSIAN STATEHOOD 1 1 From Ethnos to a Nation (Belarusians in the Ninth to Nineteenth Centuries) 11 Belarusian Statehood in the Twentieth Century 31 PART II: THE PLACE OF BELARUSIANS AMONG CIVILIZATIONS 53 2 3 Belarusian-Ukrainian/Westem-Ruthenian Civilization 55 4 Belarusians and Ukrainians Belong to Western Civilization 73 PART III: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MODERN BELARUSIAN NATION 5 87 The Conditions for Nation-Building in Belarus in the Late Twentieth Century 91 6 General Information about Modem Belarus 99 7 National Identity and Language 113 8 The Mentality of Belarusian Society (Belarusianness) 125 vii
Contents viii 9 Church and Nation 141 PART IV: BELARUS: IN SEARCH OF ITS OWN WAY 149 10 Theoretical Models of the Belarusian National State Construction 155 11 Under the “Patronage” of Russia 169 12 “Belarus—to Europe” 183 13 Neutrality by Form and Content, and Europeanism by Spirit 193 14 Belarusian Elites and Nation-Building Today 205 15 The Revolution of Hope 225 Epilogue 239 Appendix A: Princes of Polatsk 255 Appendix B: Borders of Regions with a Majority Belarusian Population 257 Appendix C: Changes in Territory and Population of Modem Belarus 259 Appendix D: Periods of Nation-Building in Modem Belarus 261 Appendix E: Belarusian Olympians Rank First in Summer Games among the Countries of the Former USSR 263 Bibliography 265 Index 283 About the Author 311 TEXTBOX 1.0 TENTH UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON THE STANDARDIZATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES New York, 31 July-9 August 2012 Belarusian names (geographical and personal) in this book are given in accordance with the Roman alphabet transliteration of Belamsian geo graphical names.1
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Index Note to Index՛. Page references for figures and tables are italicized Abdziralovich, Ignat, xiv-xv Abkhazia, 152 Abramchyk, Mikola, 40 absolute freedom, 130 Academy of Sciences, 4-5, 43 Act of Restoration of Independence of Lithuania (1990), 92 Act on Democracy in Belarus (US), 234 Adamovich, Ales, xxxiv, xxxv, 230 Adodurov, V. E., 4 Agrarian Party, 131 agriculture in Belarus, 100,109-11, 194 agro-towns, 109-10 Akinchits, F., 46 Alani, 13 Albania, 183, 195 Aleksijevich, Svjatlana, 104, 156, 220, 230, 231 Alferov, Z., 104 Algerd (Grand Prince/Prince), 19, 20, 58, 60, 81 Alinevich, Igar, 219-20 АП-Belarusian People’s Assembly (2016), 136 All-Russian Legislative Assembly (1917), 34 alphabet: Cyrillic, 14; Latin, 26, 115 Anderson, Benedict, 156 Anisim, Alena, 219, 220 Anschluss, 3, 45, 222 anti-Islamists, 154n2, 185. See also Islam; Muslims anti-Muslim policy, 185 Argentina, 11ІПІ2, 233 Arians, 81 Armenia: as CSTO member, 199; as Eastern Partnership member, 184; independence from USSR, 93; indigenous ethnic groups, as percentage of population, 160 Armenians, living in Belarus, 100 assimilation: of Belarus into Eurasian politics and culture, 137; of Belarus into Russian politics and culture, 162; of Finno-Ugric tribes with Slavs, 56, 63,64 Astrouski, Radaslau, 31, 46 Astrousky, Ales, 212 athletics, in modem Belarus, 109-10, 263-64 Australia, 103, 11ІПІ2, 145 283
284 Austria: and EU membership, 190; importance of religion in daily life, 145; imports from Belams, 108; and neutrality, 197, 199; right-wing parties in, 185; and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 36; and UN membership, 196 Avrs, 13 Azerbaijan, 93, 100, 178, 184, 189, 207 Azov (Ukraine), 165 Babaryka, Viktar, 226, 231, 232-33, 245 Babich, Mikhail, 174 Bagdanovich, Maksim, xxxii Bahushevich, Frantsishak, xxx Bajchyshyn, Μ., 189 BAK (Belarusian Territorial Army), 46 Bakhanovich, A., 38 Balakhovich, B., 42 Baltic-Black Sea oil-reservoir/pipeline, 189 Baltic-Black Sea project, 188-89 Baltic-Black Sea Union, 189 Baltic Popular Front, 91-92 Balt theory, 11, 57 Bangladesh, importance of religion in, 145 Bashkirs, 13, 76, 249 Basilian Order, 24, 27 Battle of Grunwald, 20 Battle of Kalka, 59 Batu Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan), 4, 59, 61 Belaja Rus (NGO), 214 Belams, 40-48; as border between West and East, xiv-xv, 193-94; commonalities with Lithuania, 186-87; commonalities with Ukraine, 58, 115, 188; and CSTO, 199; Index and Declaration of Human Rights, 131; defacto recognition of annexation of Crimea, 199; development parallels with Russsia, 67-69; dictatorship in, 104,129,134,161, 166; as Eastern Partnership member, 184; and economic dependence on Russia, 176-77, 178, 180; and energy dependence on Russia, 189; as ethnically homogenous, 188; and ethnocide of Belarusians, 123, 161,212,226,245; as European not Eurasian country, 209; German occupation, WWI, 36; growing support of independent state, 193; as Hague Convention signatory, 195; high-ranking guests from Moscow visit, 2016, 175;
human rights in, 129, 212, 228, 233; independence from USSR, 93, 229; invasions by Russia, 170; Jews in, 33, 100, 101, 132; key factors in European nature of, 73-74; as member of Non-Alignment Movement, 197, 198; and military dependence on Russia, 169, 180; military exercises in, 175, 179; Mongols do not invade principalities, 59; Muslim-Christian ratio in, 82; and national security, xvii; 171 negative effects of Polanization on, historical, 194; and neutrality, 194-95, 198-200, 201-2, 251-52; and nuclear weapons, xvii, 194, 199; and open border with Russia, 189;
Index Orthodox-Muslim ratio in, 82; Orthodox-Catholic ratio in, 82; Poland’s support for, 187; Poles living in, 188; political and economic reforms, 1991, 127; political dependence on Russia, 180; prededents mitigating against Russian occupation of, 171; and pro-Russian fifth column, 169; Russian historical occupation of, 82; Russians living in, 116; as Russian-speaking civil state, 208; Russification of, xv, 26, 28, 47-48, 118, 127, 161-62, 194; and SCO, 201; Slav-other group ratio in, 64; soft colonization of, 169, 171-72, 174, 176, 232, 243, 245; and UN, 196, 197, 198, 200; urbanization of, 114; and visa-free entry, 177, 184; and World War I, 195, 240; and World War П, 45^16, 240 Belarus, historical development of. See Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL); Polatsk, Principality of; PolishLithuanian Commonwealth; pre chronicle period; Russian Empire Belarus, modem: agriculture in, 100, 108-10, 194; culture in, 104-6; demographics of, 100-103, 11Խ12, 247, 259; economy of, 106-8; education in, 104,105; and emigration, 101-3; geography of, 99-100; natural resources of, 100; and sports, 109-10, 263-64; territorial changes in, 261 Belarus, nation-building, late 20th century, 91-97; declaration of independence from Russia, 93; 285 events in neighboring countries, 91-92; founding of BPF Adradzenne, 91; glasnost policy, 91; money system, 94; national conscious, awakening of, 95; perestroika policy, 91; political structures, creation of new, 94-95; transparency policy, 91. See also Belarus, nation-building, theoretical models; Belams, nation-building today Belams, nation-building,
theoretical models, 155-66; civil state, 162, 163; ethno-cultural concept, 163; historical statehood, textbooks on, 157; hybrid model, 162, 163; scenarios for future, 166; two or multi-national state, 162. See also see also Belams, nation building, late 20th century; Belams, nation-building today Belams, nation-building today, 205-23; armed defense within Belams, 208; attempted boycott of elections, 215; civil organizations, 214; contempt/hostility to all national things, 207; creole state, 213; diaspora Belrusians, role in, 234-35; election boycotts, 215, 216; elections, 214-15; ethnocide, 212; homogeneity of indigenuos population, 247; independent media, 220-21; Lukashenka (See Lukashenka, Aliaksandr); military parades, 211; national festivals prohibition, 2ΙΟ Ι 1;
286 Index national platform need, 215-16, 219, 221, 235; oppositionists, 219-20; periods in modem Belarus, 262; political parties, 213-15; potential of national-conscious forces, 213-14; pro-government policymakers, 210; pro-govemment scientists and Eurasian theory, 209-10; promotion of patriotism, 213; repressive apparatus, 161, 212-13; Russian organizations, 208-9; social networking, 211; Svezij veter program, 215, 222; tenets of strategy for, 221-22; wealth distribution, 206-7. See also Belarus, nation-building, late 20th century; elites; elites, national-conscious; language Belarusian, as ethnic group, 113; worldwide comparison of size of, 155-56; Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (BAOC), 145 Belarusian Autoworks (dumptrucks), 107 Belarusian Central Rada (BCR), 31-32, 34, 36; as successor to BNR Rada, 46 Belarusian Christian Democracy (BCD), 143, 217, 231 Belarusian Christian Democratic Association, 94 “Belarusian Circle,” 103 Belarusian Communist Party, 118 Belarusian Democratic (Narodnaja) Republic (BNR Rada): and Bolsheviks, 37; and formation of modem statehood, 36-40; and League of Nations, 195; political crises in, 37-39; presidents of, 40; splits into Highest/People’s Rada, 38; supporters killed in 1930s, 39 Belarusian Institute of Culture, 43 Belarusian National Commissariat (Belnatskam), 40 Belarusian National Committee (BNC), 34 Belarusian National Congress, 217, 218 Belarusian National Front (BNF), 189 Belarusian National Movement, 28, 44, 131 Belarusianness (factors in mentality of society), 125-38; death penalty, 132-33; definition of, 125;
dictatorship, 129; external circumstances, 127-28; fear, 135, 155, 159, 206, 213, 217, 245, 250; homosexuals, 132; independence, 114; individual freedom, low levels of, 130; language issues, 128, 134; migrants, 132; national freedom, 130-31; negative passion, 134-35; nontraditional refigions, 132; patience, xiv, 107, 133, 206, 207; political culture, low levels of, 129-31; Russian literature, 126-27; same-sex marriage, 132; self-identification as Soviet people, 113; survival mentality, 133-34; tolerance, 132-33, 134, 198; xenophobia, 113, 132 Belarusian People’s Front, 213-14 Belarusian People’s Republic (BNR; 1918), xv, 35-40, 87, 246; creation of, 36; declaration of, 31; destruction of national elites in, 88 Belarusian Popular Front (BPF) “Revival (Adradzenne)”:
Index and Baltic-Black Sea oil-reservoir/ pipeline, 189; crumbling of, 94-95; and declaration of independence, 93; founding of, 92; youth associations, 92 Belarusian Popular Socialists, 33 Belarusian Regional Committee (BRC), 35 Belarusian Social Democratic Labor Party, 34 Belarusian Social Democratic Party (Hramada), 33, 94, 213-14, 219 Belarusian Social-Sportive Party, 214 Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR; 1919-1990), xiii, xvi, 40-48; administrative structure of, 41-44; Belarusianization policy ends in, 44; economy of, 42; education in, 43—44, 45, 48; establishment of, 40; independence restored, 39; language in, 43,45; population of, 45; and post-WWn, 47^18; print media in, 43, 48; proclamation of, 31; repression of freedoms in, 43, 46-47; repression of national-conscious Belarusians in, 44-45; sovereignty declaration by, 32, 113-14; territory of, 41, 42, 45; and WWB, 45-46 Belarusian statehood, 20th century: and Belarusian People’s Republic, 35-40, 87; favorable/unfavorable periods during, 240-41; first stage after revolution of Feb 1917, 31, 32-34; and Germany, 35-36; independence proclamations, 31-32; 287 second stage after October Revolution, 31; and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 36. See also Belarusian Democratic (Narodnaja) Republic (BNR Rada); Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR; 1919-1990) Belarusian State University, 43 Belarusian Territorial Army (BAK), 46 Belarusian Union of Landowners, 33 Belarusian Union of Youth (SBM), 46 belarusizatsyja, 240 Belams Peasant Party, 95 Belavus, P., 219, 221 Belgium, 99, 107, 115, 143 Berlin Wall, 92, 138, 171, 239
Bjaljatski, Ales, 220 Black Sea-Baltic Sea Association, 251 Black Sea-Caspian steppe, 29n4 bloggers, 219, 221, 226-27 Blue Waters, battle at, 20, 60 BNR Rada. See Belarusian Democratic (Narodnaja) Republic (BNR Rada) Bogolyubsky, Andrei, 4 Bogsch, Lazar, 17 Bologna Process, 104 Bolshevik Military Revolutionary Committee of the Western Front, 34 border(s): abolition within EU, 183; Belams as, between West and East, xiv-xv, 193-94; of modern Belams, 99; of modem Belams, changes in, 259; open, between Belams and Russia, 189; of regions with majority Belarusian population, 257 Bosnia, 12, 117, 183 BPF Party (Party of the Belarusian Popular Front/ Movement of the Belarusian Popular Front Adradzenne), 94, 218;
288 failure to join parliament, 1995, 96; and parliamentary election, 2019, 219; Vilna hosts founding meeting of, 92 Braslau, 16, 27, 73 Brest, 19, 25, 27, 73, 105 Brest Church Council, 23-24 Brest-Lvov line, 79 Brezhnev, Leonid, xvi, 88, 240 Britain. See Great Britain Brubaker, Rogers, xxin2, 162-63 BSSR. See Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR; 1919-1990) Budapest Memorandum Assurances on Security (1994), xvii, 181, 199, 240 Bulgaria: Catholics in, 82; as Eurasian civilization, 80; and Golden Horde, 62; Muslim-Christian ratio in, 81; national identity in, 117; and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 36 Burkhardt, Fabian, 163 Bykau, Vasil, xxxiv Calvinism, 23, 81 Cambodia, 196 Canada: Belarusian language in, 120; Belarusians in, 101-2, 103, 11ІПІ2; nonrecognition of 2020 election results, 228-29; official languages in, 115 Catalonia, xix, 151, 160 Cathedral of St. Sophia, 16 Catherine Π (Empress), 1-2, 5, 6 Catholicism. See Roman Catholicism; Uniate Church (Union Church) Charadzej (Prince), 16 Charnikevich, Tsikhan, 212 Charvjakou, Alexander, xxxii, 34, 40, 41,43 Chechnya, 159-60,179, 230 Index Chernigov, 15,40, 57 Chernobyl disaster, 158 China, 108, 196, 199, 243 Christianity: introduction into Kyivan Rus’, 13. See also Orthodoxy; Protestantism; Roman Catholicism; Uniate Church (Union Church) Christians, ratio to Muslims in Russia/ Bulgaria/Belarus/ Ukraine, 81-82 Chuvash, 13, 64, 65, 66 CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States), 100-101, 106,180 civilization, defining, 53, 83, 86n35 civil Russian-speaking state, as nation building model, 244 classic Eurasianists, 75-76, 77
coat of arms (Pahonja), 36, 96, 186 collective pride, 244 Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), 77, 89, 94, 171, 175, 180, 199, 245, 251 collectivization, 42, 46-47, 110, 114, 240 color revolution, 233 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 100-101, 106, 180 Communist International, 44 Communist Party of Belarus, 43, 44, 93, 219 Conservative Christian Party/Belarusian People’s Front, 213-14 Cooper, Frederick, xxin2 Coordinating Committee, 208, 231,233 Coordination Council of Belarus, 231, 232 Cossacks patroling Belarusian streets, 208-9 Costa Rica, 196 Council of Princes in Lubech (1097), 3 Council of Vidzeme, 32 Counter-Reformation, 23, 73-74, 81 COVID-19 epidemic, 131, 225, 252 CP(b), 50n32
Index CP(b)B (1st Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Belarus), 40-41 CPSU (Politburo of the Communist Party of the USSR), xvi, 50n32, 170 Crimea: annexation by Russia, 116, 152, 153, 179, 251; defacto recognition of annexation by Belarus, 199 Croatia, 12, 59,151, 160 CSTO (Collective Security Treaty Organization), 77, 89, 94, 171, 175, 180, 199, 245, 251 Cuba, 109, 246 culture: lack of state support for native, 207; language of opera and ballet programs, 120; prohibition of national festivals, 210-11. See also cultures/identities/ orientations, two; language Culture (magazine), 187 cultures/identities/orientations, two : aborigen-ethno-nationalists and creole, 205; conscious and non-conscious, 205; culture 1 and culture 2, 205; national, post-Soviet and Western Russian, 205; nationalists and cosmopolitans, 205 Cumans, 13, 62 currency: Belarusian ruble, 107; devaluation of, 107,133, 207; post-USSR, 94 Cyprus, 197 Cyrillic alphabet, 14 Czechoslovakia, and Russian aggression, 170, 179 Czech Republic: Belarusian emigration to, 103, 11ІПІ2; 289 and Belarusian imports/exports, 107, 108; non-believers in, 143; official language in, 121 Dal, V., 65 Danilevsky, Nikolai, 75 Danilovich, Yuri (Prince), 61 Dashkevich, Zmitser, 146, 212, 218 Day of Freedom (25 March), 158, 219 death penalty, attitude toward, 132-33 Declaration of Human and Civil Rights (France), 131 Declaration of Sovereignty of Belarus (1990), 32 Declaration of Sovereignty of the B SSR (1990), 113-14 Decree 683 “Concerning National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation,” 233-34 democracy: Act on
Democracy in Belarus, 234; and BPF Adradzenne, 92; double standards relating to, 201; lack of support by Belarusians, 130, 136; relationship to national identity, xvii Democracy Index rankings, 129 Democratic Republic of Georgia, 87 demographics: in modem Belarus, 100-103, 1 lini2, 247; in modem Belarus, changes in, 261՛, population, recent, 157; population decline, recent, 144-45; white us. non-white, 132. See also ethnicity; religion Denmark, neutrality during WWI, 195, 196 diaspora, Belarusian, 234-35 dictatorship: in Belarus, 104, 129, 134, 161, 166; in USSR, 32-33, 47, 50n32, 88 disappearances, 88, 135 Dmitryev, Andrej, 217
Index 290 Dmowski, Roman, 33 Dolgoruky, Yury, 4, 61 Donbass, 80, 152, 163, 174, 179, 188, 240, 251 Dounar-Zapolski, Mitrafan, xxx, 28 Drobysh, V., 136 Druia, Magdeburg rights in, 73 Dugin, Alexander, 75, 76-77 Dunin-Martsinkevich, Vincent, xxixXXX Duz-Dusheuski, K., 235nl dvuhver’je (Paganism-Orthodoxy hybrid), 13 Dyleusky, Siarhei, 231 EAEU (Eurasian Economic Union), 77, 79, 106, 137, 178-79, 207, 209, 210 Eastern Partnership, 184 Eastern Slavs: Belarusians as descended from, 11; migration from west to east, 11-13; Paganism as religion of, 11; principalities of, ххш-ххіѵ; trinity of, criticism of past/modern use of, 2, 22, 74-79, 209, 221, 241. See also Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL); Slavs Eberhardt, Piotr, 80, 83 economic freedom, 129 economy, and GDP, 106 economy, Belarusian, 106-8; currency, 106, 107; dependence on Russia, 106, 176, 180, 249; exports/imports, 107, 108-9, 176, 184; private business, 108, 110; private property, 108-9; tourism, 99, 110, 184 trade, 106-7, 208, 243 See also oil/gas education: in BSSR, 43; children’s in Polatsk, 16; communist influences in schools, 136; distance learning, 220; higher, 43-44, 220; to increase tolerance of Belarusian people, 133; lack of development of national, 138, 220; language of, in Belams, 117-18,120, 194, 220; as main task of national elites, 216; in modern Belarus, 104,105, 220; repression of professors and students, 232; Soviet style in Belams, 208; version of history taught, 117 Egypt, 145, 146, 160, 197 elections: boycott of 2010 campaigns, 215, 216; fraud in 2020, 227-30; nonrecognition of 2020 results, 228-29
elites: and Belarusian nation-building, 160-61, 205-23; events organized by official, 211; national, 189-90, 212-13, 220-21; opposition political, 216-17; rich as becoming more nationless, 152, 154n5. See also elites, national-conscious ehtes, national-conscious, 210, 244, 246; destruction during 1930s-40s, 177; and development of ethnos/nation, xv, 28; education as main task of, 216; extermination in USSR, 88; and independent media, 220-21; lack of support for, 97; and nation-building today, 212-13, 220-21; need for unity within, 217-18;
Index and neutrality, 200; and spy mania, 218-19; suppression of, 44—45, 207-9. See also Belarus, nation-building today; elites energy. See oil/gas England: abolishment of serfdom in, 28; Belarusian emigration to, 103. See also Great Britain; United Kingdom (UK) Epimakh-Shypila, Branislau, xxxi, 103 Ermachenka, I., 46 Ermalovich, Mikalaj, xxxiv, 17 Estonia, 93, 100, 102, 113, 116, 145, 170 Estonian People’s Front (1988), 91 ethnicity: of Great Russians, 18, 23, 64-65, 249; indigenous, in Japan, 160; and nation-building models, 244, 245; and pre-chronicle period, 11; Slav-other groups ratio in Ukraine, 64 ethnicity, Belarusian: and foundation of GDL, 18; in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 23; during pre-chronicle period, 11; in Principality of Polatsk, 13; in Russian Empire, 26 ethnocide of Belarrusians, 123, 161, 212, 226, 245 ethno-national identity, xiv Euphrasinija of Polatsk, 16-17, 29n8 Eurasian Civilization, vs. WesternRuthenianZBelarusian-Ukrainian, 82, 242 Eurasian Customs Union, 106 Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU; 2014), 77, 79, 106, 137, 178-79, 207, 209, 210 291 Eurasian ideology, 44, 74-79, 180, 207, 214; classic, 75-76, 77; neo-Eurasianists, 75, 76-78,174; and pro-government scientists, 209-10; and territorial aggression, 169-70 Eurasian steppe, 12-13, 29n4 European Alliance of People and Nations, 185 European High Education Area, 104 European Intervention Initiative, 198 European Parliament, 185 European People’s Party, 185 European Union (EU): abolition of borders within, 183; attitudes toward inclusion in, 17879; and Belarusian exports/imports, 107, 184; and
Belarusian membership, 184, 189-90; exits/possible exits from, 183-84; members/prospective members, 183; nonrecognition of 2020 election results, 228-29; prerequisites for Belarusian membership, 183; sanctions by, 184, 229, 234, 240, 250; security and defense policy of, 197-98 Evangelical-Lutheran Church, 142 exports/imports, 107, 108, 109, 176, 184 external factors, 178 fear, role Belarusian mentality, 135, 155, 159, 206, 213, 217, 245, 250 February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution (Russia), 32 Federal Law On Amendments to Article 331 of the Citizenship of the Russian Federation (2020), 249, 253n7
292 Index festivals, prohibition of, 210-11 feudalism. See Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL); Kyivan Rus’ Final Act on Security and Cooperation in Europe (1975), 171 Finland, 36, 45, 100, 117, 196, 197, 199 Finno-Ugric tribes, 18, 57, 249; assimilation of Slavs with, 56, 63, 64 First All-Belarusian Congress (1917), 35, 36 First Congress of People’s Deputies of the USSR (1989), 91-92 flags, of Belarus: red-green as current official, 227, 235nl; white-red-white, 36, 96; white-red-white, banned, 208, 212, 220, 227, 230-31, 235nl flax production, 108 forests, 100,194 Fowler, Mayhill, 45 France: Declaration of Human and Civil Rights, 131; homogeneity of, 160; and League of Nations, 195; and Munich Agreement, 45; nationalismin, 165; and Paris Peace Conference, 38-39; religion in, 143, 146; right-wing in, 185, 200; serfdom abolished in, 28; UN veto right of, 196 freedom: absolute, 130; repression in BSSR, 43, 46-47; strides toward Ukranian national, 242-43 freedom, in Belarus: attitude toward national, 130-31; attitude toward political, 130, 134; economic, 129; individual, low levels of, 130; religious, 141^12. See also Revolution of Hope (2020) Freedom Index, 129 freedom of the press, 129. See also media Freedom Party of Austria, 185 French Revolution, 131 Front National/National Rally (France), 185 Fukujama, Francis, xvii Fundamentalists, Christian, 154n2 future of Belarusian nation-state: absorption by Russia, 247-50, 248; joining to Russia, 248, 250; movement to EU, 248, 252-51; neutral country development, 250֊ 52; overview, 248 Gadleuski, V., 46 Gajdukevich, Oleg, 210 Galician
principality, 16, 17 Galubok, Uladzislau, xxxi Ganchar, Viktar, 222 Gancharyk, Uladzimir, 217 Garauski, Yury, 135 Garodnja, 19, 20 gas. See oil/gas Gaurylovich, A., 42 GDL. See Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) GDP (Gross Domestic Product), 106 Gedymin (Prince), 18, 19, 20, 81 Genghis Kahn, 58-59, 76 genocide, 42-43, 151 Georgia: as Eastern Partnership member, 184; and energy dependence on Russia, 189; independence from USSR, 93; Russia captures, 152; Russian historical occupation of, 82; Russian recent aggression against, 170, 179; Russians living in, 116 German Democratic Republic, 179
Index Germans, role in creation of Kyivan Rus’, 5 German-Soviet friendship treaty, 45 Germany: and Belarus imports/exports, 107; and election 2020 results, 228-29; and fall of Berlin Wall, 92, 138, 171, 239; occupation of Belarus during WWII, 45-46; and post-WWI Belarus, 35-36; Russian aggression toward, 170; and UN Security Council, 201. See also World War I (WWI); World War Π (WWII) Giedroyc, Jerzy, 187 Girkin, Mr., 174 glasnost, 91 globalization: and nationalism, 151, 152; and nation-building, xvii, 77, 149, 150, 151, 162, 181; rich vs. poor views on, 183 Golden Dawn (Greece), 151, 154n2 Golden Horde, 17,19, 21, 61, 62, 242 Golubeu, Valjantsin, 220 Gomel, 41, 42, 59 Gorbachev, Mikhail, xvi, 91, 92-93, 240 Gotts, 12 Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL), xv; Eastern Slavs in, 59; ethnicity in, 18; foundation of, 18-23; and Kingdom of Poland, xxvi; language in, 18-19, 114, 246; Magdeburg rights in, 21, 73; Muscovite/Ruthenian distinction in, 60-61; old Belarusian language as official in, 19, 114, 186, 246; physical size of, 19, 20; political system of, 22; printing technology in, 22-23; provinces on Belarusian lands, xxvii; religion in, 18, 19, 23, 73-74, 81; 293 role in development of Belarus, xv-xvi; Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 21, 22; as unifier of Slavs, 21, 60-63, 242; Vilnja becomes capital of, 19; wars with Moscovy, 20, 22, 25. See also Kyivan Rus’ ; Lithuania; Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rreszpospolita); Slavs Great Belarusian Council (GBC), 34, 35; Great Britain: and Belarusian imports, 107; exit from EU, 183-84; and League of Nations, 195; and Munich
Agreement, 45; and Paris Peace Conference, 38; UN veto right of, 196 Great Northern War, 22, 25, 63 Great Patriotic War. See World War Π (WWB) Great Russians: decrease in numbers in Russia, 101; as distinct from Belarusians, xiv; ethnicity of, 18, 23, 64-65, 249; and language issue, 65-66; under Mongol power, 59 Greece, 62, 82, 151, 154n2 Greek Catholic (Uniate) church. See Uniate Church (Union Church) Grodna: andBSSR, 41; decrease of nobility in, 27; GDL Statutes in, 21; Magdeburg rights in, 73; population of, 25; religion in, 81; serfs in, 28 Grodno, founding of, 17 Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 106 Gubarevich, Yury, 217 Gumilev, Lev, 75, 76 Gumilyov, L., 13, 61
294 Index Hadyka, Yu., 94 Hague Conventions, 195 Haiti, 233 Hanchar, Viktar, 135 Heniyush, Larisa, xxxiii-xxxiv Herzegovina, 12, 183 Hetmanate, 60-61 Hobbes, Thomas, 139n9 Holy Cross (Polatsk), 17, 29n8 Holy Roman Empire, 195 homosexuals, 132 horizontal protest groups, 230, 232 housing, and agricultural settlements, 108-9 Hramada (Belarusian Social Democratic Party), 33, 94, 213-14, 219 Hroch, Μ., 28, 149, 158 Hrushevsky, Mykhailo, 2 hubernii (provinces), xvi, 26, 173 human chains, 91-92 Human Development Index, 104 human rights: in Belarus, 129, 212, 228, 233; and new nationalism, 244; and religion, 142; and Revolution of Hope, 129; UN on, 131, 132, 163; violations in Latvia, 186 Hungary, 59, 117, 151, 154n2, 170, 179, 188 Huns, 12, 13 Huntington, Samuel, 79-80, 83, 83 Husák, S„ 189 Iceland, indigenous groups in, 160 identity: Belarusian and language, 114, 117, 249; defined by language in Russian Empire, 28; ethno-national, xiv; Muscovite, 60-61; national, and language, 28, 113-23; national, and religion, 146-47; relationship to democracy, xvii; role of nationalism in, 156; self-identification, 113. See also cultures/identities/ orientations, two; language ideology: under Lukshenka, 205-6; neo-Eurasian ideology, 75, 76-78, 174; neo-Soviet ideology, 162, 174, 205, 212, 244, 251; pan-Slavic, 2, 58, 78, 96, 173, 184, 207, 210, 214, 245; patriotism, 120, 137, 151, 207, 208, 213; state, based on past stereotypes, 245-46. See also Eurasian ideology; nationalism; nation-building concepts/ideologies Ignatouski, U., 43; Igor (Prince), 15 Igorevich, Yuri (Prince), 59 Illarionov,
Andrey, 233 imagined community, nation as, 156 immigration policy, 185 Imperial Academy of Scientists, 4 imports/exports, 107, 108, 109, 176, 184 inclusivity, xviii, xix, 156, 163, 244 Independence Day, changing of date of, 135, 139Ո17 Independent Institute of SocioEconomic and Political Studies, 215 India, 197, 199, 201 Indonesia, 197 Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, 104 intellectuals, Belarusian, 130 Intermarium project, 189 International Eurasian Movement, 77 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 94 Internet usage, 118, 221 Ioffe, Grigory, 209 Ipatovsky chronicle, 8
Index Ireland: and EU membership, 190; language issue in, 121; and neutrality, 196, 197, 198; and UN membership, 196 Irkutsk scandal (2016), 103 Islam: anti-Islamists, 154n2, 185; and neo-Eurasists, 77-78; oppression in Philippines, 146; percentage as believers, 144; in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 23; role according to Constitution, 142; in Russian Empire, 26. See also religion Israel, Belarusians in, 11ІПІ2 Italy, 38, 107, 188, 195 Ivan ΠΙ (Russia), 62, 63, 73 Ivanouski, U., 103 Ivanouski, V., 46 Izyaslau (Prince), 14-15, 16 Janukevich, Aljaksej, 217 Japan, 160, 201 Jaropolk (Prince), 16 Jemoit, 157 Jesuits, 81 Jews/Judaism: in Belarus, 33, 100, 101, 132; in GDL, 18; percentage as believers, 144; in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 23; role according to Constitution, 142; in Russian Empire, 26, 28 Jobbic party (Hungary), 151, 154n2 Kalesnikava, Maria, 227, 231, 232 Kalinouski, Kastus, xxx, 27, 187 Kanapatskaja, Anna, 219 Kanchar, Y. S., 35 Kandrusevich, Tadevush, 143 Karaev, Yury, 233 Karamzin, Nikolay Μ., 2, 5-7, 8, 9n4 Karatkevitch, Tatsiana, 217 Karatkevitch, Uladzimir, xxxv karenizacyi policy, 43 Karjagin, V., 108 Karsavin, L., 75 Karski, J. E, 28 Karsky, Jaukhim, xxx Kastsjushka, T., 27, 106,187 Kavalkova, Volha, 217, 231 Kazakevich, Andrej, 163 Kazakhstan: Belarusians living in, 100; as CSTO member, 199; demographics in, 101; and EAEU, 79; ethnic diversity in, 161; independence from USSR, 93; language issue in, 115, 116; and nuclear weapons, 199, 240; Russian people in, 169-70; as SCO member, 199 Kazei, Marat, 136 Kaziu, Mikalaj, 217, 230 Kerensky, Alexander, 32
Khazars, 12-13, 15 Khrushchev, Nikita, 122, 240 Kipchaks, 13, 62 Kirgizia, as SCO member, 199 Kolas, Yakub, xxxi Kolsto, Pal, 158 Komi, 65, 66 Koneczny, Feliks, 82 Kosovo, 183 Krasheninnikov, S. P., 4 Krasouski, Anatol, 135 Kraucevich, Aljaksandr, 220 Krautsevich, Ales, 19, 60 Kravchuk, L., 188 Krecheuski, Piotr, 38, 39, 40 Kreusk family, 20 Krivichians, 7, 8, 56, 57 Kryshtapovich, Leu, 210 Kuchma, L., 188 Kukabaka, Mikhail, 176-77 Kupala, Yanka, xxxi, 43 295
296 Kupalle celebrations, 210-11 Kurapaty memorial, 244 Kuzmich, A., 17 Kuzyk, Boris, 80, 83, 83 Kyivan Rus’: Christianization of, 13; collapse of, 17, 57; destruction by Mongols, 4, 59; fragmentation of, 4, 15; history of, 2-4, 15-16, 157; internicine wars with Northeastern region, 242; role of Scandinavians/Vikings/ Germans in creation of, 5; Russian claims to heritage of, 176; wars among principalities in, 17. See also Novgorod Republic; Polatsk, Principality of; Vladimir (Great Prince of Kyivan Rus’) Kyiv Riot (1113), 3-4 Kyrgyzstan, 93, 116, 199 Ladnou, E., 37, 38 lakes and rivers, in modern Belarus, 100 language: ban on Belarusian, 122-23; Belarus, post-USSR, 95; and Belarusian identity, 114, 117, 249; of books, Belarusian vs. Russian, 114, 117-18; decline in use of native, 114-15, 117-19; effect on nationality, 65-66; and electronic media, 118; historical commonalities among Belarusian, 122; instruction, choice of language, 172; lack of state support for native, 207; in Latvia, 115, 116, 185; models of future of, 121-22; modem-day use of Belarusian, 104, 105; need for state support of native language, 121; Index Old Belarusian in GDL, 19, 114, 186, 246; in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 24; during pre-chronicle period, 12; prevalence of Russian in Belams, 114-15, 117-18; in Principality of Polatsk, 14; and print media, 118; and Russian aggression in Ukraine, 177; in Russian Empire, 26, 28; state languages in BSSR, 43; in Ukraine, 115-17, 117, 177, 188; use of Belarusian at home, 176. See also media Laos, 196 Lastouski, Vaciau, xxxi, 38, 39, 189 Latushka, Pavel, 231,
234 Latvia: and Belarusian imports, 107; Belarusian migration to, 102; Belarusians living in, 100, 186; demographics in, 101, 102, 186; ethnic diversity in, 161; forest areas in, 100; human rights violations in, 186; independence from USSR, 93; language issue in, 115, 116, 185; political and economic reforms in, 1991, 127; problems with nation-building in, 185-86; Russian aggression against, 170 Laurentian chronicle, 8 Lavrov, Sergey, 175 League of Nations, 38, 194, 195-96 Lelewel, Joachim, 62 Lenin, Vladimir, 34, 76; self-determination policy of, xvi, 40, 131 Lermontov, Mikhail, 126-27 Liberal Democratic Party (LDP; Belams), 129, 171, 210, 214 Liberal Nationalism, 152
Index Likhachev, D., 7, 9ո4 Lithuania: and Belarusian exports/imports, 107; Belarusian migration to, 102; Belarusians living in, 100; commonalities with Belarus, 186-87; declares independence from Russia, 1917, 35; demographics in, 101, 102; and energy dependence on Russia, 189; as fitting context of modem European civilization, 158; independence from Russia, 164; independence from USSR, 93; national elite, and building of nation state, 185; nationalismin, 165; as nation-state, 116; native language use in, 186; restoration of independence (1990), 92; Russians in, 116; and Sajudis, 91-92; Vilnja ceded to, 45. See also Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) Lithuania, Kingdom of, emergence of, 58 Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (LitBel), 31, 38, 41 Lithuanian Movement for Perestroika (1988), 91 Lithuanians: living in Belams, 100; living in Latvia, 186 Litvins, 187 Livonian War (1558-1583), 22 Ljosik, Jazep, xxxi-xxxii, 34, 38, 39, 40 Locke, John, 139n9 Lomonosov, Mikhail, 4, 5 Lukashenka, Aliaksandr, 207-8; agricultural settlements under, 109; antinationalist stance of, 206; 297 attempted impeachment of, 96; attitude toward Belarusian people, 234; on Belarusian language, 122; changes to Constitution by, 231; election of, 95; as last dictator of Europe, 225-26; no real plans to build national state, 178; oil negotiations with Putin, 175-76; and pan-Slavic idea of, 96; and patriotism ideology, 208; relationship with Putin, 172, 175-77, 231-32; and Union State, 163, 171, 174-76, 207, 245. See also Revolution of Hope (2020) Lukashenka, Mikalaj, 245 Luther, Martin, 23
Lutheranism, 81 Lutskevich, Anton, xxxii, 37, 38, 39, 189, 195 Lutskevich, Ivan, xxxi, xxxii Luttwak, Edward, 233 Lvov (Prince), 32 Macron, Emmanuel, 250 Magdeburg rights, 21, 73 Mahiljou: and BSSR, 40, 41; ceded to Russia, 41; decrease of nobility in, 27; Magdeburg rights in, 73; population of, 25; serfs in, 28; Statutes of GDL in, 21 Maidan Revolution (2013), 240 Malta, 196, 197 Manaev, Oleg, 217 Manjushka, Stanislau (Moniuszko), xxx, 187 Marakou, Leanid, 44, 88 Martyrology of Belams, 92 Masherau, P., 48, 230 Matskevich, Uladzimir, 215, 222
298 Mazurau, Kiril, 48, 122, 230 Meadows, D., 127 media: bloggers, 219, 221, 226-27; disinformation from official, 137; Internet usage, 118, 221; media outlets closures, 232; printing house in Vilnja, 22, 23; radio, 174, 208, 220; role in Belarusian nation-building today, 220-21, 235. See also television Medvedev, Dimitry, 175 Membership Action Plan (MAP; NATO), 199 Mensheviks, 50n32 mentality of Belarusians. See Belarusianness (factors in mentality of society) Merja, 7, 56, 66, 172, 249 Meshchera, 56, 66, 172, 249 migrants, attitude toward, 132 Mikhalevich, Ales, 212 Milinkevich, Aljaksandar, 217, 219, 220 military, and Belarus: dependence on Russia, 169, 180; exercises, 175, 179; parades, 211; Russian bases, 249 Military Revolutionary Committee of the BSSR, 41 Milosz, Czeslaw, 88, 246 Mindoug (Prince/King), 19, 81, 186 Minsk: and BSSR, 40, 41; and culture, 105, 120; decrease of nobility in, 27; demonstration in, 154; ethnic groups, 1909, 33; GDL Statutes in, 21; German occupation of, 36; Jews in, 33; Magdeburg rights in, 73; night of shot poets in, 44; population of, 25; Index religion in, 81; serfs in, 28 Mironowicz, A., 24 Mitskevich (Mickiewicz), Adam, xxix, xxx, xxxiii, 165, 187 Mjasnikou, A., 41 Moldova, 80, 93, 100, 116, 117,184, 197 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 45, 91 monastery, women’s in Polatsk, 16 Mongolia, 160, 196 Mongols, 13, 21, 55; and battle at Blue Waters, 20, 60; creation of Empire, 58-59; defeat of, 60, 62; destruction of Kyivan Rus’ by, 4, 59; Russian names originating from, 61-62 Mongol-Tatars, 18, 19. See also Tatars Monomakh, Mstislav (Prince), 4
Monomakh, Vladimir (Prince), 3, 4, 8 Montenegro, 12, 100, 183 Mordovinjans, linguistic subordination of, 249 Moscow under Golden Horde, 17, 21; monument raised to Prince Vladimir of Kyiv in, 8 Moscow Orthodox Church, 5 Moscow Orthodox Patriarchate, 144 Movement “For European Belarus,” 218 Mstislav (Prince), 4, 12 Muljavin, Uladzimir, xxxv, 48 Müller, G. E, 4-6, 9ո4 multiculturalism, failure in Europe, 244 Munich Agreement, 45 Muravyov, Mikhail, 122 Murom, 2, 15, 56, 66, 172 Murzionak, Silvestr Ignatavich, 32 Murzionak, Sjargei Ignatavich, 44, 135 Muscovites, and identity, 60-61 Muscovy, 2; Belarusian fatalities during war (1654-1667), 177;
Index establishment/expansion of, 62-63; expansion after Golden Horde, 24; as not Belarusian-Ukranian Slav unifier, 60-63; wars with GDL, 20, 22, 25; wars with Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 25 Muscovy-Lithuanian wars, 22 Muscovy-Rzeczpospolita War (16051618), 22 Muscovy Slavs: assimilation with Finno-Ugric tribes, 64; assimilation with Turkic peoples, 63,64 Muslims, 81-82, 132, 145, 185 myth. See Russian myths NAM (Non-Alignment Movement), 180, 197, 202, 251 Naryshkin, Sergey, 175 Nasovich, Ivan, xxix nation, definitions of, 156, 157-58 “national,” meanings in USSR, xvi National Academy of Sciences, 211 national conscious, Belarusian, 95, 159, 241 national-conscious elites. See elites, national-conscious national elite, and nation-state building in Ukraine, 185 national freedom: attitude toward, 130-31, 134; defining, 130 national identity and language, 28, 113-23 nationalism: components of new, 244; criticism of, 152; as distincitive feature of nation building, 151-52; new, components of, 244; overview of, xviii-xx; right-wing support of, 184-85; uses for Belarusians, 156. 299 See also identity; ideology National Library, 105 national symbols, 220 National Theater of Opera and Ballet, 120, 186-87 nation-building: basis of, xviii; Belarusians supporting, 19th century, xxix-xxx; Belarusians supporting, 20th century, first half, xxxi-xxxiii; Belarusians supporting, 20th century, second half, xxxiii-xxxv; modem models of, 244; role of homogeneity in, 160; role of state in modem, 134. See also Belarus, nation-building today nation-building concepts/ideologies : ethno-
cultural, 163, 164; ethno-national state, 164; state-and-political, 164 nation-state ambiguous meaning of, 150; number of, worldwide, xix NATO, 171, 199 Navahrudak, 17, 19, 24, 27, 73 Nazarbajev, Nursultan, 79,115, 170 Nazis, 154n2,174 neo-Eurasian ideology, 75, 76-78, 174 neo-Soviet ideology, 162, 174, 205, 212, 244, 251 Nestor chronicle, 6 Netherlands, 107, 143, 195, 196 neutrality, 195-98; and Belams, 194-95, 198-200, 251-52; and EU, 197-98; and Hague Conventions, 195; and national elite, 200; and Ukraine, 200, 251; during World War I, 195, 196; during World War П, 196, 200 Nevsky, Alexander (Prince), 5, 61 New Economic Policy (NEP), 44, 128
зоо Index new nationalism, components of, 244 New Zealand, Belarusians in, 11ІПІ2 Nicholas I (Russia), 26, 122 Nicholas II (Russia), 32 night of shot poets, 44 Njakljaeu, Uladzimir, 217 NKVD, 43, 45, 211 Nobel Prize, 104, 156, 231 Non-Alignment Movement (NAM), 180, 197, 202, 251 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 208, 214, 232 nontraditional religions, attitude toward, 132 Nord Stream 2 pipeline, 250 Norman theory, 2-3, 4-6, 9n4 Northeastern lands, 5, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20-21; first principality of, 57. See also Muscovy Northern Eurasia, 209-10 Northern War (1654-1667), 22, 25, 63 North Macedonia, 183 Northwestern regionira/, 31 Norway, 100, 178, 195, 196 Novgorod Republic, 17, 65 Novgorod Veche, 73 nuclear weapons: and Belarus, xvii, 199; and Kazakhstan, 199, 240; non-proliferation treaty on, 171; and Ukraine, 199, 240, 251 Obama, Barack, 126 October Revolution, 31, 32-33, 34, 87, 157 OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), 104 oil/gas: and Baltic-Black Sea pipeline, 189; dependency of modem Belarus, 100; Lukashenka negotiations with Putin, 175-76; sources other than Russiaa, 178; and trade agreements, 213 Olegovichy, Igor, 4 Olegovichy, Vsevolod, 4 Olga (Prince), 12 Olga (Princess), 16 Olympic Games, 100, 263-64 On the Strategy of the Russian Federation, the status of the national policy for the period up to 2025, 172 Orange Revolution (Ukraine; 20042005), 152 Orda, Napoleon, xxix Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 104 Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 94 Orsha: Magdeburg rights in, 73; population
of, 25; religion in, 81 Orthodox Church: and book printing activities, 23; role according to the Constitution, 142 Orthodoxy: annexation of Uniate Church, 26, 27, 141, 144; comes into action in Horde, 61; establishment in Belarusian lands, 13; in GDL, 18, 74; and neo-Eurasists, 77-78; Paganism-Orthodoxy hybrid (dvuhver’je), 13; percentage as believers, 143-44, 145, 146; in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 23; ratio of believers in Belarus/Ukraine to Muslims, 82; Russian, 24, 26, 27, 81 OSCE (Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe), 94 Ossetia, 13, 152, 170, 239
Index Paganism, 11,13-14, 19 Paganism-Orthodoxy hybrid (dvuhver’je), 13 Pahanjaila, G., 135 Pahonja (coat of arms), 36, 96, 186 Pakistan, 146,199 Palchis, E., 219 Palchys, Jaugen, 221 Palienka, Zmicer, 221 pan-Slavic ideology, 2, 58, 78, 96, 173, 184, 207, 210, 214, 245 Paris Peace Conference, 37, 38-39 Party of Communists of Belarus (PCB), 94 Pashkevich, A., 103 patience, of Belarusians, xiv, 107, 133, 207 patriotism, 120,137, 151, 207, 208, 213 Paul (Bishop), 144 Pazniak, Zjanon, 212, 218 Paznjak, Z., 94, 95 PCB (Party of Communists of Belarus), 94 Pechenegs, 12, 13, 15 Pegaja Orda, 24, 63 People’s Anti-Crisis Department, 234 People’s Rukh of Ukraine (1989), 91, 92 Perejaslav agreement (1654), 60 Perepechko, Aleksandr, 233, 234 perestroika (restructuring), xvi, 91, 240 Peter I (the Great), 4, 61, 77 Pilsudski, Jozef, 37, 87, 188-89 Pinsk, 20, 25, 27, 32, 73 Plokhy, Serhii, xiv, 56, 60 Pogodin, M. P., 9n4, 58 Polachans, 56, 57 Poland: and Belarusian imports, 107; Belarusian migration to, 102; Belarusians living in, 100; BSSR territories ceded to, by USSR, 46; demographics of, 102; energy dependence on Russia, 189; entry into NATO, 171; ЗОЇ as ethnically homogenous, 188; as fitting context of modern European civilization, 158; independence from Russia, 164; indigenous groups, as percentage of population, 160; and League of Nations, 195; and migrants from Africa/Middle East, 188; national elite, and building of nation state, 185, 188; nationalism in, 165; and October Revolution, 33; Russian aggression toward, 170, 179; and Solidarity, 91, 92, 234; support for Ukraine and
Belarus, 187. See also Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rreszpospolita) Poland, Kingdom of, population statistics, 20 Polatsk, Principality of, xv, xxv, Ί, 13-18, 105, 127, 157, 246; development of, 57; emergence of, xiii; ethnicity of, 13; language in, 14; Magdeburg rights in, 73; population of, 25; princes of, 14-15, 255-56; prominent figures in, 16-17; religion of, 13-14, 81; andRurikids, 14 Poles: in Belarus, 100, 101; in Russian Empire, 26, 28 Policies for European Security and Defense (Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP)), 197-98 Polish Council of the Minsk region, 33 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rreszpospolita), xv, 23-26,164, 170; adoption of Constitution, 26; and Counter-Reformation, 23;
302 Index end of existence of, 26; ethnicity in, 23; language in, 24; and Polanization, 24, 25; population statistics, 25; religion in, 23-24; socio-economic status of GDL residents in, 25; territorial area of GDL vs. Lithuania in, 24-25; wars with Muscovy, 25 Polish National Committee, 33 Polish-Soviet war (1919-1921), 37, 41 Politburo of the Communist Party of the USSR (CPSU), xvi, 50n32, 170 political culture, low levels in Belarus, 129-31 political freedom, attitude toward, 130, 134 political parties, 213-14 Polonaise (missile), 243 Polonization, xv, 24, 25, 26, 28, 45, 194 Pompeo, Mike, 171 Popular Front of Latvia (1988), 91 Popular Front of Moldova (1989), 91 Poroshenko, P., 188 Portugal, 99, 160, 196 potash fertilizer, 107 potassium deposits, in Belarus, 100 Prakulevich, B., 39 pre-chronicle period, 11-13. See also Eastern Slavs presidential campaign (2020), 217, 219; protests during, 130, 131 presidential election (2020), and fraud, 225 Primary Chronicle (Povesť Vremennykh Let, PVL), 6-8, 56-57 printing house, in GDL, 20, 22 print media: in BSSR, 43, 48; language of, 118. See also media private business, in Belarus, 108, 110 private property, in Belarus, 108-9 project Intermarium, 189 Protestantism: and Constitution, 142; in GDL, 18, 23, 81; number of believers, 144,145; and oppression, 143; in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 23 provinces (hubernii), xvi, 173 Pushkin, Alexander, 126-27 Putin, Vladimir: on citizenship, 2020, 249; proposed accession of Belarus by, 171; relationship with Lukashenka, 172, 231-32; on speaking native languages, 172; and territorial
aggression, 169-70; visit to Belarus (2016), 175 PVL (Primary Chronicle (Povesť Vremennykh Let)), 6-8, 56-57 Quebec, xix, 151, 164 racism, 120 Rada. See Belarusian Democratic (Narodnaja) Republic (BNR Rada) radio, 174, 208, 220 Radzik, R., 158 Ragneda (Princess), 14 Ragvalod (Prince), 14-15, 16 Rak-Mikhajlouski, S., 39 Rasputin, Valentin, 127 RB Constitution, 202 RCP(b) (Russian Communist Party), 31, 40, 50n32 Red Army, 31, 41, 42, 46 Reformation, and GDL, 18, 23, 81 religion: Evangelical Christians, 144; introduction of Christianity into Kyivan Rus’, 13; Paganism, 11, 13-14, 19; pre-chronicle period, 11;
Index Reformation and GDL, 18, 23, 81; as source of conflict, 141, 146; in Ukraine, 145. See also Christianity; Jews/Judaism; Orthodoxy; Roman Catholicism; Uniate Church (Union Church) religion, and Belarusians: attendance numbers, 145-46; freedom under the Constitution, 141-42; importance in daily life, 145-46; importance in national identity, 146-47; influence in public life, 143-47; nontraditional religions, 132; persons without religious affiliation, 142-43; in Polatsk, 13-14; in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 23-24; during pre-chronicle period, 11; in Russian Empire, 26; stability of proportion of Christians, 144-45. See also Orthodoxy; religion Republic of Belarus. See Belarus restructuring (perestroika), xvi, 91, 240 Revolution of Dignity (Ukraine; 2014), 116, 152,165, 201 Revolution of Hope (2020), xx, 165, 225-35, 241, 252; arrest of protesters, 232, 233; beginning of, 228; development of revolutionary events, 227-37; and election fraud, 227-30; and government repression, 227, 228; and human rights, 129; media outlet closures, 232; motives for, 131, 225-26, 228, 229; nonrecognition of election results, 228-29; and release of political prisoners, 226, 229, 232-33; 303 role of bloggers in, 226-27; slowing down of, 230 Riasanovsky, Nicholas, 242 right-wing in Europe, 154n2, 184—85, 200 rivers and lakes, in modern Belarus, 100 “roadmaps,” 175-76, 213 Roma, 100, 151 Roman Catholicism: in Bulgaria, 82; in GDL, 18, 19, 74, 81; number of believers, 144, 145; and persecution, 143; in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 23; ratio to Orthodoxism in Belarus/ Ukraine, 82; role
according to Constitution, 142; in Russia, 24, 26, 82 Romania, 64, 82, 107, 170 Romanovs, replace Rurikids, 3 Rostislavich, Rurik, 4 Rreszpospolita. See Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rreszpospolita) RSFSR, 38, 40, 43, 47, 50n32 Rurik (semi-mythical person), 6-8, 15 Rurikids, 3, 14 Russia: annexation of Crimea by, 199; and Belarusian exports/imports, 107, 108, 176; Belarusian migration to, 102; Belarusians living in, 100; Catholics in, 82; citizenship in, 249, 253n7; constitutional update, 2020, 173; as CSTO member, 199; demographics in, 102; development parallels with Belarus, 67-69; Georgian territory captured by, 152; hubernii (provinces) in, xvi, 26, 173; justification for aggression by, 179-80; and language issue, 116;
304 Index and League of Nations, 195; as multinational/multiethnic, 66,173; Muslim-Christian ratio, 81; national policy strategy for period up to 2025, 172; nonjustification of Kyivan Rus’ heritage, 176; Norman theory of origin of, 2-3, 4-6, 9n4; October Revolution in, 31, 32-33, 34, 87, 157; parliamentarism in, 73; present relationship with Ukraine, 77; religion after first partition of Commonwealth, 24; sanctions against, 153, 171, 234, 235, 240, 250; as SCO member, 199; Slav-other groups ratio in, 64; soft colonization of Belarus by, 169, 174, 176, 232, 245; territorial expansion of, 171-72; UN veto right of, 196. See also Eurasian ideology; Russian Empire; Russian Orthodox Church; Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Russian Communist Party (RCP(b)), 31, 40, 50n32 Russian Empire, 26-28; identity in, 26, 28; Jews in, 26, 28; language in, 26, 27, 28; population of, 26, 28; religion and Belarusians in, 26; and russification, 28; serfs in, 27-28; social status in, 27; uprisings against joining Belarusian lands to, 26-27 Russian Federation. See Russia Russian language: number of speakers of, 115; prevalence in Belarus, 114-15, 117-18 Russian myths, 241-42; historical heritage of ‘Kiyvan Rus’, 241; Slavic character of Muscovy, 241; trinity of three Eastern Slavic peoples, 2, 22, 74-79, 209, 221, 241 Russian Orthodox Church, 24, 26, 81, 128; annexation of Uniate Church by, 26, 27, 141, 144 Russians: living in Belarus, 100, 101; living in Latvia, 186 Russification, xv, 26, 28,47-48, 66, 118, 127, 161-62, 194 Ruthenia, Kingdom of, emergence of, 58 Ruthenian civilization,
as part of western civilization, 79-84, 82, 242 Ruthenian/Eurasion civilization, factors in formation of, 55-69; assimilation with local tribes, 242; development parallels between Belarus/Russia, 67-69; distinction among tribes, 56-58, 242; ethnicity within two civilizations, 64-67; ethno-national identity, 60-61; GDL, not Muscovy as unifer of Slavs, 60-63, 242; internicine wars between lands/ principalities, 242; Mongol invasion, 242; natural conditions of East European Plain/Eurasian steppe, 242 Ryazan, 21, 57, 59, 62, 63 Rytyh, A. E, 28 Sajudis, 91-92 same-sex marriage, attitude toward, 132 sanctions, 152, 180; and EU, 184, 229, 234, 240, 250; and League of Nations, 196;
Index against Russia, 153, 171, 234, 235, 240, 250; and Treaty of Westphalia, 195; and US, 250 Sannikau, Andrej, 212, 217, 218 Sapega, Leu, 18, 21, 105 Saraj, 61, 62 Saudi Arabia, 178 Sazhych, Jazep, 40 SBM (Belarusian Union of Youth), 46 Scandinavia, 5 Schengen Agreement (1985), 183 Scotland, xix, 151, 160, 164 SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization), 199 Scythians, 12, 13 Second All-Belarusian Congress (1944), 31-32, 46 Second All-Russian Congress of Peasants’ Deputies (1917), 35 Second Peace Conference at The Hague (1907), 195 Sejm, 22, 23, 24, 25, 73, 92, 94 self-determination: and Belarus, 35; and Chechnya, 160; and Lenin, xvi, 40, 131 self-identification, of Belarusians, 113 Semashko (Russian Orthodox Bishop), 27 Semjanjuk, L., 42 Serada, Ivan, 36, 39, 40 Serbia, 145, 151, 183 serfdom, 21, 27-28 Sevjarynets, Pavel, 212, 217, 218, 226 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), 199 Shevchenko, Taras, 2 Shunevich, Mr., 211 Shushkevich, Stanislau, 95, 220 Shyrma, Rygor, xxxiii, 105 Siberia, 27, 42-43, 44, 47, 75, 160, 178 Sineus (semi-mythical person), 6-7 Skaryna, Frantsishak, xv, 18, 22-23 Skaryna Bible, 114 305 Skirmunt, Roman, 34, 39 Skoropadsky, Hetman, 37 Slavs: assimilation with Finno-Ugric tribes, 56, 63, 64; GDL as unifier of, 21, 60-63, 242; separation into Great Russians/ Eastern Slavs, 59. See also Eastern Slavs; Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) Slavyansk, 174 Slonim, 19, 20, 27, 128 Sluck, 20, 25 Slutsk, Magdeburg rights in, 73 Slutsk Rada, 42 Slutsk uprising, 41-42 Smalensk, 56; annexed to GDL, 20; and BSSR, 40, 41, 42; serfs in, 28 Smith, Anthony, 156 Smolensk,
7, 12, 20, 57 Smolensk War (1632-1634), 22, 25 Smolich, Arkady, 126 Snyder, Timothy, xvii, xx, 158, 187, 189, 243 Social Democrats, 185 social justice, and new nationalism, 244 social media. See media social networks, effects on nation building, 211 Social Revolutionaries (SRs), 42, 50n32 sofa parties, 214 soft Belarusization, 174, 245 soft colonization, 169, 175,176, 232 Solidarity, 91, 92, 234 Solovjov, S. Μ., 2, 4, 7, 9n4 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 127 Soviet Union. See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Spain, 151, 188, 196, 233 sports, in modern Belarus, 109-10, 263-64 Spring-1994 association, 95 spy mania, 218-19
306 Index SRs (Social Revolutionaries), 42, 50ո32 Stalin, Joseph, xvi, 44-45, 88 Stalinism, fear of, in Belarus, 135 Stalin Line, 136, 211, 230 Stankiewich, J., 46 state ideology, based on past stereotypes, 245—46; internationalism policy with selected countries since Soviet era, 246; short-term historical memory associated primarily with WWII, 246; Slavic unity, 245^16 Statkevich, Mikalaj, 212, 217, 218, 219, 226, 230 Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 21, 22 Stella, 230-31 Strategija Natsii, 200 Sudetenland, 45 Surkov, V., 75, 173 Survilla, Ivonka J., 40 survival mentality, 133-34 Suzdal. See Vladimir-Suzdal principality Svezij veter (Fresh wind) program, 215, 222 Sviatoslav (Prince), 15-16 Svjataslau (Prince), 16 Svyataslavichy, David (Prince), 3 Svyataslavichy, Oleg (Prince), 3, 15 Svyatopolk (Prince), 3 Svyatoslav I (Prince), 15 Sweden: and EU membership, 190; forest areas in, 100; neutrality of, 195, 196, 197; non-believers in, 143; and UN membership, 196, 197 Swiss People’s Party, 185 Switzerland: independence from Holy Roman Empire, 195; neutrality of, 195, 196; right-wing parties in, 185; and UN membership, 196 Sylvester (monk), 8 Syria, 239, 246 Taiwan, 251 Tajikistan, 93, 116, 199, 226 Tamir, Yael, xvii, 152, 183, 244 Tarashkevich, Branislau, xxxiii Targowski, Andrew (Andrzej), 80, 83, 83, 84, 86n35 Tartary, concept of, 75 Tatars: and Golden Horde, 62; in Kazakhstan, 115; and language issue, 172; linguistic subordination of, 249; living in Belarus, 28, 100; in Russian Empire, 26, 28; settlers in Belarus, 18 Tatarstan, 172, 173 Tatishchev, V. N., 2, 5, 9n4,
76 Tautsivil (Prince), 18 television: and Belarusian journalist strike, 137; broadcasting by Russian journalists, 174, 231; broadcasting in Russian in Belarus, 208; dominant role of Russians in, 89; independent Belarusian, 118, 187; propaganda through, 174. See also media; radio Teplov, G. N. 4 Teutonic Knights, 5, 61 Teutonic Order, and GDL, 19, 20 Tikhanovskaja, Svjatlana, 227, 234 titular nations, 87, 115, 161, 186 Tkachou, Μ., 94 tolerance, attitude toward, 132-33, 134, 198 Tolstoj, Leo, 126-27 tourism, 99, 110, 184 trade: attempts at balanced policy, 208; diversification of, 107, 243.
Index See also oil/gas transparency, 91, 247 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918), 36 Treaty of Riga (1920), 38, 39,41 Treaty of Westphalia (1648), 195 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, 171 Tredyakovsky, V. K., 4 trinity of East-Slavic peoples, criticism of past/modern use of, 2, 22, 74-79, 209, 221, 241 Troubetzkoy, Μ., 75 Truce of Deulino, 25 Trump, Donald, 198, 234 Trusau, Aleg, 119, 220 Truvor (semi-mythical person), 6-7 Tsapkala, Valery, 226 Tsapkala, Verinica, 227 Tsepkala, Valery, 212, 245 Tsihanouski, Sjargej, 221 Tsikanouskaja, Sviatlana, 208, 232 Tsikhanouskaja, Svjatlana, 208, 212, 216, 227-28, 231, 244, 245 Tsikhanouski, Sjargei, 211, 226-27 Tsitovich, Gennadzy, xxxiii, 105 Tsjareshchanka, K., 39 Tsoi, Viktor, 227 Tsvikevich, A., 39 Tumilovich, Galina, 163 Turau, 17, 19, 20, 69, 157 Turausky, Svjatapolk Izyaslavich (Prince), 3 Turkey, 36, 108, 183 Turkmenistan, 93, 116,196, 197 Turov, 17 Tver, 21, 57, 63, 65 Tver Uprising, 62 Udmurt, 13, 65, 66 Ukraine: and agriculture, 100; Belarusian migration to, 102; Belarusians living in, 100; commonalities with Belarus, 58, 115, 188; 307 and Declaration of Human Rights, 131; demographics in, 101, 102, 188; and Donbass war, 80, 152, 153,174, 179, 188, 240, 251; as Eastern Partnership member, 184; and energy dependence on Russia, 189; and EU membership, 189, 250; exports to Belarus, 107; freed of Mongols, 58; geographical size of, 188; independence from USSR, 93; language in, 115-16, 117, 177, 188; loss of Crimea and Donbass, 152, 153, 251; Muslim-Christian ratio in, 82; national-democratic revolution in, xix;
national elite, and nation-state building, 185; national idea in, 165; nation-building in, 152, 185, 250; and NATO Membership Action Plan (MAP), 199; and neutrality, 200, 251; and nuclear weapons, 199, 240, 251; and October Revolution, 32-33; Orthodox-Muslim ratio in, 82; Orthodox-Catholic ratio in, 82; present relationship with Russia, 77; religion in, 145; Russian aggression against, recent, 169, 170, 177, 179, 239-40; Russian historical occupation of, 82; Slav-other groups ratio in, 64; strides toward national freedom in, 242-43; support by Poland, 187; and UN, 197, 200, 251 Ukrainians: genocide of, 42—43; living in Belarus, 100, 101; living in Latvia, 186; in Russian Empire, 26, 28
308 Index Ukranian Autocephaly, 145 Ukranian Orthodox Church, 145 Ukranian People’s Republic (1918), 87 Ulakhovich, N., 209 Ulasau, A., 39 Umjastousky, R, 103 Uniate Church (Union Church), 18, 74, 81, 142; annexed to Russian Orthodox Church, 26, 27, 141, 144; in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 23-24. See also Orthodoxy Union of Brest (1596), 73, 141 Union of Lublin (1569), 19, 25 Union of Poles, 143 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR): administration of, xvi; anti-national policy of, 88, 206; cedes B SSR territories to Poland, 46; collapse of, 92-93, 128, 149, 170; and Declaration of Human Rights, 131; dictatorship in, 32-33, 46-47, 50n32, 88; famine in, 42^13; “national republics” in, 87-88; republics declaring indpendence from, 93; and restructuring (perestroika), xvi, 91, 240. See also Russia Union State of Belarus and Russia (1999), 106, 163, 171, 174-76, 207, 245 United Civil Party (UCP), 214, 215 United Democratic Party of Belarus (UDPB), 94, 95 United Kingdom (UK): Belarusian Orthodox Church in, 145; exports to Belarus, 107; homogeneity of, 160; nationalism in, 165; origin of peoples of, 160; parliamentarism in, 21-22 United Nations (UN): Belarus membership in, 171, 180; founding of, 196; nation-state members, xix; neutral country members of, 196-97, 251; official languages of, 115; shortcomings of, 201; veto power of Security Council, 201 United States (US): and Act on Democracy in Belarus, 234; Belarusian emigration to, 103, 11ІПІ2; Belarusian Orthodox Church in, 145; exports from Belarus, 108; and League of Nations, 195; and Munich Agreement, 45;
nonrecognition of 2020 election results, 228-29; and Paris Peace Conference, 38; sanctions by, 250; UN veto right of, 196 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN), 131, 132, 163 Uzbekistan, 93 Vakulchik, Valery, 233 Valovich, Astafij (GDL Chancellor), 21 Vaukavysk, 19, 20, 27 Venezuela, 178, 207, 234, 246 Vernadsky, G., 8, 74, 75 Ves, 7, 56 Vikings, 5, 6, 7, 8 Vilnja: and BSSR, 40, 41; decrease of nobility in, 27; hosts founding meeting of BPF Adradzenne, 92; lack of support for returning to Belarus, 187; Lithuania receives through GermanSoviet treaty, 45; as part of GDL, 19, 21, 24;
Index 309 creation of BNR after, 37, 128; neutrality during, 195, 196; Russian-German line of defense during, 32 World War II (WWn), 5; German occupation of Belams during, 31-32, 45-46; and liberation of Belarus, 135; neutrality during, 196, 200; territorial growth of Belams at beginning of, 45 printing house in, 22-23; serfs in, 28; territorial disputes post-WWI, 37, 39 visa-free entry, 99, 177, 184 Vitaut (Great Prince; Vytautas), 20, 60, 81, 187 Vitsebsk, 19; decrease of nobility in, 27; Magdeburg rights in, 73; population of, 25 Vitsebsk: and BSSR, 40, 42; ceded to Russia, 41; religion in, 81; serfs in, 28 Vladimir (Great Prince of Kyivan Rus’), 12; introduces Christianity, 13, 81; statue erected to, 8, 242 Vladimir (Prince) brother of Jaropolk, 16 Vladimir-Suzdal principality, 17, 57, 59 , 67, 69, 82 Vlasova, Liliya, 231 Volyn-Galician principality, 17, 57 Vsevolodovich, Yuri (Prince), 59 Vyten (Prince), 18 Yakovets, Yu. V., 80, 83, 83 Yanukovych, V, 188 Yaroslav (Great Prince of Vladimir), 61 Yaroslav the Wise, 12, 14-15, 16, 17 Yeltsin, Boris, 93, 96; pro-Western policy of, 77; and Union State, 163, 171, 174-76, 207, 245 “Young Front,” 146, 218 youth associations, 46, 92, 208 Yugoslavia, 151, 152, 159, 197 Yushchenko, V., 188 Walby, Sylvia, 162 Walensa, Lech, 92 Warsaw Pact, 47, 79 Warsaw Treaty Organization, 170 web. See media Western Belarus, 32, 44-45, 108, 128, 170, 188 Western Russism, 163 Wodak, Ruth, 154n2 World Congress of Belarusians (2020), 235 World War I (WWI), 151; Zajats, L., 39 Zakharenko, Yury, 135 Zakharka, Vasil, 39, 40, 195 Zatonsky, Vladimir, 44
Zelensky, V., 188 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 171 Zhmud, 60 Zhulyakov, Toygildy, 76 Zhylunovich, Z., 40, 41, 43 Zjuganov, Mr., 136, 206 Znak, Maxim, 231 Zuk-Hryshkevich, Vincent, 40 xenophobia, 113, 132, 151, 165, 185 |
| adam_txt |
Contents Preface ix Prologue: “Was, Worth, Will Be” xiii Maps xxiii A Gallery of Prominent Belarusians Whose Contributions Supported Nation-Building xxix PART I: THE HISTORY OF BELARUSIAN STATEHOOD 1 1 From Ethnos to a Nation (Belarusians in the Ninth to Nineteenth Centuries) 11 Belarusian Statehood in the Twentieth Century 31 PART II: THE PLACE OF BELARUSIANS AMONG CIVILIZATIONS 53 2 3 Belarusian-Ukrainian/Westem-Ruthenian Civilization 55 4 Belarusians and Ukrainians Belong to Western Civilization 73 PART III: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MODERN BELARUSIAN NATION 5 87 The Conditions for Nation-Building in Belarus in the Late Twentieth Century 91 6 General Information about Modem Belarus 99 7 National Identity and Language 113 8 The Mentality of Belarusian Society (Belarusianness) 125 vii
Contents viii 9 Church and Nation 141 PART IV: BELARUS: IN SEARCH OF ITS OWN WAY 149 10 Theoretical Models of the Belarusian National State Construction 155 11 Under the “Patronage” of Russia 169 12 “Belarus—to Europe” 183 13 Neutrality by Form and Content, and Europeanism by Spirit 193 14 Belarusian Elites and Nation-Building Today 205 15 The Revolution of Hope 225 Epilogue 239 Appendix A: Princes of Polatsk 255 Appendix B: Borders of Regions with a Majority Belarusian Population 257 Appendix C: Changes in Territory and Population of Modem Belarus 259 Appendix D: Periods of Nation-Building in Modem Belarus 261 Appendix E: Belarusian Olympians Rank First in Summer Games among the Countries of the Former USSR 263 Bibliography 265 Index 283 About the Author 311 TEXTBOX 1.0 TENTH UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON THE STANDARDIZATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES New York, 31 July-9 August 2012 Belarusian names (geographical and personal) in this book are given in accordance with the Roman alphabet transliteration of Belamsian geo graphical names.1
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Index Note to Index՛. Page references for figures and tables are italicized Abdziralovich, Ignat, xiv-xv Abkhazia, 152 Abramchyk, Mikola, 40 absolute freedom, 130 Academy of Sciences, 4-5, 43 Act of Restoration of Independence of Lithuania (1990), 92 Act on Democracy in Belarus (US), 234 Adamovich, Ales, xxxiv, xxxv, 230 Adodurov, V. E., 4 Agrarian Party, 131 agriculture in Belarus, 100,109-11, 194 agro-towns, 109-10 Akinchits, F., 46 Alani, 13 Albania, 183, 195 Aleksijevich, Svjatlana, 104, 156, 220, 230, 231 Alferov, Z., 104 Algerd (Grand Prince/Prince), 19, 20, 58, 60, 81 Alinevich, Igar, 219-20 АП-Belarusian People’s Assembly (2016), 136 All-Russian Legislative Assembly (1917), 34 alphabet: Cyrillic, 14; Latin, 26, 115 Anderson, Benedict, 156 Anisim, Alena, 219, 220 Anschluss, 3, 45, 222 anti-Islamists, 154n2, 185. See also Islam; Muslims anti-Muslim policy, 185 Argentina, 11ІПІ2, 233 Arians, 81 Armenia: as CSTO member, 199; as Eastern Partnership member, 184; independence from USSR, 93; indigenous ethnic groups, as percentage of population, 160 Armenians, living in Belarus, 100 assimilation: of Belarus into Eurasian politics and culture, 137; of Belarus into Russian politics and culture, 162; of Finno-Ugric tribes with Slavs, 56, 63,64 Astrouski, Radaslau, 31, 46 Astrousky, Ales, 212 athletics, in modem Belarus, 109-10, 263-64 Australia, 103, 11ІПІ2, 145 283
284 Austria: and EU membership, 190; importance of religion in daily life, 145; imports from Belams, 108; and neutrality, 197, 199; right-wing parties in, 185; and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 36; and UN membership, 196 Avrs, 13 Azerbaijan, 93, 100, 178, 184, 189, 207 Azov (Ukraine), 165 Babaryka, Viktar, 226, 231, 232-33, 245 Babich, Mikhail, 174 Bagdanovich, Maksim, xxxii Bahushevich, Frantsishak, xxx Bajchyshyn, Μ., 189 BAK (Belarusian Territorial Army), 46 Bakhanovich, A., 38 Balakhovich, B., 42 Baltic-Black Sea oil-reservoir/pipeline, 189 Baltic-Black Sea project, 188-89 Baltic-Black Sea Union, 189 Baltic Popular Front, 91-92 Balt theory, 11, 57 Bangladesh, importance of religion in, 145 Bashkirs, 13, 76, 249 Basilian Order, 24, 27 Battle of Grunwald, 20 Battle of Kalka, 59 Batu Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan), 4, 59, 61 Belaja Rus (NGO), 214 Belams, 40-48; as border between West and East, xiv-xv, 193-94; commonalities with Lithuania, 186-87; commonalities with Ukraine, 58, 115, 188; and CSTO, 199; Index and Declaration of Human Rights, 131; defacto recognition of annexation of Crimea, 199; development parallels with Russsia, 67-69; dictatorship in, 104,129,134,161, 166; as Eastern Partnership member, 184; and economic dependence on Russia, 176-77, 178, 180; and energy dependence on Russia, 189; as ethnically homogenous, 188; and ethnocide of Belarusians, 123, 161,212,226,245; as European not Eurasian country, 209; German occupation, WWI, 36; growing support of independent state, 193; as Hague Convention signatory, 195; high-ranking guests from Moscow visit, 2016, 175;
human rights in, 129, 212, 228, 233; independence from USSR, 93, 229; invasions by Russia, 170; Jews in, 33, 100, 101, 132; key factors in European nature of, 73-74; as member of Non-Alignment Movement, 197, 198; and military dependence on Russia, 169, 180; military exercises in, 175, 179; Mongols do not invade principalities, 59; Muslim-Christian ratio in, 82; and national security, xvii; 171 negative effects of Polanization on, historical, 194; and neutrality, 194-95, 198-200, 201-2, 251-52; and nuclear weapons, xvii, 194, 199; and open border with Russia, 189;
Index Orthodox-Muslim ratio in, 82; Orthodox-Catholic ratio in, 82; Poland’s support for, 187; Poles living in, 188; political and economic reforms, 1991, 127; political dependence on Russia, 180; prededents mitigating against Russian occupation of, 171; and pro-Russian fifth column, 169; Russian historical occupation of, 82; Russians living in, 116; as Russian-speaking civil state, 208; Russification of, xv, 26, 28, 47-48, 118, 127, 161-62, 194; and SCO, 201; Slav-other group ratio in, 64; soft colonization of, 169, 171-72, 174, 176, 232, 243, 245; and UN, 196, 197, 198, 200; urbanization of, 114; and visa-free entry, 177, 184; and World War I, 195, 240; and World War П, 45^16, 240 Belarus, historical development of. See Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL); Polatsk, Principality of; PolishLithuanian Commonwealth; pre chronicle period; Russian Empire Belarus, modem: agriculture in, 100, 108-10, 194; culture in, 104-6; demographics of, 100-103, 11Խ12, 247, 259; economy of, 106-8; education in, 104,105; and emigration, 101-3; geography of, 99-100; natural resources of, 100; and sports, 109-10, 263-64; territorial changes in, 261 Belarus, nation-building, late 20th century, 91-97; declaration of independence from Russia, 93; 285 events in neighboring countries, 91-92; founding of BPF Adradzenne, 91; glasnost policy, 91; money system, 94; national conscious, awakening of, 95; perestroika policy, 91; political structures, creation of new, 94-95; transparency policy, 91. See also Belarus, nation-building, theoretical models; Belams, nation-building today Belams, nation-building,
theoretical models, 155-66; civil state, 162, 163; ethno-cultural concept, 163; historical statehood, textbooks on, 157; hybrid model, 162, 163; scenarios for future, 166; two or multi-national state, 162. See also see also Belams, nation building, late 20th century; Belams, nation-building today Belams, nation-building today, 205-23; armed defense within Belams, 208; attempted boycott of elections, 215; civil organizations, 214; contempt/hostility to all national things, 207; creole state, 213; diaspora Belrusians, role in, 234-35; election boycotts, 215, 216; elections, 214-15; ethnocide, 212; homogeneity of indigenuos population, 247; independent media, 220-21; Lukashenka (See Lukashenka, Aliaksandr); military parades, 211; national festivals prohibition, 2ΙΟ Ι 1;
286 Index national platform need, 215-16, 219, 221, 235; oppositionists, 219-20; periods in modem Belarus, 262; political parties, 213-15; potential of national-conscious forces, 213-14; pro-government policymakers, 210; pro-govemment scientists and Eurasian theory, 209-10; promotion of patriotism, 213; repressive apparatus, 161, 212-13; Russian organizations, 208-9; social networking, 211; Svezij veter program, 215, 222; tenets of strategy for, 221-22; wealth distribution, 206-7. See also Belarus, nation-building, late 20th century; elites; elites, national-conscious; language Belarusian, as ethnic group, 113; worldwide comparison of size of, 155-56; Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (BAOC), 145 Belarusian Autoworks (dumptrucks), 107 Belarusian Central Rada (BCR), 31-32, 34, 36; as successor to BNR Rada, 46 Belarusian Christian Democracy (BCD), 143, 217, 231 Belarusian Christian Democratic Association, 94 “Belarusian Circle,” 103 Belarusian Communist Party, 118 Belarusian Democratic (Narodnaja) Republic (BNR Rada): and Bolsheviks, 37; and formation of modem statehood, 36-40; and League of Nations, 195; political crises in, 37-39; presidents of, 40; splits into Highest/People’s Rada, 38; supporters killed in 1930s, 39 Belarusian Institute of Culture, 43 Belarusian National Commissariat (Belnatskam), 40 Belarusian National Committee (BNC), 34 Belarusian National Congress, 217, 218 Belarusian National Front (BNF), 189 Belarusian National Movement, 28, 44, 131 Belarusianness (factors in mentality of society), 125-38; death penalty, 132-33; definition of, 125;
dictatorship, 129; external circumstances, 127-28; fear, 135, 155, 159, 206, 213, 217, 245, 250; homosexuals, 132; independence, 114; individual freedom, low levels of, 130; language issues, 128, 134; migrants, 132; national freedom, 130-31; negative passion, 134-35; nontraditional refigions, 132; patience, xiv, 107, 133, 206, 207; political culture, low levels of, 129-31; Russian literature, 126-27; same-sex marriage, 132; self-identification as Soviet people, 113; survival mentality, 133-34; tolerance, 132-33, 134, 198; xenophobia, 113, 132 Belarusian People’s Front, 213-14 Belarusian People’s Republic (BNR; 1918), xv, 35-40, 87, 246; creation of, 36; declaration of, 31; destruction of national elites in, 88 Belarusian Popular Front (BPF) “Revival (Adradzenne)”:
Index and Baltic-Black Sea oil-reservoir/ pipeline, 189; crumbling of, 94-95; and declaration of independence, 93; founding of, 92; youth associations, 92 Belarusian Popular Socialists, 33 Belarusian Regional Committee (BRC), 35 Belarusian Social Democratic Labor Party, 34 Belarusian Social Democratic Party (Hramada), 33, 94, 213-14, 219 Belarusian Social-Sportive Party, 214 Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR; 1919-1990), xiii, xvi, 40-48; administrative structure of, 41-44; Belarusianization policy ends in, 44; economy of, 42; education in, 43—44, 45, 48; establishment of, 40; independence restored, 39; language in, 43,45; population of, 45; and post-WWn, 47^18; print media in, 43, 48; proclamation of, 31; repression of freedoms in, 43, 46-47; repression of national-conscious Belarusians in, 44-45; sovereignty declaration by, 32, 113-14; territory of, 41, 42, 45; and WWB, 45-46 Belarusian statehood, 20th century: and Belarusian People’s Republic, 35-40, 87; favorable/unfavorable periods during, 240-41; first stage after revolution of Feb 1917, 31, 32-34; and Germany, 35-36; independence proclamations, 31-32; 287 second stage after October Revolution, 31; and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 36. See also Belarusian Democratic (Narodnaja) Republic (BNR Rada); Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR; 1919-1990) Belarusian State University, 43 Belarusian Territorial Army (BAK), 46 Belarusian Union of Landowners, 33 Belarusian Union of Youth (SBM), 46 belarusizatsyja, 240 Belams Peasant Party, 95 Belavus, P., 219, 221 Belgium, 99, 107, 115, 143 Berlin Wall, 92, 138, 171, 239
Bjaljatski, Ales, 220 Black Sea-Baltic Sea Association, 251 Black Sea-Caspian steppe, 29n4 bloggers, 219, 221, 226-27 Blue Waters, battle at, 20, 60 BNR Rada. See Belarusian Democratic (Narodnaja) Republic (BNR Rada) Bogolyubsky, Andrei, 4 Bogsch, Lazar, 17 Bologna Process, 104 Bolshevik Military Revolutionary Committee of the Western Front, 34 border(s): abolition within EU, 183; Belams as, between West and East, xiv-xv, 193-94; of modern Belams, 99; of modem Belams, changes in, 259; open, between Belams and Russia, 189; of regions with majority Belarusian population, 257 Bosnia, 12, 117, 183 BPF Party (Party of the Belarusian Popular Front/ Movement of the Belarusian Popular Front Adradzenne), 94, 218;
288 failure to join parliament, 1995, 96; and parliamentary election, 2019, 219; Vilna hosts founding meeting of, 92 Braslau, 16, 27, 73 Brest, 19, 25, 27, 73, 105 Brest Church Council, 23-24 Brest-Lvov line, 79 Brezhnev, Leonid, xvi, 88, 240 Britain. See Great Britain Brubaker, Rogers, xxin2, 162-63 BSSR. See Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR; 1919-1990) Budapest Memorandum Assurances on Security (1994), xvii, 181, 199, 240 Bulgaria: Catholics in, 82; as Eurasian civilization, 80; and Golden Horde, 62; Muslim-Christian ratio in, 81; national identity in, 117; and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 36 Burkhardt, Fabian, 163 Bykau, Vasil, xxxiv Calvinism, 23, 81 Cambodia, 196 Canada: Belarusian language in, 120; Belarusians in, 101-2, 103, 11ІПІ2; nonrecognition of 2020 election results, 228-29; official languages in, 115 Catalonia, xix, 151, 160 Cathedral of St. Sophia, 16 Catherine Π (Empress), 1-2, 5, 6 Catholicism. See Roman Catholicism; Uniate Church (Union Church) Charadzej (Prince), 16 Charnikevich, Tsikhan, 212 Charvjakou, Alexander, xxxii, 34, 40, 41,43 Chechnya, 159-60,179, 230 Index Chernigov, 15,40, 57 Chernobyl disaster, 158 China, 108, 196, 199, 243 Christianity: introduction into Kyivan Rus’, 13. See also Orthodoxy; Protestantism; Roman Catholicism; Uniate Church (Union Church) Christians, ratio to Muslims in Russia/ Bulgaria/Belarus/ Ukraine, 81-82 Chuvash, 13, 64, 65, 66 CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States), 100-101, 106,180 civilization, defining, 53, 83, 86n35 civil Russian-speaking state, as nation building model, 244 classic Eurasianists, 75-76, 77
coat of arms (Pahonja), 36, 96, 186 collective pride, 244 Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), 77, 89, 94, 171, 175, 180, 199, 245, 251 collectivization, 42, 46-47, 110, 114, 240 color revolution, 233 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 100-101, 106, 180 Communist International, 44 Communist Party of Belarus, 43, 44, 93, 219 Conservative Christian Party/Belarusian People’s Front, 213-14 Cooper, Frederick, xxin2 Coordinating Committee, 208, 231,233 Coordination Council of Belarus, 231, 232 Cossacks patroling Belarusian streets, 208-9 Costa Rica, 196 Council of Princes in Lubech (1097), 3 Council of Vidzeme, 32 Counter-Reformation, 23, 73-74, 81 COVID-19 epidemic, 131, 225, 252 CP(b), 50n32
Index CP(b)B (1st Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Belarus), 40-41 CPSU (Politburo of the Communist Party of the USSR), xvi, 50n32, 170 Crimea: annexation by Russia, 116, 152, 153, 179, 251; defacto recognition of annexation by Belarus, 199 Croatia, 12, 59,151, 160 CSTO (Collective Security Treaty Organization), 77, 89, 94, 171, 175, 180, 199, 245, 251 Cuba, 109, 246 culture: lack of state support for native, 207; language of opera and ballet programs, 120; prohibition of national festivals, 210-11. See also cultures/identities/ orientations, two; language Culture (magazine), 187 cultures/identities/orientations, two : aborigen-ethno-nationalists and creole, 205; conscious and non-conscious, 205; culture 1 and culture 2, 205; national, post-Soviet and Western Russian, 205; nationalists and cosmopolitans, 205 Cumans, 13, 62 currency: Belarusian ruble, 107; devaluation of, 107,133, 207; post-USSR, 94 Cyprus, 197 Cyrillic alphabet, 14 Czechoslovakia, and Russian aggression, 170, 179 Czech Republic: Belarusian emigration to, 103, 11ІПІ2; 289 and Belarusian imports/exports, 107, 108; non-believers in, 143; official language in, 121 Dal, V., 65 Danilevsky, Nikolai, 75 Danilovich, Yuri (Prince), 61 Dashkevich, Zmitser, 146, 212, 218 Day of Freedom (25 March), 158, 219 death penalty, attitude toward, 132-33 Declaration of Human and Civil Rights (France), 131 Declaration of Sovereignty of Belarus (1990), 32 Declaration of Sovereignty of the B SSR (1990), 113-14 Decree 683 “Concerning National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation,” 233-34 democracy: Act on
Democracy in Belarus, 234; and BPF Adradzenne, 92; double standards relating to, 201; lack of support by Belarusians, 130, 136; relationship to national identity, xvii Democracy Index rankings, 129 Democratic Republic of Georgia, 87 demographics: in modem Belarus, 100-103, 1 lini2, 247; in modem Belarus, changes in, 261՛, population, recent, 157; population decline, recent, 144-45; white us. non-white, 132. See also ethnicity; religion Denmark, neutrality during WWI, 195, 196 diaspora, Belarusian, 234-35 dictatorship: in Belarus, 104, 129, 134, 161, 166; in USSR, 32-33, 47, 50n32, 88 disappearances, 88, 135 Dmitryev, Andrej, 217
Index 290 Dmowski, Roman, 33 Dolgoruky, Yury, 4, 61 Donbass, 80, 152, 163, 174, 179, 188, 240, 251 Dounar-Zapolski, Mitrafan, xxx, 28 Drobysh, V., 136 Druia, Magdeburg rights in, 73 Dugin, Alexander, 75, 76-77 Dunin-Martsinkevich, Vincent, xxixXXX Duz-Dusheuski, K., 235nl dvuhver’je (Paganism-Orthodoxy hybrid), 13 Dyleusky, Siarhei, 231 EAEU (Eurasian Economic Union), 77, 79, 106, 137, 178-79, 207, 209, 210 Eastern Partnership, 184 Eastern Slavs: Belarusians as descended from, 11; migration from west to east, 11-13; Paganism as religion of, 11; principalities of, ххш-ххіѵ; trinity of, criticism of past/modern use of, 2, 22, 74-79, 209, 221, 241. See also Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL); Slavs Eberhardt, Piotr, 80, 83 economic freedom, 129 economy, and GDP, 106 economy, Belarusian, 106-8; currency, 106, 107; dependence on Russia, 106, 176, 180, 249; exports/imports, 107, 108-9, 176, 184; private business, 108, 110; private property, 108-9; tourism, 99, 110, 184 trade, 106-7, 208, 243 See also oil/gas education: in BSSR, 43; children’s in Polatsk, 16; communist influences in schools, 136; distance learning, 220; higher, 43-44, 220; to increase tolerance of Belarusian people, 133; lack of development of national, 138, 220; language of, in Belams, 117-18,120, 194, 220; as main task of national elites, 216; in modern Belarus, 104,105, 220; repression of professors and students, 232; Soviet style in Belams, 208; version of history taught, 117 Egypt, 145, 146, 160, 197 elections: boycott of 2010 campaigns, 215, 216; fraud in 2020, 227-30; nonrecognition of 2020 results, 228-29
elites: and Belarusian nation-building, 160-61, 205-23; events organized by official, 211; national, 189-90, 212-13, 220-21; opposition political, 216-17; rich as becoming more nationless, 152, 154n5. See also elites, national-conscious ehtes, national-conscious, 210, 244, 246; destruction during 1930s-40s, 177; and development of ethnos/nation, xv, 28; education as main task of, 216; extermination in USSR, 88; and independent media, 220-21; lack of support for, 97; and nation-building today, 212-13, 220-21; need for unity within, 217-18;
Index and neutrality, 200; and spy mania, 218-19; suppression of, 44—45, 207-9. See also Belarus, nation-building today; elites energy. See oil/gas England: abolishment of serfdom in, 28; Belarusian emigration to, 103. See also Great Britain; United Kingdom (UK) Epimakh-Shypila, Branislau, xxxi, 103 Ermachenka, I., 46 Ermalovich, Mikalaj, xxxiv, 17 Estonia, 93, 100, 102, 113, 116, 145, 170 Estonian People’s Front (1988), 91 ethnicity: of Great Russians, 18, 23, 64-65, 249; indigenous, in Japan, 160; and nation-building models, 244, 245; and pre-chronicle period, 11; Slav-other groups ratio in Ukraine, 64 ethnicity, Belarusian: and foundation of GDL, 18; in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 23; during pre-chronicle period, 11; in Principality of Polatsk, 13; in Russian Empire, 26 ethnocide of Belarrusians, 123, 161, 212, 226, 245 ethno-national identity, xiv Euphrasinija of Polatsk, 16-17, 29n8 Eurasian Civilization, vs. WesternRuthenianZBelarusian-Ukrainian, 82, 242 Eurasian Customs Union, 106 Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU; 2014), 77, 79, 106, 137, 178-79, 207, 209, 210 291 Eurasian ideology, 44, 74-79, 180, 207, 214; classic, 75-76, 77; neo-Eurasianists, 75, 76-78,174; and pro-government scientists, 209-10; and territorial aggression, 169-70 Eurasian steppe, 12-13, 29n4 European Alliance of People and Nations, 185 European High Education Area, 104 European Intervention Initiative, 198 European Parliament, 185 European People’s Party, 185 European Union (EU): abolition of borders within, 183; attitudes toward inclusion in, 17879; and Belarusian exports/imports, 107, 184; and
Belarusian membership, 184, 189-90; exits/possible exits from, 183-84; members/prospective members, 183; nonrecognition of 2020 election results, 228-29; prerequisites for Belarusian membership, 183; sanctions by, 184, 229, 234, 240, 250; security and defense policy of, 197-98 Evangelical-Lutheran Church, 142 exports/imports, 107, 108, 109, 176, 184 external factors, 178 fear, role Belarusian mentality, 135, 155, 159, 206, 213, 217, 245, 250 February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution (Russia), 32 Federal Law On Amendments to Article 331 of the Citizenship of the Russian Federation (2020), 249, 253n7
292 Index festivals, prohibition of, 210-11 feudalism. See Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL); Kyivan Rus’ Final Act on Security and Cooperation in Europe (1975), 171 Finland, 36, 45, 100, 117, 196, 197, 199 Finno-Ugric tribes, 18, 57, 249; assimilation of Slavs with, 56, 63, 64 First All-Belarusian Congress (1917), 35, 36 First Congress of People’s Deputies of the USSR (1989), 91-92 flags, of Belarus: red-green as current official, 227, 235nl; white-red-white, 36, 96; white-red-white, banned, 208, 212, 220, 227, 230-31, 235nl flax production, 108 forests, 100,194 Fowler, Mayhill, 45 France: Declaration of Human and Civil Rights, 131; homogeneity of, 160; and League of Nations, 195; and Munich Agreement, 45; nationalismin, 165; and Paris Peace Conference, 38-39; religion in, 143, 146; right-wing in, 185, 200; serfdom abolished in, 28; UN veto right of, 196 freedom: absolute, 130; repression in BSSR, 43, 46-47; strides toward Ukranian national, 242-43 freedom, in Belarus: attitude toward national, 130-31; attitude toward political, 130, 134; economic, 129; individual, low levels of, 130; religious, 141^12. See also Revolution of Hope (2020) Freedom Index, 129 freedom of the press, 129. See also media Freedom Party of Austria, 185 French Revolution, 131 Front National/National Rally (France), 185 Fukujama, Francis, xvii Fundamentalists, Christian, 154n2 future of Belarusian nation-state: absorption by Russia, 247-50, 248; joining to Russia, 248, 250; movement to EU, 248, 252-51; neutral country development, 250֊ 52; overview, 248 Gadleuski, V., 46 Gajdukevich, Oleg, 210 Galician
principality, 16, 17 Galubok, Uladzislau, xxxi Ganchar, Viktar, 222 Gancharyk, Uladzimir, 217 Garauski, Yury, 135 Garodnja, 19, 20 gas. See oil/gas Gaurylovich, A., 42 GDL. See Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) GDP (Gross Domestic Product), 106 Gedymin (Prince), 18, 19, 20, 81 Genghis Kahn, 58-59, 76 genocide, 42-43, 151 Georgia: as Eastern Partnership member, 184; and energy dependence on Russia, 189; independence from USSR, 93; Russia captures, 152; Russian historical occupation of, 82; Russian recent aggression against, 170, 179; Russians living in, 116 German Democratic Republic, 179
Index Germans, role in creation of Kyivan Rus’, 5 German-Soviet friendship treaty, 45 Germany: and Belarus imports/exports, 107; and election 2020 results, 228-29; and fall of Berlin Wall, 92, 138, 171, 239; occupation of Belarus during WWII, 45-46; and post-WWI Belarus, 35-36; Russian aggression toward, 170; and UN Security Council, 201. See also World War I (WWI); World War Π (WWII) Giedroyc, Jerzy, 187 Girkin, Mr., 174 glasnost, 91 globalization: and nationalism, 151, 152; and nation-building, xvii, 77, 149, 150, 151, 162, 181; rich vs. poor views on, 183 Golden Dawn (Greece), 151, 154n2 Golden Horde, 17,19, 21, 61, 62, 242 Golubeu, Valjantsin, 220 Gomel, 41, 42, 59 Gorbachev, Mikhail, xvi, 91, 92-93, 240 Gotts, 12 Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL), xv; Eastern Slavs in, 59; ethnicity in, 18; foundation of, 18-23; and Kingdom of Poland, xxvi; language in, 18-19, 114, 246; Magdeburg rights in, 21, 73; Muscovite/Ruthenian distinction in, 60-61; old Belarusian language as official in, 19, 114, 186, 246; physical size of, 19, 20; political system of, 22; printing technology in, 22-23; provinces on Belarusian lands, xxvii; religion in, 18, 19, 23, 73-74, 81; 293 role in development of Belarus, xv-xvi; Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 21, 22; as unifier of Slavs, 21, 60-63, 242; Vilnja becomes capital of, 19; wars with Moscovy, 20, 22, 25. See also Kyivan Rus’ ; Lithuania; Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rreszpospolita); Slavs Great Belarusian Council (GBC), 34, 35; Great Britain: and Belarusian imports, 107; exit from EU, 183-84; and League of Nations, 195; and Munich
Agreement, 45; and Paris Peace Conference, 38; UN veto right of, 196 Great Northern War, 22, 25, 63 Great Patriotic War. See World War Π (WWB) Great Russians: decrease in numbers in Russia, 101; as distinct from Belarusians, xiv; ethnicity of, 18, 23, 64-65, 249; and language issue, 65-66; under Mongol power, 59 Greece, 62, 82, 151, 154n2 Greek Catholic (Uniate) church. See Uniate Church (Union Church) Grodna: andBSSR, 41; decrease of nobility in, 27; GDL Statutes in, 21; Magdeburg rights in, 73; population of, 25; religion in, 81; serfs in, 28 Grodno, founding of, 17 Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 106 Gubarevich, Yury, 217 Gumilev, Lev, 75, 76 Gumilyov, L., 13, 61
294 Index Hadyka, Yu., 94 Hague Conventions, 195 Haiti, 233 Hanchar, Viktar, 135 Heniyush, Larisa, xxxiii-xxxiv Herzegovina, 12, 183 Hetmanate, 60-61 Hobbes, Thomas, 139n9 Holy Cross (Polatsk), 17, 29n8 Holy Roman Empire, 195 homosexuals, 132 horizontal protest groups, 230, 232 housing, and agricultural settlements, 108-9 Hramada (Belarusian Social Democratic Party), 33, 94, 213-14, 219 Hroch, Μ., 28, 149, 158 Hrushevsky, Mykhailo, 2 hubernii (provinces), xvi, 26, 173 human chains, 91-92 Human Development Index, 104 human rights: in Belarus, 129, 212, 228, 233; and new nationalism, 244; and religion, 142; and Revolution of Hope, 129; UN on, 131, 132, 163; violations in Latvia, 186 Hungary, 59, 117, 151, 154n2, 170, 179, 188 Huns, 12, 13 Huntington, Samuel, 79-80, 83, 83 Husák, S„ 189 Iceland, indigenous groups in, 160 identity: Belarusian and language, 114, 117, 249; defined by language in Russian Empire, 28; ethno-national, xiv; Muscovite, 60-61; national, and language, 28, 113-23; national, and religion, 146-47; relationship to democracy, xvii; role of nationalism in, 156; self-identification, 113. See also cultures/identities/ orientations, two; language ideology: under Lukshenka, 205-6; neo-Eurasian ideology, 75, 76-78, 174; neo-Soviet ideology, 162, 174, 205, 212, 244, 251; pan-Slavic, 2, 58, 78, 96, 173, 184, 207, 210, 214, 245; patriotism, 120, 137, 151, 207, 208, 213; state, based on past stereotypes, 245-46. See also Eurasian ideology; nationalism; nation-building concepts/ideologies Ignatouski, U., 43; Igor (Prince), 15 Igorevich, Yuri (Prince), 59 Illarionov,
Andrey, 233 imagined community, nation as, 156 immigration policy, 185 Imperial Academy of Scientists, 4 imports/exports, 107, 108, 109, 176, 184 inclusivity, xviii, xix, 156, 163, 244 Independence Day, changing of date of, 135, 139Ո17 Independent Institute of SocioEconomic and Political Studies, 215 India, 197, 199, 201 Indonesia, 197 Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, 104 intellectuals, Belarusian, 130 Intermarium project, 189 International Eurasian Movement, 77 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 94 Internet usage, 118, 221 Ioffe, Grigory, 209 Ipatovsky chronicle, 8
Index Ireland: and EU membership, 190; language issue in, 121; and neutrality, 196, 197, 198; and UN membership, 196 Irkutsk scandal (2016), 103 Islam: anti-Islamists, 154n2, 185; and neo-Eurasists, 77-78; oppression in Philippines, 146; percentage as believers, 144; in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 23; role according to Constitution, 142; in Russian Empire, 26. See also religion Israel, Belarusians in, 11ІПІ2 Italy, 38, 107, 188, 195 Ivan ΠΙ (Russia), 62, 63, 73 Ivanouski, U., 103 Ivanouski, V., 46 Izyaslau (Prince), 14-15, 16 Janukevich, Aljaksej, 217 Japan, 160, 201 Jaropolk (Prince), 16 Jemoit, 157 Jesuits, 81 Jews/Judaism: in Belarus, 33, 100, 101, 132; in GDL, 18; percentage as believers, 144; in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 23; role according to Constitution, 142; in Russian Empire, 26, 28 Jobbic party (Hungary), 151, 154n2 Kalesnikava, Maria, 227, 231, 232 Kalinouski, Kastus, xxx, 27, 187 Kanapatskaja, Anna, 219 Kanchar, Y. S., 35 Kandrusevich, Tadevush, 143 Karaev, Yury, 233 Karamzin, Nikolay Μ., 2, 5-7, 8, 9n4 Karatkevitch, Tatsiana, 217 Karatkevitch, Uladzimir, xxxv karenizacyi policy, 43 Karjagin, V., 108 Karsavin, L., 75 Karski, J. E, 28 Karsky, Jaukhim, xxx Kastsjushka, T., 27, 106,187 Kavalkova, Volha, 217, 231 Kazakevich, Andrej, 163 Kazakhstan: Belarusians living in, 100; as CSTO member, 199; demographics in, 101; and EAEU, 79; ethnic diversity in, 161; independence from USSR, 93; language issue in, 115, 116; and nuclear weapons, 199, 240; Russian people in, 169-70; as SCO member, 199 Kazei, Marat, 136 Kaziu, Mikalaj, 217, 230 Kerensky, Alexander, 32
Khazars, 12-13, 15 Khrushchev, Nikita, 122, 240 Kipchaks, 13, 62 Kirgizia, as SCO member, 199 Kolas, Yakub, xxxi Kolsto, Pal, 158 Komi, 65, 66 Koneczny, Feliks, 82 Kosovo, 183 Krasheninnikov, S. P., 4 Krasouski, Anatol, 135 Kraucevich, Aljaksandr, 220 Krautsevich, Ales, 19, 60 Kravchuk, L., 188 Krecheuski, Piotr, 38, 39, 40 Kreusk family, 20 Krivichians, 7, 8, 56, 57 Kryshtapovich, Leu, 210 Kuchma, L., 188 Kukabaka, Mikhail, 176-77 Kupala, Yanka, xxxi, 43 295
296 Kupalle celebrations, 210-11 Kurapaty memorial, 244 Kuzmich, A., 17 Kuzyk, Boris, 80, 83, 83 Kyivan Rus’: Christianization of, 13; collapse of, 17, 57; destruction by Mongols, 4, 59; fragmentation of, 4, 15; history of, 2-4, 15-16, 157; internicine wars with Northeastern region, 242; role of Scandinavians/Vikings/ Germans in creation of, 5; Russian claims to heritage of, 176; wars among principalities in, 17. See also Novgorod Republic; Polatsk, Principality of; Vladimir (Great Prince of Kyivan Rus’) Kyiv Riot (1113), 3-4 Kyrgyzstan, 93, 116, 199 Ladnou, E., 37, 38 lakes and rivers, in modern Belarus, 100 language: ban on Belarusian, 122-23; Belarus, post-USSR, 95; and Belarusian identity, 114, 117, 249; of books, Belarusian vs. Russian, 114, 117-18; decline in use of native, 114-15, 117-19; effect on nationality, 65-66; and electronic media, 118; historical commonalities among Belarusian, 122; instruction, choice of language, 172; lack of state support for native, 207; in Latvia, 115, 116, 185; models of future of, 121-22; modem-day use of Belarusian, 104, 105; need for state support of native language, 121; Index Old Belarusian in GDL, 19, 114, 186, 246; in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 24; during pre-chronicle period, 12; prevalence of Russian in Belams, 114-15, 117-18; in Principality of Polatsk, 14; and print media, 118; and Russian aggression in Ukraine, 177; in Russian Empire, 26, 28; state languages in BSSR, 43; in Ukraine, 115-17, 117, 177, 188; use of Belarusian at home, 176. See also media Laos, 196 Lastouski, Vaciau, xxxi, 38, 39, 189 Latushka, Pavel, 231,
234 Latvia: and Belarusian imports, 107; Belarusian migration to, 102; Belarusians living in, 100, 186; demographics in, 101, 102, 186; ethnic diversity in, 161; forest areas in, 100; human rights violations in, 186; independence from USSR, 93; language issue in, 115, 116, 185; political and economic reforms in, 1991, 127; problems with nation-building in, 185-86; Russian aggression against, 170 Laurentian chronicle, 8 Lavrov, Sergey, 175 League of Nations, 38, 194, 195-96 Lelewel, Joachim, 62 Lenin, Vladimir, 34, 76; self-determination policy of, xvi, 40, 131 Lermontov, Mikhail, 126-27 Liberal Democratic Party (LDP; Belams), 129, 171, 210, 214 Liberal Nationalism, 152
Index Likhachev, D., 7, 9ո4 Lithuania: and Belarusian exports/imports, 107; Belarusian migration to, 102; Belarusians living in, 100; commonalities with Belarus, 186-87; declares independence from Russia, 1917, 35; demographics in, 101, 102; and energy dependence on Russia, 189; as fitting context of modem European civilization, 158; independence from Russia, 164; independence from USSR, 93; national elite, and building of nation state, 185; nationalismin, 165; as nation-state, 116; native language use in, 186; restoration of independence (1990), 92; Russians in, 116; and Sajudis, 91-92; Vilnja ceded to, 45. See also Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) Lithuania, Kingdom of, emergence of, 58 Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (LitBel), 31, 38, 41 Lithuanian Movement for Perestroika (1988), 91 Lithuanians: living in Belams, 100; living in Latvia, 186 Litvins, 187 Livonian War (1558-1583), 22 Ljosik, Jazep, xxxi-xxxii, 34, 38, 39, 40 Locke, John, 139n9 Lomonosov, Mikhail, 4, 5 Lukashenka, Aliaksandr, 207-8; agricultural settlements under, 109; antinationalist stance of, 206; 297 attempted impeachment of, 96; attitude toward Belarusian people, 234; on Belarusian language, 122; changes to Constitution by, 231; election of, 95; as last dictator of Europe, 225-26; no real plans to build national state, 178; oil negotiations with Putin, 175-76; and pan-Slavic idea of, 96; and patriotism ideology, 208; relationship with Putin, 172, 175-77, 231-32; and Union State, 163, 171, 174-76, 207, 245. See also Revolution of Hope (2020) Lukashenka, Mikalaj, 245 Luther, Martin, 23
Lutheranism, 81 Lutskevich, Anton, xxxii, 37, 38, 39, 189, 195 Lutskevich, Ivan, xxxi, xxxii Luttwak, Edward, 233 Lvov (Prince), 32 Macron, Emmanuel, 250 Magdeburg rights, 21, 73 Mahiljou: and BSSR, 40, 41; ceded to Russia, 41; decrease of nobility in, 27; Magdeburg rights in, 73; population of, 25; serfs in, 28; Statutes of GDL in, 21 Maidan Revolution (2013), 240 Malta, 196, 197 Manaev, Oleg, 217 Manjushka, Stanislau (Moniuszko), xxx, 187 Marakou, Leanid, 44, 88 Martyrology of Belams, 92 Masherau, P., 48, 230 Matskevich, Uladzimir, 215, 222
298 Mazurau, Kiril, 48, 122, 230 Meadows, D., 127 media: bloggers, 219, 221, 226-27; disinformation from official, 137; Internet usage, 118, 221; media outlets closures, 232; printing house in Vilnja, 22, 23; radio, 174, 208, 220; role in Belarusian nation-building today, 220-21, 235. See also television Medvedev, Dimitry, 175 Membership Action Plan (MAP; NATO), 199 Mensheviks, 50n32 mentality of Belarusians. See Belarusianness (factors in mentality of society) Merja, 7, 56, 66, 172, 249 Meshchera, 56, 66, 172, 249 migrants, attitude toward, 132 Mikhalevich, Ales, 212 Milinkevich, Aljaksandar, 217, 219, 220 military, and Belarus: dependence on Russia, 169, 180; exercises, 175, 179; parades, 211; Russian bases, 249 Military Revolutionary Committee of the BSSR, 41 Milosz, Czeslaw, 88, 246 Mindoug (Prince/King), 19, 81, 186 Minsk: and BSSR, 40, 41; and culture, 105, 120; decrease of nobility in, 27; demonstration in, 154; ethnic groups, 1909, 33; GDL Statutes in, 21; German occupation of, 36; Jews in, 33; Magdeburg rights in, 73; night of shot poets in, 44; population of, 25; Index religion in, 81; serfs in, 28 Mironowicz, A., 24 Mitskevich (Mickiewicz), Adam, xxix, xxx, xxxiii, 165, 187 Mjasnikou, A., 41 Moldova, 80, 93, 100, 116, 117,184, 197 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 45, 91 monastery, women’s in Polatsk, 16 Mongolia, 160, 196 Mongols, 13, 21, 55; and battle at Blue Waters, 20, 60; creation of Empire, 58-59; defeat of, 60, 62; destruction of Kyivan Rus’ by, 4, 59; Russian names originating from, 61-62 Mongol-Tatars, 18, 19. See also Tatars Monomakh, Mstislav (Prince), 4
Monomakh, Vladimir (Prince), 3, 4, 8 Montenegro, 12, 100, 183 Mordovinjans, linguistic subordination of, 249 Moscow under Golden Horde, 17, 21; monument raised to Prince Vladimir of Kyiv in, 8 Moscow Orthodox Church, 5 Moscow Orthodox Patriarchate, 144 Movement “For European Belarus,” 218 Mstislav (Prince), 4, 12 Muljavin, Uladzimir, xxxv, 48 Müller, G. E, 4-6, 9ո4 multiculturalism, failure in Europe, 244 Munich Agreement, 45 Muravyov, Mikhail, 122 Murom, 2, 15, 56, 66, 172 Murzionak, Silvestr Ignatavich, 32 Murzionak, Sjargei Ignatavich, 44, 135 Muscovites, and identity, 60-61 Muscovy, 2; Belarusian fatalities during war (1654-1667), 177;
Index establishment/expansion of, 62-63; expansion after Golden Horde, 24; as not Belarusian-Ukranian Slav unifier, 60-63; wars with GDL, 20, 22, 25; wars with Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 25 Muscovy-Lithuanian wars, 22 Muscovy-Rzeczpospolita War (16051618), 22 Muscovy Slavs: assimilation with Finno-Ugric tribes, 64; assimilation with Turkic peoples, 63,64 Muslims, 81-82, 132, 145, 185 myth. See Russian myths NAM (Non-Alignment Movement), 180, 197, 202, 251 Naryshkin, Sergey, 175 Nasovich, Ivan, xxix nation, definitions of, 156, 157-58 “national,” meanings in USSR, xvi National Academy of Sciences, 211 national conscious, Belarusian, 95, 159, 241 national-conscious elites. See elites, national-conscious national elite, and nation-state building in Ukraine, 185 national freedom: attitude toward, 130-31, 134; defining, 130 national identity and language, 28, 113-23 nationalism: components of new, 244; criticism of, 152; as distincitive feature of nation building, 151-52; new, components of, 244; overview of, xviii-xx; right-wing support of, 184-85; uses for Belarusians, 156. 299 See also identity; ideology National Library, 105 national symbols, 220 National Theater of Opera and Ballet, 120, 186-87 nation-building: basis of, xviii; Belarusians supporting, 19th century, xxix-xxx; Belarusians supporting, 20th century, first half, xxxi-xxxiii; Belarusians supporting, 20th century, second half, xxxiii-xxxv; modem models of, 244; role of homogeneity in, 160; role of state in modem, 134. See also Belarus, nation-building today nation-building concepts/ideologies : ethno-
cultural, 163, 164; ethno-national state, 164; state-and-political, 164 nation-state ambiguous meaning of, 150; number of, worldwide, xix NATO, 171, 199 Navahrudak, 17, 19, 24, 27, 73 Nazarbajev, Nursultan, 79,115, 170 Nazis, 154n2,174 neo-Eurasian ideology, 75, 76-78, 174 neo-Soviet ideology, 162, 174, 205, 212, 244, 251 Nestor chronicle, 6 Netherlands, 107, 143, 195, 196 neutrality, 195-98; and Belams, 194-95, 198-200, 251-52; and EU, 197-98; and Hague Conventions, 195; and national elite, 200; and Ukraine, 200, 251; during World War I, 195, 196; during World War П, 196, 200 Nevsky, Alexander (Prince), 5, 61 New Economic Policy (NEP), 44, 128
зоо Index new nationalism, components of, 244 New Zealand, Belarusians in, 11ІПІ2 Nicholas I (Russia), 26, 122 Nicholas II (Russia), 32 night of shot poets, 44 Njakljaeu, Uladzimir, 217 NKVD, 43, 45, 211 Nobel Prize, 104, 156, 231 Non-Alignment Movement (NAM), 180, 197, 202, 251 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 208, 214, 232 nontraditional religions, attitude toward, 132 Nord Stream 2 pipeline, 250 Norman theory, 2-3, 4-6, 9n4 Northeastern lands, 5, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20-21; first principality of, 57. See also Muscovy Northern Eurasia, 209-10 Northern War (1654-1667), 22, 25, 63 North Macedonia, 183 Northwestern regionira/, 31 Norway, 100, 178, 195, 196 Novgorod Republic, 17, 65 Novgorod Veche, 73 nuclear weapons: and Belarus, xvii, 199; and Kazakhstan, 199, 240; non-proliferation treaty on, 171; and Ukraine, 199, 240, 251 Obama, Barack, 126 October Revolution, 31, 32-33, 34, 87, 157 OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), 104 oil/gas: and Baltic-Black Sea pipeline, 189; dependency of modem Belarus, 100; Lukashenka negotiations with Putin, 175-76; sources other than Russiaa, 178; and trade agreements, 213 Olegovichy, Igor, 4 Olegovichy, Vsevolod, 4 Olga (Prince), 12 Olga (Princess), 16 Olympic Games, 100, 263-64 On the Strategy of the Russian Federation, the status of the national policy for the period up to 2025, 172 Orange Revolution (Ukraine; 20042005), 152 Orda, Napoleon, xxix Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 104 Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 94 Orsha: Magdeburg rights in, 73; population
of, 25; religion in, 81 Orthodox Church: and book printing activities, 23; role according to the Constitution, 142 Orthodoxy: annexation of Uniate Church, 26, 27, 141, 144; comes into action in Horde, 61; establishment in Belarusian lands, 13; in GDL, 18, 74; and neo-Eurasists, 77-78; Paganism-Orthodoxy hybrid (dvuhver’je), 13; percentage as believers, 143-44, 145, 146; in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 23; ratio of believers in Belarus/Ukraine to Muslims, 82; Russian, 24, 26, 27, 81 OSCE (Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe), 94 Ossetia, 13, 152, 170, 239
Index Paganism, 11,13-14, 19 Paganism-Orthodoxy hybrid (dvuhver’je), 13 Pahanjaila, G., 135 Pahonja (coat of arms), 36, 96, 186 Pakistan, 146,199 Palchis, E., 219 Palchys, Jaugen, 221 Palienka, Zmicer, 221 pan-Slavic ideology, 2, 58, 78, 96, 173, 184, 207, 210, 214, 245 Paris Peace Conference, 37, 38-39 Party of Communists of Belarus (PCB), 94 Pashkevich, A., 103 patience, of Belarusians, xiv, 107, 133, 207 patriotism, 120,137, 151, 207, 208, 213 Paul (Bishop), 144 Pazniak, Zjanon, 212, 218 Paznjak, Z., 94, 95 PCB (Party of Communists of Belarus), 94 Pechenegs, 12, 13, 15 Pegaja Orda, 24, 63 People’s Anti-Crisis Department, 234 People’s Rukh of Ukraine (1989), 91, 92 Perejaslav agreement (1654), 60 Perepechko, Aleksandr, 233, 234 perestroika (restructuring), xvi, 91, 240 Peter I (the Great), 4, 61, 77 Pilsudski, Jozef, 37, 87, 188-89 Pinsk, 20, 25, 27, 32, 73 Plokhy, Serhii, xiv, 56, 60 Pogodin, M. P., 9n4, 58 Polachans, 56, 57 Poland: and Belarusian imports, 107; Belarusian migration to, 102; Belarusians living in, 100; BSSR territories ceded to, by USSR, 46; demographics of, 102; energy dependence on Russia, 189; entry into NATO, 171; ЗОЇ as ethnically homogenous, 188; as fitting context of modern European civilization, 158; independence from Russia, 164; indigenous groups, as percentage of population, 160; and League of Nations, 195; and migrants from Africa/Middle East, 188; national elite, and building of nation state, 185, 188; nationalism in, 165; and October Revolution, 33; Russian aggression toward, 170, 179; and Solidarity, 91, 92, 234; support for Ukraine and
Belarus, 187. See also Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rreszpospolita) Poland, Kingdom of, population statistics, 20 Polatsk, Principality of, xv, xxv, Ί, 13-18, 105, 127, 157, 246; development of, 57; emergence of, xiii; ethnicity of, 13; language in, 14; Magdeburg rights in, 73; population of, 25; princes of, 14-15, 255-56; prominent figures in, 16-17; religion of, 13-14, 81; andRurikids, 14 Poles: in Belarus, 100, 101; in Russian Empire, 26, 28 Policies for European Security and Defense (Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP)), 197-98 Polish Council of the Minsk region, 33 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rreszpospolita), xv, 23-26,164, 170; adoption of Constitution, 26; and Counter-Reformation, 23;
302 Index end of existence of, 26; ethnicity in, 23; language in, 24; and Polanization, 24, 25; population statistics, 25; religion in, 23-24; socio-economic status of GDL residents in, 25; territorial area of GDL vs. Lithuania in, 24-25; wars with Muscovy, 25 Polish National Committee, 33 Polish-Soviet war (1919-1921), 37, 41 Politburo of the Communist Party of the USSR (CPSU), xvi, 50n32, 170 political culture, low levels in Belarus, 129-31 political freedom, attitude toward, 130, 134 political parties, 213-14 Polonaise (missile), 243 Polonization, xv, 24, 25, 26, 28, 45, 194 Pompeo, Mike, 171 Popular Front of Latvia (1988), 91 Popular Front of Moldova (1989), 91 Poroshenko, P., 188 Portugal, 99, 160, 196 potash fertilizer, 107 potassium deposits, in Belarus, 100 Prakulevich, B., 39 pre-chronicle period, 11-13. See also Eastern Slavs presidential campaign (2020), 217, 219; protests during, 130, 131 presidential election (2020), and fraud, 225 Primary Chronicle (Povesť Vremennykh Let, PVL), 6-8, 56-57 printing house, in GDL, 20, 22 print media: in BSSR, 43, 48; language of, 118. See also media private business, in Belarus, 108, 110 private property, in Belarus, 108-9 project Intermarium, 189 Protestantism: and Constitution, 142; in GDL, 18, 23, 81; number of believers, 144,145; and oppression, 143; in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 23 provinces (hubernii), xvi, 173 Pushkin, Alexander, 126-27 Putin, Vladimir: on citizenship, 2020, 249; proposed accession of Belarus by, 171; relationship with Lukashenka, 172, 231-32; on speaking native languages, 172; and territorial
aggression, 169-70; visit to Belarus (2016), 175 PVL (Primary Chronicle (Povesť Vremennykh Let)), 6-8, 56-57 Quebec, xix, 151, 164 racism, 120 Rada. See Belarusian Democratic (Narodnaja) Republic (BNR Rada) radio, 174, 208, 220 Radzik, R., 158 Ragneda (Princess), 14 Ragvalod (Prince), 14-15, 16 Rak-Mikhajlouski, S., 39 Rasputin, Valentin, 127 RB Constitution, 202 RCP(b) (Russian Communist Party), 31, 40, 50n32 Red Army, 31, 41, 42, 46 Reformation, and GDL, 18, 23, 81 religion: Evangelical Christians, 144; introduction of Christianity into Kyivan Rus’, 13; Paganism, 11, 13-14, 19; pre-chronicle period, 11;
Index Reformation and GDL, 18, 23, 81; as source of conflict, 141, 146; in Ukraine, 145. See also Christianity; Jews/Judaism; Orthodoxy; Roman Catholicism; Uniate Church (Union Church) religion, and Belarusians: attendance numbers, 145-46; freedom under the Constitution, 141-42; importance in daily life, 145-46; importance in national identity, 146-47; influence in public life, 143-47; nontraditional religions, 132; persons without religious affiliation, 142-43; in Polatsk, 13-14; in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 23-24; during pre-chronicle period, 11; in Russian Empire, 26; stability of proportion of Christians, 144-45. See also Orthodoxy; religion Republic of Belarus. See Belarus restructuring (perestroika), xvi, 91, 240 Revolution of Dignity (Ukraine; 2014), 116, 152,165, 201 Revolution of Hope (2020), xx, 165, 225-35, 241, 252; arrest of protesters, 232, 233; beginning of, 228; development of revolutionary events, 227-37; and election fraud, 227-30; and government repression, 227, 228; and human rights, 129; media outlet closures, 232; motives for, 131, 225-26, 228, 229; nonrecognition of election results, 228-29; and release of political prisoners, 226, 229, 232-33; 303 role of bloggers in, 226-27; slowing down of, 230 Riasanovsky, Nicholas, 242 right-wing in Europe, 154n2, 184—85, 200 rivers and lakes, in modern Belarus, 100 “roadmaps,” 175-76, 213 Roma, 100, 151 Roman Catholicism: in Bulgaria, 82; in GDL, 18, 19, 74, 81; number of believers, 144, 145; and persecution, 143; in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 23; ratio to Orthodoxism in Belarus/ Ukraine, 82; role
according to Constitution, 142; in Russia, 24, 26, 82 Romania, 64, 82, 107, 170 Romanovs, replace Rurikids, 3 Rostislavich, Rurik, 4 Rreszpospolita. See Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rreszpospolita) RSFSR, 38, 40, 43, 47, 50n32 Rurik (semi-mythical person), 6-8, 15 Rurikids, 3, 14 Russia: annexation of Crimea by, 199; and Belarusian exports/imports, 107, 108, 176; Belarusian migration to, 102; Belarusians living in, 100; Catholics in, 82; citizenship in, 249, 253n7; constitutional update, 2020, 173; as CSTO member, 199; demographics in, 102; development parallels with Belarus, 67-69; Georgian territory captured by, 152; hubernii (provinces) in, xvi, 26, 173; justification for aggression by, 179-80; and language issue, 116;
304 Index and League of Nations, 195; as multinational/multiethnic, 66,173; Muslim-Christian ratio, 81; national policy strategy for period up to 2025, 172; nonjustification of Kyivan Rus’ heritage, 176; Norman theory of origin of, 2-3, 4-6, 9n4; October Revolution in, 31, 32-33, 34, 87, 157; parliamentarism in, 73; present relationship with Ukraine, 77; religion after first partition of Commonwealth, 24; sanctions against, 153, 171, 234, 235, 240, 250; as SCO member, 199; Slav-other groups ratio in, 64; soft colonization of Belarus by, 169, 174, 176, 232, 245; territorial expansion of, 171-72; UN veto right of, 196. See also Eurasian ideology; Russian Empire; Russian Orthodox Church; Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Russian Communist Party (RCP(b)), 31, 40, 50n32 Russian Empire, 26-28; identity in, 26, 28; Jews in, 26, 28; language in, 26, 27, 28; population of, 26, 28; religion and Belarusians in, 26; and russification, 28; serfs in, 27-28; social status in, 27; uprisings against joining Belarusian lands to, 26-27 Russian Federation. See Russia Russian language: number of speakers of, 115; prevalence in Belarus, 114-15, 117-18 Russian myths, 241-42; historical heritage of ‘Kiyvan Rus’, 241; Slavic character of Muscovy, 241; trinity of three Eastern Slavic peoples, 2, 22, 74-79, 209, 221, 241 Russian Orthodox Church, 24, 26, 81, 128; annexation of Uniate Church by, 26, 27, 141, 144 Russians: living in Belarus, 100, 101; living in Latvia, 186 Russification, xv, 26, 28,47-48, 66, 118, 127, 161-62, 194 Ruthenia, Kingdom of, emergence of, 58 Ruthenian civilization,
as part of western civilization, 79-84, 82, 242 Ruthenian/Eurasion civilization, factors in formation of, 55-69; assimilation with local tribes, 242; development parallels between Belarus/Russia, 67-69; distinction among tribes, 56-58, 242; ethnicity within two civilizations, 64-67; ethno-national identity, 60-61; GDL, not Muscovy as unifer of Slavs, 60-63, 242; internicine wars between lands/ principalities, 242; Mongol invasion, 242; natural conditions of East European Plain/Eurasian steppe, 242 Ryazan, 21, 57, 59, 62, 63 Rytyh, A. E, 28 Sajudis, 91-92 same-sex marriage, attitude toward, 132 sanctions, 152, 180; and EU, 184, 229, 234, 240, 250; and League of Nations, 196;
Index against Russia, 153, 171, 234, 235, 240, 250; and Treaty of Westphalia, 195; and US, 250 Sannikau, Andrej, 212, 217, 218 Sapega, Leu, 18, 21, 105 Saraj, 61, 62 Saudi Arabia, 178 Sazhych, Jazep, 40 SBM (Belarusian Union of Youth), 46 Scandinavia, 5 Schengen Agreement (1985), 183 Scotland, xix, 151, 160, 164 SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization), 199 Scythians, 12, 13 Second All-Belarusian Congress (1944), 31-32, 46 Second All-Russian Congress of Peasants’ Deputies (1917), 35 Second Peace Conference at The Hague (1907), 195 Sejm, 22, 23, 24, 25, 73, 92, 94 self-determination: and Belarus, 35; and Chechnya, 160; and Lenin, xvi, 40, 131 self-identification, of Belarusians, 113 Semashko (Russian Orthodox Bishop), 27 Semjanjuk, L., 42 Serada, Ivan, 36, 39, 40 Serbia, 145, 151, 183 serfdom, 21, 27-28 Sevjarynets, Pavel, 212, 217, 218, 226 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), 199 Shevchenko, Taras, 2 Shunevich, Mr., 211 Shushkevich, Stanislau, 95, 220 Shyrma, Rygor, xxxiii, 105 Siberia, 27, 42-43, 44, 47, 75, 160, 178 Sineus (semi-mythical person), 6-7 Skaryna, Frantsishak, xv, 18, 22-23 Skaryna Bible, 114 305 Skirmunt, Roman, 34, 39 Skoropadsky, Hetman, 37 Slavs: assimilation with Finno-Ugric tribes, 56, 63, 64; GDL as unifier of, 21, 60-63, 242; separation into Great Russians/ Eastern Slavs, 59. See also Eastern Slavs; Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) Slavyansk, 174 Slonim, 19, 20, 27, 128 Sluck, 20, 25 Slutsk, Magdeburg rights in, 73 Slutsk Rada, 42 Slutsk uprising, 41-42 Smalensk, 56; annexed to GDL, 20; and BSSR, 40, 41, 42; serfs in, 28 Smith, Anthony, 156 Smolensk,
7, 12, 20, 57 Smolensk War (1632-1634), 22, 25 Smolich, Arkady, 126 Snyder, Timothy, xvii, xx, 158, 187, 189, 243 Social Democrats, 185 social justice, and new nationalism, 244 social media. See media social networks, effects on nation building, 211 Social Revolutionaries (SRs), 42, 50n32 sofa parties, 214 soft Belarusization, 174, 245 soft colonization, 169, 175,176, 232 Solidarity, 91, 92, 234 Solovjov, S. Μ., 2, 4, 7, 9n4 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 127 Soviet Union. See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Spain, 151, 188, 196, 233 sports, in modern Belarus, 109-10, 263-64 Spring-1994 association, 95 spy mania, 218-19
306 Index SRs (Social Revolutionaries), 42, 50ո32 Stalin, Joseph, xvi, 44-45, 88 Stalinism, fear of, in Belarus, 135 Stalin Line, 136, 211, 230 Stankiewich, J., 46 state ideology, based on past stereotypes, 245—46; internationalism policy with selected countries since Soviet era, 246; short-term historical memory associated primarily with WWII, 246; Slavic unity, 245^16 Statkevich, Mikalaj, 212, 217, 218, 219, 226, 230 Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 21, 22 Stella, 230-31 Strategija Natsii, 200 Sudetenland, 45 Surkov, V., 75, 173 Survilla, Ivonka J., 40 survival mentality, 133-34 Suzdal. See Vladimir-Suzdal principality Svezij veter (Fresh wind) program, 215, 222 Sviatoslav (Prince), 15-16 Svjataslau (Prince), 16 Svyataslavichy, David (Prince), 3 Svyataslavichy, Oleg (Prince), 3, 15 Svyatopolk (Prince), 3 Svyatoslav I (Prince), 15 Sweden: and EU membership, 190; forest areas in, 100; neutrality of, 195, 196, 197; non-believers in, 143; and UN membership, 196, 197 Swiss People’s Party, 185 Switzerland: independence from Holy Roman Empire, 195; neutrality of, 195, 196; right-wing parties in, 185; and UN membership, 196 Sylvester (monk), 8 Syria, 239, 246 Taiwan, 251 Tajikistan, 93, 116, 199, 226 Tamir, Yael, xvii, 152, 183, 244 Tarashkevich, Branislau, xxxiii Targowski, Andrew (Andrzej), 80, 83, 83, 84, 86n35 Tartary, concept of, 75 Tatars: and Golden Horde, 62; in Kazakhstan, 115; and language issue, 172; linguistic subordination of, 249; living in Belarus, 28, 100; in Russian Empire, 26, 28; settlers in Belarus, 18 Tatarstan, 172, 173 Tatishchev, V. N., 2, 5, 9n4,
76 Tautsivil (Prince), 18 television: and Belarusian journalist strike, 137; broadcasting by Russian journalists, 174, 231; broadcasting in Russian in Belarus, 208; dominant role of Russians in, 89; independent Belarusian, 118, 187; propaganda through, 174. See also media; radio Teplov, G. N. 4 Teutonic Knights, 5, 61 Teutonic Order, and GDL, 19, 20 Tikhanovskaja, Svjatlana, 227, 234 titular nations, 87, 115, 161, 186 Tkachou, Μ., 94 tolerance, attitude toward, 132-33, 134, 198 Tolstoj, Leo, 126-27 tourism, 99, 110, 184 trade: attempts at balanced policy, 208; diversification of, 107, 243.
Index See also oil/gas transparency, 91, 247 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918), 36 Treaty of Riga (1920), 38, 39,41 Treaty of Westphalia (1648), 195 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, 171 Tredyakovsky, V. K., 4 trinity of East-Slavic peoples, criticism of past/modern use of, 2, 22, 74-79, 209, 221, 241 Troubetzkoy, Μ., 75 Truce of Deulino, 25 Trump, Donald, 198, 234 Trusau, Aleg, 119, 220 Truvor (semi-mythical person), 6-7 Tsapkala, Valery, 226 Tsapkala, Verinica, 227 Tsepkala, Valery, 212, 245 Tsihanouski, Sjargej, 221 Tsikanouskaja, Sviatlana, 208, 232 Tsikhanouskaja, Svjatlana, 208, 212, 216, 227-28, 231, 244, 245 Tsikhanouski, Sjargei, 211, 226-27 Tsitovich, Gennadzy, xxxiii, 105 Tsjareshchanka, K., 39 Tsoi, Viktor, 227 Tsvikevich, A., 39 Tumilovich, Galina, 163 Turau, 17, 19, 20, 69, 157 Turausky, Svjatapolk Izyaslavich (Prince), 3 Turkey, 36, 108, 183 Turkmenistan, 93, 116,196, 197 Turov, 17 Tver, 21, 57, 63, 65 Tver Uprising, 62 Udmurt, 13, 65, 66 Ukraine: and agriculture, 100; Belarusian migration to, 102; Belarusians living in, 100; commonalities with Belarus, 58, 115, 188; 307 and Declaration of Human Rights, 131; demographics in, 101, 102, 188; and Donbass war, 80, 152, 153,174, 179, 188, 240, 251; as Eastern Partnership member, 184; and energy dependence on Russia, 189; and EU membership, 189, 250; exports to Belarus, 107; freed of Mongols, 58; geographical size of, 188; independence from USSR, 93; language in, 115-16, 117, 177, 188; loss of Crimea and Donbass, 152, 153, 251; Muslim-Christian ratio in, 82; national-democratic revolution in, xix;
national elite, and nation-state building, 185; national idea in, 165; nation-building in, 152, 185, 250; and NATO Membership Action Plan (MAP), 199; and neutrality, 200, 251; and nuclear weapons, 199, 240, 251; and October Revolution, 32-33; Orthodox-Muslim ratio in, 82; Orthodox-Catholic ratio in, 82; present relationship with Russia, 77; religion in, 145; Russian aggression against, recent, 169, 170, 177, 179, 239-40; Russian historical occupation of, 82; Slav-other groups ratio in, 64; strides toward national freedom in, 242-43; support by Poland, 187; and UN, 197, 200, 251 Ukrainians: genocide of, 42—43; living in Belarus, 100, 101; living in Latvia, 186; in Russian Empire, 26, 28
308 Index Ukranian Autocephaly, 145 Ukranian Orthodox Church, 145 Ukranian People’s Republic (1918), 87 Ulakhovich, N., 209 Ulasau, A., 39 Umjastousky, R, 103 Uniate Church (Union Church), 18, 74, 81, 142; annexed to Russian Orthodox Church, 26, 27, 141, 144; in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 23-24. See also Orthodoxy Union of Brest (1596), 73, 141 Union of Lublin (1569), 19, 25 Union of Poles, 143 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR): administration of, xvi; anti-national policy of, 88, 206; cedes B SSR territories to Poland, 46; collapse of, 92-93, 128, 149, 170; and Declaration of Human Rights, 131; dictatorship in, 32-33, 46-47, 50n32, 88; famine in, 42^13; “national republics” in, 87-88; republics declaring indpendence from, 93; and restructuring (perestroika), xvi, 91, 240. See also Russia Union State of Belarus and Russia (1999), 106, 163, 171, 174-76, 207, 245 United Civil Party (UCP), 214, 215 United Democratic Party of Belarus (UDPB), 94, 95 United Kingdom (UK): Belarusian Orthodox Church in, 145; exports to Belarus, 107; homogeneity of, 160; nationalism in, 165; origin of peoples of, 160; parliamentarism in, 21-22 United Nations (UN): Belarus membership in, 171, 180; founding of, 196; nation-state members, xix; neutral country members of, 196-97, 251; official languages of, 115; shortcomings of, 201; veto power of Security Council, 201 United States (US): and Act on Democracy in Belarus, 234; Belarusian emigration to, 103, 11ІПІ2; Belarusian Orthodox Church in, 145; exports from Belarus, 108; and League of Nations, 195; and Munich Agreement, 45;
nonrecognition of 2020 election results, 228-29; and Paris Peace Conference, 38; sanctions by, 250; UN veto right of, 196 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN), 131, 132, 163 Uzbekistan, 93 Vakulchik, Valery, 233 Valovich, Astafij (GDL Chancellor), 21 Vaukavysk, 19, 20, 27 Venezuela, 178, 207, 234, 246 Vernadsky, G., 8, 74, 75 Ves, 7, 56 Vikings, 5, 6, 7, 8 Vilnja: and BSSR, 40, 41; decrease of nobility in, 27; hosts founding meeting of BPF Adradzenne, 92; lack of support for returning to Belarus, 187; Lithuania receives through GermanSoviet treaty, 45; as part of GDL, 19, 21, 24;
Index 309 creation of BNR after, 37, 128; neutrality during, 195, 196; Russian-German line of defense during, 32 World War II (WWn), 5; German occupation of Belams during, 31-32, 45-46; and liberation of Belarus, 135; neutrality during, 196, 200; territorial growth of Belams at beginning of, 45 printing house in, 22-23; serfs in, 28; territorial disputes post-WWI, 37, 39 visa-free entry, 99, 177, 184 Vitaut (Great Prince; Vytautas), 20, 60, 81, 187 Vitsebsk, 19; decrease of nobility in, 27; Magdeburg rights in, 73; population of, 25 Vitsebsk: and BSSR, 40, 42; ceded to Russia, 41; religion in, 81; serfs in, 28 Vladimir (Great Prince of Kyivan Rus’), 12; introduces Christianity, 13, 81; statue erected to, 8, 242 Vladimir (Prince) brother of Jaropolk, 16 Vladimir-Suzdal principality, 17, 57, 59 , 67, 69, 82 Vlasova, Liliya, 231 Volyn-Galician principality, 17, 57 Vsevolodovich, Yuri (Prince), 59 Vyten (Prince), 18 Yakovets, Yu. V., 80, 83, 83 Yanukovych, V, 188 Yaroslav (Great Prince of Vladimir), 61 Yaroslav the Wise, 12, 14-15, 16, 17 Yeltsin, Boris, 93, 96; pro-Western policy of, 77; and Union State, 163, 171, 174-76, 207, 245 “Young Front,” 146, 218 youth associations, 46, 92, 208 Yugoslavia, 151, 152, 159, 197 Yushchenko, V., 188 Walby, Sylvia, 162 Walensa, Lech, 92 Warsaw Pact, 47, 79 Warsaw Treaty Organization, 170 web. See media Western Belarus, 32, 44-45, 108, 128, 170, 188 Western Russism, 163 Wodak, Ruth, 154n2 World Congress of Belarusians (2020), 235 World War I (WWI), 151; Zajats, L., 39 Zakharenko, Yury, 135 Zakharka, Vasil, 39, 40, 195 Zatonsky, Vladimir, 44
Zelensky, V., 188 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 171 Zhmud, 60 Zhulyakov, Toygildy, 76 Zhylunovich, Z., 40, 41, 43 Zjuganov, Mr., 136, 206 Znak, Maxim, 231 Zuk-Hryshkevich, Vincent, 40 xenophobia, 113, 132, 151, 165, 185 |
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| author | Murzënak, Pëtr Pjatrovič 1951- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1090920075 |
| author_facet | Murzënak, Pëtr Pjatrovič 1951- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Murzënak, Pëtr Pjatrovič 1951- |
| author_variant | p p m pp ppm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047912889 |
| classification_rvk | MG 82000 MG 82086 NK 2466 |
| contents | From Ethnos to a Nation (Belarusians in the 9th to 19th Centuries) -- Belarusian Statehood in the Twentieth Century -- Belarusian-Ukrainian/Western-Ruthenian Civilization -- Belarusians and Ukrainians Belong to Western Civilization -- The Conditions for Nation-building in Belarus in the Late Twentieth Century -- General Information about Modern Belarus -- National Identity and Language -- The Mentality of Belarusian Society (Belarusianess) -- Church and Nation -- Theoretical Models of the Belarusian National State Construction -- Under the "Patronage" of Russia -- "Belarus to Europe" -- Neutrality by Form and Content and Europeanism by Spirit -- Belarusian Elites and Nation-building Today -- The Revolution of Hope |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1288194954 (DE-599)BVBBV047912889 |
| discipline | Politologie Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Belarus (DE-588)4079143-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Belarus |
| id | DE-604.BV047912889 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:31:49Z |
| indexdate | 2024-11-25T11:11:19Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781793654915 9781793654939 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033294605 |
| oclc_num | 1288194954 |
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| owner | DE-521 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-824 DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
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| physical | xxxv, 311 Seiten Karten |
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| publishDate | 2022 |
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| publisher | Lexington Books |
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| spelling | Murzënak, Pëtr Pjatrovič 1951- Verfasser (DE-588)1090920075 aut Belarus prospects of a middle power Piotra P. Murzionak Prospects of a middle power Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London Lexington Books [2022] © 2022 xxxv, 311 Seiten Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier From Ethnos to a Nation (Belarusians in the 9th to 19th Centuries) -- Belarusian Statehood in the Twentieth Century -- Belarusian-Ukrainian/Western-Ruthenian Civilization -- Belarusians and Ukrainians Belong to Western Civilization -- The Conditions for Nation-building in Belarus in the Late Twentieth Century -- General Information about Modern Belarus -- National Identity and Language -- The Mentality of Belarusian Society (Belarusianess) -- Church and Nation -- Theoretical Models of the Belarusian National State Construction -- Under the "Patronage" of Russia -- "Belarus to Europe" -- Neutrality by Form and Content and Europeanism by Spirit -- Belarusian Elites and Nation-building Today -- The Revolution of Hope "Belarus, a middle-sized nation with more than a thousand years of history, is not well known beyond periodic media headlines. Modern scholarly and popular literature covers only fragments from Belarus's long history and current geopolitical, social, and cultural issues. Belarusian history in this book differs in many aspects from history and myths created by Russian scholars and propagated worldwide. The author argues for the existence of a Western-Ruthenian (Belarusian-Ukrainian) civilization as a sub-civilization of Western civilization and thus different from Eurasian civilization. With original, detailed, and critical views on Belarusian history from the ninth century to the present, it explores the latest information about Belarusian society regarding mentality, identity, religion, current elites, the Revolution of Hope 2020. It then analyzes the future prospects of Belarus based on an assessment of modern trends in human societal and political development. It provides detailed analysis of current activities of Belarusian national and ruling elites and their ideologies vis-à-vis the building of a nation-state"-- Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Nationenbildung (DE-588)4075230-6 gnd rswk-swf Belarus (DE-588)4079143-9 gnd rswk-swf Belarus / Politics and government Nationalism / Belarus / History Belarusians / History Belarusians / Ethnic identity National characteristics, Belarusian Belarus / Relations Biélorussie / Politique et gouvernement Nationalisme / Biélorussie / Histoire Biélorusses / Histoire Biélorusses / Identité ethnique Biélorusses Belarusians International relations Nationalism Politics and government Belarus History Belarus (DE-588)4079143-9 g Nationenbildung (DE-588)4075230-6 s Geschichte z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-79365-492-2 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033294605&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033294605&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033294605&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Murzënak, Pëtr Pjatrovič 1951- Belarus prospects of a middle power From Ethnos to a Nation (Belarusians in the 9th to 19th Centuries) -- Belarusian Statehood in the Twentieth Century -- Belarusian-Ukrainian/Western-Ruthenian Civilization -- Belarusians and Ukrainians Belong to Western Civilization -- The Conditions for Nation-building in Belarus in the Late Twentieth Century -- General Information about Modern Belarus -- National Identity and Language -- The Mentality of Belarusian Society (Belarusianess) -- Church and Nation -- Theoretical Models of the Belarusian National State Construction -- Under the "Patronage" of Russia -- "Belarus to Europe" -- Neutrality by Form and Content and Europeanism by Spirit -- Belarusian Elites and Nation-building Today -- The Revolution of Hope Nationenbildung (DE-588)4075230-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4075230-6 (DE-588)4079143-9 |
| title | Belarus prospects of a middle power |
| title_alt | Prospects of a middle power |
| title_auth | Belarus prospects of a middle power |
| title_exact_search | Belarus prospects of a middle power |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Belarus prospects of a middle power |
| title_full | Belarus prospects of a middle power Piotra P. Murzionak |
| title_fullStr | Belarus prospects of a middle power Piotra P. Murzionak |
| title_full_unstemmed | Belarus prospects of a middle power Piotra P. Murzionak |
| title_short | Belarus |
| title_sort | belarus prospects of a middle power |
| title_sub | prospects of a middle power |
| topic | Nationenbildung (DE-588)4075230-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Nationenbildung Belarus |
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