The Beginnings of Electron Microscopy: Part 1
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| Sprache: | English |
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Elsevier
[2021]
[London] Academic Press [2021] |
| Schriftenreihe: | Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics
Volume 220 |
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| Beschreibung: | xxiv, 425 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780323915076 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The Beginnings of Electron Microscopy |n Part 1 |c edited by Peter Hawkes and Martin Hÿtch (CEMES-CNRS Toulouse, France) |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
CONTRIBUTORS
FOREWORD
FOREWORD
TO
FIRST
EDITION
PREFACE
BY
ERNST
RUSKA
AFTERWORD
BY
PETER HAWKES
REFERENCES
1.
ELECTRON-OPTICAL
RESEARCH
AT
THE
AEG
FORSCHUNGS-INSTITUT
1928-1940
DIETER
TYPKE
XI
XIII
XVII
XXI
XXIII
XXIV
1
1.
INTRODUCTION
1
2.
SHORT
BIOGRAPHIES
OF SOME
OF
THE
PEOPLE
AT
THE
INSTITUTE
2
2.1.
CARL RAMSAUER
2
2.2.
ERNST BRUECHE
4
2.3.
ALFRED RECKNAGEL
6
2.4.
HANS MAHL
7
2.5.
HANS
BOERSCH
8
3,
RESEARCH
ON
ELECTRON OPTICS,
1928-1940
9
3.1.
GAS-CONCENTRATED
ELECTRON
BEAMS
10
3.2.
BASIC
STUDIES OF
ELECTRON
OPTICS 12
3.3.
EMISSION
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPES 13
3.4.
IMAGE
CONVERTERS
14
3.5.
BRAUN
TUBES
15
3.6.
TRANSMISSION
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPES
16
4,
REFERENCES
FROM
THE
BOOK
ZEHN JAHRE ELEKTRONENMIKROSKOPIE
21
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
23
REFERENCES
24
2.
ON
THE
HISTORY
OF SCANNING
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY,
OF
THE
ELECTRON
MICROPROBE,
AND
OF EARLY CONTRIBUTIONS
TO
TRANSMISSION
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
MANFRED
VON ARDENNE, PETER
HAWKES
(AFTERWORD),
AND
TOM MULVEY (APPRECIATION)
25
1,
SCANNING
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY,
ELECTRON MICROPROBE
26
2,
EARLY
CONTRIBUTIONS
TO
TRANSMISSION
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
36
2.1. THE
FIRST
STEREO
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
36
2.2. EXCHANGEABLE
OBJECTIVE
SYSTEMS
FOR
STEREO-IMAGING,
SPECIMEN
HEATING,
SPECIMEN COOLING, SPECIMEN REACTIONS,
AND SPECIMEN
ANALYSIS
$
B1IOTHEK
DEUTSCHES
MUSEUM
HLUENCHE A
37
VL
VI CONTENTS
2.3.
THE
BEGINNING
OF
EXTRA-HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
39
2.4. ELECTRON
MICROCINEMATOGRAPHY
WITH
THE
AID
OF
A
VACUUM
FILM
CAMERA
40
2.5. THE
BEGINNING
OF
THE
ELECTRONIC PREPARATION
TECHNIQUE,
FIRST
SPECIMEN
HOLDER
FOILS, FIRST
THIN
SECTIONS
CUT
BY
THE
WEDGE-CUT
MICROTOME,
FIRST
SPECIMEN
STAINING
WITH
THE
HELP
OF
THE
OSMIUM
METHOD
41
2.6. DISCOVERIES
WITH
THE
AID
OF
THE
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE,
THE
FILIFORM
NATURE
OF MYOSIN,
THE
FIBER
STRUCTURE OF
THE
DEVELOPED
SILVER
BROMIDE
GRAIN
42
3. CONCLUSION
44
4.
AFTERWORD
BY
PETER HAWKES
44
5. APPRECIATION
BY
TOM MULVEY
46
REFERENCES
48
3.
A
PIONEER
OF
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY:
HANS
BOERSCH (1909-1986)
51
HEINZ NIEDRIG
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
61
REFERENCES
61
4.
RAYMOND
CASTAING (1921-1998)
65
C.
COLLIEX,
P. W.
HAWKES,
AND
P. DUNCUMB
FRS
(OBITUARY)
1.
INTRODUCTION
65
2.
OBITUARY
65
3. THE FATHER
OF MICROANALYSIS:
RAYMOND CASTAING,
CREATOR OF
A
GENERATION
OF SCIENTIFIC
INSTRUMENTS,
STILL
IN
WORLDWIDE OPERATION
BY
CHRISTIAN
COLLIEX
68
4. ENDNOTE
80
REFERENCES
81
5.
RANDOM
RECOLLECTIONS
OF
THE
EARLY
DAYS
V. E. COSSLETT
AND
PETER
HAWKES (AFTERWORD)
HOW
I
CAME
INTO
THE
SUBJECT
1.1.
BERLIN
1.2.
UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE, LONDON
1.3. BRISTOL
1.4.
BIRKBECK COLLEGE,
LONDON
1.5. OXFORD
1.6. CAMBRIDGE
2.
THESE
I
MET
ALONG
THE
WAY
2.1. BRITISH
COLLEAGUES
2.2. CONTACTS
WITH
EUROPEAN
COLLEAGUES
2.3.
OTHER EUROPEAN
COLLEAGUES
85
85
85
86
87
87
88
91
96
96
105
117
CONTENTS
3.
AID
FROM
AMERICA
3.1. RCA
3.2.
JIM HILLIER
3.3.
BILL
MARTON
4.
FINAL
WORD
5.
AFTERWORD
BY
PETER
HAWKES
REFERENCES
VII
121
121
122
123
124
124
124
6.
EARLY
HISTORY
OF ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA
127
ARMIN
BELONG
AND
BOHUMILA
LENCOVAE
(AFTERWORD)
1.
INTRODUCTION
127
2.
CONSTRUCTION
OF
THE
FIRST
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
IN
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
131
3.
DESK
TRANSMISSION
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
BS 242
133
4.
PRODUCTION
OF ELECTRON
MICROSCOPES
IN
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
138
5.
CONCLUSION
140
6.
APPENDIX
A:
BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF
RELATED PUBLICATIONS
140
7.
APPENDIX
B:
PUBLICATIONS
FROM
THE
INSTITUTE
OF
SCIENTIFIC
INSTRUMENTS
OF
THE
CZECHOSLOVAK ACADEMY
OF
SCIENCE
IN
BRNO (IN
CZECH)
142
8.
AFTERWORD
BY
B.
LENCOVAE:
REMEMBERING
DELONG,
DRAHOY
AND
ZOBAC
145
REFERENCES
152
7.
PERSONAL
REMINISCENCES
OF
EARLY
DAYS
IN
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
153
D.
G.
DRUMMOND
1.
PREAMBLE
2.
BEGINNINGS
IN BRITAIN
3.
THE
MICROSCOPE
AT
THE
SHIRLEY
INSTITUTE
4.
INCONVENIENCES
OF
EARLY ELECTRON
MICROSCOPES
5.
GROUP
CONTACTS
IN
BRITAIN
DURING
THE
WAR
6.
IMMEDIATE
POSTWAR
CONFERENCES
IN EUROPE
7.
SPECIMEN
PREPARATION
AND
THE
PRACTICE OF ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
8. GRIDS
9.
A
PROBLEM
WITH PHOTOGRAPHIC
PLATES
10. CAPABILITIES
AND USE
OF ELECTRON
MICROSCOPES
DURING
THE
WAR
11.
SHADOWCASTING
12.
SECTION
CUTTING
13.
REPLICAS
AND
METALLURGY
14.
OPTICS
OF
THE
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
15.
LATER INSTRUMENTAL
DEVELOPMENTS
16. CONCLUSION
17. GORDON
DRUMMOND
IN AUSTRALIA
17.1. GREAT
MOMENT 2:
THE
FIRST DIRECTOR, DR D. GORDON
DRUMMOND
BY
KYLE
RATINAC
153
154
155
158
159
160
162
163
164
165
167
168
170
172
173
173
174
174
VIII
CONTENTS
17,2.
GREAT MOMENT
3:
THE
EARLY
DAYS
OF
THE
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
UNIT
BY
DAVID
GORDON
DRUMMOND
REFERENCES
185
196
8.
MEGAVOLT
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
199
GASTON DUPOUY
AND
PETER HAWKES
(AFTERWORD)
1.
INTRODUCTION
200
2.
EARLY
DEVELOPMENTS
IN
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
201
2.1. THE
BIRTH
OF
THE
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
201
2.2. THE
ROLE OF
WAVE MECHANICS
202
3.
HOW
I
CAME
TO
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
203
3.1. MY
FIRST
RESEARCH WORK
IN
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
203
3.2. THE
FIRST
RESULTS
206
3.3.
MY
ADMINISTRATIVE
CAREER
210
4.
MEGAVOLT
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
211
4.1. THE
ONE-MILLION-VOLT ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
211
4.2. THE
THREE-MILLION-VOLT
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
213
4.3. HIGH-VOLTAGE
SUPPLIES
217
4.4.
HVEM
DEVELOPMENT
WORLDWIDE
220
5. APPLICATIONS
OF
HVEM
223
5.1.
PENETRATING
POWER
223
5.2. DIFFRACTION
CONTRAST
223
5.3.
CHROMATIC
ABERRATION
223
5.4. SELECTED
AREAS
224
5.5. METALLURGY
AND MATERIALS SCIENCE
224
5.6. BIOLOGICAL
APPLICATIONS
239
6. RESOLUTION
AND CONTRAST
IN
MEGAVOLT
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
252
6.1.
RESOLUTION
252
6.2.
CONTRAST
253
6.3. RESOLUTION
IN
DARK FIELD
253
6.4. ATOMIC
RESOLUTION
254
7.
FUTURE
PROSPECTS
255
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
256
8. AFTERWORD
BY
PETER HAWKES
256
REFERENCES
257
9. CRYO-ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
AND
ULTRAMICROTOMY:
REMINISCENCES
AND REFLECTIONS
HUMBERTO
FERNANDEZ-MORAN
AND
PETER HAWKES
(AFTERWORD)
261
1. INTRODUCTION
262
2.
THE NOBEL
INSTITUTE
FOR
PHYSICS
264
2.1. PROFESSOR
MANNE SIEGBAHN
264
CONTENTS
IX
2.2.
THE
SIEGBAHN
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
265
2.3.
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY OF
ANTERIOR
LOBE
CELLS OF
THE
RAT
HYPOPHYSIS
267
3. THE DIAMOND
KNIFE
268
3.1.
DEVELOPMENT
OF
THE
DIAMOND
KNIFE
268
3.2.
THE
DIAMOND KNIFE
AND
ULTRAMICROTOME
274
3.3.
APPLICATIONS
OF
THE
DIAMOND
KNIFE
277
4. THE
VENEZUELAN
INSTITUTE
FOR
NEUROLOGY
AND
BRAIN
RESEARCH
280
4.1. FOUNDATION
AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
280
4.2. INTERNATIONAL
SYMPOSIUM
ON NERVE ULTRASTRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION
284
5.
LOW-TEMPERATURE
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
AND ULTRAMICROTOMY
293
5.1.
THE
SUBMICROSCOPIC
ORGANIZATION
OF
VERTEBRATE NERVE
FIBERS
293
5.2.
HIGH-RESOLUTION
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY AND
LOW-DOSE
ELECTRON
DIFFRACTION
295
6.
CRYO-ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
298
6.1. STUDY
OF
BIOLOGICAL
SYSTEMS AT
LIQUID-HELIUM
TEMPERATURES
298
6.2.
DEVELOPMENT
OF CRYO-ELECTRON
MICROSCOPES
WITH
SUPERCONDUCTING
LENSES
301
6.3. THE COLLINS
CLOSED-CYCLE
SUPERFLUID-HELIUM
REFRIGERATOR
304
6.4. THE
CRYOMICROSCOPE
WITH
SUPERCONDUCTING
LENSES
AT
MUNICH
306
6.5. STRUCTURE
DETERMINATION
OF
AN ORGANIC COMPLEX
WITH
A
SUPERCONDUCTING
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
307
7.
REFLECTIONS
AND
OUTLOOK
308
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
310
8.
AFTERWORD
BY
PETER
HAWKES
312
REFERENCES
312
10.
DENNIS
GABOR
317
T. E.
ALLIBONE
FRS
1. EARLY
LIFE
318
2.
COLLEGE
LIFE
322
3.
RESEARCH IN
GERMANY
AND
HUNGARY
323
4.
RESEARCH IN
THE
BRITISH THOMSON-HOUSTON
COMPANY,
1934-48
326
5. MULLARD
READERSHIP
IN
ELECTRONICS:
IMPERIAL COLLEGE
1949-58
334
6. PROFESSORSHIP
AT
IMPERIAL
COLLEGE,
1958-67
339
7. RETIREMENT
345
8. HONOURS
360
LIST
OF PUBLICATIONS
BY
DENNIS GABOR
361
11. THE FRENCH
ELECTROSTATIC ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
(1941-1952)
369
P. GRIVET
AND
PETER HAWKES
(AFTERWORD)
1. INTRODUCTION
369
1.1.
ELECTRON
OPTICS,
A PROPER
DOMAIN
OF
ELECTRONICS
369
X
CONTENTS
1.2.
THE
MAGNETIC MICROSCOPE
370
1.3.
THE
ELECTROSTATIC
MICROSCOPE
370
1.4.
IMPACT
OF
THE
GERMAN
PIONEER WORK OUTSIDE
THE
FRONTIERS
372
1.5.
SUPERMICROSCOPY
AND
DIVERSITY
OF MICROSCOPES
374
2.
ELECTRON
OPTICS
IN
OCCUPIED
FRANCE
374
2.1.
THE
ACADEMIC YEAR
1940-1941
IN FRANCE
374
2.2.
SPARTAN
TIMES
AHEAD
IN
1942:
CHOICE OF
AN ELECTROSTATIC
INSTRUMENT
377
2.3. DESIGNING
THE
ELEMENTS OF A
FIRST
PROTOTYPE
(1942) 381
2.4.
A
FIRST
INDUSTRIAL
TWO-STAGE
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
388
3.
THE
LIBERATION
OF
THE
NORTH
OF
FRANCE
AND
THE TRANSITION
TO
PEACE
400
3.1.
TRANSITION
PERIOD
400
3.2. AN
ELABORATE
STUDY OF ASYMMETRY
401
3.3. A
LAST
PROTOTYPE
403
3.4.
THE ILL
FATE
OF ELECTROSTATIC
LENSES
IN
SUPERMICROSCOPY
AND
THEIR
PRESENT REVIVAL
IN ION
MICROPROBE
ANALYZERS
405
4.
AFTERWORD
BY
PETER
HAWKES
413
REFERENCES
414
INDEX
421
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
CONTRIBUTORS
FOREWORD
FOREWORD
TO
FIRST
EDITION
PREFACE
BY
ERNST
RUSKA
AFTERWORD
BY
PETER HAWKES
REFERENCES
1.
ELECTRON-OPTICAL
RESEARCH
AT
THE
AEG
FORSCHUNGS-INSTITUT
1928-1940
DIETER
TYPKE
XI
XIII
XVII
XXI
XXIII
XXIV
1
1.
INTRODUCTION
1
2.
SHORT
BIOGRAPHIES
OF SOME
OF
THE
PEOPLE
AT
THE
INSTITUTE
2
2.1.
CARL RAMSAUER
2
2.2.
ERNST BRUECHE
4
2.3.
ALFRED RECKNAGEL
6
2.4.
HANS MAHL
7
2.5.
HANS
BOERSCH
8
3,
RESEARCH
ON
ELECTRON OPTICS,
1928-1940
9
3.1.
GAS-CONCENTRATED
ELECTRON
BEAMS
10
3.2.
BASIC
STUDIES OF
ELECTRON
OPTICS 12
3.3.
EMISSION
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPES 13
3.4.
IMAGE
CONVERTERS
14
3.5.
BRAUN
TUBES
15
3.6.
TRANSMISSION
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPES
16
4,
REFERENCES
FROM
THE
BOOK
ZEHN JAHRE ELEKTRONENMIKROSKOPIE
21
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
23
REFERENCES
24
2.
ON
THE
HISTORY
OF SCANNING
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY,
OF
THE
ELECTRON
MICROPROBE,
AND
OF EARLY CONTRIBUTIONS
TO
TRANSMISSION
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
MANFRED
VON ARDENNE, PETER
HAWKES
(AFTERWORD),
AND
TOM MULVEY (APPRECIATION)
25
1,
SCANNING
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY,
ELECTRON MICROPROBE
26
2,
EARLY
CONTRIBUTIONS
TO
TRANSMISSION
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
36
2.1. THE
FIRST
STEREO
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
36
2.2. EXCHANGEABLE
OBJECTIVE
SYSTEMS
FOR
STEREO-IMAGING,
SPECIMEN
HEATING,
SPECIMEN COOLING, SPECIMEN REACTIONS,
AND SPECIMEN
ANALYSIS
$
B1IOTHEK
DEUTSCHES
MUSEUM
HLUENCHE'A
37
VL
VI CONTENTS
2.3.
THE
BEGINNING
OF
EXTRA-HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
39
2.4. ELECTRON
MICROCINEMATOGRAPHY
WITH
THE
AID
OF
A
VACUUM
FILM
CAMERA
40
2.5. THE
BEGINNING
OF
THE
ELECTRONIC PREPARATION
TECHNIQUE,
FIRST
SPECIMEN
HOLDER
FOILS, FIRST
THIN
SECTIONS
CUT
BY
THE
WEDGE-CUT
MICROTOME,
FIRST
SPECIMEN
STAINING
WITH
THE
HELP
OF
THE
OSMIUM
METHOD
41
2.6. DISCOVERIES
WITH
THE
AID
OF
THE
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE,
THE
FILIFORM
NATURE
OF MYOSIN,
THE
FIBER
STRUCTURE OF
THE
DEVELOPED
SILVER
BROMIDE
GRAIN
42
3. CONCLUSION
44
4.
AFTERWORD
BY
PETER HAWKES
44
5. APPRECIATION
BY
TOM MULVEY
46
REFERENCES
48
3.
A
PIONEER
OF
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY:
HANS
BOERSCH (1909-1986)
51
HEINZ NIEDRIG
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
61
REFERENCES
61
4.
RAYMOND
CASTAING (1921-1998)
65
C.
COLLIEX,
P. W.
HAWKES,
AND
P. DUNCUMB
FRS
(OBITUARY)
1.
INTRODUCTION
65
2.
OBITUARY
65
3. THE 'FATHER'
OF MICROANALYSIS:
RAYMOND CASTAING,
CREATOR OF
A
GENERATION
OF SCIENTIFIC
INSTRUMENTS,
STILL
IN
WORLDWIDE OPERATION
BY
CHRISTIAN
COLLIEX
68
4. ENDNOTE
80
REFERENCES
81
5.
RANDOM
RECOLLECTIONS
OF
THE
EARLY
DAYS
V. E. COSSLETT
AND
PETER
HAWKES (AFTERWORD)
HOW
I
CAME
INTO
THE
SUBJECT
1.1.
BERLIN
1.2.
UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE, LONDON
1.3. BRISTOL
1.4.
BIRKBECK COLLEGE,
LONDON
1.5. OXFORD
1.6. CAMBRIDGE
2.
THESE
I
MET
ALONG
THE
WAY
2.1. BRITISH
COLLEAGUES
2.2. CONTACTS
WITH
EUROPEAN
COLLEAGUES
2.3.
OTHER EUROPEAN
COLLEAGUES
85
85
85
86
87
87
88
91
96
96
105
117
CONTENTS
3.
AID
FROM
AMERICA
3.1. RCA
3.2.
JIM HILLIER
3.3.
BILL
MARTON
4.
FINAL
WORD
5.
AFTERWORD
BY
PETER
HAWKES
REFERENCES
VII
121
121
122
123
124
124
124
6.
EARLY
HISTORY
OF ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA
127
ARMIN
BELONG
AND
BOHUMILA
LENCOVAE
(AFTERWORD)
1.
INTRODUCTION
127
2.
CONSTRUCTION
OF
THE
FIRST
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
IN
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
131
3.
DESK
TRANSMISSION
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
BS 242
133
4.
PRODUCTION
OF ELECTRON
MICROSCOPES
IN
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
138
5.
CONCLUSION
140
6.
APPENDIX
A:
BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF
RELATED PUBLICATIONS
140
7.
APPENDIX
B:
PUBLICATIONS
FROM
THE
INSTITUTE
OF
SCIENTIFIC
INSTRUMENTS
OF
THE
CZECHOSLOVAK ACADEMY
OF
SCIENCE
IN
BRNO (IN
CZECH)
142
8.
AFTERWORD
BY
B.
LENCOVAE:
REMEMBERING
DELONG,
DRAHOY
AND
ZOBAC
145
REFERENCES
152
7.
PERSONAL
REMINISCENCES
OF
EARLY
DAYS
IN
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
153
D.
G.
DRUMMOND
1.
PREAMBLE
2.
BEGINNINGS
IN BRITAIN
3.
THE
MICROSCOPE
AT
THE
SHIRLEY
INSTITUTE
4.
INCONVENIENCES
OF
EARLY ELECTRON
MICROSCOPES
5.
GROUP
CONTACTS
IN
BRITAIN
DURING
THE
WAR
6.
IMMEDIATE
POSTWAR
CONFERENCES
IN EUROPE
7.
SPECIMEN
PREPARATION
AND
"THE
PRACTICE OF ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY'
8. GRIDS
9.
A
PROBLEM
WITH PHOTOGRAPHIC
PLATES
10. CAPABILITIES
AND USE
OF ELECTRON
MICROSCOPES
DURING
THE
WAR
11.
SHADOWCASTING
12.
SECTION
CUTTING
13.
REPLICAS
AND
METALLURGY
14.
OPTICS
OF
THE
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
15.
LATER INSTRUMENTAL
DEVELOPMENTS
16. CONCLUSION
17. GORDON
DRUMMOND
IN AUSTRALIA
17.1. GREAT
MOMENT 2:
'THE
FIRST DIRECTOR, DR D. GORDON
DRUMMOND'
BY
KYLE
RATINAC
153
154
155
158
159
160
162
163
164
165
167
168
170
172
173
173
174
174
VIII
CONTENTS
17,2.
GREAT MOMENT
3:
'THE
EARLY
DAYS
OF
THE
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
UNIT'
BY
DAVID
GORDON
DRUMMOND
REFERENCES
185
196
8.
MEGAVOLT
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
199
GASTON DUPOUY
AND
PETER HAWKES
(AFTERWORD)
1.
INTRODUCTION
200
2.
EARLY
DEVELOPMENTS
IN
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
201
2.1. THE
BIRTH
OF
THE
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
201
2.2. THE
ROLE OF
WAVE MECHANICS
202
3.
HOW
I
CAME
TO
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
203
3.1. MY
FIRST
RESEARCH WORK
IN
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
203
3.2. THE
FIRST
RESULTS
206
3.3.
MY
ADMINISTRATIVE
CAREER
210
4.
MEGAVOLT
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
211
4.1. THE
ONE-MILLION-VOLT ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
211
4.2. THE
THREE-MILLION-VOLT
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
213
4.3. HIGH-VOLTAGE
SUPPLIES
217
4.4.
HVEM
DEVELOPMENT
WORLDWIDE
220
5. APPLICATIONS
OF
HVEM
223
5.1.
PENETRATING
POWER
223
5.2. DIFFRACTION
CONTRAST
223
5.3.
CHROMATIC
ABERRATION
223
5.4. SELECTED
AREAS
224
5.5. METALLURGY
AND MATERIALS SCIENCE
224
5.6. BIOLOGICAL
APPLICATIONS
239
6. RESOLUTION
AND CONTRAST
IN
MEGAVOLT
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
252
6.1.
RESOLUTION
252
6.2.
CONTRAST
253
6.3. RESOLUTION
IN
DARK FIELD
253
6.4. ATOMIC
RESOLUTION
254
7.
FUTURE
PROSPECTS
255
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
256
8. AFTERWORD
BY
PETER HAWKES
256
REFERENCES
257
9. CRYO-ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
AND
ULTRAMICROTOMY:
REMINISCENCES
AND REFLECTIONS
HUMBERTO
FERNANDEZ-MORAN
AND
PETER HAWKES
(AFTERWORD)
261
1. INTRODUCTION
262
2.
THE NOBEL
INSTITUTE
FOR
PHYSICS
264
2.1. PROFESSOR
MANNE SIEGBAHN
264
CONTENTS
IX
2.2.
THE
SIEGBAHN
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
265
2.3.
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY OF
ANTERIOR
LOBE
CELLS OF
THE
RAT
HYPOPHYSIS
267
3. THE DIAMOND
KNIFE
268
3.1.
DEVELOPMENT
OF
THE
DIAMOND
KNIFE
268
3.2.
THE
DIAMOND KNIFE
AND
ULTRAMICROTOME
274
3.3.
APPLICATIONS
OF
THE
DIAMOND
KNIFE
277
4. THE
VENEZUELAN
INSTITUTE
FOR
NEUROLOGY
AND
BRAIN
RESEARCH
280
4.1. FOUNDATION
AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
280
4.2. INTERNATIONAL
SYMPOSIUM
ON NERVE ULTRASTRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION
284
5.
LOW-TEMPERATURE
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
AND ULTRAMICROTOMY
293
5.1.
THE
SUBMICROSCOPIC
ORGANIZATION
OF
VERTEBRATE NERVE
FIBERS
293
5.2.
HIGH-RESOLUTION
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY AND
LOW-DOSE
ELECTRON
DIFFRACTION
295
6.
CRYO-ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
298
6.1. STUDY
OF
BIOLOGICAL
SYSTEMS AT
LIQUID-HELIUM
TEMPERATURES
298
6.2.
DEVELOPMENT
OF CRYO-ELECTRON
MICROSCOPES
WITH
SUPERCONDUCTING
LENSES
301
6.3. THE COLLINS
CLOSED-CYCLE
SUPERFLUID-HELIUM
REFRIGERATOR
304
6.4. THE
CRYOMICROSCOPE
WITH
SUPERCONDUCTING
LENSES
AT
MUNICH
306
6.5. STRUCTURE
DETERMINATION
OF
AN ORGANIC COMPLEX
WITH
A
SUPERCONDUCTING
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
307
7.
REFLECTIONS
AND
OUTLOOK
308
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
310
8.
AFTERWORD
BY
PETER
HAWKES
312
REFERENCES
312
10.
DENNIS
GABOR
317
T. E.
ALLIBONE
FRS
1. EARLY
LIFE
318
2.
COLLEGE
LIFE
322
3.
RESEARCH IN
GERMANY
AND
HUNGARY
323
4.
RESEARCH IN
THE
BRITISH THOMSON-HOUSTON
COMPANY,
1934-48
326
5. MULLARD
READERSHIP
IN
ELECTRONICS:
IMPERIAL COLLEGE
1949-58
334
6. PROFESSORSHIP
AT
IMPERIAL
COLLEGE,
1958-67
339
7. RETIREMENT
345
8. HONOURS
360
LIST
OF PUBLICATIONS
BY
DENNIS GABOR
361
11. THE FRENCH
ELECTROSTATIC ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
(1941-1952)
369
P. GRIVET
AND
PETER HAWKES
(AFTERWORD)
1. INTRODUCTION
369
1.1.
ELECTRON
OPTICS,
A PROPER
DOMAIN
OF
"ELECTRONICS"
369
X
CONTENTS
1.2.
THE
MAGNETIC MICROSCOPE
370
1.3.
THE
ELECTROSTATIC
MICROSCOPE
370
1.4.
IMPACT
OF
THE
GERMAN
PIONEER WORK OUTSIDE
THE
FRONTIERS
372
1.5.
SUPERMICROSCOPY
AND
DIVERSITY
OF MICROSCOPES
374
2.
ELECTRON
OPTICS
IN
OCCUPIED
FRANCE
374
2.1.
THE
ACADEMIC YEAR
1940-1941
IN FRANCE
374
2.2.
SPARTAN
TIMES
AHEAD
IN
1942:
CHOICE OF
AN ELECTROSTATIC
INSTRUMENT
377
2.3. DESIGNING
THE
ELEMENTS OF A
FIRST
PROTOTYPE
(1942) 381
2.4.
A
FIRST
INDUSTRIAL
TWO-STAGE
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
388
3.
THE
LIBERATION
OF
THE
NORTH
OF
FRANCE
AND
THE TRANSITION
TO
PEACE
400
3.1.
TRANSITION
PERIOD
400
3.2. AN
ELABORATE
STUDY OF ASYMMETRY
401
3.3. A
LAST
PROTOTYPE
403
3.4.
THE ILL
FATE
OF ELECTROSTATIC
LENSES
IN
SUPERMICROSCOPY
AND
THEIR
PRESENT REVIVAL
IN ION
MICROPROBE
ANALYZERS
405
4.
AFTERWORD
BY
PETER
HAWKES
413
REFERENCES
414
INDEX
421 |
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| spelling | The Beginnings of Electron Microscopy Part 1 edited by Peter Hawkes and Martin Hÿtch (CEMES-CNRS Toulouse, France) [London] Elsevier [2021] [London] Academic Press [2021] xxiv, 425 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics Volume 220 Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics ... Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Elektronenmikroskop (DE-588)4014326-0 gnd rswk-swf Elektronenmikroskopie (DE-588)4014327-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Elektronenmikroskopie (DE-588)4014327-2 s Elektronenmikroskop (DE-588)4014326-0 s Geschichte z DE-604 Hawkes, Peter W. 1937- (DE-588)172129303 edt Hÿtch, Martin edt (DE-604)BV047912689 1 Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics Volume 220 (DE-604)BV010090055 220 Digitalisierung Deutsches Museum application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033294415&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | The Beginnings of Electron Microscopy Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics Elektronenmikroskop (DE-588)4014326-0 gnd Elektronenmikroskopie (DE-588)4014327-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4014326-0 (DE-588)4014327-2 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | The Beginnings of Electron Microscopy |
| title_auth | The Beginnings of Electron Microscopy |
| title_exact_search | The Beginnings of Electron Microscopy |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Beginnings of Electron Microscopy |
| title_full | The Beginnings of Electron Microscopy Part 1 edited by Peter Hawkes and Martin Hÿtch (CEMES-CNRS Toulouse, France) |
| title_fullStr | The Beginnings of Electron Microscopy Part 1 edited by Peter Hawkes and Martin Hÿtch (CEMES-CNRS Toulouse, France) |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Beginnings of Electron Microscopy Part 1 edited by Peter Hawkes and Martin Hÿtch (CEMES-CNRS Toulouse, France) |
| title_short | The Beginnings of Electron Microscopy |
| title_sort | the beginnings of electron microscopy |
| topic | Elektronenmikroskop (DE-588)4014326-0 gnd Elektronenmikroskopie (DE-588)4014327-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Elektronenmikroskop Elektronenmikroskopie Aufsatzsammlung |
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