Party politics in Russia and Ukraine: electoral system change in diverging regimes
"This book investigates the effects of similar electoral system changes on candidate selection, election outcomes, and party development in two post-Soviet states, Russia and Ukraine, during a period when Russia's rulers were consolidating a dominant-party, electoral authoritarian regime a...
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York
New York University Press
[2022]
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Summary: | "This book investigates the effects of similar electoral system changes on candidate selection, election outcomes, and party development in two post-Soviet states, Russia and Ukraine, during a period when Russia's rulers were consolidating a dominant-party, electoral authoritarian regime and Ukraine appeared to be moving towards electoral democracy"-- |
| Physical Description: | 291 Seiten Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781479807765 9781479807758 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Introduction i 1. Electoral Systems, Political Parties, and Candidate Selection 31 2. Closed-List Proportional Representation and the Dynamics of Candidate Selection 49 3. Managing the Move to Proportional Representation in Russia 82 4. Contending for Power under Proportional Representation in Ukraine 112 5. Cohesion and Co-optation in Russia andUkraine 138 6. Proportional Rules and Majoritarian Outcomes in Russia 160 7. The Consequences of Party Nominationsin Ukraine 184 Conclusion 207 Acknowledgments 227 Notes 231 References 255 Index ^79 About the Author 291
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INDEX Page numbers in italic indicate figures and tables. absenteeism, 199 Agrarian Party of Ukraine, 61,68,76,79, 240Ո18 A Just Russia, 64, 66, 67, 67, 88,176; district deputies nominated by, 68; formation of, 63, 65, 89; as opposition party, 218 Akhmetov, Rinat, 47, 60 All Russia, 164. See also Fatherland-All Russia authoritarian elites, 55,85 authoritarianism, 23, 41, 225; creeping, 16; transitions from, 31 authoritarian politics, 62, 83 authoritarian regimes, 7,40, 52, 83; adapt able, 212; consolidation of, 49; develop ment of, 184; electoral system change and, 8, 41; institutional changes and, 212; long-term stability of, 41; motives of political parties in, 235Ո8; organi zational capacity of ruling parties in, 219; power consolidated by, 211; ruling parties and, 42,84,112,208; survival of, 45. See also electoral authoritarian regimes authoritarian rule, 207 authoritarian states, 81 automobile market, 157 Azarov, Mykola, 216 behavioral routinization, 236Ո13 Beslan hostage crisis, 18 Bessmertnyi, Roman, 58 Bolshevik Revolution, 232mi Brazil, 163,164 bribery, 141,154,156,237Ո14 Bubka, Serhiy, 59 Bugera, Mikhail, 223-24 candidate selection, 9,153,154; gender and, 93; list rank decisions and, 96; methods of, 46; party institutionalization and, 43; politics of, 49, 83 Chechnya, 170,247Ո8 Citizens Strength, 240Ո18 civil liberties, 226 civil society groups, 199 closed-list PR, 4,9,10,11-12,32,40,46, 157-58, 209; adoption of, 23, 59, 82, 83, 112; consequences of, 252Ո15; district contests and, 188; diverging outcomes from, 48; Duma elections, 2011 and, 222; electability of
list candidates and, 127; electoral fraud and, 221; implementation of, 203; incumbent deputies and, 215; list placement and, 113; mechanisms associated with, 43; mixed-member electoral systems replaced with, 207; move to, 45, 57, 58,122,153; political consequences of adopting, 13; potential candidates during, 87; Putin and, 216-17; rules of, 33, 49; Russia move toward, 14; United Russia and, 19,148,161 279
28Օ I INDEX coal industry, 156 democratic elections, 32 coalition governments, 187 democratic transitions, 6 democratization, 10, 32,225,234Ո24 developing democracies, 10,39, 48, coattail effects, 162,163,179 cohesion, 78, 79, 81, 84,108,113,138-39, 190, 208 Cold War, 4,31 Committee of Voters of Ukraine, 60 communism, 5 Communist Party of the Russian Federa tion (KPRF), 63, 64, 88, 91, 97,166, 176,253П18; district deputies and, 66, 66-67, 68; as opposition party, 94; United Russia list placement and, 101 Communist Party of Ukraine, 22, 58, 61, 69,156,189; district deputies on party list of, 74; electoral system change and, 76; list placement of, 117; party loyalty and, 115; Party of Regions and, 192; 235П10 developing states, 52 direct gubernatorial elections, 219 district contests, 188 district deputies, 49, 65, 68,72,75; Communist Party of Ukraine and, 74; electoral potential of, 127,128, 129; incumbent legislators and, 51; independent-minded, 80; KPRF and, 66, 66-67, 68; list deputies and, 89, 92, 93 97 109,113,126,153; list place ment of, 84,113; nominated by United Russia, 103, 240Ո19; nomination of, 151; nonpartisan, 142; Our Ukraine Socialist Party and, 77-78 competitive authoritarian, 31 competitive clientelism, 41 consensus-building, 11 conservative Russian voters, 220 and, 73,119,122,151,152,153; without party affiliations, 118; party-nominated deputies, 115; Party of Regions and, 73,119,122,151,152,153; regional ties consolidated democracies, 170 co-optation, 27,156,193, 235Ո6; cohesion self-nominated, 95,106,115,131,150; sources of nomination for, 141; United
and, 78, 79, 81, 84,108,113,138-39, of, 223; renomination rates of, 82; Russia and, 65,66,151,152,153,208 190, 208; deputies prone to, 67, 68; institutional, 165; likelihood of, 209; politics of candidate selection and, 62; district elections, 91 district magnitudes, 40 district mandates, 113,189 reasonable amounts of, 91; risks of, dominant party system, 54 dominant power system, 54 199; ruling parties and, 91; tools of, 41; decision-making power, 52 defection, 188,193-94, 200-201, 249Ո7, Duma, 14,16,155; elections, 18; Fourth Convocation of, 88, 90, 92, 223; incumbent deputies, 109; Kremlin and, 19; leadership positions in, 106, 107; 1999 elections, 35; outgoing, 101; regional representation in, 153; Third, 2531119 democracy, 5; party institutionalization and, 34,39; political parties and, 52; 17, 88; 2011 elections, 54,168,176, 222; 2007 elections, 20, 54, 56, 85, 98,168, 171,172,183,184, 217, 219; 2003 elec Yanukovych and, 78 corruption, 170 country effects, 211 transitions to, 31 democracy index, 172 democratic consolidation, 9,33, 49 tions, 56, 63, 91, 219,223; United Russia and, 97 Duverger’s Law, 13,37
INDEX Eastern Europe, 5,33, 34-35 economic growth, 218 effective governance, 12 electability. See electoral potential electoral authoritarian regimes, 31, 40, 52, 160, 218, 224 electoral competition, 81, 213 electoral democracies, 24, 40 Electoral Democracy Index, 23, 24,24 electoral falsification, 8 electoral fraud, 14,221, 251П13 electoral invincibility, 8 electoral manipulation, 8 electoral potential, 127,128,129,134,155, 245П18 electoral prospects, 193 electoral protests, 234Ո24 electoral reforms, 219 electoral revolutions, 184 electoral rule changes, 207 electoral rule design, 6 electoral rules, 44,115,151; implementa tion of, 188; manipulation of, 226 electoral system change, 4-5, 22, 33, 157; aftermath of, 50; authoritarian regimes and, 8, 41; effects of, 34; electoral uncertainty introduced by, 188; ideology-oriented parties and, 76; individual parties navigat ing, 49; Kremlin and, 212; larger historical developments and, 6; list construction and, 140; Our Ukraine and, 121; partisanship and, 142; party change and, 43; party development and, 16; party institutionalization and, 62,139; Party of Regions and, 121; periods of, 82; on political agenda, 214; responses to, 14, 25; Yanukovych and, 214 electoral systems, 3,31,191, 225-26; legislative, 13; majoritarian, 12; mixedmember, 12,19, 21, 23, 33, 77, 87,148, I 281 207,216; parliamentary, 17; party systems and, 5, 36, 83 electoral tiers, 38 electoral uncertainty, 6,188 electoral volatility, 35 elite-based parties, 61 elite-biased parties, 61 ethnic regions, 170 EU. See European Union Euromaidan, 1,192 Europe:
Eastern, 5, 33, 34-35; interwar, 224; post-communist, 6 European Union (EU), 2 executive elections, 164 faction membership changes, 200 Fatherland-All Russia, 53, 55, 88,161,164 federalism, 182,185 federal structure, 159 financial-industrial groups, 51 first-past-the-post (FPTP), 231Ո3 For a United Ukraine (FUU), 35, 58-59, 60, 69,76; defection from, 249Ո7; dep uties nominated by, 186; disintegration of, 70,114,140; independent deputies and, 238mi; parliamentary majority of, 78-79; Party of Regions and, 72,79, 135 149; as pro-presidential party, 139; self-nominated district deputies and, 131; SMD and, 61; Yanukovych and, 198-99 FPTP. See first-past-the-post Freedom House, 1-2, 23, 24, 54, 231m freedom of association, 62 free media, 2 FUU. See For a United Ukraine gender, 93,144, 239Ո17 geographically delineated districts, 50 Germany, 231Ո6 gerrymandering, 160 Glaziev, Sergei, 88 global financial crisis, 218
282 I INDEX Golos, 219 Gongadze, Heorhiy, 22 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 164,232Ո10 governance, 83 governing coalitions, 195 governing parties, 114 governmental institutions, 2 government formation, 187,191,192 government ministers, 57 Gryzlov, Boris, 246Ո4 gubernatorial elections, 185 gubernatorial list placement, 102,166,168, 169,174-75. 246Ո5 gubernatorial tenure, 167,175,179 gubernatorial vulnerability hypothesis, 166,169,173,178 horizontal accountability, 82 Hungary, 188 ideology-oriented parties, 76 illiberal states, 52, 83 imposed electoral reform, 7 inclusivity, 82 incumbent deputies, 50, 86, 91,109,110, 120, 237Ո14, 243П10; closed-list PR and, 215; Our Ukraine and, 134,187, 198; Yanukovych and, 198 incumbent legislators, 49,50, 51,136,157 incumbent politicians, 212 incumbent rulers, 56 Independence Square, Kyiv, 1, 2,192 independent deputies, 238mi independents, 95, 96,130, 222 industrialization, 225 Ingushetia, 177 institutional changes, 212, 213, 240Ո24 institutional co-optation, 165 institutional design, 5,12 institutional effects, 158,159 institutional reform, 85 internal party decisions, 42 internal party politics, 41 internal party primaries, 247Ո6 interparty competition, 10 interwar Europe, 5, 6, 224 intraparty competition, 46 Italy, 5 Japan, 5 Karachayevo-Cherkessia, 177 Karnaukh, Mikola, 241Ո29 Kazakhstan, 9 Kendzyor, Jaroslav, 22 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 56 Kinakh, Anatoliy, 249Ո7 Komi, 177 Korchin’skii, Anatolii, 156 KPRF. See Communist Party of the Rus sian Federation Kravchuk, Leonid, 15,16,233Ո14,249Ո3 Kravets, Aleksandr, 253Ո18 Kremlin, 17, 53, 55,56, 88,161;
control over electoral process by, 223; Duma and, 19; electoral reforms and, 219; electoral system change and, 212; gubernatorial elections and, 185; A Just Russia and, 68, 89; parties friendly to, 87; PR and, 160; Rodina and, 95; ruling parties and, 183; 2012 presidential campaign and, 220; United Russia affiliation with, 165; United Russia development and, 57; United Russia endorsed by, 85; votes in favor of, 169,172 Kuchma, Leonid, 15,16, 233Ո14, 238Ո9, 240Ո23, 249Ո3; administration of, 22, 60, 61, 68, 76,120,139; election of, 57; fragmentation of allies of, 70; opposition to, 58; parties rallying behind, 69; Tymoshenko and, 71; Tymoshenko Bloc and, 190; Yanu kovych and, 59,112; Yushchenko and, 71 Kuzin, Valerii, 239Ո15
INDEX Kyiv, 1, 2,192 Kyrgyzstan, 9 Kyrpä, Heorhiy, 59 Labor Ukraine, 61 leadership fatigue, 218 legislative behavior, 187 legislative candidates, 43 legislative continuity, 136 legislative discipline, 53 legislative elections, 3, 38,164,168,180 legislative electoral systems, 3,13,182 legislative experience, 110 legislative factions, 142,197 legislative leadership, 152 legislative majority, 161 legislative mandate, 50, 201, 242Ո7 legislative politics, 187 legislative power, 162 legislative seats, 6 legitimizing political power, 7 Liberal Democratic Party, 88, 91, 94, 97, 101,176, 248Ո17 Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, 218 list candidates, 127, 236П11 list construction, 50, 76,114,119,127, 236П11; co-optation with, 26, 66, 80; decisions, 50; dynamics of, 126; electoral system change and, 140; mixed-member electoral systems and, 148; nonpartisanship and, 142; of Our Ukraine, 143,149,150, 201; party membership variables and, 129,131; of Party of Regions, 143,149; politics of, 51,120; of Socialist Party, 77; of United Russia, 79,109,143,149, 150,160 list deputies, 103,123,144,145,146,147, 130; district deputies and, 89, 92, 93, 97 ιθ9 ИЗ. 126, 153; electability of, 102; without party affiliation, 106; party membership among, 96, 143,147-49,158, 244m; previously I 283 elected, 84; supportive of PR, 215; United Russia and, 90 list exclusion, 173 list mandates, 223 list placement, 28, 72, 76,84, 92,131, 173.174^ 237Ո14; age and, 95; closedlist PR and, 113; of Communist Party of Ukraine, 74,117·, country specific effects on, 140; of district deputies, 113; estimations of, 107;
gender and, 93; gubernatorial, 102, 166,168,169,174-75, 246Ո5; internal party decisions about, 188; of A Just Russia, 67·, of KPRF, 66; likelihood of, 144,146,152; of Lytvyn Bloc, 75, 118·, of Our Ukraine, 73,115,144; of Party of Regions, 73,116,144; party-specific effects on, 140; power of, 43; regional sub-lists, 97; of Socialist Party, 74,116·, of Tymosh enko Bloc, 75,117,119; of United Russia, 65, 94,94, 96, 99-100,101, 107,144 list positions, 186 list rank, 128,157,195,198, 211 Litvin, Vadim, 156 Litvinov, Vladimir, 239Ո15 locomotive hypothesis, 163,165,167-69, 171.173.176,179,182-83, 246Ո5 logistic regression analysis, 90,91,92 Losskii, Yurii, 239Ո15 loyalty, 83,123,157,167 Luzhkov, Yuri, 55,164, 246Ո4 Lytvyn, Volodymyr, 59,76, 79 Lytvyn Bloc, 76, 78, 204; FUU and, 140; list placement of, 75,118; Party of Regions and, 119,191 majoritarian systems, 12, 36 majority governments, 187 malapportionment, 160 mandate effects, 102,125 mass-based organizations, 10
284 I INDEX mass enfranchisement, 34 mass uprisings, 41 Orange coalition, 120 Orange Revolution, 1, 2,3,16,23, 61, 70, Matviyenko, Serhii, 241Ո29 76,140, 234Ո24; beginning of, 192; media independence, 170 events following, 120; events leading Medvedev, Dmitri, 3,57,168,217,218; to, 186; institutional changes from, 240Ո24; optimism from, 189; Our continuity during presidency of, 222; governors removed by, 219; semipresi- Ukraine and, 71; politics after, 112,192; dential systems and, 232Ո12; vote share of, 179 victors of, 215; Yanukovych and, 119 Mikhailovsky Cathedral, Kyiv, 2 organizational capacity, 219 organizational cohesion, 35 ministerial appointments, 191 mixed-member electoral systems, 12,19, Organization for Economic Cooperation 21, 23, 33, 38, 77, 87,148, 207 mixed-member majoritarian systems, 36-37 mixed-member systems, 37 Moroz, Oleksandr, 201,250Ո8 Moscow, 55,155,164 Motyl, Alexander J., 2 multimember districts, 12 multiparty competition, 31 national identity, 16 NATO membership, 204 natural resources, 55 Navalny, Alexei, 177,218 NDP. See People’s Democratic Party Nenets Okrug, 176 New Zealand, 5 Nikolayenko, Stanislav, 241Ո29 nondemocratic national identity, 16 nonpartisan district deputies, 142 nonpartisanship, 142,143 non-Russians, 170,174,179 North Ossetia, 18 oil and gas reserves, 55 oil prices, 55 opportunism, 83, 87 organizational continuity, 57, 217 and Development, 176 Orobets, Yurii, 201 Our Home Is Russia, 53 Our Ukraine, 22,23,35,46,47,61,80, 127,135, 203, 213; candidates co-opted by, 156; defection and, 200-201, 215; deputies elected via, 197;
deputies nominated by, 189; deputy mandate and, 126; district deputies and, 73,119, 122,151,152,153; electoral performance of, 58; electoral system change and, 121; Heckman selection models for, 131,132-33; incumbent deputies and, 134,187,198; independents and, 130; legislative continuity and, 136; list construction of, 143,149,150, 201; list deputies on party list of, 145,146,147, 150; list placement of, 73,115,144; list rank on, 195; membership in, 194; mixed-member electoral systems and, 216; nomination of deputies previously not affiliated with, 193; nonpartisanship and, 143; Orange Revolution and, 71; overachievers on list of, 211; party discipline in, 137,195; party list, 2006,76,115,123,124,128, 129,130; party membership and, 148; Party of Regions and, 72, 78, 79,120, opposition parties, 42,94,110,176, 244Ո22,248Ո16; influence of, 235Ո6; quasi-, 65; systemic, 251Ո9 membership and, 158; pro-presidential Orange alliance, 71 status of, 71; renomination rates and, 131,186,189; PR and, 185; prior party
INDEX 118,125; resignations and, 202,202; self-nominated district deputies and, 131; Socialist Party and, 140,192; 2006 Rada elections and, 113; Tymoshenko Bloc and, 76,140,192; United Rus sia and, 184; vote share of, 189-90; Yanukovych and, 192,196,196,199; Yushchenko and, 119 Our Ukraine-Self Defense, 204 overachievers, 156,175,176,177,211 parastatal parties, 65 parliamentary democracies, 187 parliamentary electoral systems, 17 parliamentary factions, 122 parliamentary leadership, 198 parliamentary majority, 78-79,192 partisanship, 141,142,143 party affiliations, 86,89,118,141,142,158, 238Ո6 party-building, 20,58,85 party-centered PR systems, 83 party centralization, 110 party change, 43 party cohesion, 46, 83,201,208 party consolidation, 21 party defection, 56 party development, 13,16,34, 55, 57 party discipline, 113, 200; in Our Ukraine, 137, 195; in Party of Regions, 199; in Rada, 215; risks to, 185; United Russia and, 224; weak, 215 party independence, 105 party instability, 205 party institutionalization, 9,10,12,13, 23,25,45,231Ո5, 235Ո10; autocrats concerned about, 40; candidate selec tion and, 43; democracy and, 34,39; electoral system change and, 62,139; importance of, 33; incumbent rulers and, 56; lack of, 38; studies of, 35; weak, 48,49 79 137,187 party list construction. See list construction I 285 party list mandates, 189 party-list PR, 6,16,38 party membership, 131,148,158 party membership data, 144 party-nominated deputies, 115,141,142 party nominations, 138 Party of Entrepreneurial Development, 63 Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, 249Ո7 party of
power, 8,17,19,53,184, 2371113, 242615, 249612; governors and, 165 Party of Regions, 46, 47, 48, 59, 60, 61, 71,204,213,250Ո13; Azarov and, 216; Communist Party of Ukraine and, 192; defections from Our Ukraine and Tymoshenko Bloc and, 215; deputy mandate and, 126; district deputies and, 73,119,122,151,152,153; electoral system change and, 121; FUU and, 72, 79, U5 140, 149; Heckman selection models for, 131,132-33,134-35; influ ence of, 80; legislative continuity and, 136; legislative leadership and, 152; list construction of, 143,149; list deputies on party list of, 145,146,147,150·, list placement of, 73,116,144; Lytvyn Bloc and, 119,191; mixed-member electoral systems and, 216; nonpartisanship and, 143; Our Ukraine and, 78, 79,120,131, 186,189; overachievers on list of, 211; party discipline within, 199; party list, 2006,123,124,128,129,130,130; prior party membership and, 158; renomi nation rates and, 118; Socialist Party and, 192; 2006 Rada elections and, 113; Tymoshenko Bloc and, 189; United Russia and, 156; Yanukovych and, 112, 199, 214 Party of Russia’s Rebirth-Party of Life, 63 party organization, 123 party resilience, 180 party-speciflc goals, 42 party-system effects, 158,159
286 I INDEX party-system fluidity, 35 party system institutionalization, no, 236Ո12 party systems, 4; electoral systems and, 5, 36, 83; nationalization of, 40; overin stitutionalized, 39; postcommunist, 38; post-Soviet, 44 party unity, 199 party volatility, 10 Patriotic Party, 240Ո18 patronage networks, 52 patronalism, 15 patron-client relationships, 41 pay to play, 154 pensions, 60 People’s Democratic Party (NDP), 59, 60,76 People’s Party, 63,66 People’s Patriotic Union of Rodina, 88 People’s Union Our Ukraine, 47 personality-driven organizations, 59 Petrov-Titkov democracy index, 179 Piskun, Svyatoslav, 237Ո15 Plotnikov, Vladimir, 223-24 plural societies, 40 Poklonskaya, Natalya, 224 policy goals, 45 political decision-making, 18 political establishment, 62 political instability, 4 political institutionalization, 7 political organizations, 81 political parties, 25; as coalitions of elites, 51; democracy and, 52; indispensability of, 33; with similar goals and concerns, 42. See also party institutionalization; specific parties political pluralism, 15, 213 political polarization, 190,192 political power, 42 political stability, 12,39 political system dominance, 242m Polity Project, 23 Polyanchin, Mikhailo, 196 Poroshenko, Petro, 15,58 postcommunist dictatorships, 213 post-communist Europe, 6 postcommunist party systems, 38 postcommunist states, 17,33,34-35,122 postelection bandwagon effect, 18 post-Soviet party politics, 58 post-Soviet party systems, 44 post-Soviet Russia, 18,139 post-Soviet states, 9, 81 PR. See proportional representation presidential candidates, 163
presidential leadership, 57 presidential turnover, 15 prior party membership, 158 Prokhorov, Mikhail, 251Ո9 proportional representation (PR), 3, 8; adoption of, 85,187; developing democracies and, 39; Kremlin and, 160; list deputies supportive of, 215; mixed-member electoral systems and, 77; move to, 22; Our Ukraine and, 185; party-centered PR systems, 83; party discipline and, 195; party-list, 5,16; party nominations in, 138; in postSoviet states, 9; reliance on, 212; rules, 80; seats won via, 194; systems of, 82; United Russia and, 92,182. See also closed-list PR proportional systems, 36 pro-presidential parties, 81,136,139 prospective candidates, 50 Public Opinion Foundation, 218 Putin, Vladimir, 3, 4, 8,17, 46-47, 53,168, 182, 218; chairman of United Rus sia, 221; closed-list PR and, 216-17; conservative Russian voters and, 220; era of, 170; Kremlin and successor of, 212; March 2000 presidential elec tion of, 17; Medvedev and, 57; power consolidated by, 18; reforms by, 19; regional vote share for, 171; return
INDEX I 287 of, 222; second term of, 248Ո12; semipresidential systems and, 232Ո12; authoritarian regimes and, 224; evolu United Russia as party of, 161,162, of, 84; mixed-member electoral sys 166-67, 208 tems and, 216; organizational capacity tion of, 86; Kremlin and, 183; leaders of, 219; regional sub-lists of, 97,182; quasi-opposition parties, 65 United Russia as, 78 ruling party nomination, 89 Rada, 21,35, 68,122,125,185,196; Eighth rural districts, 170-71 Russian constitution, 19, 217 Convocation of, 200; electoral rules and, 115; Fifth Convocation, 194; Fourth Convocation, 193; legislative factions in, 136; outgoing, 134; party discipline in, 215; resignations from, Russian Empire, 15,232mi, 233Ո15 Russia’s Choice, 53 Russification, 232mi Rwanda, 9 202; rules governing elections to, 214; 2006 elections, 113,189,192; 2002 elec tions, 69-70 regime effects, 158,159 regime invincibility, 40 regime legitimacy, 12 regime trajectories, 62 regime types, 139,158,169 regional assembly elections, 176 regional sub-lists, 97-98,100,102,153, 231Ո7, 246Ո4; federal structure and, 159; of ruling parties, 182; of United Russia, 98,101,155 renomination rates, 76,78, 82, 91,136; Communist Party and, 118; Our Ukraine and, 118,125; Party of Regions and, 118; Socialist Party and, 118 resignations, 200, 202,202 Revolution of Dignity, 1, 2 Rodina, 63, 91, 94,97, 245m; Kremlin and, 95; United Russia list placement and, 101 Rogozin, Dmitri, 88 roll-call voting, 199,200 ruling parties, 40, 62, 63,77,103-4, 157,179,180; affiliation with, 85, 87; authoritarian regimes and, 42, 84, 112, 208;
cohesive, 52; consolidating position of, 91; co-optation and, 91; development of, 108, 217; electoral Saudi Arabia, 56 seat-maximization, 214 self-nominated candidates, 90,96,141, 142, 244mi self-nominated district deputies, 95,106, 115,131,150 semipresidential systems, 232Ո12 Shaimiev, Mintimer, 246Ո4 Shoigu, Sergei, 246Ո4 single-member, simple plurality (SMSP), 234Ո3, 250m single-member-district (SMD), 3, 5, 8,12, 14,16,38, 60, 61,123,189; abolition of, 19; deputies, 18; electoral fraud and, 221; elimination of, 82,122, 208; ma joritarian contests, 38; majority rules of, 15; mandates, 43, 64, 69, 69; parties operating in, 215; plurality, 37,127, 222, 231Ո3,232Ո8; plurality contests, 20; plurality elections, 63; self-nominated candidates and, 90 single-party governments, 36 single-party rule, 85 smaller parties, 234Ո21 SMD. See single-member-district SMSP. See single-member, simple plurality Social Democratic Party (United), 61, 69, 156
288 I INDEX Socialist Party, 22, 61,68, 69,127,189, 250Ո8; Communist Party of Ukraine and, 77-78; district deputies on party list of, 74; electoral system change and, 76; list placement of, 74,116; nomina tion strategy of, 81; Our Ukraine and, 140,192; party discipline in, 195; party list of, 77; party loyalty and, 115; Party of Regions and, 192; renomination rates and, 118 social protest, 41 Solidarity, 58 Soviet Union, 52, 64 Stalin, Joseph, 232Ո10 state-society relations, 32 Supreme Court, Ukraine, 1,70 Surkov, Vladislav, 14 Svyatash, Dmitrii, 156 totalitarian regimes, 52 Turchynov, Oleksandr, 15 Turmanov, Viktor, 156 Tymoshenko, Yulia, 58,71,120,190, 215, 250Ո12 Tymoshenko Bloc, 22, 23, 58, 61, 69, 71, 78, 184, 204; defections from, 215; district deputies on party list of, 75; Kuchma and, 190; list placement of, 75,117,119; mixed-member electoral systems and, 216; Our Ukraine and, 76,140,192; Party of Regions and, 189; rise of, 190 unaffiliated deputies, 186,188,190 underachievers, 155,156,175, 211 unemployment, 171, 248Ո13 Union of Right Forces, 89 Union of Rightist Forces, 240Ո18 United Russia, 4,14,16,17,18, 46, 47, 48, 61,175; advantage of, 88; affilia tion with, 86, 87; bandwagon of, 4, 63; candidate selection and, 93; CEC and, 169; closed-list PR and, 19,148, 161; commitment problem and, 55; co-opting politicians, 109; correlates of regional support for, 172; defection and, 253Ո19; deputies nominated by, 96; development of, 57; discipline exer cised by, 90; district deputies and, 65, 66,151,152,153,208; district deputies nominated by, 103,240Ո19; drop in
popular support for, 222; Duma and, 97; electoral victory of, 161; endorsed by Kremlin, 85; faction of, 92,104,105, 105,106,107,108; federal structure and, 159; gender and, 239Ո17; gubernatorial list placement and, 166; internal party primaries, 247Ո6; A Just Russia and, 89; Kremlin affiliation with, 165; list construction of, 79,109,143,149,150, 160; list deputies and, 90; list deputies on party list of, 145,146,147, iso·, list mandates won by, 223; list placement of, 65,94,94, 96,99-100,101,107,144; longevity of, 54; members of, 56; nar row majority of, 180; nonpartisanship and, 143; organizational capacity of, 219; Our Ukraine and, 184; overachiev ers on list of, 211; party affiliations and, 238Ո6; party congress of, 218; party discipline and, 224; party list of, 236mi; party membership and, 148; as party of Putin, 161,162,166-67, 208; Party of Regions and, 156; political system dominance lacked by, 242m; post-Soviet Russian politics and, 139; PR and, 92,182; prior party member ship and, 158; Putin chairman of, 221; regional politics and, 176; regional sub-lists of, 98,101,155; regional sup port for, 178,178,179,181; renomina tion rates and, 91; rise of, 53,182; as ruling party, 84; ruling-party status of, 78; seats won by, 217; Socialist Party and, 77; sources of candidates for, 95; tenuous position of, 220; 2003 Duma elections, 63; vote shares of, 168,171,
INDEX I 289 172,173,174,175,177,179-80; Zhukov ties under, 61; electoral system changes and, 252Ո17 and, 214; FUU and, 198-99; incumbent Unity, 53, 55, 88,139,161,164 unpopular governors, 166 deputies and, 198; Kuchma and, 59, 112; Lytvyn and, 76; nomination for prime minister, 193; Orange coalition value infusion, 45, 236Ո13 Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), 23,24,24 Vasil’ev, Vladimir, 155 V-Dem. See Varieties of Democracy Verkhovna Rada. See Rada vertical accountability, 12, 231Ո17 vertical representation, 83 and, 71; Orange Revolution and, 119; Our Ukraine and, 192,196,196,199; Party of Regions and, 199, 214; remarks during 2006 legislative campaign, 78; votes in favor of, 196-97,197,203; Yushchenko and, 200,204 Yeltsin, Boris, 17,53,164 Vladimir, 176 Yukos, 56 Volgograd, 176 Yushchenko, Viktor, 1,15, 23, 29, 58, 61, 68, Vorobyov, Andrei, 47 vote-buying, 62 vote delivery, 175 voter intimidation, 62 voters’ party preferences, 188 120, 240Ո23; Kuchma and, 71; Moroz and, 250Ո8; new elections called for by, 201,202; opponents of Kuchma and, 112; Our Ukraine and, 119; Tymosh enko, Y, and, 190; Yanukovych and, 200, 204 Western industrialized democracies, 43 Western liberal states, 34 Yabloko, 67, 68 Yanukovych, Viktor, 1-2,15, 29, 47,137, 195, 240Ո23; campaign, 2004,156; co optation and, 78; defeat of, 120; depu Zelensky, Volodymyr, 15 Zhdakaev, Ivan, 239Ո15 Zheleznyak, Sergei, 224 Zhirinovskii, Vladimir, 248Ո17 Zhukov, Aleksander, 155,252Ո17 Zvarich, Roman, 201
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CONTENTS Introduction i 1. Electoral Systems, Political Parties, and Candidate Selection 31 2. Closed-List Proportional Representation and the Dynamics of Candidate Selection 49 3. Managing the Move to Proportional Representation in Russia 82 4. Contending for Power under Proportional Representation in Ukraine 112 5. Cohesion and Co-optation in Russia andUkraine 138 6. Proportional Rules and Majoritarian Outcomes in Russia 160 7. The Consequences of Party Nominationsin Ukraine 184 Conclusion 207 Acknowledgments 227 Notes 231 References 255 Index ^79 About the Author 291
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INDEX Page numbers in italic indicate figures and tables. absenteeism, 199 Agrarian Party of Ukraine, 61,68,76,79, 240Ո18 A Just Russia, 64, 66, 67, 67, 88,176; district deputies nominated by, 68; formation of, 63, 65, 89; as opposition party, 218 Akhmetov, Rinat, 47, 60 All Russia, 164. See also Fatherland-All Russia authoritarian elites, 55,85 authoritarianism, 23, 41, 225; creeping, 16; transitions from, 31 authoritarian politics, 62, 83 authoritarian regimes, 7,40, 52, 83; adapt able, 212; consolidation of, 49; develop ment of, 184; electoral system change and, 8, 41; institutional changes and, 212; long-term stability of, 41; motives of political parties in, 235Ո8; organi zational capacity of ruling parties in, 219; power consolidated by, 211; ruling parties and, 42,84,112,208; survival of, 45. See also electoral authoritarian regimes authoritarian rule, 207 authoritarian states, 81 automobile market, 157 Azarov, Mykola, 216 behavioral routinization, 236Ո13 Beslan hostage crisis, 18 Bessmertnyi, Roman, 58 Bolshevik Revolution, 232mi Brazil, 163,164 bribery, 141,154,156,237Ո14 Bubka, Serhiy, 59 Bugera, Mikhail, 223-24 candidate selection, 9,153,154; gender and, 93; list rank decisions and, 96; methods of, 46; party institutionalization and, 43; politics of, 49, 83 Chechnya, 170,247Ո8 Citizens Strength, 240Ո18 civil liberties, 226 civil society groups, 199 closed-list PR, 4,9,10,11-12,32,40,46, 157-58, 209; adoption of, 23, 59, 82, 83, 112; consequences of, 252Ո15; district contests and, 188; diverging outcomes from, 48; Duma elections, 2011 and, 222; electability of
list candidates and, 127; electoral fraud and, 221; implementation of, 203; incumbent deputies and, 215; list placement and, 113; mechanisms associated with, 43; mixed-member electoral systems replaced with, 207; move to, 45, 57, 58,122,153; political consequences of adopting, 13; potential candidates during, 87; Putin and, 216-17; rules of, 33, 49; Russia move toward, 14; United Russia and, 19,148,161 279
28Օ I INDEX coal industry, 156 democratic elections, 32 coalition governments, 187 democratic transitions, 6 democratization, 10, 32,225,234Ո24 developing democracies, 10,39, 48, coattail effects, 162,163,179 cohesion, 78, 79, 81, 84,108,113,138-39, 190, 208 Cold War, 4,31 Committee of Voters of Ukraine, 60 communism, 5 Communist Party of the Russian Federa tion (KPRF), 63, 64, 88, 91, 97,166, 176,253П18; district deputies and, 66, 66-67, 68; as opposition party, 94; United Russia list placement and, 101 Communist Party of Ukraine, 22, 58, 61, 69,156,189; district deputies on party list of, 74; electoral system change and, 76; list placement of, 117; party loyalty and, 115; Party of Regions and, 192; 235П10 developing states, 52 direct gubernatorial elections, 219 district contests, 188 district deputies, 49, 65, 68,72,75; Communist Party of Ukraine and, 74; electoral potential of, 127,128, 129; incumbent legislators and, 51; independent-minded, 80; KPRF and, 66, 66-67, 68; list deputies and, 89, 92, 93 97 109,113,126,153; list place ment of, 84,113; nominated by United Russia, 103, 240Ո19; nomination of, 151; nonpartisan, 142; Our Ukraine Socialist Party and, 77-78 competitive authoritarian, 31 competitive clientelism, 41 consensus-building, 11 conservative Russian voters, 220 and, 73,119,122,151,152,153; without party affiliations, 118; party-nominated deputies, 115; Party of Regions and, 73,119,122,151,152,153; regional ties consolidated democracies, 170 co-optation, 27,156,193, 235Ո6; cohesion self-nominated, 95,106,115,131,150; sources of nomination for, 141; United
and, 78, 79, 81, 84,108,113,138-39, of, 223; renomination rates of, 82; Russia and, 65,66,151,152,153,208 190, 208; deputies prone to, 67, 68; institutional, 165; likelihood of, 209; politics of candidate selection and, 62; district elections, 91 district magnitudes, 40 district mandates, 113,189 reasonable amounts of, 91; risks of, dominant party system, 54 dominant power system, 54 199; ruling parties and, 91; tools of, 41; decision-making power, 52 defection, 188,193-94, 200-201, 249Ո7, Duma, 14,16,155; elections, 18; Fourth Convocation of, 88, 90, 92, 223; incumbent deputies, 109; Kremlin and, 19; leadership positions in, 106, 107; 1999 elections, 35; outgoing, 101; regional representation in, 153; Third, 2531119 democracy, 5; party institutionalization and, 34,39; political parties and, 52; 17, 88; 2011 elections, 54,168,176, 222; 2007 elections, 20, 54, 56, 85, 98,168, 171,172,183,184, 217, 219; 2003 elec Yanukovych and, 78 corruption, 170 country effects, 211 transitions to, 31 democracy index, 172 democratic consolidation, 9,33, 49 tions, 56, 63, 91, 219,223; United Russia and, 97 Duverger’s Law, 13,37
INDEX Eastern Europe, 5,33, 34-35 economic growth, 218 effective governance, 12 electability. See electoral potential electoral authoritarian regimes, 31, 40, 52, 160, 218, 224 electoral competition, 81, 213 electoral democracies, 24, 40 Electoral Democracy Index, 23, 24,24 electoral falsification, 8 electoral fraud, 14,221, 251П13 electoral invincibility, 8 electoral manipulation, 8 electoral potential, 127,128,129,134,155, 245П18 electoral prospects, 193 electoral protests, 234Ո24 electoral reforms, 219 electoral revolutions, 184 electoral rule changes, 207 electoral rule design, 6 electoral rules, 44,115,151; implementa tion of, 188; manipulation of, 226 electoral system change, 4-5, 22, 33, 157; aftermath of, 50; authoritarian regimes and, 8, 41; effects of, 34; electoral uncertainty introduced by, 188; ideology-oriented parties and, 76; individual parties navigat ing, 49; Kremlin and, 212; larger historical developments and, 6; list construction and, 140; Our Ukraine and, 121; partisanship and, 142; party change and, 43; party development and, 16; party institutionalization and, 62,139; Party of Regions and, 121; periods of, 82; on political agenda, 214; responses to, 14, 25; Yanukovych and, 214 electoral systems, 3,31,191, 225-26; legislative, 13; majoritarian, 12; mixedmember, 12,19, 21, 23, 33, 77, 87,148, I 281 207,216; parliamentary, 17; party systems and, 5, 36, 83 electoral tiers, 38 electoral uncertainty, 6,188 electoral volatility, 35 elite-based parties, 61 elite-biased parties, 61 ethnic regions, 170 EU. See European Union Euromaidan, 1,192 Europe:
Eastern, 5, 33, 34-35; interwar, 224; post-communist, 6 European Union (EU), 2 executive elections, 164 faction membership changes, 200 Fatherland-All Russia, 53, 55, 88,161,164 federalism, 182,185 federal structure, 159 financial-industrial groups, 51 first-past-the-post (FPTP), 231Ո3 For a United Ukraine (FUU), 35, 58-59, 60, 69,76; defection from, 249Ո7; dep uties nominated by, 186; disintegration of, 70,114,140; independent deputies and, 238mi; parliamentary majority of, 78-79; Party of Regions and, 72,79, 135 149; as pro-presidential party, 139; self-nominated district deputies and, 131; SMD and, 61; Yanukovych and, 198-99 FPTP. See first-past-the-post Freedom House, 1-2, 23, 24, 54, 231m freedom of association, 62 free media, 2 FUU. See For a United Ukraine gender, 93,144, 239Ո17 geographically delineated districts, 50 Germany, 231Ո6 gerrymandering, 160 Glaziev, Sergei, 88 global financial crisis, 218
282 I INDEX Golos, 219 Gongadze, Heorhiy, 22 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 164,232Ո10 governance, 83 governing coalitions, 195 governing parties, 114 governmental institutions, 2 government formation, 187,191,192 government ministers, 57 Gryzlov, Boris, 246Ո4 gubernatorial elections, 185 gubernatorial list placement, 102,166,168, 169,174-75. 246Ո5 gubernatorial tenure, 167,175,179 gubernatorial vulnerability hypothesis, 166,169,173,178 horizontal accountability, 82 Hungary, 188 ideology-oriented parties, 76 illiberal states, 52, 83 imposed electoral reform, 7 inclusivity, 82 incumbent deputies, 50, 86, 91,109,110, 120, 237Ո14, 243П10; closed-list PR and, 215; Our Ukraine and, 134,187, 198; Yanukovych and, 198 incumbent legislators, 49,50, 51,136,157 incumbent politicians, 212 incumbent rulers, 56 Independence Square, Kyiv, 1, 2,192 independent deputies, 238mi independents, 95, 96,130, 222 industrialization, 225 Ingushetia, 177 institutional changes, 212, 213, 240Ո24 institutional co-optation, 165 institutional design, 5,12 institutional effects, 158,159 institutional reform, 85 internal party decisions, 42 internal party politics, 41 internal party primaries, 247Ո6 interparty competition, 10 interwar Europe, 5, 6, 224 intraparty competition, 46 Italy, 5 Japan, 5 Karachayevo-Cherkessia, 177 Karnaukh, Mikola, 241Ո29 Kazakhstan, 9 Kendzyor, Jaroslav, 22 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 56 Kinakh, Anatoliy, 249Ո7 Komi, 177 Korchin’skii, Anatolii, 156 KPRF. See Communist Party of the Rus sian Federation Kravchuk, Leonid, 15,16,233Ո14,249Ո3 Kravets, Aleksandr, 253Ո18 Kremlin, 17, 53, 55,56, 88,161;
control over electoral process by, 223; Duma and, 19; electoral reforms and, 219; electoral system change and, 212; gubernatorial elections and, 185; A Just Russia and, 68, 89; parties friendly to, 87; PR and, 160; Rodina and, 95; ruling parties and, 183; 2012 presidential campaign and, 220; United Russia affiliation with, 165; United Russia development and, 57; United Russia endorsed by, 85; votes in favor of, 169,172 Kuchma, Leonid, 15,16, 233Ո14, 238Ո9, 240Ո23, 249Ո3; administration of, 22, 60, 61, 68, 76,120,139; election of, 57; fragmentation of allies of, 70; opposition to, 58; parties rallying behind, 69; Tymoshenko and, 71; Tymoshenko Bloc and, 190; Yanu kovych and, 59,112; Yushchenko and, 71 Kuzin, Valerii, 239Ո15
INDEX Kyiv, 1, 2,192 Kyrgyzstan, 9 Kyrpä, Heorhiy, 59 Labor Ukraine, 61 leadership fatigue, 218 legislative behavior, 187 legislative candidates, 43 legislative continuity, 136 legislative discipline, 53 legislative elections, 3, 38,164,168,180 legislative electoral systems, 3,13,182 legislative experience, 110 legislative factions, 142,197 legislative leadership, 152 legislative majority, 161 legislative mandate, 50, 201, 242Ո7 legislative politics, 187 legislative power, 162 legislative seats, 6 legitimizing political power, 7 Liberal Democratic Party, 88, 91, 94, 97, 101,176, 248Ո17 Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, 218 list candidates, 127, 236П11 list construction, 50, 76,114,119,127, 236П11; co-optation with, 26, 66, 80; decisions, 50; dynamics of, 126; electoral system change and, 140; mixed-member electoral systems and, 148; nonpartisanship and, 142; of Our Ukraine, 143,149,150, 201; party membership variables and, 129,131; of Party of Regions, 143,149; politics of, 51,120; of Socialist Party, 77; of United Russia, 79,109,143,149, 150,160 list deputies, 103,123,144,145,146,147, 130; district deputies and, 89, 92, 93, 97 ιθ9 ИЗ. 126, 153; electability of, 102; without party affiliation, 106; party membership among, 96, 143,147-49,158, 244m; previously I 283 elected, 84; supportive of PR, 215; United Russia and, 90 list exclusion, 173 list mandates, 223 list placement, 28, 72, 76,84, 92,131, 173.174^ 237Ո14; age and, 95; closedlist PR and, 113; of Communist Party of Ukraine, 74,117·, country specific effects on, 140; of district deputies, 113; estimations of, 107;
gender and, 93; gubernatorial, 102, 166,168,169,174-75, 246Ո5; internal party decisions about, 188; of A Just Russia, 67·, of KPRF, 66; likelihood of, 144,146,152; of Lytvyn Bloc, 75, 118·, of Our Ukraine, 73,115,144; of Party of Regions, 73,116,144; party-specific effects on, 140; power of, 43; regional sub-lists, 97; of Socialist Party, 74,116·, of Tymosh enko Bloc, 75,117,119; of United Russia, 65, 94,94, 96, 99-100,101, 107,144 list positions, 186 list rank, 128,157,195,198, 211 Litvin, Vadim, 156 Litvinov, Vladimir, 239Ո15 locomotive hypothesis, 163,165,167-69, 171.173.176,179,182-83, 246Ո5 logistic regression analysis, 90,91,92 Losskii, Yurii, 239Ո15 loyalty, 83,123,157,167 Luzhkov, Yuri, 55,164, 246Ո4 Lytvyn, Volodymyr, 59,76, 79 Lytvyn Bloc, 76, 78, 204; FUU and, 140; list placement of, 75,118; Party of Regions and, 119,191 majoritarian systems, 12, 36 majority governments, 187 malapportionment, 160 mandate effects, 102,125 mass-based organizations, 10
284 I INDEX mass enfranchisement, 34 mass uprisings, 41 Orange coalition, 120 Orange Revolution, 1, 2,3,16,23, 61, 70, Matviyenko, Serhii, 241Ո29 76,140, 234Ո24; beginning of, 192; media independence, 170 events following, 120; events leading Medvedev, Dmitri, 3,57,168,217,218; to, 186; institutional changes from, 240Ո24; optimism from, 189; Our continuity during presidency of, 222; governors removed by, 219; semipresi- Ukraine and, 71; politics after, 112,192; dential systems and, 232Ո12; vote share of, 179 victors of, 215; Yanukovych and, 119 Mikhailovsky Cathedral, Kyiv, 2 organizational capacity, 219 organizational cohesion, 35 ministerial appointments, 191 mixed-member electoral systems, 12,19, Organization for Economic Cooperation 21, 23, 33, 38, 77, 87,148, 207 mixed-member majoritarian systems, 36-37 mixed-member systems, 37 Moroz, Oleksandr, 201,250Ո8 Moscow, 55,155,164 Motyl, Alexander J., 2 multimember districts, 12 multiparty competition, 31 national identity, 16 NATO membership, 204 natural resources, 55 Navalny, Alexei, 177,218 NDP. See People’s Democratic Party Nenets Okrug, 176 New Zealand, 5 Nikolayenko, Stanislav, 241Ո29 nondemocratic national identity, 16 nonpartisan district deputies, 142 nonpartisanship, 142,143 non-Russians, 170,174,179 North Ossetia, 18 oil and gas reserves, 55 oil prices, 55 opportunism, 83, 87 organizational continuity, 57, 217 and Development, 176 Orobets, Yurii, 201 Our Home Is Russia, 53 Our Ukraine, 22,23,35,46,47,61,80, 127,135, 203, 213; candidates co-opted by, 156; defection and, 200-201, 215; deputies elected via, 197;
deputies nominated by, 189; deputy mandate and, 126; district deputies and, 73,119, 122,151,152,153; electoral performance of, 58; electoral system change and, 121; Heckman selection models for, 131,132-33; incumbent deputies and, 134,187,198; independents and, 130; legislative continuity and, 136; list construction of, 143,149,150, 201; list deputies on party list of, 145,146,147, 150; list placement of, 73,115,144; list rank on, 195; membership in, 194; mixed-member electoral systems and, 216; nomination of deputies previously not affiliated with, 193; nonpartisanship and, 143; Orange Revolution and, 71; overachievers on list of, 211; party discipline in, 137,195; party list, 2006,76,115,123,124,128, 129,130; party membership and, 148; Party of Regions and, 72, 78, 79,120, opposition parties, 42,94,110,176, 244Ո22,248Ո16; influence of, 235Ո6; quasi-, 65; systemic, 251Ո9 membership and, 158; pro-presidential Orange alliance, 71 status of, 71; renomination rates and, 131,186,189; PR and, 185; prior party
INDEX 118,125; resignations and, 202,202; self-nominated district deputies and, 131; Socialist Party and, 140,192; 2006 Rada elections and, 113; Tymoshenko Bloc and, 76,140,192; United Rus sia and, 184; vote share of, 189-90; Yanukovych and, 192,196,196,199; Yushchenko and, 119 Our Ukraine-Self Defense, 204 overachievers, 156,175,176,177,211 parastatal parties, 65 parliamentary democracies, 187 parliamentary electoral systems, 17 parliamentary factions, 122 parliamentary leadership, 198 parliamentary majority, 78-79,192 partisanship, 141,142,143 party affiliations, 86,89,118,141,142,158, 238Ո6 party-building, 20,58,85 party-centered PR systems, 83 party centralization, 110 party change, 43 party cohesion, 46, 83,201,208 party consolidation, 21 party defection, 56 party development, 13,16,34, 55, 57 party discipline, 113, 200; in Our Ukraine, 137, 195; in Party of Regions, 199; in Rada, 215; risks to, 185; United Russia and, 224; weak, 215 party independence, 105 party instability, 205 party institutionalization, 9,10,12,13, 23,25,45,231Ո5, 235Ո10; autocrats concerned about, 40; candidate selec tion and, 43; democracy and, 34,39; electoral system change and, 62,139; importance of, 33; incumbent rulers and, 56; lack of, 38; studies of, 35; weak, 48,49 79 137,187 party list construction. See list construction I 285 party list mandates, 189 party-list PR, 6,16,38 party membership, 131,148,158 party membership data, 144 party-nominated deputies, 115,141,142 party nominations, 138 Party of Entrepreneurial Development, 63 Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, 249Ո7 party of
power, 8,17,19,53,184, 2371113, 242615, 249612; governors and, 165 Party of Regions, 46, 47, 48, 59, 60, 61, 71,204,213,250Ո13; Azarov and, 216; Communist Party of Ukraine and, 192; defections from Our Ukraine and Tymoshenko Bloc and, 215; deputy mandate and, 126; district deputies and, 73,119,122,151,152,153; electoral system change and, 121; FUU and, 72, 79, U5 140, 149; Heckman selection models for, 131,132-33,134-35; influ ence of, 80; legislative continuity and, 136; legislative leadership and, 152; list construction of, 143,149; list deputies on party list of, 145,146,147,150·, list placement of, 73,116,144; Lytvyn Bloc and, 119,191; mixed-member electoral systems and, 216; nonpartisanship and, 143; Our Ukraine and, 78, 79,120,131, 186,189; overachievers on list of, 211; party discipline within, 199; party list, 2006,123,124,128,129,130,130; prior party membership and, 158; renomi nation rates and, 118; Socialist Party and, 192; 2006 Rada elections and, 113; Tymoshenko Bloc and, 189; United Russia and, 156; Yanukovych and, 112, 199, 214 Party of Russia’s Rebirth-Party of Life, 63 party organization, 123 party resilience, 180 party-speciflc goals, 42 party-system effects, 158,159
286 I INDEX party-system fluidity, 35 party system institutionalization, no, 236Ո12 party systems, 4; electoral systems and, 5, 36, 83; nationalization of, 40; overin stitutionalized, 39; postcommunist, 38; post-Soviet, 44 party unity, 199 party volatility, 10 Patriotic Party, 240Ո18 patronage networks, 52 patronalism, 15 patron-client relationships, 41 pay to play, 154 pensions, 60 People’s Democratic Party (NDP), 59, 60,76 People’s Party, 63,66 People’s Patriotic Union of Rodina, 88 People’s Union Our Ukraine, 47 personality-driven organizations, 59 Petrov-Titkov democracy index, 179 Piskun, Svyatoslav, 237Ո15 Plotnikov, Vladimir, 223-24 plural societies, 40 Poklonskaya, Natalya, 224 policy goals, 45 political decision-making, 18 political establishment, 62 political instability, 4 political institutionalization, 7 political organizations, 81 political parties, 25; as coalitions of elites, 51; democracy and, 52; indispensability of, 33; with similar goals and concerns, 42. See also party institutionalization; specific parties political pluralism, 15, 213 political polarization, 190,192 political power, 42 political stability, 12,39 political system dominance, 242m Polity Project, 23 Polyanchin, Mikhailo, 196 Poroshenko, Petro, 15,58 postcommunist dictatorships, 213 post-communist Europe, 6 postcommunist party systems, 38 postcommunist states, 17,33,34-35,122 postelection bandwagon effect, 18 post-Soviet party politics, 58 post-Soviet party systems, 44 post-Soviet Russia, 18,139 post-Soviet states, 9, 81 PR. See proportional representation presidential candidates, 163
presidential leadership, 57 presidential turnover, 15 prior party membership, 158 Prokhorov, Mikhail, 251Ո9 proportional representation (PR), 3, 8; adoption of, 85,187; developing democracies and, 39; Kremlin and, 160; list deputies supportive of, 215; mixed-member electoral systems and, 77; move to, 22; Our Ukraine and, 185; party-centered PR systems, 83; party discipline and, 195; party-list, 5,16; party nominations in, 138; in postSoviet states, 9; reliance on, 212; rules, 80; seats won via, 194; systems of, 82; United Russia and, 92,182. See also closed-list PR proportional systems, 36 pro-presidential parties, 81,136,139 prospective candidates, 50 Public Opinion Foundation, 218 Putin, Vladimir, 3, 4, 8,17, 46-47, 53,168, 182, 218; chairman of United Rus sia, 221; closed-list PR and, 216-17; conservative Russian voters and, 220; era of, 170; Kremlin and successor of, 212; March 2000 presidential elec tion of, 17; Medvedev and, 57; power consolidated by, 18; reforms by, 19; regional vote share for, 171; return
INDEX I 287 of, 222; second term of, 248Ո12; semipresidential systems and, 232Ո12; authoritarian regimes and, 224; evolu United Russia as party of, 161,162, of, 84; mixed-member electoral sys 166-67, 208 tems and, 216; organizational capacity tion of, 86; Kremlin and, 183; leaders of, 219; regional sub-lists of, 97,182; quasi-opposition parties, 65 United Russia as, 78 ruling party nomination, 89 Rada, 21,35, 68,122,125,185,196; Eighth rural districts, 170-71 Russian constitution, 19, 217 Convocation of, 200; electoral rules and, 115; Fifth Convocation, 194; Fourth Convocation, 193; legislative factions in, 136; outgoing, 134; party discipline in, 215; resignations from, Russian Empire, 15,232mi, 233Ո15 Russia’s Choice, 53 Russification, 232mi Rwanda, 9 202; rules governing elections to, 214; 2006 elections, 113,189,192; 2002 elec tions, 69-70 regime effects, 158,159 regime invincibility, 40 regime legitimacy, 12 regime trajectories, 62 regime types, 139,158,169 regional assembly elections, 176 regional sub-lists, 97-98,100,102,153, 231Ո7, 246Ո4; federal structure and, 159; of ruling parties, 182; of United Russia, 98,101,155 renomination rates, 76,78, 82, 91,136; Communist Party and, 118; Our Ukraine and, 118,125; Party of Regions and, 118; Socialist Party and, 118 resignations, 200, 202,202 Revolution of Dignity, 1, 2 Rodina, 63, 91, 94,97, 245m; Kremlin and, 95; United Russia list placement and, 101 Rogozin, Dmitri, 88 roll-call voting, 199,200 ruling parties, 40, 62, 63,77,103-4, 157,179,180; affiliation with, 85, 87; authoritarian regimes and, 42, 84, 112, 208;
cohesive, 52; consolidating position of, 91; co-optation and, 91; development of, 108, 217; electoral Saudi Arabia, 56 seat-maximization, 214 self-nominated candidates, 90,96,141, 142, 244mi self-nominated district deputies, 95,106, 115,131,150 semipresidential systems, 232Ո12 Shaimiev, Mintimer, 246Ո4 Shoigu, Sergei, 246Ո4 single-member, simple plurality (SMSP), 234Ո3, 250m single-member-district (SMD), 3, 5, 8,12, 14,16,38, 60, 61,123,189; abolition of, 19; deputies, 18; electoral fraud and, 221; elimination of, 82,122, 208; ma joritarian contests, 38; majority rules of, 15; mandates, 43, 64, 69, 69; parties operating in, 215; plurality, 37,127, 222, 231Ո3,232Ո8; plurality contests, 20; plurality elections, 63; self-nominated candidates and, 90 single-party governments, 36 single-party rule, 85 smaller parties, 234Ո21 SMD. See single-member-district SMSP. See single-member, simple plurality Social Democratic Party (United), 61, 69, 156
288 I INDEX Socialist Party, 22, 61,68, 69,127,189, 250Ո8; Communist Party of Ukraine and, 77-78; district deputies on party list of, 74; electoral system change and, 76; list placement of, 74,116; nomina tion strategy of, 81; Our Ukraine and, 140,192; party discipline in, 195; party list of, 77; party loyalty and, 115; Party of Regions and, 192; renomination rates and, 118 social protest, 41 Solidarity, 58 Soviet Union, 52, 64 Stalin, Joseph, 232Ո10 state-society relations, 32 Supreme Court, Ukraine, 1,70 Surkov, Vladislav, 14 Svyatash, Dmitrii, 156 totalitarian regimes, 52 Turchynov, Oleksandr, 15 Turmanov, Viktor, 156 Tymoshenko, Yulia, 58,71,120,190, 215, 250Ո12 Tymoshenko Bloc, 22, 23, 58, 61, 69, 71, 78, 184, 204; defections from, 215; district deputies on party list of, 75; Kuchma and, 190; list placement of, 75,117,119; mixed-member electoral systems and, 216; Our Ukraine and, 76,140,192; Party of Regions and, 189; rise of, 190 unaffiliated deputies, 186,188,190 underachievers, 155,156,175, 211 unemployment, 171, 248Ո13 Union of Right Forces, 89 Union of Rightist Forces, 240Ո18 United Russia, 4,14,16,17,18, 46, 47, 48, 61,175; advantage of, 88; affilia tion with, 86, 87; bandwagon of, 4, 63; candidate selection and, 93; CEC and, 169; closed-list PR and, 19,148, 161; commitment problem and, 55; co-opting politicians, 109; correlates of regional support for, 172; defection and, 253Ո19; deputies nominated by, 96; development of, 57; discipline exer cised by, 90; district deputies and, 65, 66,151,152,153,208; district deputies nominated by, 103,240Ո19; drop in
popular support for, 222; Duma and, 97; electoral victory of, 161; endorsed by Kremlin, 85; faction of, 92,104,105, 105,106,107,108; federal structure and, 159; gender and, 239Ո17; gubernatorial list placement and, 166; internal party primaries, 247Ո6; A Just Russia and, 89; Kremlin affiliation with, 165; list construction of, 79,109,143,149,150, 160; list deputies and, 90; list deputies on party list of, 145,146,147, iso·, list mandates won by, 223; list placement of, 65,94,94, 96,99-100,101,107,144; longevity of, 54; members of, 56; nar row majority of, 180; nonpartisanship and, 143; organizational capacity of, 219; Our Ukraine and, 184; overachiev ers on list of, 211; party affiliations and, 238Ո6; party congress of, 218; party discipline and, 224; party list of, 236mi; party membership and, 148; as party of Putin, 161,162,166-67, 208; Party of Regions and, 156; political system dominance lacked by, 242m; post-Soviet Russian politics and, 139; PR and, 92,182; prior party member ship and, 158; Putin chairman of, 221; regional politics and, 176; regional sub-lists of, 98,101,155; regional sup port for, 178,178,179,181; renomina tion rates and, 91; rise of, 53,182; as ruling party, 84; ruling-party status of, 78; seats won by, 217; Socialist Party and, 77; sources of candidates for, 95; tenuous position of, 220; 2003 Duma elections, 63; vote shares of, 168,171,
INDEX I 289 172,173,174,175,177,179-80; Zhukov ties under, 61; electoral system changes and, 252Ո17 and, 214; FUU and, 198-99; incumbent Unity, 53, 55, 88,139,161,164 unpopular governors, 166 deputies and, 198; Kuchma and, 59, 112; Lytvyn and, 76; nomination for prime minister, 193; Orange coalition value infusion, 45, 236Ո13 Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), 23,24,24 Vasil’ev, Vladimir, 155 V-Dem. See Varieties of Democracy Verkhovna Rada. See Rada vertical accountability, 12, 231Ո17 vertical representation, 83 and, 71; Orange Revolution and, 119; Our Ukraine and, 192,196,196,199; Party of Regions and, 199, 214; remarks during 2006 legislative campaign, 78; votes in favor of, 196-97,197,203; Yushchenko and, 200,204 Yeltsin, Boris, 17,53,164 Vladimir, 176 Yukos, 56 Volgograd, 176 Yushchenko, Viktor, 1,15, 23, 29, 58, 61, 68, Vorobyov, Andrei, 47 vote-buying, 62 vote delivery, 175 voter intimidation, 62 voters’ party preferences, 188 120, 240Ո23; Kuchma and, 71; Moroz and, 250Ո8; new elections called for by, 201,202; opponents of Kuchma and, 112; Our Ukraine and, 119; Tymosh enko, Y, and, 190; Yanukovych and, 200, 204 Western industrialized democracies, 43 Western liberal states, 34 Yabloko, 67, 68 Yanukovych, Viktor, 1-2,15, 29, 47,137, 195, 240Ո23; campaign, 2004,156; co optation and, 78; defeat of, 120; depu Zelensky, Volodymyr, 15 Zhdakaev, Ivan, 239Ո15 Zheleznyak, Sergei, 224 Zhirinovskii, Vladimir, 248Ո17 Zhukov, Aleksander, 155,252Ո17 Zvarich, Roman, 201 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Moraski, Bryon |
| author_GND | (DE-588)173877915 |
| author_facet | Moraski, Bryon |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Moraski, Bryon |
| author_variant | b m bm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047903696 |
| classification_rvk | MG 80300 MG 80440 MG 82300 MG 82440 MG 85300 MG 85440 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1309907252 (DE-599)BVBBV047903696 |
| discipline | Politologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie |
| era | Geschichte 1992- gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1992- |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ukraine Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV047903696 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:29:27Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:24:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781479807765 9781479807758 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033285588 |
| oclc_num | 1309907252 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-706 DE-521 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-739 DE-188 DE-12 DE-824 |
| owner_facet | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-706 DE-521 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-739 DE-188 DE-12 DE-824 |
| physical | 291 Seiten Diagramme |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20221024 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | New York University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Moraski, Bryon Verfasser (DE-588)173877915 aut Party politics in Russia and Ukraine electoral system change in diverging regimes Bryon Moraski New York New York University Press [2022] © 2022 291 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "This book investigates the effects of similar electoral system changes on candidate selection, election outcomes, and party development in two post-Soviet states, Russia and Ukraine, during a period when Russia's rulers were consolidating a dominant-party, electoral authoritarian regime and Ukraine appeared to be moving towards electoral democracy"-- Geschichte 1992- gnd rswk-swf Wahlrechtsreform (DE-588)4188932-0 gnd rswk-swf Parteipolitik (DE-588)4136757-1 gnd rswk-swf Wahlsystem (DE-588)4139210-3 gnd rswk-swf Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Political parties / Russia (Federation) Political parties / Ukraine Proportional representation / Russia (Federation) Proportional representation / Ukraine Elections / Russia (Federation) Elections / Ukraine Authoritarianism / Russia (Federation) Democratization / Ukraine Russia (Federation) / Politics and government / 1991- Ukraine / Politics and government / 1991- Représentation proportionnelle / Russie Représentation proportionnelle / Ukraine Élections / Russie Élections / Ukraine Autoritarisme / Russie Démocratisation / Ukraine Ukraine / Politique et gouvernement / 1991- Authoritarianism Democratization Elections Political parties Politics and government Proportional representation Russia (Federation) Ukraine Since 1991 Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 g Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Parteipolitik (DE-588)4136757-1 s Wahlsystem (DE-588)4139210-3 s Wahlrechtsreform (DE-588)4188932-0 s Geschichte 1992- z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-4798-0778-9 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-4798-0779-6 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033285588&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033285588&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033285588&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Moraski, Bryon Party politics in Russia and Ukraine electoral system change in diverging regimes Wahlrechtsreform (DE-588)4188932-0 gnd Parteipolitik (DE-588)4136757-1 gnd Wahlsystem (DE-588)4139210-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4188932-0 (DE-588)4136757-1 (DE-588)4139210-3 (DE-588)4061496-7 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Party politics in Russia and Ukraine electoral system change in diverging regimes |
| title_auth | Party politics in Russia and Ukraine electoral system change in diverging regimes |
| title_exact_search | Party politics in Russia and Ukraine electoral system change in diverging regimes |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Party politics in Russia and Ukraine electoral system change in diverging regimes |
| title_full | Party politics in Russia and Ukraine electoral system change in diverging regimes Bryon Moraski |
| title_fullStr | Party politics in Russia and Ukraine electoral system change in diverging regimes Bryon Moraski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Party politics in Russia and Ukraine electoral system change in diverging regimes Bryon Moraski |
| title_short | Party politics in Russia and Ukraine |
| title_sort | party politics in russia and ukraine electoral system change in diverging regimes |
| title_sub | electoral system change in diverging regimes |
| topic | Wahlrechtsreform (DE-588)4188932-0 gnd Parteipolitik (DE-588)4136757-1 gnd Wahlsystem (DE-588)4139210-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wahlrechtsreform Parteipolitik Wahlsystem Ukraine Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033285588&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033285588&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033285588&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT moraskibryon partypoliticsinrussiaandukraineelectoralsystemchangeindivergingregimes |