The Ossetes: modern-day Scythians of the Caucasus
The Ossetes, a small nation inhabiting two adjacent states in the central Caucasus, are the last remaining linguistic and cultural descendants of the ancient nomadic Scythians who dominated the Eurasian steppe from the Balkans to Mongolia for well over one thousand years. A nominally Christian natio...
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2022
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| Summary: | The Ossetes, a small nation inhabiting two adjacent states in the central Caucasus, are the last remaining linguistic and cultural descendants of the ancient nomadic Scythians who dominated the Eurasian steppe from the Balkans to Mongolia for well over one thousand years. A nominally Christian nation speaking a language distantly related to Persian, the Ossetes have inherited much of the culture of the medieval Alans who brought equestrian culture to Europe. They have preserved a rich oral literature through the epic of the Narts, a body of heroic legends that shares much in common with the Persian Book of Kings and other works of Indo-European mythology. This is the first book devoted to the little-known history and culture of the Ossetes to appear in any Western language. Charting Ossetian history from Antiquity to today, it will be a vital contribution to the fields of Iranian, Caucasian, Post-Soviet and Indo-European Studies--back cover |
| Physical Description: | xvi, 194 Seiten Illustrationen, 3 Karten (schwarz-weiß) |
| ISBN: | 9780755618453 |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Introduction: the Ossetes: Caucasians, Iranians, or both? -- 1. The Scythians: mounted archers of the steppes -- 2. From Sarmatians to Alans: an Iranian element in the history of Europe -- 3. The Nart epic: a neglected treasure of Indo-European mythology -- 4. The Ossetes and Russia: a special relationship -- 5. Religion and national identity: the Uatsdin -- 6. South Ossetia: a fragile independence -- 7. Life in Ossetia today -- Appendix: a popular Ossetian love song | |
| 520 | 3 | |a The Ossetes, a small nation inhabiting two adjacent states in the central Caucasus, are the last remaining linguistic and cultural descendants of the ancient nomadic Scythians who dominated the Eurasian steppe from the Balkans to Mongolia for well over one thousand years. A nominally Christian nation speaking a language distantly related to Persian, the Ossetes have inherited much of the culture of the medieval Alans who brought equestrian culture to Europe. They have preserved a rich oral literature through the epic of the Narts, a body of heroic legends that shares much in common with the Persian Book of Kings and other works of Indo-European mythology. This is the first book devoted to the little-known history and culture of the Ossetes to appear in any Western language. Charting Ossetian history from Antiquity to today, it will be a vital contribution to the fields of Iranian, Caucasian, Post-Soviet and Indo-European Studies--back cover | |
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| adam_text | Contents List of Illustrations viii Preface ix Acknowledgments xii Historical Timeline xiv A Note on Transcriptions xvii Introduction: The Ossetes: Caucasians, Iranians, or Both? 1 The Scythians: Mounted Archers of the Steppes 2 From Sarmatians to Alans: An Iranian Element in the History of Europe 3 1 13 35 The Nart Epic: A Neglected Treasure of Indo-European Mythology 59 4 The Ossetes and Russia: A Special Relationship 5 Religion and National Identity: The Uatsdin 103 79 6 South Ossetia: A Fragile Independence 123 7 Life in Ossetia Today 145 Appendix: A Popular Ossetian Love Song 167 Notes 169 Bibliography 182 Index 190
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184 Bibliography Colarusso, John (էր.), Nart Sagas from the Caucasus: Myths and Legends from the Circassians, Abazas, Abkhaz, and Ubykhs, Princeton, 2002. Colarusso, John and Tamirlan Salbiev (eds), Tales of the Narts: Ancient Myths and Legends of the Ossetians, Walter May (tr.), Princeton, 2016. Cunliffe, Barry, The Scythians: Nomad Warriors of the Steppe, Oxford, 2019. Darchiev, A.V., О nekotorykh relikviyakh iz svyatilishcha Rekom, Vladikavkaz, 2011. Dumézil, Georges, Légendes sur les Nartes, Paris, 1930. Dumézil, Georges, Loki, Paris, 1948. Dumézil, Georges, “Lepopée Narte,” La table ronde 132 (1958): pp. 42-55. Dumézil, Georges, Le livre des héros: légendes sur les Nartes, Paris, 1965. Dumézil, Georges, Romans de Scythie et d’alentour, Paris, 1978. Dzitstsoity, lu. A., “Kosetino-persidskim fol’klornym sviaziam,” in Voprosi osetinskoi filologii, v. 1, Tskhinval, 2017, pp. 199-223. Foltz, Richard, A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East, London, 2019. Foltz, Richard, Religions ofIran: From Prehistory to the Present, London, 2013. Forsyth, James, The Caucasus: A History, Cambridge, 2013. Gabuev, T.A. and V. Iu. Malashev, Pamiatniki rannykh alan ysentral’nykh raionov Severnogo Kavkaza IV-X vv., Moscow, 2009. Gagloity, lu. S., Nekotorye voprosy istoriografii nartovskogo eposa, Tskhinval, 1977. Gershevitch, Ilya, “Word and Spirit in Ossetic,” BSOAS 17/3 (1955): pp. 478-89. Gnoli, Gherardo et al. (eds), Studia iranica et alanica: festschriftfor prof Vasilij Ivanovič Abaev on the Occasion of His 95th Birthday, Rome, 1998. Guriev, T.A. (tr.). Kosta: Selected Poems,
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Index Abaev, V.I. З, 5-6, 8, 9, 28, 61, 65, 73, 74, 75, 90, 97-9,130,137 Abkhazia 74,107,117,132,139,142 academics 8, 9, 74,157 Adyghe peoples 1,44, 75 See also Kabardians, Circassians, Abkhazians Afghanistan 1, 2,15, 32, 80, 81 œghdœu 81,112, 117,135,150,153-4,156 agriculture 14, 23, 54,133 akinakes 21, 26 Akkadian sources 20 Alagir canyon 57,125,161 Alania National Park 162 alcohol 28, 30,106,108,113,116-17 alcoholism 51, 137,159 Alemany, Agustí 41, 53 Alkhagori See Leningor alphabets 83, 85,127 Altai Mountains 18 Amazons 36 ancestors 27, 30, 77,109,118 Andronovo culture 2 animal figures 21, 24, 48,114 animal sacrifice See blood sacrifice Aorsi 36, 38, 39 Arabic sources 46 Arabs 44, 77, 81 Aral Sea 38 archaeology 13,16, 20,114 archery 19,21,23, 68,118 Árkaim 2,14 Armenians 125 arrowheads 14, 20, 21 art 23, 27 Arthur legends 22, 26,40, 71, 73 Aryans 1,13,16,19, 21, 24, 27, 28, 33, 35, 42, 65, 78, 80 Arzhan kurgan 30 As 15, 50, 51 Asud 15, 51-2,174 n. 46 atheism 50,106,116 atrocities 129,131 Azeris 148,160 Bailey, Harold 4, 8 Balkars 60, 62 Baluch 16 barbarians 13,42, 49, 51, 78 Batradz (Nart hero) 22, 62, 65,68-9, 72-3, 75, 111, 164 beer 28, 30, 67-8,108, 109, 117, 120, 138 fig. 6.2,149 Behistun inscription 32 Beslan massacre ix, 100-1 Bibilov, Anatoly 94,133,140,141,146,149 bilingualism 86, 92,155 Bitarov, Vyachislav 146,149,151,158 Black Sea 18, 20, 27,31,59, 88 blood sacrifice 21, 26, 30, 32,42,106,109, 116,117,120 Bolshevik Revolution 62,91,103 Book of Kings 32, 59, 76-7, 111 Bosporan Kingdom 38-9 bows 19, 21,37, 76,117 bribery 39, 145, 152,154,160 Britain 26, 40, 73
British Museum 18 bronze 21, 22, Olympic bronze medal, 158 bureaucracy x, xii, xiii, 10 burials 20, 21, 28-9, 33, 36, 39,42,48 Byzantine Empire 44, 45, 47,49, 61,106 Caspian Sea 20, 35, 37, 38, 44 Catherine the Great 82 cattle 13,14, 22, 26, 30,42, 61, 65, 71, 77 cavalry 21, 23, 39,40, 41, 42, 51 Central Asia 2, 5,15,18, 21, 24, 28, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 99,160
Index Chechens ix, 1, 44, 62, 82, 83, 84, 99,100, 101,103,142 China 14, 28, 32, 37,51,52 Chinese sources 13, 46, 50-1 chivalry 22, 42 Chreba See Tskhinval Christianity xii, 44-50,61, 73, 82,103, 105, 107,109, 111, 112, 117 churches 45,46 fig. 2.1,47,49, 51, 54, 103, 109, 113,115, 136,137,148 Cimmerians 15, 20, 21, 61 cinema 3,156 Circassians 1,44,60, 62,82,83, 84,103,107 climate change 22, 23, 37 Colarusso, John xii, 4, 63, 66 concubines 29, 80 conferences 6, 8, 9,10,11, 74,157 corruption xi, 96,133,140,145,148,152 COVID-19 pandemic x, 139,140,143, 151 cranial deformation 36 Crimea 20,44, 48,146 Cyrus the Great 3 Daghestan 20,44, 45, 60,146 Dahae 15 dancing 23, 69, 109, 117, 118 fig. 5.2, 119, 120,135,149, 155 Danube River 39, 40,108 Dargavs necropolis 30, 56,161 Daryal Pass 42, 83, 84,124,125 David Soslan 45 Derbent 20 Digor dialect 1, 8, 27,76, 85, 97,107,120, 155,162 Digoria 27, 55 fig. 2.2, 85, 86, 97, 120, 162 divination 28-9 dismemberment 21 DNA analysis 1, 3, 80, 94 dogs 22 domestic violence 153,154,159 Don River 35, 39, 45, 108 Donbettyr(tæ) 27, 66, 68,108 drinking rituals 27,106,108-9,165 See also kuyvd drinking vessels 22, 24, 27, 28, 62 drugs See hallucinogens Dumézil, Georges 4, 62-3, 64, 65, 68, 71, 73,74 191 Dzau 128,129 Dzæudzhyqæu See Vladikavkaz Dzhabiev, Inal 140-1 Dzhanaity, Slava 110-12,114,115,116,156 Dzher shrine 137 Dzhiorgwyba 104,116 Dzivgis fortress 57,161 education 83, 84, 93 elites xi, 29, 30, 45,47,49, 61, 83, 96,103, 145,155 England ix, 108,153 See also Britain equestrian 1,14, 33, 41, 42 See also horses Ermolov, Aleksei 83 fcendyr 23,71,87
Farniev, Zaur 150,159 “Fatima” (1958 film) 89-90 feasts 27, 30, 69, 70, 76,117 See also kuyvd Federal Security Service (FSB) 100-1,113, 135,140,151 Ferdowsi 18, 60, 64, 76 Fiagdon Valley 56-7,161 film See cinema fire 20, 25, 35,68,107 footballers 158 fundamentalism 106 funerary rituals 23, 30,47,109 fyng 103,106,108 Galiat village 55 fig. 2.2,163 games 23 Gamsakhurdia, Zviad 123,127,128 Gaul 41 genocide 125-6,130 Georgian Military Highway 83, 84,129 Georgians 45, 47, 48, 49,123-4,125,127, 131,134, 136 giants 20, 65, 69, 71 goats 22,163 gold 24, 51,158 Gori 94,124, 125, 126, 130 Goths 40-1 Great Wall of China 37 Greek sources 1, 13,18,19, 22, 24, 31, 32, 33, 36 Greeks 1,15, 20, 22, 24, 27, 35, 38, 61 Grozny 83 guest workers 160
192 Index hallucinogens 28,48 Hellenism 35, 39 Hermitage Museum 18 Herodotus 13,15,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,25, 26,27, 30, 31, 35, 61, 62, 68, 73,106 heroes 1,20, 22, 32, 51, 61, 65,68, 69, 70, 72, 76, 77, 78, 93, 94, 104, 109, 111, 124,140, 156, 157, 158, 161 Hewitt, George 8,142 Hinduism 28, 65,108 Hollywood films 123 Homer 1,18, 21, 60, 64 homosexuality 159 honey 24, 68 honor 30, 80, 81,165 horse racing 41,118 horses 14,19, 22, 23,26,29, 30, 32, 35, 39, 42, 69,118,161 hospitality 81 hostage-taking 100,130,131 Hungary 15,40, 50 Huns 37, 39, 40, 41, 42,44 hunting 22, 23,28, 65, 66, 68, 70, 74,108 Iaşi 15 Iazyges 36, 40, 50 Iliad60, 111 immigrants 160 Indus Valley 14, 78 Ingush ix, 1, 56, 62, 82,83,134,148,153, conflict with, 99-101 intermarriage 44, 96,127 Iran 2, 9, 32, 33, 44, 77 Iranology 3, 63, 77, 97,157 iron 21, 26 Iron dialect 1, 97,134,155 Islam 2,48, 82, 86,105,107, 109 Japan 30,158 Jasz 15, 50 Java See Dzau jewelry 24, 29, 33, 39 Jews 49,125 Kabardians 1, 62,86,153 Karachays 60, 62,107 Kartvelian 1, 75,124 See also Georgians, Svan Kazakhs 3 Kazbegi district 126,129 Khazars 44-5,49 Khetagurov, Kosta 4, 5, 8, 30,80, 86-90, 94,113, 154, 161 Klaproth, Julius von 62,85 Koban culture 20, 75,124 Kublai Khan 51 Kuchiev, Ruslan 110,112 Kudar dialect 126,134 Kurdælægon 68, 76,107 Kurds 2, 76 kurgāns 29-30, 33 kuvandon 115 kuyvd 27,28,106,108,117,120,165 Kuznetsov, V.A. 42,45,115 language 1, 2, 3, 32, 35,47, 50, 59, 85, 92, 97,135,143, 155, 156, 164-5 leather 21,22, 24,116 Lebedynsky, Iaroslav 5,18,42 Leningor 132,137 Leningrad 97 See also St. Petersburg Lermontov, Mikhail 84
linguistics 1,2, 3,4, 5, 8,14,16, 85, 97 Loki 71 lyre Seefcendyr Mady Maïram 25,116 Magas 45-6, 99 Makeev, Daurbek 104, 110-13 Mamiev, Alan 110,141,150 Marco Polo 51 Maria of Alania 45 Marr, Nikolai 74, 97 Massagetæ 3,15,24, 31, 32, 36, 37, 39 meat 22,109,117,136,146 media x, 123,132,133,136,141,149-50 mercenaries 39,42, 53 migrations 33, 37, 78, 86 Mikaelgæbyrta shrine 73,107,113 Miller, V.F. 3, 62, 74, 76, 85 mirrors 24,48 missionaries 45,48, 69, 82,103,106,115 Mithra 25,26, 69,106,107 Mongolia 13,15,29, 30, 33, 35, 51, 52 Mongols 49, 50-2, 60, 75, 79,103,106,124 Mormonism 141 Moscow 6,86,101,129,143,146 Mt. Kazbek 113
Index Mozdok 42, 82 music 23, 117, 120,147, 149,155-6, 158 Muslims 82, 86, 93,104, 105,107, 112,44, 45, 46, 49,148 mythology 3,16, 59, 65, 66, 76, 97,107 Nar village 86, 88,161-2 Navalny, Alexey 146 Nazis 78, 93, 99,134 neo-paganism 104-6,113 Nizhny Arkhyz 45, 47 Nogir 126,129 Norse 60, 71 Nuzal shrine 115,124-5,161 oaths 26, 27, 28 Olympic games 158 oral literature 1, 2, 16, 53, 59, 64, 73, 76, 85 Ordzhonikidze See Vladikavkaz Os-Bagatyr 124-5,161 painting87, 111, 156,162 Pamiris 1, 32, 37 Pashtuns 1, 32, 80, 81 pastoral nomadism 1,13,16,22, 24, 44, 60,107,110 patriarchy 61, 78, 81, 92,153, 159 Pazyryk 33 Persian language 2, 9,10,16,18, 24, 59, 63, 76,148 Persians 2, 14, 15, 42,77, 124 pies 109, 117 Pliev, I. A. 93 poets 5, 42, 61, 63, 80, 86, 87, 90 Poland 40, 87 Poles 3, 38 polo 41 Pontic steppe 1, 20, 24, 25, 33, 40, 59 Prigorodnyi district 99,117,134 proselytization 45 Proto-Indo-European 59 Pushkin, Alexander 84 Putin, Vladimir 101,140,146,160 raiding 22, 26, 38, 61, 77 refugees 99,125, 126, 129,131, 134, 135, 160 Rekom shrine 73, 94,104, 111, 161, annual ceremony at, 113-19 193 revenge 21, 30, 72, 80 Rhoxalani 19, 36, 38-9 Rig Veda 14, 28 rock birth 69 Romans 39, 40, 41, 42 Rostov-on-Don 92,151 Ruk tunnel 140,143 Russian Federation 2,135,144,146,152, 160 Russians 82-4, 91,123,131,137 Russification 85, 92,135,164 Saakashvili, Mikhail 131 Safa 25, 66,108 St. Elias See Uatsilla St. George See Uastyrdzhi St. Petersburg 18, 82, 85, 86 Sakas 15,18, 32, 37, 76 Salbiev, T.K. 48, 63, 90,119 Sanskrit 16, 59, 60 Sarmatians 1, 2, 5,14,15,19, 20, 23, 24, 26, 35-40,42,44, 50, 53,
61, 73, 74, 75, 78, 80,116,124 Sasanian empire 44 Satana 22,61,65, 66-8, 69 scalping 21, 35, 61, 62 self-flagellation 30 shamanism 28,48 sheep 22, 30,42,117 Siberia 2,18, 30, 33, 37, 92,146 Silla Kingdom 29 simd (Ossetian dance) 23,109,119,155 Sintashta culture 2,14, 23 Siraces 36, 39, 44 Sjögren, Andreas 85 slaves 13, 24, 29, 78, 80 social media 3,11,140,150,151,152, 154,155 Soslan (Nart hero) 61, 65, 69-70, 71, 72, 76, 109 South Korea 29 Stalin, Joseph 88, 92, 94-7, 99,113,127, 134,137 Stalinir See Tskhinval steppes 1, 3,13, 15, 16,18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 29, 30, 37, 39, 40, 42, 44,48, 52, 59, 77, 79, 80 Svan people 1, 56 Svaneti 60,109
194 Index swords 14,21,26, 68, 73,153 Syrdon 69, 70, 71, 72 Syria 86,132,143,160 Ukraine 5,29,104 Ukrainians 3 underworld 71 unemployment 151,152,159 Ural Mountains 14, 36, 37 Usanet shrine 109,137-8 USSR 50,103-4,116,126,129,145,160 Uyryzmæg 65,66, 71, 76 Uzbeks 160 Uzunag shrine 120 Tabiti 25 Tajiks 2, 37,160 Tamerlane 52, 79,163 tamghas 23, 38 Tarandzhelos shrine 73,113 tattooing 21 Tbilisi 83, 84, 85, 90,126,130,139,150 Terek River 83,94, 99,147 terrorist attacks ix, 99-101 Theodosia 27 Tiflis See Tbilisi toasts See kuyvd Tokharians 14 Tolstoy, Leo 84 tombs 28,29,55, 56,124 See also kurgāns Tomyris 3 Totrov, Ruslan 149 tourism 136,160-3 trousers 22 Tsæræzontæ clan 114-15,161 Tsey Valley 94,104,113,161 Tskhinval xii, 2, 8, 87, 90, 92, 94,129,131, 133,136,137,139 Tskhinvali See Tskhinval Tunisia 41 Turkey 86,143 Turkic peoples 33,44, 50, 60, 75 Tuva 30 wagons 22-3, 30, 37 water 25, 26, 72 waterfalls 161,163 weddings 135,151,164 wheat 24, 39,117 wind 25, 26 wine 22,24,26,29,51,136 women 35,36,42,81,92-3,108,113,115, 120,152,153,159 wrestlers 157-8 Uastyrdzhi 26, 66, 67-8, 72,104,107,109, 115-16, 120, 137, 161 Uatsamongæ 22, 61, 62,65, 76 See also drinking vessels Uatsilla 27, 72,107 Zadaleski Nana 163 Zamankul 42 Zelenchuk River 47 Zoroastrianism 2, 24, 25, 26, 27,28,107, 137 Vainakh peoples 1,44,60,75 See also Chechens, Ingush Vakats village 120,163 vendettas 81 See also revenge vengeance See revenge Vikings 153 Vladikavkaz 63,83,85,87,88,89,90,91,93, 101,110,118,126,129,134,135,136, 146,148,149,152,154,161,164 Volga River 35, 37, 44 Beyeritch· Stwitebttrftofhek Mánchen
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Contents List of Illustrations viii Preface ix Acknowledgments xii Historical Timeline xiv A Note on Transcriptions xvii Introduction: The Ossetes: Caucasians, Iranians, or Both? 1 The Scythians: Mounted Archers of the Steppes 2 From Sarmatians to Alans: An Iranian Element in the History of Europe 3 1 13 35 The Nart Epic: A Neglected Treasure of Indo-European Mythology 59 4 The Ossetes and Russia: A Special Relationship 5 Religion and National Identity: The Uatsdin 103 79 6 South Ossetia: A Fragile Independence 123 7 Life in Ossetia Today 145 Appendix: A Popular Ossetian Love Song 167 Notes 169 Bibliography 182 Index 190
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Index Abaev, V.I. З, 5-6, 8, 9, 28, 61, 65, 73, 74, 75, 90, 97-9,130,137 Abkhazia 74,107,117,132,139,142 academics 8, 9, 74,157 Adyghe peoples 1,44, 75 See also Kabardians, Circassians, Abkhazians Afghanistan 1, 2,15, 32, 80, 81 œghdœu 81,112, 117,135,150,153-4,156 agriculture 14, 23, 54,133 akinakes 21, 26 Akkadian sources 20 Alagir canyon 57,125,161 Alania National Park 162 alcohol 28, 30,106,108,113,116-17 alcoholism 51, 137,159 Alemany, Agustí 41, 53 Alkhagori See Leningor alphabets 83, 85,127 Altai Mountains 18 Amazons 36 ancestors 27, 30, 77,109,118 Andronovo culture 2 animal figures 21, 24, 48,114 animal sacrifice See blood sacrifice Aorsi 36, 38, 39 Arabic sources 46 Arabs 44, 77, 81 Aral Sea 38 archaeology 13,16, 20,114 archery 19,21,23, 68,118 Árkaim 2,14 Armenians 125 arrowheads 14, 20, 21 art 23, 27 Arthur legends 22, 26,40, 71, 73 Aryans 1,13,16,19, 21, 24, 27, 28, 33, 35, 42, 65, 78, 80 Arzhan kurgan 30 As 15, 50, 51 Asud 15, 51-2,174 n. 46 atheism 50,106,116 atrocities 129,131 Azeris 148,160 Bailey, Harold 4, 8 Balkars 60, 62 Baluch 16 barbarians 13,42, 49, 51, 78 Batradz (Nart hero) 22, 62, 65,68-9, 72-3, 75, 111, 164 beer 28, 30, 67-8,108, 109, 117, 120, 138 fig. 6.2,149 Behistun inscription 32 Beslan massacre ix, 100-1 Bibilov, Anatoly 94,133,140,141,146,149 bilingualism 86, 92,155 Bitarov, Vyachislav 146,149,151,158 Black Sea 18, 20, 27,31,59, 88 blood sacrifice 21, 26, 30, 32,42,106,109, 116,117,120 Bolshevik Revolution 62,91,103 Book of Kings 32, 59, 76-7, 111 Bosporan Kingdom 38-9 bows 19, 21,37, 76,117 bribery 39, 145, 152,154,160 Britain 26, 40, 73
British Museum 18 bronze 21, 22, Olympic bronze medal, 158 bureaucracy x, xii, xiii, 10 burials 20, 21, 28-9, 33, 36, 39,42,48 Byzantine Empire 44, 45, 47,49, 61,106 Caspian Sea 20, 35, 37, 38, 44 Catherine the Great 82 cattle 13,14, 22, 26, 30,42, 61, 65, 71, 77 cavalry 21, 23, 39,40, 41, 42, 51 Central Asia 2, 5,15,18, 21, 24, 28, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 99,160
Index Chechens ix, 1, 44, 62, 82, 83, 84, 99,100, 101,103,142 China 14, 28, 32, 37,51,52 Chinese sources 13, 46, 50-1 chivalry 22, 42 Chreba See Tskhinval Christianity xii, 44-50,61, 73, 82,103, 105, 107,109, 111, 112, 117 churches 45,46 fig. 2.1,47,49, 51, 54, 103, 109, 113,115, 136,137,148 Cimmerians 15, 20, 21, 61 cinema 3,156 Circassians 1,44,60, 62,82,83, 84,103,107 climate change 22, 23, 37 Colarusso, John xii, 4, 63, 66 concubines 29, 80 conferences 6, 8, 9,10,11, 74,157 corruption xi, 96,133,140,145,148,152 COVID-19 pandemic x, 139,140,143, 151 cranial deformation 36 Crimea 20,44, 48,146 Cyrus the Great 3 Daghestan 20,44, 45, 60,146 Dahae 15 dancing 23, 69, 109, 117, 118 fig. 5.2, 119, 120,135,149, 155 Danube River 39, 40,108 Dargavs necropolis 30, 56,161 Daryal Pass 42, 83, 84,124,125 David Soslan 45 Derbent 20 Digor dialect 1, 8, 27,76, 85, 97,107,120, 155,162 Digoria 27, 55 fig. 2.2, 85, 86, 97, 120, 162 divination 28-9 dismemberment 21 DNA analysis 1, 3, 80, 94 dogs 22 domestic violence 153,154,159 Don River 35, 39, 45, 108 Donbettyr(tæ) 27, 66, 68,108 drinking rituals 27,106,108-9,165 See also kuyvd drinking vessels 22, 24, 27, 28, 62 drugs See hallucinogens Dumézil, Georges 4, 62-3, 64, 65, 68, 71, 73,74 191 Dzau 128,129 Dzæudzhyqæu See Vladikavkaz Dzhabiev, Inal 140-1 Dzhanaity, Slava 110-12,114,115,116,156 Dzher shrine 137 Dzhiorgwyba 104,116 Dzivgis fortress 57,161 education 83, 84, 93 elites xi, 29, 30, 45,47,49, 61, 83, 96,103, 145,155 England ix, 108,153 See also Britain equestrian 1,14, 33, 41, 42 See also horses Ermolov, Aleksei 83 fcendyr 23,71,87
Farniev, Zaur 150,159 “Fatima” (1958 film) 89-90 feasts 27, 30, 69, 70, 76,117 See also kuyvd Federal Security Service (FSB) 100-1,113, 135,140,151 Ferdowsi 18, 60, 64, 76 Fiagdon Valley 56-7,161 film See cinema fire 20, 25, 35,68,107 footballers 158 fundamentalism 106 funerary rituals 23, 30,47,109 fyng 103,106,108 Galiat village 55 fig. 2.2,163 games 23 Gamsakhurdia, Zviad 123,127,128 Gaul 41 genocide 125-6,130 Georgian Military Highway 83, 84,129 Georgians 45, 47, 48, 49,123-4,125,127, 131,134, 136 giants 20, 65, 69, 71 goats 22,163 gold 24, 51,158 Gori 94,124, 125, 126, 130 Goths 40-1 Great Wall of China 37 Greek sources 1, 13,18,19, 22, 24, 31, 32, 33, 36 Greeks 1,15, 20, 22, 24, 27, 35, 38, 61 Grozny 83 guest workers 160
192 Index hallucinogens 28,48 Hellenism 35, 39 Hermitage Museum 18 Herodotus 13,15,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,25, 26,27, 30, 31, 35, 61, 62, 68, 73,106 heroes 1,20, 22, 32, 51, 61, 65,68, 69, 70, 72, 76, 77, 78, 93, 94, 104, 109, 111, 124,140, 156, 157, 158, 161 Hewitt, George 8,142 Hinduism 28, 65,108 Hollywood films 123 Homer 1,18, 21, 60, 64 homosexuality 159 honey 24, 68 honor 30, 80, 81,165 horse racing 41,118 horses 14,19, 22, 23,26,29, 30, 32, 35, 39, 42, 69,118,161 hospitality 81 hostage-taking 100,130,131 Hungary 15,40, 50 Huns 37, 39, 40, 41, 42,44 hunting 22, 23,28, 65, 66, 68, 70, 74,108 Iaşi 15 Iazyges 36, 40, 50 Iliad60, 111 immigrants 160 Indus Valley 14, 78 Ingush ix, 1, 56, 62, 82,83,134,148,153, conflict with, 99-101 intermarriage 44, 96,127 Iran 2, 9, 32, 33, 44, 77 Iranology 3, 63, 77, 97,157 iron 21, 26 Iron dialect 1, 97,134,155 Islam 2,48, 82, 86,105,107, 109 Japan 30,158 Jasz 15, 50 Java See Dzau jewelry 24, 29, 33, 39 Jews 49,125 Kabardians 1, 62,86,153 Karachays 60, 62,107 Kartvelian 1, 75,124 See also Georgians, Svan Kazakhs 3 Kazbegi district 126,129 Khazars 44-5,49 Khetagurov, Kosta 4, 5, 8, 30,80, 86-90, 94,113, 154, 161 Klaproth, Julius von 62,85 Koban culture 20, 75,124 Kublai Khan 51 Kuchiev, Ruslan 110,112 Kudar dialect 126,134 Kurdælægon 68, 76,107 Kurds 2, 76 kurgāns 29-30, 33 kuvandon 115 kuyvd 27,28,106,108,117,120,165 Kuznetsov, V.A. 42,45,115 language 1, 2, 3, 32, 35,47, 50, 59, 85, 92, 97,135,143, 155, 156, 164-5 leather 21,22, 24,116 Lebedynsky, Iaroslav 5,18,42 Leningor 132,137 Leningrad 97 See also St. Petersburg Lermontov, Mikhail 84
linguistics 1,2, 3,4, 5, 8,14,16, 85, 97 Loki 71 lyre Seefcendyr Mady Maïram 25,116 Magas 45-6, 99 Makeev, Daurbek 104, 110-13 Mamiev, Alan 110,141,150 Marco Polo 51 Maria of Alania 45 Marr, Nikolai 74, 97 Massagetæ 3,15,24, 31, 32, 36, 37, 39 meat 22,109,117,136,146 media x, 123,132,133,136,141,149-50 mercenaries 39,42, 53 migrations 33, 37, 78, 86 Mikaelgæbyrta shrine 73,107,113 Miller, V.F. 3, 62, 74, 76, 85 mirrors 24,48 missionaries 45,48, 69, 82,103,106,115 Mithra 25,26, 69,106,107 Mongolia 13,15,29, 30, 33, 35, 51, 52 Mongols 49, 50-2, 60, 75, 79,103,106,124 Mormonism 141 Moscow 6,86,101,129,143,146 Mt. Kazbek 113
Index Mozdok 42, 82 music 23, 117, 120,147, 149,155-6, 158 Muslims 82, 86, 93,104, 105,107, 112,44, 45, 46, 49,148 mythology 3,16, 59, 65, 66, 76, 97,107 Nar village 86, 88,161-2 Navalny, Alexey 146 Nazis 78, 93, 99,134 neo-paganism 104-6,113 Nizhny Arkhyz 45, 47 Nogir 126,129 Norse 60, 71 Nuzal shrine 115,124-5,161 oaths 26, 27, 28 Olympic games 158 oral literature 1, 2, 16, 53, 59, 64, 73, 76, 85 Ordzhonikidze See Vladikavkaz Os-Bagatyr 124-5,161 painting87, 111, 156,162 Pamiris 1, 32, 37 Pashtuns 1, 32, 80, 81 pastoral nomadism 1,13,16,22, 24, 44, 60,107,110 patriarchy 61, 78, 81, 92,153, 159 Pazyryk 33 Persian language 2, 9,10,16,18, 24, 59, 63, 76,148 Persians 2, 14, 15, 42,77, 124 pies 109, 117 Pliev, I. A. 93 poets 5, 42, 61, 63, 80, 86, 87, 90 Poland 40, 87 Poles 3, 38 polo 41 Pontic steppe 1, 20, 24, 25, 33, 40, 59 Prigorodnyi district 99,117,134 proselytization 45 Proto-Indo-European 59 Pushkin, Alexander 84 Putin, Vladimir 101,140,146,160 raiding 22, 26, 38, 61, 77 refugees 99,125, 126, 129,131, 134, 135, 160 Rekom shrine 73, 94,104, 111, 161, annual ceremony at, 113-19 193 revenge 21, 30, 72, 80 Rhoxalani 19, 36, 38-9 Rig Veda 14, 28 rock birth 69 Romans 39, 40, 41, 42 Rostov-on-Don 92,151 Ruk tunnel 140,143 Russian Federation 2,135,144,146,152, 160 Russians 82-4, 91,123,131,137 Russification 85, 92,135,164 Saakashvili, Mikhail 131 Safa 25, 66,108 St. Elias See Uatsilla St. George See Uastyrdzhi St. Petersburg 18, 82, 85, 86 Sakas 15,18, 32, 37, 76 Salbiev, T.K. 48, 63, 90,119 Sanskrit 16, 59, 60 Sarmatians 1, 2, 5,14,15,19, 20, 23, 24, 26, 35-40,42,44, 50, 53,
61, 73, 74, 75, 78, 80,116,124 Sasanian empire 44 Satana 22,61,65, 66-8, 69 scalping 21, 35, 61, 62 self-flagellation 30 shamanism 28,48 sheep 22, 30,42,117 Siberia 2,18, 30, 33, 37, 92,146 Silla Kingdom 29 simd (Ossetian dance) 23,109,119,155 Sintashta culture 2,14, 23 Siraces 36, 39, 44 Sjögren, Andreas 85 slaves 13, 24, 29, 78, 80 social media 3,11,140,150,151,152, 154,155 Soslan (Nart hero) 61, 65, 69-70, 71, 72, 76, 109 South Korea 29 Stalin, Joseph 88, 92, 94-7, 99,113,127, 134,137 Stalinir See Tskhinval steppes 1, 3,13, 15, 16,18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 29, 30, 37, 39, 40, 42, 44,48, 52, 59, 77, 79, 80 Svan people 1, 56 Svaneti 60,109
194 Index swords 14,21,26, 68, 73,153 Syrdon 69, 70, 71, 72 Syria 86,132,143,160 Ukraine 5,29,104 Ukrainians 3 underworld 71 unemployment 151,152,159 Ural Mountains 14, 36, 37 Usanet shrine 109,137-8 USSR 50,103-4,116,126,129,145,160 Uyryzmæg 65,66, 71, 76 Uzbeks 160 Uzunag shrine 120 Tabiti 25 Tajiks 2, 37,160 Tamerlane 52, 79,163 tamghas 23, 38 Tarandzhelos shrine 73,113 tattooing 21 Tbilisi 83, 84, 85, 90,126,130,139,150 Terek River 83,94, 99,147 terrorist attacks ix, 99-101 Theodosia 27 Tiflis See Tbilisi toasts See kuyvd Tokharians 14 Tolstoy, Leo 84 tombs 28,29,55, 56,124 See also kurgāns Tomyris 3 Totrov, Ruslan 149 tourism 136,160-3 trousers 22 Tsæræzontæ clan 114-15,161 Tsey Valley 94,104,113,161 Tskhinval xii, 2, 8, 87, 90, 92, 94,129,131, 133,136,137,139 Tskhinvali See Tskhinval Tunisia 41 Turkey 86,143 Turkic peoples 33,44, 50, 60, 75 Tuva 30 wagons 22-3, 30, 37 water 25, 26, 72 waterfalls 161,163 weddings 135,151,164 wheat 24, 39,117 wind 25, 26 wine 22,24,26,29,51,136 women 35,36,42,81,92-3,108,113,115, 120,152,153,159 wrestlers 157-8 Uastyrdzhi 26, 66, 67-8, 72,104,107,109, 115-16, 120, 137, 161 Uatsamongæ 22, 61, 62,65, 76 See also drinking vessels Uatsilla 27, 72,107 Zadaleski Nana 163 Zamankul 42 Zelenchuk River 47 Zoroastrianism 2, 24, 25, 26, 27,28,107, 137 Vainakh peoples 1,44,60,75 See also Chechens, Ingush Vakats village 120,163 vendettas 81 See also revenge vengeance See revenge Vikings 153 Vladikavkaz 63,83,85,87,88,89,90,91,93, 101,110,118,126,129,134,135,136, 146,148,149,152,154,161,164 Volga River 35, 37, 44 Beyeritch· Stwitebttrftofhek Mánchen |
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| author | Foltz, Richard 1961- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)143835874 |
| author_facet | Foltz, Richard 1961- |
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| author_sort | Foltz, Richard 1961- |
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| contents | Introduction: the Ossetes: Caucasians, Iranians, or both? -- 1. The Scythians: mounted archers of the steppes -- 2. From Sarmatians to Alans: an Iranian element in the history of Europe -- 3. The Nart epic: a neglected treasure of Indo-European mythology -- 4. The Ossetes and Russia: a special relationship -- 5. Religion and national identity: the Uatsdin -- 6. South Ossetia: a fragile independence -- 7. Life in Ossetia today -- Appendix: a popular Ossetian love song |
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| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:23:20Z |
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| spelling | Foltz, Richard 1961- Verfasser (DE-588)143835874 aut The Ossetes modern-day Scythians of the Caucasus Richard Foltz London I. B. Tauris 2022 xvi, 194 Seiten Illustrationen, 3 Karten (schwarz-weiß) txt rdacontent sti rdacontent cri rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Introduction: the Ossetes: Caucasians, Iranians, or both? -- 1. The Scythians: mounted archers of the steppes -- 2. From Sarmatians to Alans: an Iranian element in the history of Europe -- 3. The Nart epic: a neglected treasure of Indo-European mythology -- 4. The Ossetes and Russia: a special relationship -- 5. Religion and national identity: the Uatsdin -- 6. South Ossetia: a fragile independence -- 7. Life in Ossetia today -- Appendix: a popular Ossetian love song The Ossetes, a small nation inhabiting two adjacent states in the central Caucasus, are the last remaining linguistic and cultural descendants of the ancient nomadic Scythians who dominated the Eurasian steppe from the Balkans to Mongolia for well over one thousand years. A nominally Christian nation speaking a language distantly related to Persian, the Ossetes have inherited much of the culture of the medieval Alans who brought equestrian culture to Europe. They have preserved a rich oral literature through the epic of the Narts, a body of heroic legends that shares much in common with the Persian Book of Kings and other works of Indo-European mythology. This is the first book devoted to the little-known history and culture of the Ossetes to appear in any Western language. Charting Ossetian history from Antiquity to today, it will be a vital contribution to the fields of Iranian, Caucasian, Post-Soviet and Indo-European Studies--back cover Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Osseten (DE-588)4043985-9 gnd rswk-swf Ossetes / Social conditions Ossetes / Religion North Ossetia (Russia) / History North Ossetia (Russia) / Social conditions North Ossetia (Russia) / Religion Religion Social conditions Russia (Federation) / North Ossetia History Osseten (DE-588)4043985-9 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033264834&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033264834&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033264834&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Foltz, Richard 1961- The Ossetes modern-day Scythians of the Caucasus Introduction: the Ossetes: Caucasians, Iranians, or both? -- 1. The Scythians: mounted archers of the steppes -- 2. From Sarmatians to Alans: an Iranian element in the history of Europe -- 3. The Nart epic: a neglected treasure of Indo-European mythology -- 4. The Ossetes and Russia: a special relationship -- 5. Religion and national identity: the Uatsdin -- 6. South Ossetia: a fragile independence -- 7. Life in Ossetia today -- Appendix: a popular Ossetian love song Osseten (DE-588)4043985-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043985-9 |
| title | The Ossetes modern-day Scythians of the Caucasus |
| title_auth | The Ossetes modern-day Scythians of the Caucasus |
| title_exact_search | The Ossetes modern-day Scythians of the Caucasus |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Ossetes modern-day Scythians of the Caucasus |
| title_full | The Ossetes modern-day Scythians of the Caucasus Richard Foltz |
| title_fullStr | The Ossetes modern-day Scythians of the Caucasus Richard Foltz |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Ossetes modern-day Scythians of the Caucasus Richard Foltz |
| title_short | The Ossetes |
| title_sort | the ossetes modern day scythians of the caucasus |
| title_sub | modern-day Scythians of the Caucasus |
| topic | Osseten (DE-588)4043985-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Osseten |
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