Emerging European Economies after the Pandemic: stuck in the Middle Income Trap?
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[2022]
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| Series: | Contributions to Economics
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | xix, 610 Seiten Illustrationen. - Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9783030939625 |
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| adam_text | Contents 1 2 Convergence to the Centre.......................................................................... Péter Benczúr and István Kónya 1.1 Introduction........................................................................................... 1.2 Convergence........................................................................................ 1.2.1 A Brief Theory .................................................................... 1.2.2 Development and Growth..................................................... 1.2.3 Sources of Growth................................................................. 1.2.4 External Finance and the Demand Side ............................ 1.2.5 Social Convergence.............................................................. 1.3 Potential Lessons from the 2008-2012 Global Financial Crisis: a Resilience Analysis.............................................................................. 1.4 The Covid Shock................................................................................... 1.4.1 Cyclical Positions................................................................. 1.4.2 Macroeconomic Developments.......................................... 1.4.3 Social Developments: a First View.................................... 1.4.4 Comparing the 2008-2012 and the Covid-19 Shocks .... 1.5 Looking Beyond: ExpectedRecovery ................................................ 1.5.1 Forecasting Uncertainty...................................................... 1.5.2 Persistent
Changes................................................................ 1.6 Summary and Implications................................................................ 1.6.1 Convergence........................................................................... 1.6.2 Convergence and Resilience................................................ 1.6.3 The Covid Shock and its Comparison to the Global Financial Crisis.................................................................... 1.6.4 Future Prospects ................................................................... References....................................................................................................... 1 1 2 3 5 7 13 17 19 24 24 26 31 32 37 37 38 42 42 42 43 44 44 Financial Markets: Banks and Capital Markets.................................... 53 Katalin Méró and András Bethlendi 2.1 Introduction......................................................................................... 54 2.2 Basic Characteristics of FinancialIntermediation in the EEE......... 56 xi
Contents xii 2.2.1 Depth and Structure of Financial Intermediation........ 56 2.2.2 Specificities of the Shadow Banking System in the FEE . 60 2.2.3 Ownership Structure of the Banking System in the EEE . 65 2.3 Post-GFC Financial System in the EEE - from Stabilization to the Covid Shock (2014-2019)............................................................. 66 2.3.1 Banks..................................................................................... 66 2.3.2 Capital Markets..................................................................... 77 2.3.3 Investors - the Asset Management Industry................ 85 2.4 Covid and the EEE Financial System................................................. 88 2.4.1 Banks..................................................................................... 88 2.4.2 Capital Markets..................................................................... 97 2.5 Conclusions and Longer-Term Perspectives........................................ 101 Annex..................................................................................................................104 References......................................................................................................... 107 3 4 Firm Size, Productivity, EU Funds, and Corruption................................ 113 István János Tóth and Éva Palócz 3.1 Introduction............................................................................................114 3.2 Firm Size Distribution in the EEE .................................................... 115 3.2.1 Small is Beautiful,
but Large is Useful................................ 115 3.2.2 Average Firm Size in the EUCountries ............................. 116 3.2.3 Factors of Firm Size Distribution ...................................... 120 3.2.4 Firm Size Differences and Labor Productivity....................122 3.2.5 The Role of Foreign-owned Firms in FSD and Exports in the EEE..............................................................................126 3.2.6 Impacts of Covid-19 and Economic Policy Dilemmas in the Context of Different Firm Sizes ................................127 3.3 Corruption Risk and Intensity of Competition of EU-funded Public Tenders....................................................................................... 131 3.3.1 Corruption, Competition, and EU Funds as Foreign Aid .131 3.3.2 Corruption Risk and EU Funds............................................134 3.4 Policy Implications............................................................................... 147 References....................................................................................................... 149 Labour Markets: Structural Characteristics and the Impact of Two Crises.............................................................................................................. 155 Martin Guzi and Michael Landesmann 4.1 Introduction........................................................................................... 155 4.2 Demography and Migration................................................................. 157 4.3 Employment
Situation......................................................................... 162 4.4 GDP and Employment Comparison....................................................170 4.5 Sectoral Employment Structures and the Impact of Economic Recessions............................................................................................. 171 4.6 Wage Growth, Minimum Wage, and the Cost of Living....................177 4.7 Unit Labour Costs and Their Decomposition: Dynamics Over Crisis and Recovery Phases................................................................. 181
Contents xiii 4.8 Regional Disparities in Labour Markets.............................................184 4.9 The Effects of the Covid Shock...........................................................187 4.10 Impact of the Covid-crisis on Occupations.......................................192 4.11 Long-term Prospects and Policy Recommendations.......................... 195 References.........................................................................................................197 5 Transport and Mobility................................................................................201 Melinda Matyas, Daniel Horcher, and Jacek Pawlak 5.1 Introduction.......................................................................................... 201 5.2 Transport Policy in the EEE Region...................................................204 5.2.1 Infrastructure Development and Prevalenceof EU Funds. 204 5.2.2 Public Service Provision.......................................................209 5.2.3 Deregulation of Transport Markets.....................................211 5.3 Emerging Trends in Mobility .............................................................213 5.3.1 Greening of Vehicle Fuels...................................................213 5.3.2 New Mobility Services.........................................................216 5.3.3 ICT Developments Changing Needs...................................216 5.4 The Effects and Aftermath of the Covid Shock................................. 223 5.4.1 Mobility Restrictions and Impacts.......................................223
5.4.2 Public Interventions in the Pandemic................................. 227 5.4.3 Downturn in Liberalised Transport Markets....................... 232 5.5 Prospects after the Pandemic...............................................................236 5.5.1 The Role of Transport Policy in NationalRecovery Plans 237 5.5.2 Transport Funding and the EU CohesionPolicy.................243 5.5.3 Transport, Mobility, and the Middle IncomeTrap.............244 5.6 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations.......................................245 References........................................................................................................ 249 6 Monetary, Macroprudentiai, and Fiscal Policy........................................255 Júlia Király, Balázs Csontó, László Jankovics, and Katalin Mérő 6.1 Introduction........................................................................................... 256 6.2 Recovery and Progress after the Global Financial Crisis................. 258 6.2.1 Monetary Policy ...................................................................258 6.2.2 Macroprudentiai Policy .......................................................271 6.2.3 Fiscal Policy...........................................................................278 6.2.4 Overall Policy Mix: Cycle and Stance................................. 282 6.3 Policy Response to the Covid-19 Crisis............................................. 284 6.3.1 Monetary Policy ...................................................................284 6.3.2 Macroprudentiai Policy
....................................................... 294 6.3.3 Fiscal Policy...........................................................................296 6.4 Long-term Prospects and Policy Implications................................... 304 6.4.1 Monetary and Macroprudentiai Policy............................... 304 6.4.2 Fiscal Policy...........................................................................309 6.4.3 Policy Interactions.................................................................311 References.........................................................................................................312
XIV Contents 7 Green Economy: Energy, Environment, and Sustainability................. 325 Michael Carnegie LaBelle and Tekla Szép 7.1 Introduction............................................................................................326 7.2 Background and Summary....................................................................327 7.2.1 The Great Reset: SDG as the Target....................................330 7.2.2 Data and Methods..................................................................331 7.3 Regional Assessment of Sustainable Development Goals................333 7.4 Impact of Covid-19: Resiliency and Sustainable Development Goals..................................................................................................... 337 7.4.1 Finance and Energy Transitions............................................341 7.4.2 Converging and Diverging Paths of Sustainability..............347 7.5 Policy Recommendations and Highlights............................................353 7.6 Conclusion............................................................................................. 355 7.7 Annex..................................................................................................... 357 References......................................................................................................... 359 8 Health and Social Security............................................................................ 365 Anikó Bíró, Zsófia Kollányi, Piotr Romaniuk, and Šime Smolić 8.1 Health Status, Healthcare, and Social Security, 2009-2019 ............
365 8.1.1 Health Status and Demographic Structure Based on Composite Indicators............................................................367 8.1.2 Size and Structure of Healthcare Expenditure and Structure of Health Services..................................................373 8.2 The Impact of the Covid-19 Shock......................................................385 8.2.1 Direct Health Impacts............................................................ 385 8.2.2 Vaccinations........................................................................... 390 8.2.3 Healthcare Responses........................................................... 392 8.2.4 Indirect Impacts of Covid-19 on Health Status and Healthcare Use of People Aged 50+.................................. 395 8.2.5 Impacts of Covid-19 on SocialSecurity...............................396 8.3 Long-term Prospects and Conclusions............................................... 400 References........................................................................................................ 406 9 Aging and Pension Systems......................................................................... 415 András Simonovits and Ádám Reiif 9.1 Introduction.......................................................................................... 415 9.2 Aging in the EU and the EEE.............................................................417 9.3 Pension Systems in the EEE, 1990-2019........................................... 421 9.3.1 Public Finance.......................................................................421
9.3.2 Pensions................................................................................ 422 9.3.3 Pensions in the EEE.............................................................424 9.3.4 Country Specifics .................................................................429 9.4 Pre-Covid Forecasts.............................................................................433 9.4.1 Pension Systems ...................................................................433 9.4.2 Discussion of the Forecasts .................................................439 9.5 The Impact of Covid-19.......................................................................440
Contents XV 9.5.1 Introduction.......................................................................... 440 9.5.2 Demographic Impact.............................................................441 9.5.3 Labor Market Impact ...........................................................448 9.5.4 Regulatory and Behavioral Impact.....................................455 9.5.5 Impact on the EEE ...............................................................457 9.5.6 Long-term Policy Considerations.......................................459 9.6 Conclusions..........................................................................................460 References........................................................................................................ 461 10 Public Education............................................................................................ 465 Judit Lannert and Júlia Varga 10.1 Introduction...........................................................................................466 10.2 The Effectiveness of Public Education in the EEE before the Pandemic.............................................................................................. 468 10.3 Education Policy and Student Performance.......................................477 10.4 The Covid Shock — Countries’ Education Responses..................... 483 10.5 The Preparedness of the EEE for Remote Teaching......................... 488 10.6 Learning Losses due to the COVID Crisis.........................................496 10.7 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations
.......................................503 References.........................................................................................................508 11 Research Development and Higher Education ....................................515 László Mátyás, György Bőgel, Mark Knell, Ludovit Odor, and Marzenna A. Weresa 11.1 Introduction...........................................................................................515 11.2 The Global R D and HE Environment: Trends, Developments, and Challenges.....................................................................................516 11.3 R D in the EEE...................................................................................520 11.3.1 R D Expenditures...............................................................521 11.3.2 Human Resources for Science and Technology.................. 523 11.3.3 Results of R D Efforts.......................................................... 525 11.4 Innovation in the EEE ........................................................................ 533 11.5 Higher Education.................................................................................543 11.5.1 Students and Educational Attainment.................................. 543 11.5.2 Public Spending on Tertiary Education................................ 549 11.5.3 University Rankings............................................................. 551 11.5.4 Country Profiles......................................................................554 11.5.5 Higher Education in the Time of Covid-19......................... 559
11.6 Long Term Prospects and Recommendations ................................... 563 References.........................................................................................................567 12 Inequality and Welfare ................................................................................575 Márton Medgyesi and István György Tóth 12.1 Introduction........................................................................................... 576 12.2 Income Distribution before 2009: Literature Review....................... 577 12.3 Changes in Income Inequality since the GFC................................... 579
Contents XVI 12.4 12.5 12.6 Development of Poverty Indicators since the Great Financial Crisis 585 Wealth Inequality................................................................................589 Inequality Effects of the Covid Crisis in the EEE............................ 590 12.6.1 Potential Distributional Effects of Economic Crises in General, and of theCovid Crisis in Particular.....................590 12.6.2 Preliminary Results on the Distributional Effects of the Covid Crisis in theEEE.........................................................592 12.7 Conclusion..............................................................................................602 References..........................................................................................................606
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Contents 1 2 Convergence to the Centre. Péter Benczúr and István Kónya 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Convergence. 1.2.1 A Brief Theory . 1.2.2 Development and Growth. 1.2.3 Sources of Growth. 1.2.4 External Finance and the Demand Side . 1.2.5 Social Convergence. 1.3 Potential Lessons from the 2008-2012 Global Financial Crisis: a Resilience Analysis. 1.4 The Covid Shock. 1.4.1 Cyclical Positions. 1.4.2 Macroeconomic Developments. 1.4.3 Social Developments: a First View. 1.4.4 Comparing the 2008-2012 and the Covid-19 Shocks . 1.5 Looking Beyond: ExpectedRecovery . 1.5.1 Forecasting Uncertainty. 1.5.2 Persistent
Changes. 1.6 Summary and Implications. 1.6.1 Convergence. 1.6.2 Convergence and Resilience. 1.6.3 The Covid Shock and its Comparison to the Global Financial Crisis. 1.6.4 Future Prospects . References. 1 1 2 3 5 7 13 17 19 24 24 26 31 32 37 37 38 42 42 42 43 44 44 Financial Markets: Banks and Capital Markets. 53 Katalin Méró' and András Bethlendi 2.1 Introduction. 54 2.2 Basic Characteristics of FinancialIntermediation in the EEE. 56 xi
Contents xii 2.2.1 Depth and Structure of Financial Intermediation. 56 2.2.2 Specificities of the Shadow Banking System in the FEE . 60 2.2.3 Ownership Structure of the Banking System in the EEE . 65 2.3 Post-GFC Financial System in the EEE - from Stabilization to the Covid Shock (2014-2019). 66 2.3.1 Banks. 66 2.3.2 Capital Markets. 77 2.3.3 Investors - the Asset Management Industry. 85 2.4 Covid and the EEE Financial System. 88 2.4.1 Banks. 88 2.4.2 Capital Markets. 97 2.5 Conclusions and Longer-Term Perspectives. 101 Annex.104 References. 107 3 4 Firm Size, Productivity, EU Funds, and Corruption. 113 István János Tóth and Éva Palócz 3.1 Introduction.114 3.2 Firm Size Distribution in the EEE . 115 3.2.1 Small is Beautiful,
but Large is Useful. 115 3.2.2 Average Firm Size in the EUCountries . 116 3.2.3 Factors of Firm Size Distribution . 120 3.2.4 Firm Size Differences and Labor Productivity.122 3.2.5 The Role of Foreign-owned Firms in FSD and Exports in the EEE.126 3.2.6 Impacts of Covid-19 and Economic Policy Dilemmas in the Context of Different Firm Sizes .127 3.3 Corruption Risk and Intensity of Competition of EU-funded Public Tenders. 131 3.3.1 Corruption, Competition, and EU Funds as Foreign Aid .131 3.3.2 Corruption Risk and EU Funds.134 3.4 Policy Implications. 147 References. 149 Labour Markets: Structural Characteristics and the Impact of Two Crises. 155 Martin Guzi and Michael Landesmann 4.1 Introduction. 155 4.2 Demography and Migration. 157 4.3 Employment
Situation. 162 4.4 GDP and Employment Comparison.170 4.5 Sectoral Employment Structures and the Impact of Economic Recessions. 171 4.6 Wage Growth, Minimum Wage, and the Cost of Living.177 4.7 Unit Labour Costs and Their Decomposition: Dynamics Over Crisis and Recovery Phases. 181
Contents xiii 4.8 Regional Disparities in Labour Markets.184 4.9 The Effects of the Covid Shock.187 4.10 Impact of the Covid-crisis on Occupations.192 4.11 Long-term Prospects and Policy Recommendations. 195 References.197 5 Transport and Mobility.201 Melinda Matyas, Daniel Horcher, and Jacek Pawlak 5.1 Introduction. 201 5.2 Transport Policy in the EEE Region.204 5.2.1 Infrastructure Development and Prevalenceof EU Funds. 204 5.2.2 Public Service Provision.209 5.2.3 Deregulation of Transport Markets.211 5.3 Emerging Trends in Mobility .213 5.3.1 Greening of Vehicle Fuels.213 5.3.2 New Mobility Services.216 5.3.3 ICT Developments Changing Needs.216 5.4 The Effects and Aftermath of the Covid Shock. 223 5.4.1 Mobility Restrictions and Impacts.223
5.4.2 Public Interventions in the Pandemic. 227 5.4.3 Downturn in Liberalised Transport Markets. 232 5.5 Prospects after the Pandemic.236 5.5.1 The Role of Transport Policy in NationalRecovery Plans 237 5.5.2 Transport Funding and the EU CohesionPolicy.243 5.5.3 Transport, Mobility, and the Middle IncomeTrap.244 5.6 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations.245 References. 249 6 Monetary, Macroprudentiai, and Fiscal Policy.255 Júlia Király, Balázs Csontó, László Jankovics, and Katalin Mérő 6.1 Introduction. 256 6.2 Recovery and Progress after the Global Financial Crisis. 258 6.2.1 Monetary Policy .258 6.2.2 Macroprudentiai Policy .271 6.2.3 Fiscal Policy.278 6.2.4 Overall Policy Mix: Cycle and Stance. 282 6.3 Policy Response to the Covid-19 Crisis. 284 6.3.1 Monetary Policy .284 6.3.2 Macroprudentiai Policy
. 294 6.3.3 Fiscal Policy.296 6.4 Long-term Prospects and Policy Implications. 304 6.4.1 Monetary and Macroprudentiai Policy. 304 6.4.2 Fiscal Policy.309 6.4.3 Policy Interactions.311 References.312
XIV Contents 7 Green Economy: Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. 325 Michael Carnegie LaBelle and Tekla Szép 7.1 Introduction.326 7.2 Background and Summary.327 7.2.1 The Great Reset: SDG as the Target.330 7.2.2 Data and Methods.331 7.3 Regional Assessment of Sustainable Development Goals.333 7.4 Impact of Covid-19: Resiliency and Sustainable Development Goals. 337 7.4.1 Finance and Energy Transitions.341 7.4.2 Converging and Diverging Paths of Sustainability.347 7.5 Policy Recommendations and Highlights.353 7.6 Conclusion. 355 7.7 Annex. 357 References. 359 8 Health and Social Security. 365 Anikó Bíró, Zsófia Kollányi, Piotr Romaniuk, and Šime Smolić 8.1 Health Status, Healthcare, and Social Security, 2009-2019 .
365 8.1.1 Health Status and Demographic Structure Based on Composite Indicators.367 8.1.2 Size and Structure of Healthcare Expenditure and Structure of Health Services.373 8.2 The Impact of the Covid-19 Shock.385 8.2.1 Direct Health Impacts. 385 8.2.2 Vaccinations. 390 8.2.3 Healthcare Responses. 392 8.2.4 Indirect Impacts of Covid-19 on Health Status and Healthcare Use of People Aged 50+. 395 8.2.5 Impacts of Covid-19 on SocialSecurity.396 8.3 Long-term Prospects and Conclusions. 400 References. 406 9 Aging and Pension Systems. 415 András Simonovits and Ádám Reiif 9.1 Introduction. 415 9.2 Aging in the EU and the EEE.417 9.3 Pension Systems in the EEE, 1990-2019. 421 9.3.1 Public Finance.421
9.3.2 Pensions. 422 9.3.3 Pensions in the EEE.424 9.3.4 Country Specifics .429 9.4 Pre-Covid Forecasts.433 9.4.1 Pension Systems .433 9.4.2 Discussion of the Forecasts .439 9.5 The Impact of Covid-19.440
Contents XV 9.5.1 Introduction. 440 9.5.2 Demographic Impact.441 9.5.3 Labor Market Impact .448 9.5.4 Regulatory and Behavioral Impact.455 9.5.5 Impact on the EEE .457 9.5.6 Long-term Policy Considerations.459 9.6 Conclusions.460 References. 461 10 Public Education. 465 Judit Lannert and Júlia Varga 10.1 Introduction.466 10.2 The Effectiveness of Public Education in the EEE before the Pandemic. 468 10.3 Education Policy and Student Performance.477 10.4 The Covid Shock — Countries’ Education Responses. 483 10.5 The Preparedness of the EEE for Remote Teaching. 488 10.6 Learning Losses due to the COVID Crisis.496 10.7 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations
.503 References.508 11 Research Development and Higher Education .515 László Mátyás, György Bőgel, Mark Knell, Ludovit Odor, and Marzenna A. Weresa 11.1 Introduction.515 11.2 The Global R D and HE Environment: Trends, Developments, and Challenges.516 11.3 R D in the EEE.520 11.3.1 R D Expenditures.521 11.3.2 Human Resources for Science and Technology. 523 11.3.3 Results of R D Efforts. 525 11.4 Innovation in the EEE . 533 11.5 Higher Education.543 11.5.1 Students and Educational Attainment. 543 11.5.2 Public Spending on Tertiary Education. 549 11.5.3 University Rankings. 551 11.5.4 Country Profiles.554 11.5.5 Higher Education in the Time of Covid-19. 559
11.6 Long Term Prospects and Recommendations . 563 References.567 12 Inequality and Welfare .575 Márton Medgyesi and István György Tóth 12.1 Introduction. 576 12.2 Income Distribution before 2009: Literature Review. 577 12.3 Changes in Income Inequality since the GFC. 579
Contents XVI 12.4 12.5 12.6 Development of Poverty Indicators since the Great Financial Crisis 585 Wealth Inequality.589 Inequality Effects of the Covid Crisis in the EEE. 590 12.6.1 Potential Distributional Effects of Economic Crises in General, and of theCovid Crisis in Particular.590 12.6.2 Preliminary Results on the Distributional Effects of the Covid Crisis in theEEE.592 12.7 Conclusion.602 References.606 |
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| spelling | Emerging European Economies after the Pandemic stuck in the Middle Income Trap? Mátyás, László, Editor Cham Springer [2022] xix, 610 Seiten Illustrationen. - Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Contributions to Economics Mátyás, László 1957- (DE-588)131764632 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-030-93963-2 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033264073&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Emerging European Economies after the Pandemic stuck in the Middle Income Trap? |
| title | Emerging European Economies after the Pandemic stuck in the Middle Income Trap? |
| title_auth | Emerging European Economies after the Pandemic stuck in the Middle Income Trap? |
| title_exact_search | Emerging European Economies after the Pandemic stuck in the Middle Income Trap? |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Emerging European Economies after the Pandemic stuck in the Middle Income Trap? |
| title_full | Emerging European Economies after the Pandemic stuck in the Middle Income Trap? Mátyás, László, Editor |
| title_fullStr | Emerging European Economies after the Pandemic stuck in the Middle Income Trap? Mátyás, László, Editor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Emerging European Economies after the Pandemic stuck in the Middle Income Trap? Mátyás, László, Editor |
| title_short | Emerging European Economies after the Pandemic |
| title_sort | emerging european economies after the pandemic stuck in the middle income trap |
| title_sub | stuck in the Middle Income Trap? |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033264073&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT matyaslaszlo emergingeuropeaneconomiesafterthepandemicstuckinthemiddleincometrap |