Verfügbarkeit: Electrochemical methods for the micro- and nanoscale

Electrochemical methods for the micro- and nanoscale: theoretical essentials, instrumentation and methods for applications in MEMS and nanotechnology

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Kieninger, Jochen (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Berlin De Gruyter [2022]
Schriftenreihe:	De Gruyter STEM
Schlagworte:	Elektrochemisches Verfahren Elektrochemie Mikrosystemtechnik Nanotechnologie MEMS NEMS Nanoelektromechanik
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XVII, 382 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme
ISBN:	9783110649741 3110649748

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MARC


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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	CONTENTS PREFACE - VII ABOUT THE BOOK - IX PART 1: FUNDAMENTALS I 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.1.5 1.1.6 1.1.7 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 INTRODUCTION - 3 SHORT HISTORY OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY - 3 LUIGI GALVANI - ANIMAL ELECTRICITY - 3 ALLESANDRO VOLTA - PILE TO DISPROVE ANIMAL ELECTRICITY - 5 JOHN DANIELL - EARLY BATTERY - 6 WILLIAM GROVE - EARLY FUEL CELL - 6 ROBERT BUNSEN - ECONOMIC ELECTRODE MATERIAL - 8 MICHAEL FARADAY - QUANTITATIVE EXPERIMENTS - 9 WALTHER NERNST - THERMODYNAMICS ---- 9 FIELDS OF APPLICATIONS - 10 BIOMEDICAL SENSORS AND POINT-OF-CARE SYSTEMS - 11 NEUROSCIENCE, NEUROTECHNOLOGY, AND AUDITORY NERVE STIMULATION - 12 MICROELECTRONICS ---- 15 ENERGY APPLICATIONS ---- 15 ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS ---- 17 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CELLS ---- 18 HALF-CELL ---- 19 ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL IN EQUILIBRIUM ---- 20 2 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.4 2.4.1 ELECTROCHEMICAL THEORY - 23 CONVENTIONS ---- 23 FARADAIC PROCESSES - 24 FARADAY S LAW ---- 25 ELECTRON TRANSFER -----26 FARADAIC PROCESSES IN EQUILIBRIUM - NERNST EQUATION - 28 GENERAL ELECTRODE REACTION ---- 30 FARADAIC PROCESSES: KINETIC CONTROL - ELECTRON TRANSFER ---- 31 ACTIVATED COMPLEX THEORY ---- 31 BUTLER-VOLMER EQUATION ---- 33 CHARGE-TRANSFER CLOSE TO EQUILIBRIUM: LINEARIZATION ---- 36 CHARGE-TRANSFER FAR FROM EQUILIBRIUM: TAFEL PLOT ---- 37 FARADAIC PROCESSES: MASS TRANSFER CONTROL - 38 DIFFUSION ---- 39 XII - CONTENTS 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.4.6 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.6 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.7 2.7.1 2.7.2 2.8 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 MIGRATION ---- 40 CONVECTION ---- 40 NERNST-PLANCK EQUATION ---- 41 DIFFUSION: CONSTANT POLARIZATION ---- 41 DIFFUSION: POTENTIAL STEP EXPERIMENT - COTTRELL EQUATION - 43 FARADAIC PROCESSES: COMBINED KINETIC AND MASS TRANSFER CONTROL ---- 48 REVERSIBILITY ---- 48 OVERPOTENTIAL ---- 50 INTERFACIAL REGION - 52 ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYER - 53 ZETA POTENTIAL - ELECTROKINETIC EFFECTS - 55 NON-FARADAIC PROCESSES ---- 56 CAPACITIVE CURRENTS - 56 PSEUDO-CAPACITIVE EFFECTS - 59 POTENTIAL SCALES - 59 INFLUENCE OF PH ---- 59 STABILITY OF WATER ---- 60 POURBAIX DIAGRAMS - 60 3 3.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.2.7 3.3 3.4 3.5 INSTRUMENTATION - 65 THREE-ELECTRODE SETUP ---- 65 POTENTIOSTAT ---- 66 ADDER POTENTIOSTAT ---- 68 SIGNAL GENERATION AND DATA ACQUISITION ---- 69 STABILITY, NOISE, AND COMPLIANCE VOLTAGE - 74 POTENTIAL DROP (IR DROP) AND ITS COMPENSATION - 76 POTENTIAL OF THE COUNTER ELECTRODE ---- 79 COMMERCIAL DEVICES ---- 80 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS -----82 GALVANOSTAT ---- 85 POTENTIAL MEASUREMENT - 87 ELECTRICAL SHIELDING ---- 87 4 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 ELECTROCHEMICAL LABORATORY - 89 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRODES ---- 89 CLASSES OF ELECTRODES - 89 POLARIZABILITY AND POTENTIAL WINDOW ---- 90 REFERENCE ELECTRODES - 91 HYDROGEN REFERENCE ELECTRODES - 92 SILVER/SILVER CHLORIDE ELECTRODE ---- 94 SILVER/SILVER BROMIDE ELECTRODE - 98 CALOMEL ELECTRODE - 98 CONTENTS - XIII 4.2.5 DIFFUSION POTENTIAL, LIQUID JUNCTION POTENTIALS ---- 98 4.3 WORKING AND COUNTER ELECTRODES ------ 101 4.3.1 METAL ELECTRODES ---- 101 4.3.2 MERCURY ELECTRODES ---- 102 4.3.3 CARBON ELECTRODES ---- 104 4.3.4 METAL OXIDE ELECTRODES ---- 106 4.3.5 COUNTER ELECTRODES ---- 106 4.3.6 ULTRAMICROELECTRODES ---- 107 4.3.7 MICROFABRICATED ELECTRODES ---- 108 4.3.8 GAS-DIFFUSION ELECTRODES ---- 109 4.3.9 ELECTRODE POLISHING ---- 110 4.4 ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS - LABWARE ----- 111 4.4.1 FLAT SAMPLE CELL ---- 112 4.4.2 ELECTROLYTE DROPLETS ON THE ELECTRODE CHIP ----- 112 4.5 ELECTROLYTES ---- 113 4.5.1 AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTES ---- 113 4.5.2 NONAQUEOUS LIQUID ELECTROLYTES ----- 115 4.5.3 SOLID ELECTROLYTES ---- 117 4.6 REDOX COUPLES ---- 117 4.6.1 RUTHENIUM HEXAMINE ---- 118 4.6.2 FERROCENE ---- 118 4.6.3 FERROCYANIDE/FERRICYANIDE ---- 119 4.6.4 INNER-SPHERE VERSUS OUTER-SPHERE ELECTRON TRANSFER ---- 119 PART II: METHODS 5 CLASSICAL METHODS - 123 5.1 POTENTIOMETRY ---- 123 5.1.1 OPEN CIRCUIT POTENTIAL ---- 123 5.1.2 DONNAN POTENTIAL, MEMBRANE POTENTIAL ---- 124 5.1.3 ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE ---- 125 5.1.4 PH GLASS ELECTRODE ---- 131 5.1.5 ACTIVE POTENTIOMETRY ---- 134 5.2 AMPEROMETRY ----- 135 5.2.1 SINGLE-POTENTIAL AMPEROMETRY ----- 136 5.2.2 STEP-RESPONSE AMPEROMETRY ----- 136 5.2.3 CHRONOAMPEROMETRY ---- 138 5.2.4 PULSED-AMPEROMETRIC DETECTION ----- 140 5.2.5 CHRONOCOULOMETRY ----- 143 5.3 VOLTAMMETRY ---- 145 5.3.1 SIGN CONVENTIONS --- 145 XIV - CONTENTS 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5 5.3.6 5.3.7 5.3.8 5.3.9 5.3.10 CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY AND LINEAR SCAN VOLTAMMETRY - 146 CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY OF METAL ELECTRODES - 147 CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY OF ELECTROACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN THE ELECTROLYTE - 154 POLAROGRAPHY ---- 172 PULSE VOLTAMMETRY ---- 175 SQUARE-WAVE VOLTAMMETRY - 178 AC VOLTAMMETRY - 181 STRI PPI N G VOLTAM M ETRY - 184 FAST-SCAN CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY - 187 6 6.1 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.3 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 COMBINED METHODS - 189 HYDRODYNAMIC METHODS - 189 ROTATING DISK ELECTRODE - 190 ROTATING RING DISK ELECTRODE - 195 FLOW CELLS ---- 200 ZETA POTENTIAL MEASUREMENT - 200 SCANNING METHODS ---- 201 SCANNING ELECTROCHEMICAL MICROSCOPY - 201 ELECTROCHEMICAL ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY ---- 202 ELECTROCHEMICAL SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE - 203 OTHER MEASUREMENT METHODS - 204 ELECTROCHEMICAL QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE ---- 204 ELECTROCHEMICAL NOISE ANALYSIS - 207 SPECTROELECTROCHEMISTRY ---- 208 7 7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 7.2.5 7.3 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY - 211 FUNDAMENTALS ---- 211 MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION AND ASSUMPTIONS ---- 211 MEASUREMENT METHODS ---- 213 MULTISINE APPROACH ---- 215 DATA PRESENTATION ---- 216 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS AND EQUIVALENT NETWORKS ---- 219 BASIC ELEMENTS - 219 CHARGE TRANSFER RESISTANCE ---- 221 RANDLES CIRCUIT ---- 222 MASS TRANSPORT CONTROL - WARBURG IMPEDANCE ---- 222 COATINGS ---- 224 TOOLBOX ---- 229 KRAMER-KRONIG TEST ---- 229 SOFTWARE ---- 229 CHALLENGES IN MODELING ---- 230 CONTENTS - XV PART III: APPLICATIONS 8 SELECTED ASPECTS: MATERIAL SCIENCE - 235 8.1 CORROSION ---- 235 8.1.1 FUNDAMENTALS - 236 8.1.2 TYPES OF CORROSION ---- 237 8.1.3 THERMODYNAMICS: POURBAIX DIAGRAM ---- 242 8.1.4 KINETICS: EVANS DIAGRAM, TAFEL PLOT ---- 242 8.1.5 PASSIVATION AND TRANSPASSIVITY - 246 8.2 METHODS TO ANALYZE CORROSION ----- 247 8.2.1 CORROSION POTENTIAL MEASUREMENT ---- 247 8.2.2 LINEAR SWEEP VOLTAMMETRY ---- 248 8.2.3 ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY ----- 251 8.2.4 SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT MEASUREMENT - 252 8.2.5 CRITICAL PITTING TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT ----- 252 8.2.6 COMBINED RESEARCH METHODS ----- 253 8.3 METHODS TO PREVENT CORROSION ------ 253 8.3.1 CATHODIC PROTECTION ---- 253 8.3.2 ANODIC PROTECTION ---- 254 8.3.3 CORROSION INHIBITORS ---- 254 8.3.4 PROTECTIVE BARRIERS ---- 255 8.4 PLATINUM ELECTROCHEMISTRY ----- 255 8.4.1 PLATINUM SURFACE REACTIONS ----- 255 8.4.2 ELECTRODE ROUGHNESS ---- 259 8.4.3 DEGRADATION OF PLATINUM ---- 261 8.4.4 VOLCANO PLOTS ---- 262 9 SELECTED ASPECTS: MICROFABRICATION AND NANOTECHNOLOGY - 263 9.1 ELECTROLESS METAL DEPOSITION ---- 264 9.1.1 NICKEL-PHOSPHORUS PLATING ---- 264 9.1.2 OTHER ELECTROLESS PLATING PROCESSES ----- 265 9.1.3 IMMERSION PLATING ---- 266 9.2 ELECTRODEPOSITION ----- 267 9.2.1 ELECTROPLATING OF METALS ------- 268 9.2.2 PLATINUM BLACK AND HIERARCHICAL PLATINUM STRUCTURES ---- 273 9.2.3 ANODICALLY ELECTRODEPOSITED IRIDIUM OXIDE FILMS ----- 276 9.2.4 UNTERPOTENTIAL DEPOSITION ------- 277 9.2.5 NANOFILM DEPOSITION: ELECTROCHEMICAL ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITION ---- 279 9.2.6 ELECTROPHORETIC DEPOSITION ---- 282 9.2.7 ELECTROPOLYMERIZATION ---- 283 9.3 SUBTRACTIVE ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES ----- 284 9.3.1 ELECTROCHEMICAL MACHINING - 285 XVI - CONTENTS 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.4 9.4.1 ELECTROCHEMICAL ETCHING ---- 285 ELECTROPOLISHING ---- 286 NANOELECTRODES, NANOMATERIALS ---- 286 CARBON NANOMATERIALS ---- 287 10 10.1 10.1.1 10.1.2 10.1.3 10.1.4 10.1.5 10.1.6 10.1.7 10.1.8 10.2 10.2.1 10.2.2 10.2.3 10.3 10.3.1 10.3.2 10.3.3 10.3.4 10.3.5 SELECTED ASPECTS: MICROSYSTEMS AND NANOSYSTEMS - 289 SENSORS ---- 289 POTENTIOMETRIC ION-SELECTIVE SENSORS - 290 MICROSENSORS WITH GAS-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE - 293 BIOSENSORS ---- 295 ENZYMATIC BIOSENSORS ---- 295 GLUCOSE METER ---- 302 IMMUNOASSAY, IMMUNOSENSOR ---- 303 REDOX CYCLING ---- 304 SENSORTECHNOLOGY FOR DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS - 306 ACTUATORS - 311 RELEASE DUE TO MEMBRANE CORROSION - 312 ELECTROLYSIS ACTUATORS AND PUMPS ---- 312 BENDING BEAM ACTUATORS - 313 NEUROTECHNOLOGY ---- 314 NEURAL ACTIVATION: ACTION POTENTIAL ---- 314 NEURAL RECORDING BY ELECTRODES - 315 NEURAL STIMULATION BY ELECTRODES - 316 NEUROTRANSMITTER MONITORING ---- 319 SENSING BY ELECTRODES FROM NEURAL IMPLANTS - 323 11 11.1 11.1.1 11.1.2 11.2 11.2.1 11.2.2 11.2.3 11.2.4 SELECTED ASPECTS: ENERGY APPLICATIONS - 325 ENERGY CONVERSION ---- 325 FUEL CELLS ---- 325 ELECTROLYSIS ---- 328 ENERGY STORAGE ---- 330 BATTERIES - 330 REDOX FLOW BATTERIES ---- 334 SUPERCAPACITORS ---- 335 RAGONE PLOT ---- 336 A A.L A. 1.1 A. 1.2 A.2 A. 2.1 REFERENCE DATA - 339 STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS ---- 339 ALPHABETICALLY SORTED ---- 340 SORTED BY POTENTIAL ---- 341 DISSOLVED GASES ---- 343 SOLUBILITY ---- 343 CONTENTS XVII A.2.2 SALTING-OUT EFFECT - 345 B B.L B.2 INSTRUMENTATION - 347 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER PRIMER - 347 GROUND AND VIRTUAL GROUND - 352 BIBLIOGRAPHY - 353 INDEX - 369 NOMENCLATURE - 375 LIST OF TASKS - 383 ACKNOWLEDGMENT - 385
adam_txt	CONTENTS PREFACE - VII ABOUT THE BOOK - IX PART 1: FUNDAMENTALS I 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.1.5 1.1.6 1.1.7 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 INTRODUCTION - 3 SHORT HISTORY OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY - 3 LUIGI GALVANI - ANIMAL ELECTRICITY - 3 ALLESANDRO VOLTA - PILE TO DISPROVE ANIMAL ELECTRICITY - 5 JOHN DANIELL - EARLY BATTERY - 6 WILLIAM GROVE - EARLY FUEL CELL - 6 ROBERT BUNSEN - ECONOMIC ELECTRODE MATERIAL - 8 MICHAEL FARADAY - QUANTITATIVE EXPERIMENTS - 9 WALTHER NERNST - THERMODYNAMICS ---- 9 FIELDS OF APPLICATIONS - 10 BIOMEDICAL SENSORS AND POINT-OF-CARE SYSTEMS - 11 NEUROSCIENCE, NEUROTECHNOLOGY, AND AUDITORY NERVE STIMULATION - 12 MICROELECTRONICS ---- 15 ENERGY APPLICATIONS ---- 15 ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS ---- 17 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CELLS ---- 18 HALF-CELL ---- 19 ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL IN EQUILIBRIUM ---- 20 2 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.4 2.4.1 ELECTROCHEMICAL THEORY - 23 CONVENTIONS ---- 23 FARADAIC PROCESSES - 24 FARADAY ' S LAW ---- 25 ELECTRON TRANSFER -----26 FARADAIC PROCESSES IN EQUILIBRIUM - NERNST EQUATION - 28 GENERAL ELECTRODE REACTION ---- 30 FARADAIC PROCESSES: KINETIC CONTROL - ELECTRON TRANSFER ---- 31 ACTIVATED COMPLEX THEORY ---- 31 BUTLER-VOLMER EQUATION ---- 33 CHARGE-TRANSFER CLOSE TO EQUILIBRIUM: LINEARIZATION ---- 36 CHARGE-TRANSFER FAR FROM EQUILIBRIUM: TAFEL PLOT ---- 37 FARADAIC PROCESSES: MASS TRANSFER CONTROL - 38 DIFFUSION ---- 39 XII - CONTENTS 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.4.6 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.6 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.7 2.7.1 2.7.2 2.8 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 MIGRATION ---- 40 CONVECTION ---- 40 NERNST-PLANCK EQUATION ---- 41 DIFFUSION: CONSTANT POLARIZATION ---- 41 DIFFUSION: POTENTIAL STEP EXPERIMENT - COTTRELL EQUATION - 43 FARADAIC PROCESSES: COMBINED KINETIC AND MASS TRANSFER CONTROL ---- 48 REVERSIBILITY ---- 48 OVERPOTENTIAL ---- 50 INTERFACIAL REGION - 52 ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYER - 53 ZETA POTENTIAL - ELECTROKINETIC EFFECTS - 55 NON-FARADAIC PROCESSES ---- 56 CAPACITIVE CURRENTS - 56 PSEUDO-CAPACITIVE EFFECTS - 59 POTENTIAL SCALES - 59 INFLUENCE OF PH ---- 59 STABILITY OF WATER ---- 60 POURBAIX DIAGRAMS - 60 3 3.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.2.7 3.3 3.4 3.5 INSTRUMENTATION - 65 THREE-ELECTRODE SETUP ---- 65 POTENTIOSTAT ---- 66 ADDER POTENTIOSTAT ---- 68 SIGNAL GENERATION AND DATA ACQUISITION ---- 69 STABILITY, NOISE, AND COMPLIANCE VOLTAGE - 74 POTENTIAL DROP (IR DROP) AND ITS COMPENSATION - 76 POTENTIAL OF THE COUNTER ELECTRODE ---- 79 COMMERCIAL DEVICES ---- 80 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS -----82 GALVANOSTAT ---- 85 POTENTIAL MEASUREMENT - 87 ELECTRICAL SHIELDING ---- 87 4 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 ELECTROCHEMICAL LABORATORY - 89 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRODES ---- 89 CLASSES OF ELECTRODES - 89 POLARIZABILITY AND POTENTIAL WINDOW ---- 90 REFERENCE ELECTRODES - 91 HYDROGEN REFERENCE ELECTRODES - 92 SILVER/SILVER CHLORIDE ELECTRODE ---- 94 SILVER/SILVER BROMIDE ELECTRODE - 98 CALOMEL ELECTRODE - 98 CONTENTS - XIII 4.2.5 DIFFUSION POTENTIAL, LIQUID JUNCTION POTENTIALS ---- 98 4.3 WORKING AND COUNTER ELECTRODES ------ 101 4.3.1 METAL ELECTRODES ---- 101 4.3.2 MERCURY ELECTRODES ---- 102 4.3.3 CARBON ELECTRODES ---- 104 4.3.4 METAL OXIDE ELECTRODES ---- 106 4.3.5 COUNTER ELECTRODES ---- 106 4.3.6 ULTRAMICROELECTRODES ---- 107 4.3.7 MICROFABRICATED ELECTRODES ---- 108 4.3.8 GAS-DIFFUSION ELECTRODES ---- 109 4.3.9 ELECTRODE POLISHING ---- 110 4.4 ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS - LABWARE ----- 111 4.4.1 FLAT SAMPLE CELL ---- 112 4.4.2 ELECTROLYTE DROPLETS ON THE ELECTRODE CHIP ----- 112 4.5 ELECTROLYTES ---- 113 4.5.1 AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTES ---- 113 4.5.2 NONAQUEOUS LIQUID ELECTROLYTES ----- 115 4.5.3 SOLID ELECTROLYTES ---- 117 4.6 REDOX COUPLES ---- 117 4.6.1 RUTHENIUM HEXAMINE ---- 118 4.6.2 FERROCENE ---- 118 4.6.3 FERROCYANIDE/FERRICYANIDE ---- 119 4.6.4 INNER-SPHERE VERSUS OUTER-SPHERE ELECTRON TRANSFER ---- 119 PART II: METHODS 5 CLASSICAL METHODS - 123 5.1 POTENTIOMETRY ---- 123 5.1.1 OPEN CIRCUIT POTENTIAL ---- 123 5.1.2 DONNAN POTENTIAL, MEMBRANE POTENTIAL ---- 124 5.1.3 ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE ---- 125 5.1.4 PH GLASS ELECTRODE ---- 131 5.1.5 ACTIVE POTENTIOMETRY ---- 134 5.2 AMPEROMETRY ----- 135 5.2.1 SINGLE-POTENTIAL AMPEROMETRY ----- 136 5.2.2 STEP-RESPONSE AMPEROMETRY ----- 136 5.2.3 CHRONOAMPEROMETRY ---- 138 5.2.4 PULSED-AMPEROMETRIC DETECTION ----- 140 5.2.5 CHRONOCOULOMETRY ----- 143 5.3 VOLTAMMETRY ---- 145 5.3.1 SIGN CONVENTIONS --- 145 XIV - CONTENTS 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5 5.3.6 5.3.7 5.3.8 5.3.9 5.3.10 CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY AND LINEAR SCAN VOLTAMMETRY - 146 CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY OF METAL ELECTRODES - 147 CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY OF ELECTROACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN THE ELECTROLYTE - 154 POLAROGRAPHY ---- 172 PULSE VOLTAMMETRY ---- 175 SQUARE-WAVE VOLTAMMETRY - 178 AC VOLTAMMETRY - 181 STRI PPI N G VOLTAM M ETRY - 184 FAST-SCAN CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY - 187 6 6.1 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.3 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 COMBINED METHODS - 189 HYDRODYNAMIC METHODS - 189 ROTATING DISK ELECTRODE - 190 ROTATING RING DISK ELECTRODE - 195 FLOW CELLS ---- 200 ZETA POTENTIAL MEASUREMENT - 200 SCANNING METHODS ---- 201 SCANNING ELECTROCHEMICAL MICROSCOPY - 201 ELECTROCHEMICAL ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY ---- 202 ELECTROCHEMICAL SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE - 203 OTHER MEASUREMENT METHODS - 204 ELECTROCHEMICAL QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE ---- 204 ELECTROCHEMICAL NOISE ANALYSIS - 207 SPECTROELECTROCHEMISTRY ---- 208 7 7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 7.2.5 7.3 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY - 211 FUNDAMENTALS ---- 211 MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION AND ASSUMPTIONS ---- 211 MEASUREMENT METHODS ---- 213 MULTISINE APPROACH ---- 215 DATA PRESENTATION ---- 216 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS AND EQUIVALENT NETWORKS ---- 219 BASIC ELEMENTS - 219 CHARGE TRANSFER RESISTANCE ---- 221 RANDLES CIRCUIT ---- 222 MASS TRANSPORT CONTROL - WARBURG IMPEDANCE ---- 222 COATINGS ---- 224 TOOLBOX ---- 229 KRAMER-KRONIG TEST ---- 229 SOFTWARE ---- 229 CHALLENGES IN MODELING ---- 230 CONTENTS - XV PART III: APPLICATIONS 8 SELECTED ASPECTS: MATERIAL SCIENCE - 235 8.1 CORROSION ---- 235 8.1.1 FUNDAMENTALS - 236 8.1.2 TYPES OF CORROSION ---- 237 8.1.3 THERMODYNAMICS: POURBAIX DIAGRAM ---- 242 8.1.4 KINETICS: EVANS DIAGRAM, TAFEL PLOT ---- 242 8.1.5 PASSIVATION AND TRANSPASSIVITY - 246 8.2 METHODS TO ANALYZE CORROSION ----- 247 8.2.1 CORROSION POTENTIAL MEASUREMENT ---- 247 8.2.2 LINEAR SWEEP VOLTAMMETRY ---- 248 8.2.3 ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY ----- 251 8.2.4 SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT MEASUREMENT - 252 8.2.5 CRITICAL PITTING TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT ----- 252 8.2.6 COMBINED RESEARCH METHODS ----- 253 8.3 METHODS TO PREVENT CORROSION ------ 253 8.3.1 CATHODIC PROTECTION ---- 253 8.3.2 ANODIC PROTECTION ---- 254 8.3.3 CORROSION INHIBITORS ---- 254 8.3.4 PROTECTIVE BARRIERS ---- 255 8.4 PLATINUM ELECTROCHEMISTRY ----- 255 8.4.1 PLATINUM SURFACE REACTIONS ----- 255 8.4.2 ELECTRODE ROUGHNESS ---- 259 8.4.3 DEGRADATION OF PLATINUM ---- 261 8.4.4 VOLCANO PLOTS ---- 262 9 SELECTED ASPECTS: MICROFABRICATION AND NANOTECHNOLOGY - 263 9.1 ELECTROLESS METAL DEPOSITION ---- 264 9.1.1 NICKEL-PHOSPHORUS PLATING ---- 264 9.1.2 OTHER ELECTROLESS PLATING PROCESSES ----- 265 9.1.3 IMMERSION PLATING ---- 266 9.2 ELECTRODEPOSITION ----- 267 9.2.1 ELECTROPLATING OF METALS ------- 268 9.2.2 PLATINUM BLACK AND HIERARCHICAL PLATINUM STRUCTURES ---- 273 9.2.3 ANODICALLY ELECTRODEPOSITED IRIDIUM OXIDE FILMS ----- 276 9.2.4 UNTERPOTENTIAL DEPOSITION ------- 277 9.2.5 NANOFILM DEPOSITION: ELECTROCHEMICAL ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITION ---- 279 9.2.6 ELECTROPHORETIC DEPOSITION ---- 282 9.2.7 ELECTROPOLYMERIZATION ---- 283 9.3 SUBTRACTIVE ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES ----- 284 9.3.1 ELECTROCHEMICAL MACHINING - 285 XVI - CONTENTS 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.4 9.4.1 ELECTROCHEMICAL ETCHING ---- 285 ELECTROPOLISHING ---- 286 NANOELECTRODES, NANOMATERIALS ---- 286 CARBON NANOMATERIALS ---- 287 10 10.1 10.1.1 10.1.2 10.1.3 10.1.4 10.1.5 10.1.6 10.1.7 10.1.8 10.2 10.2.1 10.2.2 10.2.3 10.3 10.3.1 10.3.2 10.3.3 10.3.4 10.3.5 SELECTED ASPECTS: MICROSYSTEMS AND NANOSYSTEMS - 289 SENSORS ---- 289 POTENTIOMETRIC ION-SELECTIVE SENSORS - 290 MICROSENSORS WITH GAS-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE - 293 BIOSENSORS ---- 295 ENZYMATIC BIOSENSORS ---- 295 GLUCOSE METER ---- 302 IMMUNOASSAY, IMMUNOSENSOR ---- 303 REDOX CYCLING ---- 304 SENSORTECHNOLOGY FOR DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS - 306 ACTUATORS - 311 RELEASE DUE TO MEMBRANE CORROSION - 312 ELECTROLYSIS ACTUATORS AND PUMPS ---- 312 BENDING BEAM ACTUATORS - 313 NEUROTECHNOLOGY ---- 314 NEURAL ACTIVATION: ACTION POTENTIAL ---- 314 NEURAL RECORDING BY ELECTRODES - 315 NEURAL STIMULATION BY ELECTRODES - 316 NEUROTRANSMITTER MONITORING ---- 319 SENSING BY ELECTRODES FROM NEURAL IMPLANTS - 323 11 11.1 11.1.1 11.1.2 11.2 11.2.1 11.2.2 11.2.3 11.2.4 SELECTED ASPECTS: ENERGY APPLICATIONS - 325 ENERGY CONVERSION ---- 325 FUEL CELLS ---- 325 ELECTROLYSIS ---- 328 ENERGY STORAGE ---- 330 BATTERIES - 330 REDOX FLOW BATTERIES ---- 334 SUPERCAPACITORS ---- 335 RAGONE PLOT ---- 336 A A.L A. 1.1 A. 1.2 A.2 A. 2.1 REFERENCE DATA - 339 STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS ---- 339 ALPHABETICALLY SORTED ---- 340 SORTED BY POTENTIAL ---- 341 DISSOLVED GASES ---- 343 SOLUBILITY ---- 343 CONTENTS XVII A.2.2 SALTING-OUT EFFECT - 345 B B.L B.2 INSTRUMENTATION - 347 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER PRIMER - 347 GROUND AND VIRTUAL GROUND - 352 BIBLIOGRAPHY - 353 INDEX - 369 NOMENCLATURE - 375 LIST OF TASKS - 383 ACKNOWLEDGMENT - 385
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spelling	Kieninger, Jochen Verfasser (DE-588)1105786161 aut Electrochemical methods for the micro- and nanoscale theoretical essentials, instrumentation and methods for applications in MEMS and nanotechnology Jochen Kieninger Berlin De Gruyter [2022] © 2022 XVII, 382 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier De Gruyter STEM Elektrochemisches Verfahren (DE-588)4151772-6 gnd rswk-swf Elektrochemie (DE-588)4014241-3 gnd rswk-swf Mikrosystemtechnik (DE-588)4221617-5 gnd rswk-swf Nanotechnologie (DE-588)4327470-5 gnd rswk-swf MEMS (DE-588)4824724-8 gnd rswk-swf Elektrochemie MEMS Mikrosystemtechnik NEMS Nanoelektromechanik Elektrochemie (DE-588)4014241-3 s Mikrosystemtechnik (DE-588)4221617-5 s Nanotechnologie (DE-588)4327470-5 s DE-604 Elektrochemisches Verfahren (DE-588)4151772-6 s MEMS (DE-588)4824724-8 s Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG (DE-588)10095502-2 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-3-11-064975-8 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-3-11-064993-2 X:MVB https://www.degruyter.com/books/9783110649741 Inhaltstext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033222438&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Kieninger, Jochen Electrochemical methods for the micro- and nanoscale theoretical essentials, instrumentation and methods for applications in MEMS and nanotechnology Elektrochemisches Verfahren (DE-588)4151772-6 gnd Elektrochemie (DE-588)4014241-3 gnd Mikrosystemtechnik (DE-588)4221617-5 gnd Nanotechnologie (DE-588)4327470-5 gnd MEMS (DE-588)4824724-8 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4151772-6 (DE-588)4014241-3 (DE-588)4221617-5 (DE-588)4327470-5 (DE-588)4824724-8
title	Electrochemical methods for the micro- and nanoscale theoretical essentials, instrumentation and methods for applications in MEMS and nanotechnology
title_auth	Electrochemical methods for the micro- and nanoscale theoretical essentials, instrumentation and methods for applications in MEMS and nanotechnology
title_exact_search	Electrochemical methods for the micro- and nanoscale theoretical essentials, instrumentation and methods for applications in MEMS and nanotechnology
title_exact_search_txtP	Electrochemical methods for the micro- and nanoscale theoretical essentials, instrumentation and methods for applications in MEMS and nanotechnology
title_full	Electrochemical methods for the micro- and nanoscale theoretical essentials, instrumentation and methods for applications in MEMS and nanotechnology Jochen Kieninger
title_fullStr	Electrochemical methods for the micro- and nanoscale theoretical essentials, instrumentation and methods for applications in MEMS and nanotechnology Jochen Kieninger
title_full_unstemmed	Electrochemical methods for the micro- and nanoscale theoretical essentials, instrumentation and methods for applications in MEMS and nanotechnology Jochen Kieninger
title_short	Electrochemical methods for the micro- and nanoscale
title_sort	electrochemical methods for the micro and nanoscale theoretical essentials instrumentation and methods for applications in mems and nanotechnology
title_sub	theoretical essentials, instrumentation and methods for applications in MEMS and nanotechnology
topic	Elektrochemisches Verfahren (DE-588)4151772-6 gnd Elektrochemie (DE-588)4014241-3 gnd Mikrosystemtechnik (DE-588)4221617-5 gnd Nanotechnologie (DE-588)4327470-5 gnd MEMS (DE-588)4824724-8 gnd
topic_facet	Elektrochemisches Verfahren Elektrochemie Mikrosystemtechnik Nanotechnologie MEMS
url	https://www.degruyter.com/books/9783110649741 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033222438&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT kieningerjochen electrochemicalmethodsforthemicroandnanoscaletheoreticalessentialsinstrumentationandmethodsforapplicationsinmemsandnanotechnology AT walterdegruytergmbhcokg electrochemicalmethodsforthemicroandnanoscaletheoreticalessentialsinstrumentationandmethodsforapplicationsinmemsandnanotechnology

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