Categorically Jewish, distinctly Polish: Polish Jewish history reflected and refracted
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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London
Liverpool University Press
2022
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| Series: | The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Physical Description: | xix, 523 Seiten Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781906764852 |
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Contents ♦ List ofAbbreviations χν Note on Transliteration xvi Note on Place Names xvii Maps xx INTRODUCTION 1 PART I · HISTORIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION 39 1. A New Scholarly Foundation: The Historiography of Polish Jewry since 1945 41 2. The Verdict of Israeli Historiography on Hasidism 65 3. POLIN : The Museum of the History of Polish Jews and the New Polish Jewish Metahistory 103 PART II · JEWS AND OTHER POLES 127 INTRODUCTION 4. Jewish Perceptions of Persecution and Powerlessness in the Commonwealth 129 5. A Minority Views the Maj ority: Jewish Attitudes towards the Commonwealth and Interaction with Poles 6. Dubno in the Wake of Khmelnytsky 7. The Question of the Jews in the Constitution of the Third of May 140 151 167
Contents xiv PART III · THE JEWISH COMMUNITY 181 INTRODUCTION 8. Jewish Autonomy in Poland and the Polish Regime 183 9. The Authority of the Council of Four Lands Outside Poland-Lithuania 201 10. The Indebtedness of the Lublin Kahal in the Eighteenth Century 228 11. Everyday Violence in Jewish Communities of the Commonwealth 247 12. The Image ofPoland as a Torah Centre after 1648 258 PART IV · WOMEN INTRODUCTION 275 13. History ofjewish Women in the Commonwealth I: An Assessment 277 14. History ofjewish Women in the Commonwealth II: From Facilitation to Participation 310 15. Leah Horowitzs Tkhine imohos: A Proto-Feminist Demand to Increase Jewish Womens Religious Capital 327 PART V · HASIDISM INTRODUCTION 357 16. The Rise of Hasidism 359 17. Międzybóż and Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov 383 18. Stories that Changed History: The Unique Career of Shivhei habesht 398 19. Hasidism as a Modern Phenomenon 426 conclusion: Theme Decoding 437 Bibliography 445 Index 501
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Index A Aaron Hagadol of Karlin, Rabbi 76,368,375-6, 401 Aaron (II) Perlov of Karlin, son ofAsher Perlov 376 Aaron of Poznań 18 Aaron of Tulczyn, Rabbi 133 Abraham the Angel (Hamalakh) 373 Abraham of Kalisk 368,369,374 Abraham ben Yoska of Lissa 221-2 Abramovich, Sholem, see Mendele Mokher Seforim Abramowicz, Chaim 254 Abramowicz, Wolf 254,391 Adam Baal Shem 74Ո.33 Aescoly, Aaron Zev 73 Agnon, Shmuel Yosef 11 Aleichem, Sholem (Solomon Rabinovich) 11 Aleksiun, Natalia $8 Alexander, the shohet of Nemirov 400 Altona 211-12,221,223,224,266 Amsterdam: Ashkenazi and Polish communities 213-14, 223,224,226,271 municipal authorities 214,215,217,226 Rabbi Lida affair 214-18,223,224,226,227 relationship ofJewish communities with Va’ad 202-3,213-14,21$-18,223,224,226, 227 Sephardi community 202-3,213-14,216-17, 226, 227,271 Talmud printing dispute 223,225,226 antisemitism: ‘antisemitic habitus’ 173-4 image of Polish 1,11,56,108 interwar Poland 39, 61,63,119 POLIN Museum presentation 63 n.57,115, 116 n.39,119,120-1 post-war Poland 121 studies of 45,52,53,61,63 Aramaic: Leah Horowitz’s piyut 327,330-1, 337֊9 342, 345-7,349 Leah Horowitz’s piyut compared with her Yiddish tkhine 349-52 literacy in 328,329 male and female cultural spheres 283 (Table 13.1) Targum (Onkelos) 297,333 n.29 Arians 4,8,140 Aronow, Lieba 162 arrendators: after Khmelnytsky Uprising 153-4,161, 162-3 cases of violence 253-4 female 253,305-7,325 Jewish 20-1,133,138 loans to 229 role 19 treatment of 20,138,148,320 Aryeh Leib ofAmsterdam, Rabbi 221 Aryeh Leib ben Samuel, Rabbi 262 Aryeh Leib the preacher 362 Asher bar
Sinai, Rabbi 264 Asher ben Moshe 391 Asher ben Yehiel, Rabbi (Rosh) 264 Asher Perlov, son ofAaron Hagadol of Karlin 376 Ashkenaz: charity collections for Erets Yisra’el 202 n.4, 219,227 connections between Jews in Poland and Jews in western Ashkenaz 59 halakhic rulings 261-2 Jewish administrative institutions 184-5, 200 Jewish migration to Poland 13,108 relationship with Va’ad 202 n.4,203-4, 207, 221, 223, 227 studies on Jewish women 278,279 n.6 Torah study 59,263-7,27°
502 Index Ashkenaz (cont.): womens synagogue attendance 276,300-1 n.81,317 Ashkenazi, Abraham ben Samuel 156-7,259 Ashkenazi, Tsevi Hirsch, Rabbi (Hakham Tsevi), see Tsevi Hirsch benJacob Assaf, David 54,96-7,429 Assaf, Simha 48,248,250 Augustusi!, king of Poland 143 Augustus ІП, king of Poland 6,239 Avreles, Rabbi 269 Avron, Dov 48 Ayzykowicz, Jankiel (Yokel, Yaacov) 365,393 n.58 В Baal Shem Tov (Israel ben Eliezer, the Besht) : accounts of ‘new Beshtian hasidism’ 92-3 anti-hasidic tract claims 406 archival findings 30-1,95,384-5 Besht as research metaphor 100-1 birth 364-5,412 circle 31,396,429 п.9 death 381,401,412 demystification of 101-2 Dinur’s view of 70 disciples 31-2,79 n.53,94 n.ioi, 148,364 п.12, 366,381,417,419,423,428,429 п.9 Dubnow’s portrayal of 68-9, 86-7,93 Elior’s portrayal of ioin.129 family 365-6,392-3,394 finances 365,384-5,395 formerly accepted image as founder of hasidic movement 26,30,31-2,69,75,79, 86-7,93,94 n.101, 102,382,427-8 Founder ofHasidism (Rosman) 31-3,95,358 healer 30,31,68,383,393-5,396,404,423 n.85 Holy Epistle written to Gershon of Kuty 68, 86,99,419,421-2 innovations to ‘hasidism’ 26,357,381,382 kabbalistic role 380-1,394-5,401-2 Ufe 30,100,364-5 life as a ba’al shem 365 magic 86,365,410 miracle-worker 383,394,398,402-5,406, 417,423 ‘movement’ question 396-7,429 n.9,443 name 30,31,364 narrative of opposition to 69,78-9,88,414 Ostróg rabbinate conflict 364 n.12 Polish sources 383-5,396-7,442-3 relationship with Christians 383-4,394 relationship with Jacob Joseph of Polonnoye 373,400 relationship with Magid 366 reputation
365-7,394-5,409~u residence inMiędzyboż 95,357,364,365, 385-7,393-4 role in development ofnew hasidism 26,32 Shivhei habesht accounts 68,85,99,148,358, 364,373,383,398-9,401,410-11,413, 417, 420 sources on 30-2,95,99-100,358,365,380-1, 383-5,392-4,396-7,442-З status in Międzyboż community 31-2, 365-6,391-7,442 teachings 68-9,100,381,386,401,419 Tsava'at harivash (The Testament (Will) of the Besht) 401,419,434-5 wife 394 ba'alei shem: healers 21,25,414 magic 25,86,95 miracle-workers 310 n.3,361,423 position in Jewish community 21,69,78,88, 95,362,364,36s practical kabbalah 25,359,360-1 relationship with women 309,312 Bacharach, Moses Samson, Rabbi 265 Bacharach, Yair Hayim ofWorms, Rabbi 264-5,269 Bacon, Gershon 51,55 Baker, Zachary 41 Balaban, Majer 183,278 Bar 254,324,386 Bar, Confederation of, see Confederation of Bar Baron, Salo W: on Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania 260 on Jews in Poland 129 on lachrymose theory ofJewish history 53, 247-8 works 43,50,52-3,247-8,278 Bartai, Israel 54,99
Index Belarus 4,70,374-6,403 Ben-Amos, Dan 419-20 Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel 48-9,183,248 Benjamin Beinish of Krotoszyn 313 Berekhiah Berakh ben Yitshak Isaac, Rabbi 267 Berkhofer, Robert F. Jr 103 Berkowicz, Moszko 320 Bertinoro, Obadiah 329,336 Besht, see Ba’al Shem Tov Biblioteka Czartoryskich 27,28,30-1,357,385 Bielski, Kazimierz 234,235 n.30,238 n.44 Birkenthai, Dov Ber, see Dov Ber Birkenthal of Bolechów Boleslaw the Pious of Kalisz, Grand Duke 13, 15,171,186-90 Bona Sforza, queen of Poland 193-4 Bonfils, Joseph ben Samuel, Rabbi 185 Borowicki, Ziffia 161 Boyarin, Daniel 29iandn.46 Breslau (Wroclaw) 19,57-8 Brody 95,362,370,371,396 Brown, Benjamin 79 n.53,94 n.101,97,429 Bruner, Jerome Seymour 2 Brześć 43,171,195,196,374 Buber, Martin: account of hasidism 39,70-3,75,83,415 critics of 84,89 debate over essence of hasidism 80-1,91 retelling of hasidic tales 71,80,399,411 Scholems attack 710.21,7211.29,80 ontsadikim 72 Budowski, Dmiter 161 Burkacki, Andrzej and Anna 161 Butko, Stepan 160 Butrymowicz, Mateusz 173,175 C Calmanson, Jacques 175 Carlebach, Eliyahu C. 422,424 Catholic Church: anti-Jewish activities 9 anti-Jewish theology 16 anti-Protestant activities 9 economic relationship with Jews 16,18,2302,234 n.28 land ownership 9,16 organization compared with hasidism 429 Տ03 POLIN Museum presentation 114 status in Poland 8-9 Central Archive for the History of the Jewish People, Jerusalem 27,51 charters 7,15-16,171-2 Chicago, Polish community 1 Chlopicki, Major Ludwik 1 Chmielecky, Rafal 160 Christians, relationship with Jews: after Khmelnytsky Uprising 128,132,159,164
Baal Shem Tovs dealings 365,383,394 city residence areas 14 economic complaints 16-17 Jewish otherness 24 laws and privileges 187-8 marketplace stores 324 Międzybóż taxpayers 387 (Table 17.1), 392 municipal pacts vs privileges 17,21,127, 171-2,176 POLIN Museum presentation 62,118 real-estate transactions 164,319 social relations 60 Cohen, Gerson 3,29,33 Cohen, Hayim bar Yitshak, Rabbi 211 Colon, Joseph, Rabbi 264 Columbia University 3,444 Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian: army 4 central Jewish authority 23 Church role 16 contingent security 135-7 defender ofwestern civilization 10 economy 9-10 end of 4,26-7,107 ‘golden era’ 107-8 hasidism 25,9s historians onjewish security 129-30 historiography of Polish Jewry 41,52,54 incipient democracy 10 Jewish attitudes to 140-4 Jewish attitudes towards Poles 146 Jewish autonomous rights 183,200,201 Jewish perception of security 138-9 Jewish population 14 Jewish support for Polish political order 141-4 Jewish taxpayers 304
504 Index Commonwealth, Pohsh-Lithuanian (cont.): Jewish womens lives 35,277,304,310,325, 440 ‘keyjewish community’ 259-60 Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648-9) 258 leasing 20 legacy 107Ո.12 magnate-Jewish relations 28 minorities 140 multi-ethnic and multi-religious 107-8 Muscovite invasion (1654-5) 23,182,258, 268,271 origins 3-4,107 POLIN Museum presentation 107-8 Polish domination 140 Polish Jewry 11,12 political system 5,7,39 primary sources on Jewish security 130-1 real-time perception vs historiographical hindsight 137-8 religions 4, 8 sources ofjewish apprehension 132-4 stereotype ofpersecuted minority examined 131-2 Swedish invasion (1655) 5,23,182,258 territory 4,207 n.19 Torah study 264 n.31, 268 trade 9-10,18 urban settlements 171 Va’adrole 181,439 violence within Jewish community 250 warfare 4-5 Confederation of Bar 132 n.17,143,144 n.15,145 Confederation ofWarsaw (1573) 8 conversion: to Christianity 60,119,121,152,164,220 to Islam 220 to and from Judaism 60, 247 n.i Khazars 13 n.17 kidnapping of children 238 n.42 pressures 8 safeguards against forced 17 Sephardi conversos 214 n.52 Cordovero, Moses 360,380-1 Cossack-Peasant Uprising, see Khmelnytsky Uprising Cossacks 132,133,140-3,145,148,151,291 see also Khmelnytsky Uprising Council ofFour Lands (Va’ad Arba Aratsot): abolition 131,144,228,239,240 authority outside Poland 201-5, 223-4, 439 choosing leadership in Frankfurt 205-11, 223,226 communication with Jewish communities outside Poland 202-3,261 creation and development 23,198,201 dealing with Shabateans in Jerusalem 219-20, 223,224 decree on Jewish economic
activity (1580) 140-1 distribution of charitable donations for Erets Yisrael 218-19,223 շշճ, 2շ7 Emden-Eibeschütz affair 220-3, 226 functions in Poland 198-9,204 Hamburg Jewry s new cemetery in Ottensen 211-12, 223,224,226 meetings 202 Ո.5 Polish Jewish system of autonomy 183 political dimension to Jewish communal life 181 printing the Talmud 223 Rabbi Lida affair 214-18,223,224,226,227 record books 48 regulations 140,196,229 relationship with AshkenaziJews of Amsterdam 213-14,214-18,223,226 relationship with Polish authorities 198-9, 439 relationship with rabbinic authorities 203 role 23,201, 204 Shabatean issues 219-20 Council of the State of Lithuania (Va’ad Medinat Lita) : Jewish communal autonomy 181,183,201 records 48Ո.16,230 restriction on communal borrowing 230 restrictions on women pedlars 322-3 role 23,198 women appointed by 306 crafts 16, 20,326 Cromwell, Ohver 260 Cygielman, Shmuel Artur 54 Czartoryski family 27,30,385,390-2
Index D Dalmatowa, Gwanowa 161 Dan,Joseph 66,84 Davies, Norman 4Ո.3,57 Dawidowicz, Peysach and Naymi 164 debt(s) ofjewish communities: church ( wyderkauff) loans to Jews 230-2, 233, 235,240 committee to liquidate Jewish communities’ debts 239 creditors 229,230-1,232,234,236 (Table 10.1), 237-8,241-6 (appendix) growth of 229-30, 239-40, 440 interest rates 161,230-2,233,236,388 loan types 229-30 Lublin community 232-40; see also Lublin Polish government policy 228-9 Dessier,Jan 254 Detmerski, Jozef Franciszek Ksawery 233 Dinur, Ben-Zion 70-1,73,75,100,411-12 DobraszkainWaręż 320 Dobroszycki, Lucjan 52 Dov Ber, Magid of Mezhirech, see Magid of Mezhirech Dov Ber Birkenthal of Bolechów: on ba’alei hashemot 361,364 on Council of Four Lands 131,144,202 on Leah Horowitz 328,337 n.66 memoirs 50,132 n.17, 280 on partitions of Poland 144,146 on Polish institutions 143 on relations between Jews and non-Jews 132 n.17,147 on storekeeping widow 324 wife (Leah) 325 Dov Ber of Linits (ilince, Ilintsy) 360,400-3, 405,408,412,416-18 Dov Ber of Lubavitch 375,404 n.18,408-9 Dreifuss, Havi Ben-Sasson 55 Dubin, Lois 426 Dubno: during Khmelnytsky Uprising 155-8 individuals’ attempts to return to normal after Uprising 163-5 Jewish sources for Uprising 155-8,165 municipal council 158-9,322 new source (protocol book of municipal council) 158-9,165 505 recovery after Uprising 159-60,165-6 restoration through litigation 160-3 Dubnow, Simon: categorization of historical phenomena 67 conventional historiography 29,278 on Gezeirot 151-3 on hasidism 39, 68-70,73,75, 82, 85, 87, 93-4,386,411-12 on Jewish
autonomous institutions 183 on Jews as victims ofviolence 247 lachrymose view of the Jewish experience in Poland 132-3,139 paradigm 66,68-70,79,86-7, 94,101 on Polish Jewish community 260 stereotype ofjewish community 131-2 works 33,48 п.16,50, 68 Dynner, Glenn 55,302 n.86,429,430 E Edelman, Marek 112 education, Jewish: higher 26,53,57 kahal administration 186 mens 26, 284-5, 292 Talmud study 263,290,362 Torah study 264,265,268,329 Va’adrole 204 womens 26,284-5,287,289,293,316,329 yeshivas 26,117,263,264,265-6,267,290,362 Zionist 49 Eibeschütz,Jonathan, Rabbi 220-6,266,270 Eidels, Samuel, Rabbi 263 Eisenstadt, Meir, Rabbi 266 Elazar ben Shmuel of Brody, Rabbi 270,384 n.5 Eliezer of Bohemia, Rabbi 13 Elijah ben Solomon Zalman, see Vilna Gaon Elimelekh ofLizhensk 70,376 Elior, Rachel 90,101 n.129 Emden, Jacob, Rabbi 28,220-3, 225-6, 236-8, 270-1 Encyclopedia Hebraica 84 Endelman, Todd 426 Engel, David 55,59 Ephraim Hakohen, Rabbi 271 Ephraim ofMiędzybóż 19 Eskeles, Gabriel, of Nikolsburg, Rabbi 237 esoteric writing 343 n.98,352 п.116,442 Esterka, ‘queen’ 110,177
5o6 Index Etkes, Immanuel: background 54 on ba'alei shem 95 onßesht 391,396,423 on Beshtian hasidism 92-3 on ‘God’s servants’ 92 on Habad hasidism 429 on hasidim-mitnagedim relations 96 n.107 on Vilna Gaon 95 Ettinger, Shmuel: background 54,411 onBesht 79,396 on hasidism as social movement 77 on rise of hasidism 73,75 on role ofhasidism 66-7 on social class ofhasidim 78,88 on Ukraine 49 works 43,183 expulsions ofjews 137-8,304 Eyzykowicz, írsz 161 F fairs: meetings ofVa’ad 202 n.5,203 origins ofjewish institutions 23,198, 203 recovery after Gezeirot 154 regional 10,19 Feibish ben Josef, Rabbi 237 Feiner, Shmuel 99,302,426,432 Ferdinandi!, Holy Roman Emperor 206 Fettmilch Rebellion (1613-14) 205-6 Fishman, David 55,426 Fishman, Joshua 52 Fishman-Maimon, Yehudah Leib 43 Fiszel (Fishel), Mojżesz (Moses) 18 Fiszel (Fishel), Raszka (Rachel) 18,115,304 Frankfurt: choosing leadership ofjewish community in 205-11 Council of Fourteen 206-7,208,224 fair 19 Jewish autonomy rights 207,209-10 municipal authorities 207,208 pogrom (1614) 205 relationship ofjewish community with Va’ad 207-11,212,217,223,224,226,227 Frankism 25,70 Frederick William of Prussia 143 Frenk, Azriel N. 50 Friedman, Moshe ben Shalom, Rabbi 269 Friedman, Philip 43 Fuks, Leib 217-18 n.70 G Gal-Ed (journal) 51 Galicia 11,70,79,376,407 Gans, David 142-3 Garncarska-Kadari, Bina 53 Gedaliah ofLinits 400 Gelber, Natan Μ. 43 Gellman, Uriel 98,429,432 Germans in Poland 4,140,186 Germany: centres ofJewish study 58 court Jews 59 Jewish autonomy 186-8 Magdeburg law 186-8 Polish rabbis 265 trade 387 Gershom, Rabbenu 185
Gershon of Kuty (Kutów) 68,86,99,363,419, 421-2 Gezeirot (persecutions of the Jews, 1648-9) 119,151-4,204 Gierowski, Józef 28,57 Glembocky, Jakub 162 Glikl bas Yehuda (Gliickel of Hameln) 291 n.46,324,325 Glucki,Yitshak 254 Goitein, Shlomo Dov 249 Golczewski, Frank 57 Goldberg, Professor Jacob (Jakub) 27,54,129, 146 Golden Freedom (Złota Wolność) 5,7,170 Gomulka, Władysław no Gottlieb, Maurycy 115 Graetz, Heinrich 68 n.15,82,247,411 Green, Arthur 429 Gries, Zeev 54,89,94,297-8,434 Grodno 43,194,196,231,330 Gross, Jan T. 120 Gruenbaum, Yitzhak 43,44 Guesnet, François 58 Gueta, Anat 298 Gutman, Israel 53
Index Guza, Hoszya 161 Gwożdziec synagogue 63,112, J13-14 H Habad: leadership 375,401-2,408-9,429 movement in Russia 97 origins 375 publications 98 Shivhei habesht editions 85,403-5,409,424 viewoftheBesht 401-2,403-4,409 Haduna, Iwan 162 Hagiz, Jacob Israel, Rabbi 258 n.2 Hagiz, Moses ben Jacob, Rabbi: anti-Shabatean campaign 220,223 on Poland as Torah centre 270 on scholar refugees 265,269-70 onVa’ad 202,226Ո.101 Haidemak Uprising (1768) 138 Hakohen, Alexander Suslin, Rabbi 264 Hakohen, Ephraim, Rabbi 271 Hakohen, Jacob, Rabbi 226 Hakohen, Moshe 218 Hakohen, Nehemiah, Rabbi 262-3 Hakohen, Shabetai, Rabbi 265 Halevi, Abraham ben Mordekhai, Rabbi 202 п.4,203-4,209,218-19 Halevi, David ben Samuel, Rabbi 23,130 n.10, 135,262,265,268 Halevi, Isaiah ben David, Rabbi 262 Halevi, Samuel ben David Moses, Rabbi 270 Halevi, Uri Feibish 218 n.70 Halpern, Ben 248 Halpern, Israel: background 54 on hasidism 76 on Jewish autonomous institutions 48,49, 183,388-9 on Jewish and non-Jewish sources 151-2 on Jewish security 129 on pospólstwo 388-9 on Va ad activities 205,207 works 48-9,76 Hamburg 211-12,223-4,226 Hananiah bar Hakhinai, Rabbi 329 n.12,336 Hanover, Nathan: on Dubno during Khmelnytsky Uprising 155-9, 165-6 S07 on Khmelnytsky Uprising 49,134 nn.26 and 27, ԱՅ, 151-Յ, 158 п.3 on Polish learning 261 on Ruthenian peasants 130-1,143 Hasdai,Yaakov 54,92,393 Hasidei Ashkenaz 361-2 hasidism: anti-hasidic writings (Zemir aritsim veharvot tsurim) 371 ba'alei shem 359,360-2,364,365 books explaining hasidism 379-81 Buber s and Scholem’s essentialist approach 70-2 changes in scholarly
perspective 101-2 from circle to court 367-9 circles of hasidim 361-5,367 courts 69-70, 75,77,93,95,97,367-9,371, 374-8,405,429,432-Յ creation of a movement 371-2,382 defining the movement 77-8 devekut (state of divine communion) 82-3, 84,88,91,368 development 25-6,29,32,357,371,381-2,443 Dinurs codicils 70 Dubnow s paradigm 66,68-70,79,86-7,94, 101 early patterns of geographical expansion and leadership 372-7 exploring the meaning of 90-1 harbinger of modernity? 426-7 ‘history’of 91-5 image in Shivhei habesht 398-9 intellectual and psychological infrastructure 379-81 Israeli historiography 39-40,50,65-7,438 Israeli research 73,86-7,87-90 Jewish modernity 357 as a Jewish phenomenon 73 Kaliskers 369-70 Karliner 371,376,401 maturing movement 377-9,382 messianism 70-2,81-2,87,101 Mezhirecher 371,401 modern collective hasidic identity in formation 434-5 modernization and 432-4
5o8 Index hasidism (cont.): new metanarrative of development 442-3 new periodization 427-30 new style of 26,32,357,371,381-2,443 nineteenth and twentieth centuries 61,96-7, 101,427-8,443 opposition 78-80,95-6,369-72,379,401, 443 as part ofJewish modernity 430-1 pietism 32,357,371,381,382,443 portrayals 65 research into origins of 357-8 rise of 73-5 salutary 65-7 social influence of 75-7 sources, new and old 98-9 sources relevant to study of 84-6 spiritual and religious content of 80-4 successor 75 three-generation formative chronology 69, 87, 93,96,101, 429 tsadik figure 72,80,367-8,373,376,378-9, 404 womens roles 302 n.86,379,433 yihus (genealogical pedigree) 378 Haskalah (Enlightenment) : eshet hayil role 290-1 literature 291,293 policy towards women 302 POLIN Museum presentation 117 relationship with hasidism 69,79,97,372, 430 Hayim Haykl ofAmdur 367,376 Hayims, Abraham 220,222 Hayon, Nehemiah 271 Hebrew: documents from Międzybóż 385,388-9 hymn for king of Poland 177 inscriptions 13 Leah Horowitz’s writing 328-9,345,441-2 Megillah recitation 296,347 men’s education 283 (Table 13.1), 287 publishing 24,48, 68,78,298 Shivhei habesht 85, 99,399-400,405,406, 411-13, 415,417-18,410,424-5 signatures 233 sources on Khmelnytsky Uprising 133-4, 151-Յ, 155,161 Tkhine imohos introduction 327,330-1, ՅՅ2-7,342,353, 441 translations from 252,294,330-1,349-50, 405,406,418,420 translations into 33,46,380 womens education 26 Heilperin, David 366Ո.17 Heller, Celia 52 Heller, Yom Tov Lipmann, Rabbi 130,210-11, 212,227,267 Heschel, Abraham Joshua 11,42-3,109,250 Heschel, AbrahamJoshua ofApta
76,376 Heyde,Jurgen 58 Hiliewski, Krzysztof 174 Hillel Ba’al Shem 310-13,359-60,364,395 n.69 Hilman, Samuel 221 historiography: classic works 50 communist 108 feminist 278 hasidic 39-40,5°, 65-6, 98,357,438 Haskalah 426 incorporation of women 277 Israeli 47-50, 65 Jewish 33-4,153/247 Jewish nationalist 426 metahistory 103-4 new 58-9,106,113 POLIN Museum 40 Polish 3,5,30,56,58-9,170 Polish Jewish women 310 Polish Jewry 27,41,228,259-60,278,437 ofviolence 247-8 western 55 Yiddish 45-7 Holocaust: anti-Zionist hasidic activities 67 n.13 Jewish collaboration 62 n.55 memorial books 41-5 POLIN Museum presentation 63 n.57,116 n.39,117,119 Polish role in 63,115-16,120-2 scholars who perished 53 studies of 46 survivors 41-2,46,55 Holtzman, Levi Yitshak 424 Horodezky, Shmuel Abba 85,416-18,419, 420,422
Index Horowitz, Aaron Halevi of Staroszele 375 Horowitz, Isaiah ben Shabetai Halevi of Frankfurt 216 Horowitz, Leah: Aramaicpiyut 337-9» 346-9» 351-2 call for women to move beyond the facilitator role 275» 315 n.21,ՅՅՆ 353» 44i֊z composition of Tkhine imohos 275,315 n.21, 331 conventions upheld and subverted 342-3 esoteric writing 343 n.98,352 Ո.116, 442 family background 328 Hebrew introduction to Tkhine imohos 3327» 34Z matriarchs as agents of salvation 348 publication of Tkhine imohos 327-8 quasi-feminism 347-8 return to convention 349 scholarship 328-30 serving the Yiddish reader 349-51 text of Tkhine imohos 330-1 three assertions 343-6 understated feminism 351-2 Yiddish tkhine 340-2,349-52 Horowitz, Naftali, of Ropshits 376 Hume, David 89 Hundert, Gershon: background 55 on Jewish autonomous institutions 201 on Jewish communal borrowing 231,232 on Jewish security 129 onjews as part of Poland no on origins of hasidism 94-5 on political violence 255 on women in institutional roles 306 works 36,51,55,62,63-4,426 Hurwic-Nowakowska, Irena 115 I ibn Ezra, Abraham 24,333 nn.29,31 ibn Pakuda, Bahya 24 Idel, Moshe 89-90 Isaac ben Aaron of Prossnitz 316 Isaac of Troki 130 Israel ben Eliezer, see Ba al Shem Tov Israel Institute for Advanced Studies (HAS) 33»35 Israel of Ruzhin 97,373-4 509 Israeli: attitudes to Poland no, 115 historiography 47-50,52, 65-6 media portrayal of hasidism 426 n.i POLIN Museum involvement 120 n.56 researchers on hasidism 50, 65-7,68,73, 86 scholars ofJewish history 54-5,87,181 Isseries, Moses, Rabbi: background 264 halakhic influence 261,263,271 POLIN
Museum presentation 115,119-20 on status ofJews in Poland 130,133,136 n.33, 138-9 on women wearing tsitsit 440-1 on women’s participation in public prayer 317» 441 on womens role 298,315 works 24 J Jacob ben Asher 329 Jacob ben Isaac ofJanów 295-6 Jacob Hayim of Lublin, Rabbi 220,222,229 Jacob Isaac of Łańcut 376 Jacob Israel ofKremenets (Dubno Magid) 131 Jacob Joseph of Polonnoye: career 372-3 death 400 Dubnow’s account 68,69 Ettinger s work 78 influence of writings 373 relationship with Magid 372-3, 401 stories in Shivhei habesht 148,400-1,403 Tishby’swork 74 works as source 68,86,99,366 Jadwiga, queen of Poland 3 Jaffe, Mordecai, Rabbi 24 Jakobowicz, Meir 253 Jakubowiczowa, Judyta (Zbytkower) 115, 304-5 Jan Kazimierz, king of Poland 142,152 Jan Olbracht, king of Poland 304 Jan Sobieski, king of Poland 4 Janusz Czetwertyński, Duke 133 Jarosław fair 202 n.5 Jerusalem: Ashkenazi community 218-20 relationship ofJewish community with Va’ad 218-19, 220,224,226
Sio Index Jerusalem (cont.): Sephardi charity emissaries 218-19, 223 Shabateans in 219-20,223,224,226 Jesuit order 234,235 n.30,237,238 Jewish autonomy: dual pillars of 183-6 in Germany 186-8 JudexJudaeorum 187,188-9 in Poland 186-8 relations with Pohsh institutions 200 study of 181 Jewish Historical Institute (Żydowski Instytut Historyczny) 57 Jewish identity 2,176-8,426 Jewish Theological Seminary ofAmerica (JTS) 2, 3, z8,33,330,444 Johnpoll, Bernard 51-2 Josef ofjampol, Preacher ofMiędzybóż 384 Joshua of Peki’in, Rabbi 443 Jossei of Kletsk 361 Judah Hasid, Rabbi 13,219,264 Judah Leib ben Dov Ber (son ofwriter of Shivheihabesht) 418 К kabbalah: ba'alei shem 25,311,360-1 Beshťs activities and teaching 68,100,365, 380-1,394-6,404 Bubers work 71,73,80 in hasidism 71-3,74,80,84,90-1,362-3, 370-1,380-1 Idel's work 90 Katzs work 74 Lurianic 71,74,82-3,89,90,263,380-1 medieval classic 90 miracles 361 in Poland 263 popular books 258 n.z, 359-60 popularity 25,359-60 practical 25,68,282,311,359-61,370-1,401-2 Scholems work 71,72,73,80,82-3 separatist elitist groups 362-3 serious mystical study 360 Torah library 283 (Table 13.1), 329 tsadik s role 72,80,82 womens involvement 282 kahal (communal council, plural kehalim) : appeals against decisions 199 Besht s position 31,392-5 disputes 197,390-1 domestic violence case 252-3 elections 184,389 functionaries 20-1,191,372,384 functioning 181 indebtedness 229-32 Lublin kahal indebtedness 232-40,241-6 Międzybóż kahal 31,252,384,388-95 records 48,193,384,385 regional supra-communal councils 197-8 relationship with hasidism 50,77
relationship with kehilah 183,185,193,195, 196,199, 432 relationship with Polish authorities 146-7, 189-90,193-5,197,199,200 relationship with pospólstwo 388-90 relationship with confraternities (havarot) 20,22,390 relationship with women 309,320,324 relationships between kehalim гг role 21-2 shamash (agent, bailiff, szkolnik) 20 structure 185-6 Kąkolewski, Igor 58 Kálik,Judith 55,58 Kaminska, Ida 112 Kamiński, Andrzej 3,10,27 Kaplan, Yosef 426 Karo, Joseph, Rabbi 24 Katz, Jacob: background 54 on hasidism 74-5,78,411 on Jewish autonomous institutions 48,183, 439 onJewish-Gentile relationships 62,148 on PolishJewry and Ashkenazi Jewry 146 works 48 Katz, Jacob Reis 324 Katz, Judah (Yehudah) ben Nisson, Rabbi 154 п.11,267-8 Katz, Naftali of Frankfurt, Rabbi 237 Katznellenbogen, Abraham, Rabbi 374 Katznellenbogen, Pinhas, Rabbi 313 Kauffman, Tsippi 90,302Ո.86
Index Kazimierz III the Great, king of Poland 110, 177,191 Kazimierz IVJagiellończyk, king of Poland 191 kehalim, see kahal kehilah (individual local community, plural kehilot): after Khmelnytsky Uprising 160 Katzs work 48 relationship with kehalim 183,185,193,195, 196,199,432 relationship with Polish authorities 194,195, 432,439 role 439 Khazars 13Ո.17 Khmelnytsky, Bohdan 5,49,155,157,158,165, 267 Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648-57) (CossackPeasant Uprising) : attacks on Jews 20,23-4,49-50,113,115,119, 138 campaigns 5 catastrophe as divine retribution 258 Dubno during and after the attacks (1648-9) 128,155-8,162,164-5 Gezeirot (persecutions of the Jews, 1648-9) 119,151-4,204 individuals’ attempts to return to normal 163-5 Jewish support for Polish political order 136 n.33,141 Międzybóż destruction 387 new source (protocol book of Dubno municipal council) 158-9 non-Jewish sources for Jewish history 152-4 number ofJews killed 260 n.n partisan sources 151-2 population losses 14 recovery from 137,153,159-60,163,165-6, 182,319 relationship betweenjews and non-Jewish neighbours 132 n.17,133-4 Tulczyn siege 133-4,141,152 Kiev 13,251,386 Kirschenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara 36,52,62,64 Kitzes, Zeev 364,394,395,396,397 Kleinmann, Yvonne 58 Kmita, Jan 259 su Kohn, Tobias 149 Koidonover, Aaron Samuel, Rabbi 213 n.51, 268 Koidonover, Tsevi Hirsch 266 n.42 Kook, Mossad Harav 43 Kopys edition of Shivhei habesht 85,99,383 n.3, 399-400,416,418,419-24 Korczak, Janusz 112 Korzec, Pawel 53-4 Kotik, Yehezkel 292 Kotlun, Abram 161 Kożuchowska, Giti 304,324-5 Kożuchowski, David Todros 304,324-5 Kraków:
archives 48,251 Biblioteka Czartoryskich 27,385 centre ofJewish studies 58 ‘chief community’ 195 communal by-laws 50,184,186,194 expulsion ofJews 304 interactive model 111 Jewish community finances 230,23611.33 Jewish periodicals 111 Jewish population 11 Jewish quarter 135-6 kahal 184,186,390 n.38 ‘newjerusalem’ 259 printing 316 privilege granted to Jews 191-2 rabbinical court 12 royal city 171 royal order to Jewish community 192-3 Torah culture 267-9 women in 321,323,325 women’s books 316 Kronenberg, Leopold 112 Kuhn, Thomas 438 Kus, Józef 233 Kusznierz, Oron 320 Kuty(Kutów) 362,363 L Landau, Moshe 53-4 Landau family in Opatów 255,257 Lanzmann, Claude 120 latifundia: feudal-style 7,15 leasing 19-20,138
512 latifundia (cont.): ownership 170-1 position ofJews 15,19-20,27,30,138 position of kahal 194-5, zoo size of 7,15 women’s roles 305 Leah Horowitz, see Horowitz leasing {arenda) 18,19-20,29,76-7,325,326 Lederhendler, Eli 426 Lefin, Mendel 175,409 Leib, Reb (Besht’s assistant) 384 Leib ben Jacob 237 Leipzig, fair 19 Lejbowiczowa, Feyga 253,305-6,307,325 Lestschinsky, Jacob 43,46 Levi Isaac of Berdichev, Rabbi: career 79,37L374,376 copies ofMagid’s teachings 374,434 on importance ofJewish existence 145 relationship with entire Jewish community 76 works 374 Levine, Hillel 55 Levine, Lee 2 Lewin, Isaac 46 Lewin, Sabina 53 Lewko of Kraków 18 Leybowicz, Feyga, see Lejbowiczowa Leybowicz, Hersz, Rabbi 254,390 Leybowicz family in Bar 254 Leyzerowa,Jenta 162 Liberman, Haim 327,329 n.14 Lida, David, Rabbi 214-18,223,224,226,227 Lithuania: chief communities’ 195,196 hasidism in 76,79, 86, 95,375 history of the Jews 60 Jewish communal indebtedness 232 personal union with Poland (1386) 3 territory 23 Union of Lublin (1569) 3-4,15,107 yeshivas 117 Łódź 10 Loebl, Israel 434 Loew, Judah, Rabbi (Maharal of Prague) 211 Lokacka, Fejga 322 Index Lublin: amount borrowed by kahel 234-6 creditors 234,235,236 (Table 10.1), 237-9, 241-6 (appendix) crisis (1708) 237,240 defacto bankruptcy ofJewish community 13Ճ-9 fairs 23,198 High Tribunal 143 Jewish communal indebtedness 181-2, 2323,239-40 Jewish population 10 loans taken out by kahal 241-6 (appendix) memorial volumes 43 records 232-3 records ofloans to kahal 233 regionaljewish council 198 Regional State Archive 232-3 royal authority over kahal
195 royal city 171,195 St Wojciech Hospital 231 Tribunal Court 237-8 Union of (1569) 4,107 Va’ad meetings 202 n.5,212 Luck 155,171 Luria, Ilya 97 Luria, Isaac (the Ari) 360,363,380-1 Luria, Solomon (Maharshal), Rabbi 261,263, 264,271 Luria, Yehiel ben Abraham, Rabbi 264 Lutzker, Shlomo 380 Luzzatto, Moses Hayim 220,223,225,226 Lwów: ‘chief community’ 195,196 communal indebtedness 236 n.33 fair 269 Jewish population 11 Jewish traders 19 kahal taxation 195 Khmelnytsky Uprising 151-2 POLIN Museum presentation 121 rabbinate 269,271 royal city 171 trade 386 Μ Magdeburg law 21,186-8 Magid of Kozhenits, Israel 376
Index Magid of Mezhirech, Dov Ber: circle/court 367-9,373,376,429 п.9 conduct literature (hanhagot) 419,434-5 death 372,377,428 disciples 368,371,372, 374-6, 380,401,427-8 Dubnow’s account 69,86-7 Etkes s account 92,93 Ettinger’s account 75 Halpern’s account 76 hasidic legend 145 Lutzker’s account 380-1 Rapoport-Albert’s account 93 relationship with Besht 366,401 relationship with Jacob Joseph 372-3,401 response to anti-hasidic activity 371-2 role in hasidism 381, 427-8 son (Abraham the Angel) 373 stories in Shivhei habesht 401 Tishby s account 74 works 86 magnates: aristocratic 7,8,15,18, 27, 30,170-1,385 private towns 172 relationship with Jews 28-9,30,132-3, 137, 141,146,172 relationship with kahal 21 Mahler, Raphael: on hasidism 76,79,411 on Jewish autonomous institutions 183 on Jewish communal indebtedness 236 onmaskilim 79 works 43,45-6,51,278 Maimon, Solomon 138,149,280,361 Maimonides 24,329, ՅՅ6,345 Malakh, Hayim 219 Małopolska 198 Manoszowicz family of Dubno 252 Marcus, Joseph 54 Margolin, Ron 67,90 Margoliot, Meir 78 Margoliot, Zeligben Isaac of Polock, Rabbi 265 Mark, Zvi 98,335Ո.52 market stalls and stores 323-4 Markiewicz home in Bar 254, 257 maskilim: campaign against hasidism 79,406,407,430 SH financial appeals to government 433 hasidism’s struggle with 69 influence ofreform proposals 175 modernization strategy 343 portrayal of‘Cossacks’ 291 portrayal of gender relations 291-2,293 portrayal of Shivhei habesht 408 n.32, 409 n.38,410-11 view of hasidism 65,98,403,430 view of women’s modernization 302 violence against 249 n.7 Maszkiewicz, Bogusław 152 Matthias,
Holy Roman Emperor 205-6 Meir,Jonatan 98,99,424-5 Meir ben Gedaliah of Lublin, Rabbi (Maharam) 255,261 Meir of Szczebrzeszyn 132 n.17,134,141-2,155 Melzer, Emanuel 53-4 memorial books 41-5 Menahem Mendel of Rimanov 376 Menahem Mendel ofVitebsk 368,371, 374-5 Menahem Nahum of Chernobyl (Reb Nahum) 7Գ 373,374 Menasseh ben Israel 260-1, 265 Mendele Mokher Seforim (Sholem Abramovich) 11 Meshulam Zalmen ben Aharon 223 messianism: hasidic approach 70-2,81-2,87,101 Luzzatto case 220,226 metahistory: historiography 39 new Polish Jewish 35-6,107-9, n3 nd, 117-18,122 POLIN Museum 40,106,109,116,118,122, 438 Rosman’s work 27,34,36,41 n.i scholarship versus museum 103-6 Międzybóż: Besht movement in 396-7,443 Besht’šlife 30 Besht’s role in town 31-3,364-6,391-6,429 п.9,442 conflict in the community 390-1 havurah 362 Jewish community 384,387-90 reality of Międzybóż 385-7,442-3
514 Index Międzybóż (cont.): records 30,95,384-5,39б֊7 Rosman’s work 31-3,95,357-8 taxpayers 387 (Table 17.1), 392-3,397 trade 386-7 violence 251,252-5 womens economic activity 324 Miernik, Moshe 255 Mieses, Judah Leib 410 mieszczaństwo (townsmen) 1Ճ7,168,172-3, !75 Minkin, Jacob 102 Mintz, Binyamin 418-19 Mintz, Jerome 419-20 Missaghieh, Michelle 35 mitnagedim: new style of hasidism 382 opposition to hasidism 65,69,93,374-6, 407,414,434 relationship with hasidim 79,95,96 n.107, 249 п.7,302 n.86,370-2 rise of 374 Mondshine, Yehoshua 95,99,420-2,423,424 moneylending: Christian moneylenders 8,18; see also debt(s) ofJewish communities interest 258 Ո.2 Jewish moneylenders 18,19,290 womens role 304,306,321,326 Mordecai (Reb Motele) 374 Mordecai of Lakhovich 376 Moshe of Kuty 362,366 Muslims 8,220 Myers, David 104 N Nadav, Mordechai: on hasidism 79,95 on Jewish community indebtedness 231,232 on recovery ofJewish community after Gezeirot 153-4 use of Polish archival sources 54,152-3,154 works 42,54 Nahman ofBratslav, Rabbi 70,84,377 Nahman ofHorodenka 145,366,377 Nahman of Kosów 362,363,366 Nahmanides 24 Naimark, Meshulam Zalman Mireles, of Hamburg 216 Napieralski, Captain Józef 1 Netzer, Shlomo 53-4 Niemirów 152 Nieśwież 76,318 Nigal, Gedalyah 98 Niger, Shmuel 294 Nimizykowa, Dawidowa 162 nobility (szlachta): correspondence 280 court cases 158 descent 5-6 Golden Freedom (Zlota Wolność) 5,7,170 land ownership 9 loans to 8,321 moneylending 18,230,234,236 (Table 10.1), 241-6 (appendix) political role 5-6,7,167,170-1,188 private towns 172,197 privileges and duties 6,167,168
relationship with Jews 15-16,18,60,62,116, 127,130-4,131 n.14,136,141,171-Յ relationship with Jews during Khmelnytsky Uprising 141-2 relationship with kahal 194-5,200 relationship with townspeople (mieszczaństwo) 128,172-3 religion 8,160.24,143 Rosman’s work 27 see also magnates Norton, Mary Beth 306-7,308 Nosson Noteh, Rabbi 266 О Ognisty, Icko (Yitshak) 254-5 Opatów 198,231-2,255 Oppenheim, David of Prague, Rabbi 220 Orthodox Church 4,8,16,152,387 OrthodoxJudaism 61,97,111,411,422 Ortner, Sherry B. 306,308 Oster, Moshe 362 Ostróg: Jewish community 155 Khmelnytsky Uprising 155-9,165-6 kloyz 361 printing of Shivhei habesht 405,408,412 printing of Tsava’at harivash (The Will ofthe Besht) 419,434
Index rabbinate conflict 78 n.50,364 п.12, 391 п.46, 414 п.52 Ottensen, Jewish cemetery 211-12 P Pardo, Yoshia, Rabbi 213 n.50,214 n.52,225 Panish, Iris: on female modernizing cultural sphere 283 (Table 13.1) on Jewish gender arrangements 275 on matchmaking system 293 n.52 on separate female sphere 286-7, 288 on sources for information about women 280 on women as breadwinners 289-90,291-2, 193 on womens lack of education 289,292-3 on womens power 303 on womens share in traditional culture 284 works 278 Pawlowski, Adam Kazimierz 195 pawnbroking 18 Pearl, widow ofJacob Reis Katz 324 peasants: court cases 158,162 rebellions 5,20,23,49,140-2,151-2 relationship with Jews 18-20,114,132,146, 148,151-2,305 Ruthenian 5,130-1,140,142 serfs 6,7,9 village life 7 Pedaya, Haviva 91,93,429 pedlars 19,307,322-3 Peretz, YitshokLeibush 11,115 Perl,Joseph 79,406-8,409 n.38,410 Petrycy z Pilzna, Sebastian 175 Peysach, bailiff (shamash) of Dubno 160 Piekarz, Mendel 87-90,395,397 Pilsudski, Józef no Pińczów 198,266 Pinhas of Koretz 145-6,366,372-3) 419 Pińsk: ‘chief community’ 196 Jewish population 11 kahal debts 231-2 Khmelnytsky Uprising 132 n.17,153-4,157, 159) 163-4) 166 memorial books 42 515 relationship between hasidim and nonhasidim 79) 95) З72, 374) 376 women arrendators 305 Pinto, Avraham 268 Podole (Podolia) 25,30,198,362,385,388 pogroms 68,116,131,170,173, 205 Poland: anti-Jewish violence 23-4,116,172-3 anti-Jewish violence (1648) 23-4,137 antisemitism, see antisemitism coins 13,384-5 Congress Poland 11,79 Constitution (3 May 1791) 128,167-73, 176-8 emigration of Torah scholars 265-6
feudal system 7,19-20,137-8,142 former Poles 53-4 golden era 107 historians of Polish Jewry 39 history of Polish Jewish women 277-8 Jewish autonomy 183-8,200 Jewish awareness of Polish political culture 142-4 Jewish communal indebtedness 181-2,440 Jewish community 12-14,21-3 Jewish culture 23-7 Jewish ethnocentric expressive hostility 144-5 Jewish hybrid identity 176-8 Jewish institutions 12,60, 63,147,150, 189-91,193-4,197) 2°°) 229;see also Council of Four Lands; kahal Jewish institutions subsumed under Polish regime 191-3 Jewish occupations 18-21,172,290 Jewish-Polish relations 112,116,438-9 Jewish political status 15-17,128,129,169-72 Jewish population (demography) 14 Jewish population (1939) 10-11 Jewish population (post-war) 121 Jewish presence 12-14 Jewish reactions to minority status 140,150 Jewish system of autonomy 183 Jewish treatment of non-Jews 62 Jews’ attitudes towards Poland and interaction with Poles 146-50 Jews as moderate supporters ofpolitical status quo 140-2
516 Index Poland (cont.'): Jews in the Polish economy 17-21 Jews as political symbol 172-3 monarchy 5,167-8, 281 multinational commonwealth 107-9 nobility, see nobility partitions (177Ì-9S) 3-4; 10, 27; 1°7; П7; 144-7; 17I; 228-9, 265 Polish Jewish community 6o, 74,111,113,131, 198,251,260,271 Polish-Jewish relations 29,42,54,59,61, 115-16,127 Polish journals ofJewish studies 58 Polish opinions ofJews 173-6 Polish scholars ofjewish history 56-7,58 private cities and towns 7,15-16,29,168, 170-2,197,232 rabbinic courts 190,199,203, 204 regime s recognition of organized Jewish community 189-90 regional councils (vaadetgelilo!) 23,181,183, 198-9 relationship between authorities and Jewish institutions 193-5,200,439 royal cities and towns 7,16,168,171,197, 232 Second Polish Republic 108 sources for Jewish history 28,31,130,138,181, 383-6; 386,392, 442-Յ status of Polish Jewry 168-70,259-61,271-2 supra-communal institutions 195-9 synagogue architecture 317-18 Third Polish Commonwealth 111 Torah centre 261-5,271,440 Torah culture continues 267-72 trade 9-10,18-19 wojewoda (governor of province) 187,191-4 POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews: antisemitism 115-16 categoricallyjewish, distinctly Polish 112-13 controversies 117-18 core exhibition 36, 62, 63, 106-7, 1°9; 111-12, 115,116,117,118,120 n.56,122 daring enterprise 122-3 Encounters with Modernity Gallery 117 Holocaust Gallery 117 Holocaust not the end ofjewish history in Poland 117 Jewish treatment of Poles 122 Jews in Poland 109-10 Jews of Poland 110-12,127 Legacy Gallery 112,115 metahistory 40,106-7,438 new Polish
Jewish metahistory: a multinational commonwealth 107-9 partition (1772) 171 Polish Jewish history in nineteenth century 117 Polish-Jewish nexus 115-16 Polish role in Holocaust 120-1 Polish story or Jewish story? 118-20 Post-War Years Gallery 117 research fellowships 58 scholarship versus memory 63Ո.57, 103-6 story of achievement and stability 113-15 who is a Jew? 121-2 Polish language 57,111 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, see Commonwealth Pollack, Jacob, Rabbi 26,264,304 Polonne 155,159 Polonsky, Antony 36, 55,62-4,107,130,174 Poniatowski, Count 143 Potok, Chaim 415 Poznań: bishop 9Ո.8 ‘chief community’ 195-6 communal records 48 Jewish community finances 230 Jewish privilege 194 kahal 196,324 loans 230 moneylending 18 Rabbi Lida affair 218Ո.70 regional joint council 196 regional supra-communal council 198 residence rights 320-1 royal city 171 womens roles and rights 306,324 Poznański, Israel 115 Prague 136,210,212 printing: anti-Shabatean activity 219 documents in Lida affair 218 n.70 Holy Epistle 99
Index Humble Addresses of Menasseh ben Israel 260 kabbalah handbooks 359 Maimonides’works 329n.11 memorial books 42 Nahman’s teachings 377 pamphlet literature 169-70 PolishJewish history 50 Shivhei habesht 85,99,399-400,403-6, 408-9,411,412-13,416,418-22,424,434-5 spread of 24-5,263,308,315 Talmud dispute 223,225, 226 Tkhine imohos 327-8,330,333,353 women’s studies 316 Yiddishbooks 294,298,315-16 privileges: city and town privileges not to tolerate Jews 14,114,172 Cossack 143 Jewishprivilegia 13-14,15,16-17, 21,24,127, 136 n.33,137,171-2,176,184,186-94,206, 251,260 п.11 municipal 7 negated by pacts i-, , 127,171-2,176 noble 6, 167, 168, 1”2 religious restrictions 8 Prochownik, Abraham 110 Proops family, printers in Amsterdam 223 Protestants 4,8-9,16, 318 n.29,344 n.99 Pstrokonsky, Krzysztof 162 Pulaski, Casimir 1 Purkes, David 364,394,395,397 R Raižei bat Heschel 328 Raphael of Bershad 419 Rapoport-Albert, Ada 93-6, 302 n.86,428 Rashi 297,328,333 n.29,337 nn.66 and 70,347 RavAha 334,352 Rava 336-7 Reiner, Elchanan 54,297,400 Ringelblum, Emanuel 115 Ritfin, Yisrael, see Rubinowicz, Izrael Rivkah bat Gershon 255 Rivkah bat Meir Tiktiner 300 n.78,331 n.19 Rivkes, Moses, Rabbi 135 n.30,268 Rosaldo, Michelle Z. 282 517 Rosanes, Judith 327,330 0.15 Rosh Hodesh 327,338 n.71,346,348 Rosman, Moshe: childhood and education 1-2,55 Founder ofHasidism 30-3,95,358 How Jewish Is Jewish History? 33-4 The Lords'Jews 28,29-30,32 metahistory 27, 34,36,41 n.i methodology 443-4 research on hasidism 33 studies at Columbia 3-4,10,444 studies at JTS 2-3,28, 33, 444 work on core exhibition of POLIN
Museum 106-7 work on hasidism 33,357 work on Jewish women’s history 35,299 n.75, 440 work on new Polish Jewish narrative and metanarrative 28,36 Rotenberg, Mordecai Zyskind 233,234 Roth, Drezl and Tevele 320-1 Rubinowicz, Izrael (Yisrael Ritfin) of Rytwiany (Ritfin) 28,271 Rubinstein, Avraham: analysis of Shivhei habesht 85,412 edition of Shivhei habesht 99,422-3 editions of maskilic writing on hasidism 80 on hasidism 74, 88,411 Rubinstein, Helena 112 Ruehl, widow of Oron Kusznierz 320 Ruderman, David 426 Russia 4-5,13,27,58,97 Ruthenian peasants 5,130-1,140,142 S Sa’adyah Gaon 24 Sachnik, Moshe 254 Sagiv, Gadi 97,429 Samuel, son of Hayim Haykl 376 Samuel, stepson of Besht 365,393, 394 Sapszaiowicz, Hersz 162 Sarmatism 6,167 Savra, Jacob, Rabbi 263 Schatz-Uffenheimer, Rivka 80, 83-4,88,91 Schenirer, Sara 112 Schiper, Ignatz 278 Schneersohn, Yosef Yitshak 424
518 Index Scholem, Gershom: on accessible devekut 82-3 approach to hasidic stories 84-5 attack on Buber 71 n.21,72 n.29, So changes in position on hasidism 80-2 debate over essence of hasidism 80-1,91 on hasidic ‘neutralization’ of messianism 81, 82 on hasidic opposition to Besht 78-9 on hasidism 39,70-3,75,87, 88,411 Idel’s critique of 89 on paradoxes at the heart of hasidism 91,101 Piekarz’s critique of 87-8 on relationship of hasidism with Shabateanism 71-2,73,74 nn.33 and 34 view of Besht’s ‘movement’ 86,396 Schorr, Mojżesz 278 Schorsch, Ismar 3 Schossburg, Gabriel 142,258 ո.շ, շ68 n.48 Scots in Poland 4,140,186 n.10 Scott, Joan W. 285-6 Segal, Samuel ben Issachar Ber 418 Segal, Yisakhar Berish 221 Segal-Horowitz, Mordecai, Rabbi 328 Segal-Horowitz, Yokel ben Meir, Rabbi 328 Seidman, Naomi 294 Sejm: abolition ofJewish national councils (1764) 131,199 Constitution (1791) 167-8,171,173,177-8 debates overJews 169-70,173,175-6 dietines (Sejmiki) 6,143,197 Four Year, Great 127,169,175,176,178 Jewish lobbying 143 Jewish role in political drama 171,173 legislation favourable to Jews 145 legislative activity 6 membership 5, 6 non-voting observers 7 religious policy 9 restrictions on powers of king 5 role 5 Sered, Susan 299Ո.75 serfdom 6,7,9,19-20,137,167 service occupations 18,20 Shabateanism: apocalyptic messianism 70,71,360 ban suggested 220,226 extent in Poland 25 Hakham Tsevi’s position 271 Jerusalem hasidim 219-20,223,224,226 Rabbi Lida affair 215 relationship with hasidism 50,71-2,73-4, 88-90,94,101,370,371 Shabetai ben Binyamin, Rabbi 328 Shabetai Hakohen 142,144
Shabetai Tsevi 25,119,212,262-3 Shachar, Yeshayahu 77 Shakhna, Shalom, Rabbi 264,373 Shapira, Anita 249 Shatzky, Jacob 43,45-6,64,152 Shekhinah 334,335,338,348 Shimon bar Yohai, Rabbi 332,347 n.104,380-1, 402 Shivhei habesht: Berdyczów text 400,416 п.61, 418,424 on Besht’s activities 391,394 on Besht’s dealings with Christians 383-4 Besht’s group in 395-6 compiler 360 Dubnow’s view of 68,85 editions of 99,398,406,408,411,415-25 formation of collection of tales 399-401 hagiography 358,397,413,422,423,424,425 hasidic ambivalence 408-9,410-11 impact of 398-9,405-8,414-15 inspiration of hasidism 414-15 Kopys text 85,99,399-400,416,418,419-24 manuscript versions 85,99,358,402,404, 408,413,416,418,420-1,422,423,424 maskilic attacks 407-8,409-11 miracle stories 398,402-3,404-7,417,423 modern scholarship on 411-13 new critical assessment 442 new research approaches 413-14 objectives 358,402-3,404-5,408 Ostróg-Koretz Yiddish translation 85,99, 412,421,422,423,424 popularity 398-9,408-11,414-15 presentation of non-Jews 148 printer’s book 403-5 printing history 50,85-6,99,358,399-400, 403-5,406,408,411 protagonists 373 Scholems use of 78,85
Index 519 as source 86,99,383-4,386,397,398-9, 414,442 on status of Besht 364 on status of Międzybóż 386 story of Polish learning 270 ur-text 40,8s n.71,99,412,413,423, 424 writer s objectives 401-3,408 Shiomi, Hannah 53 Shmeruk, Chone: background 54 on cultural history, 54 on hasidism 76-7,392,411 memorial book 43 work on Shivhei habesht 85,412 on Yiddish books 298 Shneur Zalman of Lyady: court 375 founder of dynasty 70,375 founder of Habad 375,403,429 imprisonments 79 interrogation by Russian police 401-2,427 knowledge of Besht 401-2,404 knowledge of stories in Shivhei habesht 408 relationship with Vilna Gaon 371 Shohet, Azriel 42 Shore, Marci 58 shtetl 11-12,14,65,109-10,319 Shulman, Nisson 250 Shulman, Victor 46 Sieniawska, Elżbieta 305-6 Sieniawski family 27,30 Sima, tavern-keeper 322 Simon of Lubtsch 361 Sirkes, Joel, Rabbi: on concerns forJewish safety 135-6,138 halakhicrole 261,263 on Jewish relationships with non-Jews 130, Sorkin, David 426,435 Stampfer, Shaul: background 55 on female traditional cultural sphere 283 (Table 13.1), 284 on Khazars 13Ո.17 on loss ofJewish population in Gezeirot 154 on separate female cultural sphere 285-7, 293,303,308 on visibility ofwomen in statistics 279 on women’s place in hasidism 302 n.86 works 275,278 Stanislaw August Poniatowski, king of Poland 145,177, 3°5 Stanislaw I Leszczyński, king of Poland 143 Stefan Batory, king of Poland 145,198 Steffen, Katrin 58 Stern, Eliyahu 426 Sternhartz, Natan 377 Stone, Daniel 10 Strauss, Leo 352 п.116,442 Sysyn, Frank 141 Szapocznikow, Alina 112 Szejna, widow ofAbramko 320 Szkietianka, Kaskia
162 Szymszyc, Devorah 305,307,325 Szymszyc, Eliezer 305 134 on womens dress 323 Skarga, Piotr 110 Skratta, Herman 164 Snyder, Timothy 57 Solidarność 117 Solomon ben Meir of Karlin 372,376 Solomon Ephraim ofLuntshits, Rabbi 336 n.63,440-1 Sonenberg-Bergson, Temerei 279 n.6,302 n.86, 379 342 printing 223 quoted 249-50,296,334,336,342,443 scholars 263,290,362 on women and unlearned men 347 Tamir, Nahman 42 Tarnopoler family in Międzybóż 252,256 taverns: keeping 20,391 leasing 19,20 women tavern-keepers 291 n.46,292,321-2 T Taku, Moses ben Hasdai, Rabbi 263 Tal, Uriel 248 Talmud: Besht s knowledge of 410 confraternity 314 on gender division of labour 315 laymens understanding 297 n.70 Leah Horowitz s knowledge of 328,337 n.66,
520 Index Teller, Adam 58,95,129,429,432 Temeri, wife of Leib 321,323 Teomim, Aaron, Rabbi 269 Teomim, Moses ben Aaron ofWorms, Rabbi 216 Teter, Magdalena 35,58 Tishby, Isaiah 74,81,84,87 Tkhine imohos: Aramaic piyut 331,337-9,346-9 authorship 328-30 conclusion 353 Hebrew introduction 331,332-7,342-6,353 text 327,330-1 Yiddish tkhine 331,340-2,349-52 tkhines (topical supplicatory prayers): authorship 289,301 collection in JTS library 330 'female' genre 330,345 n.102 literature 279,288 on matriarchs 275,327 n.2 formen 288 pubheations 25, 300,316 recitation 289,316,318,327 n.2,342 referencing kabbalah 317 subjects 290 n.41,299,301-2,316,327 n.2,352 women’s liturgy 276,279,289,301,318 womens reading 25,300 Torah culture 182,263-4,266,267,271-2 Tosafists 263 trade 9-10,18-19,390 Trunk, Isaiah 43,46 tsadik, tsadikim: access to 75 career 93 charismatic 72,80 compared with Polish nobility 95 courts 367-8,375-6,378,432-3 doctrine of 91 donations to 367,433 dynasties 378 Habad 375 magic 90 miracle-workers 376,404-5 Piekarz s view 89 pubheation of teachings 380-1 relationship with community 77,92 relationship with female devotees 302 n.86, 433 role 66, 367-8,373,376-7, 378-9,432 Schatz-Uifenheimer s view 83-4 Scholems view 82,83 state of divine communion (devekut) 82-3, 91 stories about Besht 136-7,4°3~5 wives and widows 379 Tsevi Hirsch ben Jacob, Rabbi (Hakham Tsevi Ashkenazi) 202 n.4,236 n.35,237,269,271 Tsevi Hirsch of Zhidachov 376 Tsevi Hirsh, scribe of Besht 365, 392-3,394 Tsevi Hirsh, son of Besht 365,392,394,399 Tulczyn 133-4,141,152 Tuwim, Juhan 112 U Ukraine: ba’alei shem
310-11,359,365,395 n.69 Besht’s role 365 Council of Four Lands 23,201 ‘darkness and superstition 410 eastern 4,5 economic violence 253 hasidism 70,86,373-4,377,386 Jewish communities 13 Jewish population (1648-9) 154 Jewish studies 58 Jewish traders 19 Khmelnytsky Uprising 5,134,151-2,154-5, 267-8 Międzybóż status 386 Polish annexation 15 Ruthenian peasants 130-1,140,142,143 Shivhei habesht collection 400,403 status ofJews 49 western 4 Underhill, Karen 57 Urbach, Ephraim 248 UriofStrehsk 376 Ury, Scott 55,58 V Va ad Arba Aratsot, see Council of Four Lands Va’ad Medinat Lita, see Council of the State of Lithuania Vilna: bishop 9Ո.8 chief community’ 196
Index kahal debts 231 mitnagedim 79,374,407 opposition to hasidism 95,369-71,374,434 return of refugees 268 YIVO 47 Vilna Gaon (Elijah ben Solomon Zalman): on girls’ behaviour 313-14 relationship with hasidim 79,95,369-71, 443 wife (Hannah) 313-14,315 on womens dress 318 violence: analysis ofJewish violence 256-7, 440 assaults by powerful Jews 254 conventional research on Jews and violence 247-50,257 corporal punishment administered by the official Jewish community 248 domestic 252-3 economic 253-4 Jewish self-defence against Gentile attacks 248 Jewish self-image 249-50 Jewish sources 251 Jews as victims 247-8 minor altercations 253 murder 255,373 pogroms 68,116,131,170,173,205 political 254-5 rape 255,256 researching violence within the Jewish community 250-2 routine violence 249 serious altercations 253 typology ofviolence in Polish Jewish communities 251-5 verbal 251-2 womens roles 256-7 Vishniac, Roman 43,52 W Wahl, Saul 110,145 Walden, Aaron 409 Wałęsa, Lech no Warsaw: Centre for Jewish Studies 57,58 Confederation of (1573) 8 SU Duchy of 305 history ofJewish community 45 Jewish community 177 Jewish municipal rights issue 170,173,176 Jewish population 10 memorial books 43,44 opposition to Jewish enfranchisement 176 pogrom (1790) 170,173 POLIN Museum, see POLIN Museum Sejm 143,169 synagogue 111,112 Wasserzug, Moshe 147 Weeks, Theodore 57 Weinreich, Max 294 Weinryb, Bernard Dov 48,50,52,129,146, 278 Weiss, Joseph 74,82-3,88,92 Weissler, Chava: earlier work 279 n.8,284-5, 287,289, 294,303 later work 279 n.8, 288-9,303 on authorship of tkhines 289 n.37 on female empowerment
303,308 on female traditional cultural sphere 283 (Table 13.1), 284 on ‘the intellectual middle class’ 297 n.70 on ‘men who are like women 296,298 on separate female and male cultural roles 288-9 on separate female and male spheres 275, 284-5, *87 on tkhines 279,289,299 n.75,301-2 on women’s attitude to gender hierarchy 303 on women’s use ofYiddish literature 279, 294, 296 rejection of‘additive’ history and Tierstory’ 280-1 ‘transformative’ approach 282 works 278 Werses, Shmuel 99 Western scholars 55-6 White, Hayden 103-4,118 Wielkopolska 198 Wilenski, Polish administrator 395 Wilensky, Mordecai 79 Winik, Aharon 251 Wischnitzer, Mark 43 Wissenschaft des Judentums 65 Władysław ГѴ, king of Poland 144
522 Index WładysławJagiełło, Grand Duke 3 Włodawa, 48 Wodziński, Marcin 57,58,60,173,419-30 Wojeński,Jan 133 Wolchko of Lwów 18 Wołyń 155,198,310,376,386 women: books for 25,276,279 discovering information about 279-80,440 divorcees 290,320-1 dress 300,318,323,335 early Yiddish literature 294-8 economic agency 321-4,440 economic status 319-21 education 26,111,284,287,289,314,31Ó-17 eshet hayil arrangement 289-92 facilitators, observers, and performers 298-302,308,326 feminine ideal 313-15,325-6 gender boundary 35, 275,288-9,193-4,299, 308-9,311-131326,344,441-2 gender hierarchy 286-7,289,292 n.49,293, 303,308,326,342,441 gender stereotypes 275,310-13,441-2 health problems 312-13 implications of separate spheres 284-7,308 invisibility in sources? 279 literacy 286,287,295 literature accessible to 315-17,326 male and female cultural spheres in Jewish eastern Europe 282-4 (Table 13.1), 308 matriarchs 275,327 n.2,332, ՅՅ8-41,345, Յ46, 348,350-1 mitsvot 345Ո.103 occupations 291-2,321-4,326 participation in religious life 25,275-6,440 powerful 302-8,324-5 problematics of separate spheres discourse 287-94 reading 26,276,284,295-6,314,340,408 religious agency 276,440 religious obhgations 345,352 restrictions on 307,440 restructuring the historical narrative 280-4 retrieval from memoirs 280 role of 35,275,325-6,353 role in hasidism 302 n.86,379,433 stereotypes 298-9,343 synagogue presence 317-19,326,335,343-5 tkhines (topical supplicatory prayers), see tkhines Torah discourse 343-4 ‘transformative’ approach 282 virginity 314-15 visibihty in statistics 279-80 widows
290,304,306,319-20,322,324-5, 326,379 women of power? 302-8 womens section (ezrat nashim) in synagogues 25,276,300,317 World Zionist Organization 49 Wransowicz, Mikołaj 19 Wroclaw 12,19,57,58 Wynot, Edward 57 Wyszyński, Cardinal Stefan 1 Y Ya'ari, Avraham 85,411,412 Yacobson, Yoram 90 Yehiel Mikhel, son-in-law of Besht 365,392, 394 Yehudah Leib Mokhiah 362 Yerushalmi, Yosef Hayim 2 n.2,63 n.57 Yiddish: books on halakhic and cultural duties of women 300,314,316-17 decline 46-7,61 early literature—women s or men s? 289, 293,294-8,299 education ofgirls 26 fiction 11,300 first-known book 24-5 historiography in 45-7 kabbalistic books 25,360 language in Poland 13,24,127 Leah Horowitz s prayer 327,330-1,340-2, 345,346-7,349-52 literary revolution 298 hterature 279,289,293 literature for women 276,279,300,315-17, 326 Magid s oral teachings 380 number ofpublications 298 prayers for women 300
Index publications 25,51 publications for uneducated 296-7,308 sources in 98,152,385,389 tkhines 327 n.2,332 п.21,352 translations from 47 translations into 25,360 translations oiShivhei habesht 40,85,99, 405,406,408,411,412,413,415,421-4 Tsenah urenah (so-called Yiddish ‘Womens Bible) 294,295)315-16,329,350-1 women readers 25,276,287 Yitshak ofDrohobycz 362,366 YIVO Annualfor Jewish Social Science 47 YIVO Bieter 47 YEVO Encyclopedia ofJews in Eastern Europe 36, 62-3,106 Yllina, Rywka 162 Yoife, Yisrael 400,403-6,409,412,416,417 Z Zabrzeski, Prince Piotr 19 Zak, Jacob, Rabbi 271 513 Zaltzman, Shlomo 291 n.46 Zamoyski, Jan no Zanser, Hayim 362 Zaslaw 155,156,157 Zbiegnowski, Marcin 160 Zbytkower, Szmul 302 n.86,304-5 Zienkowska, Krystyna 173 Zinberg, Israel 50,265,295 Zion, journal 31 Zionism: historians in Israel 47,49 POLIN Museum presentation 120 view ofJewish autonomous institutions 52, 181 view of Shabateanism 74 n.34 views of hasidism 67 n.13,73,426 views ofJewish violence 248,257 Zohar 25,317,329,334,335) 369 Żółkiew 151,196,267,359 Zygmunt I, king of Poland 15,192,197-8 Zygmunt III, king of Poland 143,145 Zygmunt II August, king of Poland 198 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| spelling | Rosman, Moshe 1949- Verfasser (DE-588)172654289 aut Categorically Jewish, distinctly Polish Polish Jewish history reflected and refracted Moshe Rosman London Liverpool University Press 2022 xix, 523 Seiten Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization Geschichte 1500-1800 gnd rswk-swf Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen-Litauen (DE-588)1060577984 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Polen-Litauen (DE-588)1060577984 g Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Geschichte 1500-1800 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033220285&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033220285&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033220285&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Rosman, Moshe 1949- Categorically Jewish, distinctly Polish Polish Jewish history reflected and refracted Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4046496-9 (DE-588)1060577984 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Categorically Jewish, distinctly Polish Polish Jewish history reflected and refracted |
| title_auth | Categorically Jewish, distinctly Polish Polish Jewish history reflected and refracted |
| title_exact_search | Categorically Jewish, distinctly Polish Polish Jewish history reflected and refracted |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Categorically Jewish, distinctly Polish Polish Jewish history reflected and refracted |
| title_full | Categorically Jewish, distinctly Polish Polish Jewish history reflected and refracted Moshe Rosman |
| title_fullStr | Categorically Jewish, distinctly Polish Polish Jewish history reflected and refracted Moshe Rosman |
| title_full_unstemmed | Categorically Jewish, distinctly Polish Polish Jewish history reflected and refracted Moshe Rosman |
| title_short | Categorically Jewish, distinctly Polish |
| title_sort | categorically jewish distinctly polish polish jewish history reflected and refracted |
| title_sub | Polish Jewish history reflected and refracted |
| topic | Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Juden Polen Polen-Litauen Aufsatzsammlung |
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