Russian "hybrid warfare" and the annexation of Crimea: the modern application of Soviet political warfare
"Western academics, politicians, and military leaders alike have labelled Russia's actions in Crimea and its follow-on operations in Eastern Ukraine as a new form of "Hybrid Warfare." In this book, Kent DeBenedictis argues that, despite these claims, the 2014 Crimean operation is...
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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London ; New York ; Oxford, New Delhi ; Sydney
Bloomsbury Academic
2022
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Summary: | "Western academics, politicians, and military leaders alike have labelled Russia's actions in Crimea and its follow-on operations in Eastern Ukraine as a new form of "Hybrid Warfare." In this book, Kent DeBenedictis argues that, despite these claims, the 2014 Crimean operation is more accurately to be seen as the Russian Federation's modern application of historic Soviet political warfare practices-the overt and covert informational, political, and military tools used to influence the actions of foreign governments and foreign populations. DeBenedictis links the use of Soviet practices, such as the use of propaganda, disinformation, front organizations, and forged political processes, in the Crimea in 2014 to the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 (the "Prague Spring") and the earliest stages of the invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. Through an in-depth case study analysis of these conflicts, featuring original interviews, government documents and Russian and Ukrainian sources, this book demonstrates that the operation, which inspired discussions about Russian "Hybrid Warfare," is in fact the modern adaptation of Soviet political warfare tools and not the invention of a new type of warfare." |
| Physical Description: | xvi, 262 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte |
| ISBN: | 9780755639991 9780755640034 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a "Western academics, politicians, and military leaders alike have labelled Russia's actions in Crimea and its follow-on operations in Eastern Ukraine as a new form of "Hybrid Warfare." In this book, Kent DeBenedictis argues that, despite these claims, the 2014 Crimean operation is more accurately to be seen as the Russian Federation's modern application of historic Soviet political warfare practices-the overt and covert informational, political, and military tools used to influence the actions of foreign governments and foreign populations. DeBenedictis links the use of Soviet practices, such as the use of propaganda, disinformation, front organizations, and forged political processes, in the Crimea in 2014 to the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 (the "Prague Spring") and the earliest stages of the invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. Through an in-depth case study analysis of these conflicts, featuring original interviews, government documents and Russian and Ukrainian sources, this book demonstrates that the operation, which inspired discussions about Russian "Hybrid Warfare," is in fact the modern adaptation of Soviet political warfare tools and not the invention of a new type of warfare." | |
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Contents List of figures Foreword Acknowledgements Notes on the text List of abbreviations Map of Crimea with key locations ix x xiii xiv xv xvii 1 Introduction Structure of the book Case study selection Brief historical overviews of the case studies Key sources 1 2 4 7 11 2 Security environment theories Counter-revolution theory Evolution of Russian security perceptions Colour revolution theory Parallels between the theories The connection between the theories and state warfare practices Soviet political warfare 17 18 23 27 31 44 48 3 Informational tools Control of the domestic media Control of the target country’s media Propaganda 55 56 69 76 95 Dezinformatsia 4 Political tools Collaborators within foreign political parties and foreign governments Manufacturing the political process Invasion invitation 113 114 131 157
viii Contents 5 Military tools Maskirovka Threat of increased hostilities Negotiations 165 166 188 197 6 Conclusion 207 References Index 213 257
Index Note: some page numbers are in bold to annotate the most significant content of the specific entry. Abkhazia 210. See also Georgia active measures 52-4,96,167 Afghanistan Commission 23,174,184 agents of influence 53,151-5 Aksyonov, Sergey creation of Crimean Tatar media 75 fellow collaborators 124-6,129 referendum 130,139-41,145,147 Russian Unity 122-3 selection as prime minister 144-5 on US involvement in Ukraine 37 Alfa. See Euromaidan, SBU; special operations forces, SBU; Spetsnaz All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company. See VGTRK Amin, Hafizullah death 185-6 on foreign interference in Afghanistan 38 requests for Soviet assistance 160-1, 172, 174-5,185 ‘Revolutionary Tribunal’ 71,135 Soviet denials of involvement in his death 101 Soviet suspicions 23, 36, 78, 81,119 Andrew, Christopher 12 Andropov, Yuri. See also Afghanistan Commission active measures 53 Afghanistan 36,120 counter-revolution theory 20-1,26,35 Czechoslovakia 108,127, 158, 194 development of political warfare 4 and Fifth Chief Directorate 42 samizdat 60 Anonymous International 65 n. 1,66 Arab Spring 29, 32, 37 Baltic States 210 Bandera, Stepan 83-4, 97,98-9 Barron, John 13 Belarus 30,211 Belaventsev, Oleg 130,144,147 Berezovsky, Denis 201, 203 Berkut 39, 86,186-7 Biľak, Vasil 117֊ 18,127,131 -3, 158, 159 Bittman, Ladislav 13-14, 42, 77,107 Black Sea Fleet (Russia). See under military units (Russia) Bogdanov, Sergey 30-1, 32, 35, 37-8, 47-8 bratstvo 168-82 Brezhnev, Leonid Afghanistan 120,135,161 counter-revolution theory 35 Czechoslovakia 8, 69, 85,100,109, 131-2 ‘invasion
invitations’ 158 Moscow Protocol 198-9 case study selection 4-7 Central Intelligence Agency Barron, John 13 dezinformatsia 97-8,104 Military Thought 14 Neman 193 Penkovsky, Oleg 14 Soviet suspicions of Amin 36, 78,119 Chaly, Alexey 125-6,129,130 Cheka 41-2,96 Chekinov, Sergey 30-1, 32, 35, 37-8, 47-8 Chervonenko, Stepan 117-18,132-3, 171,189 CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency
258 Cold War International History Project 12 Collective Security Treaty Organization 34,55 colour revolution theory 27-48 Committee for State Security active measures 52-3 and Amin 36,81 communist parties (foreign) 115-16 counter-revolution theory 19-20,42 dezinformatsia 96-8,104-5,107 Fifth Chief Directorate 42-3,60 First Chief Directorate 52 Katyn Forest 99 operation Khodoki 108 operation Progress 108 propaganda 77, 79-80, 91-2 samizdat 59-60 and Ukrainian nationalists 83-4 Communist International (Comintern) 51,116 communist parties (foreign) 114-20 Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (CPCz) background 7-8,116 bratstvo 170 collaborators with Soviet Union 117-18 counter-revolution theory 33 Presidium session (20 August 1968) 131-4,160 in propaganda 85 threat of increased hostilities 189-90 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) active measures 52-3 agents of influence 152 bratstvo 169 counter-revolution theory 33,42 foreign communist parties 114-19 front organizations 156 propaganda 57-8, 77,91-2 Communist Party of the United States 115-16 counter-revolution theory 18-23,31-45 CPCz. See Communist Party of Czechoslovakia CPSU. See Communist Party of the Soviet Union CPUSA. See Communist Party of the United States Index CSTO. See Collective Security Treaty Organization CWIHP. See Cold War International History Project Czechoslovak People’s Army 169-71, 189-90, 194,195 Czechoslovak State Security 107,109, 117,132-3,170 CzPA. See Czechoslovak People’s Army ‘democratization’ 33-4 dezinformatsia 95-110 denials 99-103 forgeries 103-6 through the use of agents 106-10 disguised
forces 39,107-10,127,182-8. See also ‘little green men’; ‘polite people’; ‘self-defence forces’ disinformation. See dezinformatsia Donbas 5,210 Dost, Shah Mohammad 90,101 Dozhd 65,68-9 Dubček, Alexander and counter-revolution theory 22 key events 8 Moscow Protocol 198-200 night of invasion 70,132-3 reaction to invasion 169,188,190 and Soviet collaborators 117-18,127, 158-60 Sumava 193-5 Durov, Pavel 67 Dzúr, Martin 170,188-9,195 EODE. See Eurasian Observatory for Democracy and Elections ethnic Russian policies. See political parties; propaganda Eurasian Observatory for Democracy and Elections 155-7 Euromaidan background 10-11 in colour revolution theory 29, 32, 39,40-1 Crimean Tatars 139 Pravy Sektor 82-3 in Russian media 66-7,78,81,87, 95, 99 SBU Alfa 202-3 VKontakte 67
Index European Union 10, 36-7,78, 106,130 EU. See European Union exercises (military) 193-7 FBI, See Federal Bureau of Investigation Fedash, Yuri 179,193,201, 204 Fedchenko, Yevhen 63, 66, 79, 81,105 Federal Bureau of Investigation 13,116 Federal Security Service in Crimea 125,140,144, 200-1 Directorate of Constitutional Security 43 NGO law 44 VKontakte 67 Fedotenkov, Alexander 130,144, 202 fraternal ties 6-7,114,160. See also bratstvo front organizations 155-7 FSB. See Federal Security Service General Directorate for the Protection of State Secrets in the Press 59 Georgia Rose Revolution 25-7 Russo-Georgian War 6,26,86,210 Gerasimov, Valery 6,27-30,45-7 ‘Gerasimov Doctrine’ 46 Girkin, Igor 143,145 Glavlit. See General Directorate for the Protection of State Secrets in the Press Glazyev, Sergey 129-30 and Aksyonov, Sergey 147 and Chaly, Alexey 125 denial of Russian involvement 102 Ukraine EU agreement 10 on US and EU interference in Ukraine 36-7,41 Glukhov, Dmytro 176,179,192 Golovashenko, Yuri 204-5 Gonchar, Mykhailo 45,140 Goncharenko, Petr 180-1,201-4 Gorbachev, Mikhail 23-4,60, 99 Gordievsky, Oleg 12 Grach, Leonid 122,125-6,143-5 Grom. See Spetsnaz Gromov, Alexey 63, 65-6 Gromyko, Andrei 22-3, 39, 90,101,186. See also Afghanistan Commission GRU. See Main Intelligence Directorate 259 Hayduk, Serhiy 190-1, 204 Hoffmann, Karel 70 Hungary active measures department 96 military exercises in Czechoslovakia 193-5 1956 revolution and Soviet invasion 4, 20-1, 32, 80, 84-5 and Radio Free Europe 92-3 hybrid warfare 1-3, 5, 27, 31, 45-6, 48. See also colour revolution theory;
political warfare ideological subversion. See counter revolution theory Indra, Alois 117-18,131 -4,158-60 Inform Napalm 186-7 Internet Research LLC (Internet Research Agency LLC) 94-5 ‘invasion invitation’ 157-64 Izvestia 57-8,62-3,108,127,195 Kanaliuk, Marina 181,190,192, 201, 204 Karmal, Babrak 119-20 and‘disguised forces’ 183,186 public statements 71,81 ‘revolutionary tribunal’ 134-6 Kazakhstan 210-11 Kennan, George 19,48,50 KGB. See Committee for State Security Khrushchev, Nikita 14, 79,98 Kirillov, Oleksii 102,150,179, 200, 202-3 Kiselyov, Dmitry 62, 64, 66,78, 86 Kolder, Drahomír 117-18,132-3,158, 160 Konstantinov, Vladimir 123-4,125-6, 128-9, 139-40,143-7 Kosygin, Alexei 22, 38,169,184,199 Kyrgyzstan 27,211 Lavrov, Sergey 32, 36,101 Lenárt, Jozef 117-18 Lenin, Vladimir 50-1, 55, 57, 59,182-3 Lenta.ru 15,65-6,181 n.3 ‘little green men’. See also disguised forces; ‘polite people’; ‘self-defence forces’ and Crimean Rada seizure 140-3 as denial tactic 101-3 identity 177, 180, 182, 186-7
260 use of term Index 68, 89 Maidan. See Euromaidan Main Intelligence Directorate 14, 67, 167,183. See also Spetsnaz maskirovka 166-8,169-97 Mazurov, Kirill 127,133,145 media awards to 68-9 control of domestic 56-67 control of target country’s 69-76 Meduza 15,181 n.3 Medvedev, Dmitry 10, 86, 95 Menyailo, Sergey 126,130,204 Meshkov, Yuriy 120-1 Military Thought 14-15,30 military units (Russia). See also Main Intelligence Directorate; Spetsnaz Black Sea Fleet 10, 72,74,101-2, 124, 175-7,179 Airborne Forces 102-3,179-80 810th Naval Infantry Brigade 177 382nd Naval Infantry Battalion 1778, 204 31st Separate Guards Air Assault Brigade 180,186 41st Missile Boat Brigade 179 Ivanovets 179 military units (Soviet Union). See also Main Intelligence Directorate; Spetsnaz Airborne Forces 71,100,158,172, 184,194 military units (Ukraine). See also special operations forces Admiral Nakhimov Naval Academy 180-1, 201 -4 First Separate Naval Infantry Battalion 176,178, 200, 203, 204 First Surface Ships Brigade 176,179, 192 Fifth Surface Ships Brigade 177, 201, 203-4 501st Separate Naval Infantry Battalion 177,204-5 Tenth Naval Aviation Brigade 178,179 36th Coastal Defence Brigade 204-5 Slavutych 179 Ternopil 150,179,200 MI6 1,12-13 Mitrokhin, Vasili 12 Mohyliov, Anatolil 124,128,139,141-2, 143 Moscow Protocol 197-200 Mujahideen 9, 22,160,183 ‘Muslim Battalion’. See under Spetsnaz National Security and Defence Council 103,191-3,196-7 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization negotiations 197-205 neo-Nazis. See under propaganda new-generation war. See colour revolution theory NGOs. See non-
governmental organizations non-governmental organizations 34-5, 40-1, 43-4, 81,153,155-7 North Adantic Treaty Organization in counter-revolution theory 19 CzPA orientation 169-70 in dezinformatsia 104,152 and maskirovka 164 in propaganda 77,79, 92 on Russian military actions 45 Russian security perspectives 24-6 statements from leaders 1 Ukrainian exercises 181 Novosti 62,68 NSDC. See National Security and Defence Council NTV 62-4, 68, 78, 81, 86 Nuland, Victoria 40-1 Odesa Trade Unions House fire 16, 210 The Officer’s Handbook 14 Operation Khodoki 108-9 Operation Neptune 107 Operation Progress 108-9 Orange Revolution 26,121,129,144 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe 73,153 Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists 83-4 OSCE. See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
Index OUN. See Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists Party of Regions 11, 98,121 ֊4,142,144 Pathé, Pierre-Charles 92 Patrushev, Nikolai 41,123 Pavlovsky, Ivan 175,188 PDPA. See People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan Penkovsky, Oleg 14,115 People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan 8-9, 81,118-19,127, 135-6,174 Perviy Kanal 64, 68, 74, 82, 86,106 Peskov, Dmitry 63,65,68, 137,163 Politburo. See Communist Party of the Soviet Union ‘polite people’ 68,87-9, 143. See also ‘disguised forces’; ‘little green men; ‘self-defence forces’ political parties. See also communist parties pro-Russian in Crimea 120-6 Russian Unity 122-3,139 political warfare 48-54 Ponomarev, Boris 23,174 Pravda 57-8,63,116 Pravý Sektor. See also Yarosh, Dmytro background and performance in elections 82-3 forgeries 105-6 risk of conflict 191 Russian rhetoric and accusations 39, 99,178,180 Prchlík, Václav 118,170 Prokopenko, Timur 65-7,129,155 propaganda 51, 53, 76-95 ‘black’ 93-5 ‘fascists’ theme 79-83 ‘protect honest communists/fellow ethnic Russians’ theme 84-9 ‘threat of Ukrainian nationalists’ theme 83-4 ‘trolls’ 93-5 Western aggression theme 77-9 ‘Whataboutism’ 89-91 Prytula, Volodymyr 73-5,149-50 psychological warfare 31-3 Putin, Vladimir 261 colour revolution theory 26, 32-4, 38-40,43 decision to annex Crimea 137 denials 5,11,47,101 dezinformatsia 98 domestic media 61-4, 68 military tools 176,180,187,190-2, 196, 202 NATO 26 political tools 126,141-2,145-6, 148,162-4 propaganda 81, 84, 86, 88-90 relations with West 25-6 and Yanukovich 10 Qurultai-Rukh. See under Tatars, Crimean Radio Free Europe 19 n.
1, 59, 92-3 Radio Kabul 71,185-6 Radio Liberty 19, 59 referendum (on Crimea’s status) 14557 ROK. See Russian Community of Crimea Rose Revolution. See under Georgia Roskomnadzor 66, 75,137 Rossiya 1 64,78 Rossiya Segodnya 62, 66, 78,105 RT 62,68,78,90-1,95,153 Rudéprávo 69-70 Russian Community of Crimea 121-2 Russian Unity. See under political parties Russia Today. See Rossiya Segodnya Sablin, Dmitry 128,143 samizdat 59-60 SBGS. See State Border Guard Service (Ukraine) Secret Intelligence Service. See MI6 ‘self-defence forces’ 47,101-3,140, 143,182,186-8. See also disguised forces; ‘little green men’; ‘polite people’ Shoigu, Sergey 55, 101, 142-4,196, 201 Slutsky, Leonid 74,128-9 Smrkovský, Josef 70,132,198-9 Sochi Olympics 102,140,179-80 South Ossetia 86, 210. See also Georgia Soviet Military Strategy 14,45 special operations forces. See also Spetsnaz
262 Index in colour revolution theory 28, 30, 38-9 in Crimea 89,110,140-1 SBU Alfa 202-3 Spetsnaz. See also special operations forces in Afghanistan 70-1,172-3,184-5 and Babrak Karmal 120 in Crimea 103,140-1 ‘Muslim Battalion (154th Separate Detachment) 183-6 in Soviet operations 183 Stalin, Joseph 19,51-2 State Border Guard Service (Ukraine) 176,179,181,197 StB. See Czechoslovak State Security StopFake.org 79 Storm-333 185-6 strategic deception 51-2 Surkov, Vladislav 63,129,143 Svoboda (Ukrainian political party) 823,110 Svoboda, Ludvík 133,171, 189-90, 198-9 tamizdat 59-60 Taraki, Nur Muhammad 8-9, 38, 118-19,160-1, 172, 183-4 TASS 63, 87,183 Tatars, Crimean Crimean Rada demonstrations 13940,143 media 75-6 Qurultai-Rukh 122,139-40 referendum 149 Russian claims of potential violence 178, 180, 187-8 Temirgaliev, Rustam 124-5,128-30, 137-9,141-9,187 Tenyukh, Ihor 103,181, 196 Timchenko, Galina 66 Transnistria 210 ‘trolls’. See under propaganda Trud 58,78 TSN 65 n.l Tyahnybok, Oleh 82-3 US Agency for International Development (USAID) 44, 74 n.3 US State Department 26,37,41,78,82,121 Ustinov, Dmitry 35-6. See also Afghanistan Commission VDV. See military units (Russia), Airborne Forces; military units (Soviet Union), Airborne Forces Vedemosti 68,124 Verkhovna Rada of Crimea 6 March 2014 session 146-8 2006 elections 121 2010 elections 122 26-27 February 2014 seizure 1401,186-7 26-27 February 2014 sessions 139-45 Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine 11, 82-3, 122,141,144,181 VGTRK 61,63,64,68,110 Vitko, Aleksandr 176, 203 Voice of America 59, 66 Voyennaya Mysl’. See Military Thought ‘White
Book’ 77 World Peace Council Yakubovsky, Ivan 21,170,193-6 Yanukovych, Viktor actions against protestors 11,106 collaboration with Russia during 2014 crisis 129,137-8,141 Crimean politics 121 EU association agreement 10,130 ‘invasion invitation’ 161-4 Orange Revolution 26 regime’s relations with Russia 7,169, 175-6,181 Yarosh, Dmytro 65,82-3,105-6. See also Pravy Sektor Yeltsin, Boris 24-5,43, 61 -2, 85,159 Yushchenko, Viktor 26,121,150,175 Zatulin, Konstantin Zenit. See Spetsnaz -------------- \ Bayerische Staatsbibliothek՛ München V, 156 ----------- ՜ 121,125,128-9,130 |
| adam_txt |
Contents List of figures Foreword Acknowledgements Notes on the text List of abbreviations Map of Crimea with key locations ix x xiii xiv xv xvii 1 Introduction Structure of the book Case study selection Brief historical overviews of the case studies Key sources 1 2 4 7 11 2 Security environment theories Counter-revolution theory Evolution of Russian security perceptions Colour revolution theory Parallels between the theories The connection between the theories and state warfare practices Soviet political warfare 17 18 23 27 31 44 48 3 Informational tools Control of the domestic media Control of the target country’s media Propaganda 55 56 69 76 95 Dezinformatsia 4 Political tools Collaborators within foreign political parties and foreign governments Manufacturing the political process Invasion invitation 113 114 131 157
viii Contents 5 Military tools Maskirovka Threat of increased hostilities Negotiations 165 166 188 197 6 Conclusion 207 References Index 213 257
Index Note: some page numbers are in bold to annotate the most significant content of the specific entry. Abkhazia 210. See also Georgia active measures 52-4,96,167 Afghanistan Commission 23,174,184 agents of influence 53,151-5 Aksyonov, Sergey creation of Crimean Tatar media 75 fellow collaborators 124-6,129 referendum 130,139-41,145,147 Russian Unity 122-3 selection as prime minister 144-5 on US involvement in Ukraine 37 Alfa. See Euromaidan, SBU; special operations forces, SBU; Spetsnaz All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company. See VGTRK Amin, Hafizullah death 185-6 on foreign interference in Afghanistan 38 requests for Soviet assistance 160-1, 172, 174-5,185 ‘Revolutionary Tribunal’ 71,135 Soviet denials of involvement in his death 101 Soviet suspicions 23, 36, 78, 81,119 Andrew, Christopher 12 Andropov, Yuri. See also Afghanistan Commission active measures 53 Afghanistan 36,120 counter-revolution theory 20-1,26,35 Czechoslovakia 108,127, 158, 194 development of political warfare 4 and Fifth Chief Directorate 42 samizdat 60 Anonymous International 65 n. 1,66 Arab Spring 29, 32, 37 Baltic States 210 Bandera, Stepan 83-4, 97,98-9 Barron, John 13 Belarus 30,211 Belaventsev, Oleg 130,144,147 Berezovsky, Denis 201, 203 Berkut 39, 86,186-7 Biľak, Vasil 117֊ 18,127,131 -3, 158, 159 Bittman, Ladislav 13-14, 42, 77,107 Black Sea Fleet (Russia). See under military units (Russia) Bogdanov, Sergey 30-1, 32, 35, 37-8, 47-8 bratstvo 168-82 Brezhnev, Leonid Afghanistan 120,135,161 counter-revolution theory 35 Czechoslovakia 8, 69, 85,100,109, 131-2 ‘invasion
invitations’ 158 Moscow Protocol 198-9 case study selection 4-7 Central Intelligence Agency Barron, John 13 dezinformatsia 97-8,104 Military Thought 14 Neman 193 Penkovsky, Oleg 14 Soviet suspicions of Amin 36, 78,119 Chaly, Alexey 125-6,129,130 Cheka 41-2,96 Chekinov, Sergey 30-1, 32, 35, 37-8, 47-8 Chervonenko, Stepan 117-18,132-3, 171,189 CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency
258 Cold War International History Project 12 Collective Security Treaty Organization 34,55 colour revolution theory 27-48 Committee for State Security active measures 52-3 and Amin 36,81 communist parties (foreign) 115-16 counter-revolution theory 19-20,42 dezinformatsia 96-8,104-5,107 Fifth Chief Directorate 42-3,60 First Chief Directorate 52 Katyn Forest 99 operation Khodoki 108 operation Progress 108 propaganda 77, 79-80, 91-2 samizdat 59-60 and Ukrainian nationalists 83-4 Communist International (Comintern) 51,116 communist parties (foreign) 114-20 Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (CPCz) background 7-8,116 bratstvo 170 collaborators with Soviet Union 117-18 counter-revolution theory 33 Presidium session (20 August 1968) 131-4,160 in propaganda 85 threat of increased hostilities 189-90 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) active measures 52-3 agents of influence 152 bratstvo 169 counter-revolution theory 33,42 foreign communist parties 114-19 front organizations 156 propaganda 57-8, 77,91-2 Communist Party of the United States 115-16 counter-revolution theory 18-23,31-45 CPCz. See Communist Party of Czechoslovakia CPSU. See Communist Party of the Soviet Union CPUSA. See Communist Party of the United States Index CSTO. See Collective Security Treaty Organization CWIHP. See Cold War International History Project Czechoslovak People’s Army 169-71, 189-90, 194,195 Czechoslovak State Security 107,109, 117,132-3,170 CzPA. See Czechoslovak People’s Army ‘democratization’ 33-4 dezinformatsia 95-110 denials 99-103 forgeries 103-6 through the use of agents 106-10 disguised
forces 39,107-10,127,182-8. See also ‘little green men’; ‘polite people’; ‘self-defence forces’ disinformation. See dezinformatsia Donbas 5,210 Dost, Shah Mohammad 90,101 Dozhd 65,68-9 Dubček, Alexander and counter-revolution theory 22 key events 8 Moscow Protocol 198-200 night of invasion 70,132-3 reaction to invasion 169,188,190 and Soviet collaborators 117-18,127, 158-60 Sumava 193-5 Durov, Pavel 67 Dzúr, Martin 170,188-9,195 EODE. See Eurasian Observatory for Democracy and Elections ethnic Russian policies. See political parties; propaganda Eurasian Observatory for Democracy and Elections 155-7 Euromaidan background 10-11 in colour revolution theory 29, 32, 39,40-1 Crimean Tatars 139 Pravy Sektor 82-3 in Russian media 66-7,78,81,87, 95, 99 SBU Alfa 202-3 VKontakte 67
Index European Union 10, 36-7,78, 106,130 EU. See European Union exercises (military) 193-7 FBI, See Federal Bureau of Investigation Fedash, Yuri 179,193,201, 204 Fedchenko, Yevhen 63, 66, 79, 81,105 Federal Bureau of Investigation 13,116 Federal Security Service in Crimea 125,140,144, 200-1 Directorate of Constitutional Security 43 NGO law 44 VKontakte 67 Fedotenkov, Alexander 130,144, 202 fraternal ties 6-7,114,160. See also bratstvo front organizations 155-7 FSB. See Federal Security Service General Directorate for the Protection of State Secrets in the Press 59 Georgia Rose Revolution 25-7 Russo-Georgian War 6,26,86,210 Gerasimov, Valery 6,27-30,45-7 ‘Gerasimov Doctrine’ 46 Girkin, Igor 143,145 Glavlit. See General Directorate for the Protection of State Secrets in the Press Glazyev, Sergey 129-30 and Aksyonov, Sergey 147 and Chaly, Alexey 125 denial of Russian involvement 102 Ukraine EU agreement 10 on US and EU interference in Ukraine 36-7,41 Glukhov, Dmytro 176,179,192 Golovashenko, Yuri 204-5 Gonchar, Mykhailo 45,140 Goncharenko, Petr 180-1,201-4 Gorbachev, Mikhail 23-4,60, 99 Gordievsky, Oleg 12 Grach, Leonid 122,125-6,143-5 Grom. See Spetsnaz Gromov, Alexey 63, 65-6 Gromyko, Andrei 22-3, 39, 90,101,186. See also Afghanistan Commission GRU. See Main Intelligence Directorate 259 Hayduk, Serhiy 190-1, 204 Hoffmann, Karel 70 Hungary active measures department 96 military exercises in Czechoslovakia 193-5 1956 revolution and Soviet invasion 4, 20-1, 32, 80, 84-5 and Radio Free Europe 92-3 hybrid warfare 1-3, 5, 27, 31, 45-6, 48. See also colour revolution theory;
political warfare ideological subversion. See counter revolution theory Indra, Alois 117-18,131 -4,158-60 Inform Napalm 186-7 Internet Research LLC (Internet Research Agency LLC) 94-5 ‘invasion invitation’ 157-64 Izvestia 57-8,62-3,108,127,195 Kanaliuk, Marina 181,190,192, 201, 204 Karmal, Babrak 119-20 and‘disguised forces’ 183,186 public statements 71,81 ‘revolutionary tribunal’ 134-6 Kazakhstan 210-11 Kennan, George 19,48,50 KGB. See Committee for State Security Khrushchev, Nikita 14, 79,98 Kirillov, Oleksii 102,150,179, 200, 202-3 Kiselyov, Dmitry 62, 64, 66,78, 86 Kolder, Drahomír 117-18,132-3,158, 160 Konstantinov, Vladimir 123-4,125-6, 128-9, 139-40,143-7 Kosygin, Alexei 22, 38,169,184,199 Kyrgyzstan 27,211 Lavrov, Sergey 32, 36,101 Lenárt, Jozef 117-18 Lenin, Vladimir 50-1, 55, 57, 59,182-3 Lenta.ru 15,65-6,181 n.3 ‘little green men’. See also disguised forces; ‘polite people’; ‘self-defence forces’ and Crimean Rada seizure 140-3 as denial tactic 101-3 identity 177, 180, 182, 186-7
260 use of term Index 68, 89 Maidan. See Euromaidan Main Intelligence Directorate 14, 67, 167,183. See also Spetsnaz maskirovka 166-8,169-97 Mazurov, Kirill 127,133,145 media awards to 68-9 control of domestic 56-67 control of target country’s 69-76 Meduza 15,181 n.3 Medvedev, Dmitry 10, 86, 95 Menyailo, Sergey 126,130,204 Meshkov, Yuriy 120-1 Military Thought 14-15,30 military units (Russia). See also Main Intelligence Directorate; Spetsnaz Black Sea Fleet 10, 72,74,101-2, 124, 175-7,179 Airborne Forces 102-3,179-80 810th Naval Infantry Brigade 177 382nd Naval Infantry Battalion 1778, 204 31st Separate Guards Air Assault Brigade 180,186 41st Missile Boat Brigade 179 Ivanovets 179 military units (Soviet Union). See also Main Intelligence Directorate; Spetsnaz Airborne Forces 71,100,158,172, 184,194 military units (Ukraine). See also special operations forces Admiral Nakhimov Naval Academy 180-1, 201 -4 First Separate Naval Infantry Battalion 176,178, 200, 203, 204 First Surface Ships Brigade 176,179, 192 Fifth Surface Ships Brigade 177, 201, 203-4 501st Separate Naval Infantry Battalion 177,204-5 Tenth Naval Aviation Brigade 178,179 36th Coastal Defence Brigade 204-5 Slavutych 179 Ternopil 150,179,200 MI6 1,12-13 Mitrokhin, Vasili 12 Mohyliov, Anatolil 124,128,139,141-2, 143 Moscow Protocol 197-200 Mujahideen 9, 22,160,183 ‘Muslim Battalion’. See under Spetsnaz National Security and Defence Council 103,191-3,196-7 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization negotiations 197-205 neo-Nazis. See under propaganda new-generation war. See colour revolution theory NGOs. See non-
governmental organizations non-governmental organizations 34-5, 40-1, 43-4, 81,153,155-7 North Adantic Treaty Organization in counter-revolution theory 19 CzPA orientation 169-70 in dezinformatsia 104,152 and maskirovka 164 in propaganda 77,79, 92 on Russian military actions 45 Russian security perspectives 24-6 statements from leaders 1 Ukrainian exercises 181 Novosti 62,68 NSDC. See National Security and Defence Council NTV 62-4, 68, 78, 81, 86 Nuland, Victoria 40-1 Odesa Trade Unions House fire 16, 210 The Officer’s Handbook 14 Operation Khodoki 108-9 Operation Neptune 107 Operation Progress 108-9 Orange Revolution 26,121,129,144 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe 73,153 Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists 83-4 OSCE. See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
Index OUN. See Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists Party of Regions 11, 98,121 ֊4,142,144 Pathé, Pierre-Charles 92 Patrushev, Nikolai 41,123 Pavlovsky, Ivan 175,188 PDPA. See People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan Penkovsky, Oleg 14,115 People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan 8-9, 81,118-19,127, 135-6,174 Perviy Kanal 64, 68, 74, 82, 86,106 Peskov, Dmitry 63,65,68, 137,163 Politburo. See Communist Party of the Soviet Union ‘polite people’ 68,87-9, 143. See also ‘disguised forces’; ‘little green men; ‘self-defence forces’ political parties. See also communist parties pro-Russian in Crimea 120-6 Russian Unity 122-3,139 political warfare 48-54 Ponomarev, Boris 23,174 Pravda 57-8,63,116 Pravý Sektor. See also Yarosh, Dmytro background and performance in elections 82-3 forgeries 105-6 risk of conflict 191 Russian rhetoric and accusations 39, 99,178,180 Prchlík, Václav 118,170 Prokopenko, Timur 65-7,129,155 propaganda 51, 53, 76-95 ‘black’ 93-5 ‘fascists’ theme 79-83 ‘protect honest communists/fellow ethnic Russians’ theme 84-9 ‘threat of Ukrainian nationalists’ theme 83-4 ‘trolls’ 93-5 Western aggression theme 77-9 ‘Whataboutism’ 89-91 Prytula, Volodymyr 73-5,149-50 psychological warfare 31-3 Putin, Vladimir 261 colour revolution theory 26, 32-4, 38-40,43 decision to annex Crimea 137 denials 5,11,47,101 dezinformatsia 98 domestic media 61-4, 68 military tools 176,180,187,190-2, 196, 202 NATO 26 political tools 126,141-2,145-6, 148,162-4 propaganda 81, 84, 86, 88-90 relations with West 25-6 and Yanukovich 10 Qurultai-Rukh. See under Tatars, Crimean Radio Free Europe 19 n.
1, 59, 92-3 Radio Kabul 71,185-6 Radio Liberty 19, 59 referendum (on Crimea’s status) 14557 ROK. See Russian Community of Crimea Rose Revolution. See under Georgia Roskomnadzor 66, 75,137 Rossiya 1 64,78 Rossiya Segodnya 62, 66, 78,105 RT 62,68,78,90-1,95,153 Rudéprávo 69-70 Russian Community of Crimea 121-2 Russian Unity. See under political parties Russia Today. See Rossiya Segodnya Sablin, Dmitry 128,143 samizdat 59-60 SBGS. See State Border Guard Service (Ukraine) Secret Intelligence Service. See MI6 ‘self-defence forces’ 47,101-3,140, 143,182,186-8. See also disguised forces; ‘little green men’; ‘polite people’ Shoigu, Sergey 55, 101, 142-4,196, 201 Slutsky, Leonid 74,128-9 Smrkovský, Josef 70,132,198-9 Sochi Olympics 102,140,179-80 South Ossetia 86, 210. See also Georgia Soviet Military Strategy 14,45 special operations forces. See also Spetsnaz
262 Index in colour revolution theory 28, 30, 38-9 in Crimea 89,110,140-1 SBU Alfa 202-3 Spetsnaz. See also special operations forces in Afghanistan 70-1,172-3,184-5 and Babrak Karmal 120 in Crimea 103,140-1 ‘Muslim Battalion (154th Separate Detachment) 183-6 in Soviet operations 183 Stalin, Joseph 19,51-2 State Border Guard Service (Ukraine) 176,179,181,197 StB. See Czechoslovak State Security StopFake.org 79 Storm-333 185-6 strategic deception 51-2 Surkov, Vladislav 63,129,143 Svoboda (Ukrainian political party) 823,110 Svoboda, Ludvík 133,171, 189-90, 198-9 tamizdat 59-60 Taraki, Nur Muhammad 8-9, 38, 118-19,160-1, 172, 183-4 TASS 63, 87,183 Tatars, Crimean Crimean Rada demonstrations 13940,143 media 75-6 Qurultai-Rukh 122,139-40 referendum 149 Russian claims of potential violence 178, 180, 187-8 Temirgaliev, Rustam 124-5,128-30, 137-9,141-9,187 Tenyukh, Ihor 103,181, 196 Timchenko, Galina 66 Transnistria 210 ‘trolls’. See under propaganda Trud 58,78 TSN 65 n.l Tyahnybok, Oleh 82-3 US Agency for International Development (USAID) 44, 74 n.3 US State Department 26,37,41,78,82,121 Ustinov, Dmitry 35-6. See also Afghanistan Commission VDV. See military units (Russia), Airborne Forces; military units (Soviet Union), Airborne Forces Vedemosti 68,124 Verkhovna Rada of Crimea 6 March 2014 session 146-8 2006 elections 121 2010 elections 122 26-27 February 2014 seizure 1401,186-7 26-27 February 2014 sessions 139-45 Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine 11, 82-3, 122,141,144,181 VGTRK 61,63,64,68,110 Vitko, Aleksandr 176, 203 Voice of America 59, 66 Voyennaya Mysl’. See Military Thought ‘White
Book’ 77 World Peace Council Yakubovsky, Ivan 21,170,193-6 Yanukovych, Viktor actions against protestors 11,106 collaboration with Russia during 2014 crisis 129,137-8,141 Crimean politics 121 EU association agreement 10,130 ‘invasion invitation’ 161-4 Orange Revolution 26 regime’s relations with Russia 7,169, 175-6,181 Yarosh, Dmytro 65,82-3,105-6. See also Pravy Sektor Yeltsin, Boris 24-5,43, 61 -2, 85,159 Yushchenko, Viktor 26,121,150,175 Zatulin, Konstantin Zenit. See Spetsnaz -------------- \ Bayerische Staatsbibliothek՛ München V, 156 ----------- ՜ 121,125,128-9,130 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | DeBenedictis, Kent |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1246943638 |
| author_facet | DeBenedictis, Kent |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | DeBenedictis, Kent |
| author_variant | k d kd |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047818353 |
| classification_rvk | ML 6600 MG 85940 ML 6700 NQ 8300 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1289325777 (DE-599)BVBBV047818353 |
| discipline | Politologie Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1968-2014 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1968-2014 |
| format | Book |
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In this book, Kent DeBenedictis argues that, despite these claims, the 2014 Crimean operation is more accurately to be seen as the Russian Federation's modern application of historic Soviet political warfare practices-the overt and covert informational, political, and military tools used to influence the actions of foreign governments and foreign populations. DeBenedictis links the use of Soviet practices, such as the use of propaganda, disinformation, front organizations, and forged political processes, in the Crimea in 2014 to the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 (the "Prague Spring") and the earliest stages of the invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. Through an in-depth case study analysis of these conflicts, featuring original interviews, government documents and Russian and Ukrainian sources, this book demonstrates that the operation, which inspired discussions about Russian "Hybrid Warfare," is in fact the modern adaptation of Soviet political warfare tools and not the invention of a new type of warfare."</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1968-2014</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Hybridkrieg</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)107366371X</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Besetzung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4006020-2</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" 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| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:07:32Z |
| indexdate | 2025-03-28T15:11:20Z |
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| physical | xvi, 262 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220406 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Bloomsbury Academic |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | DeBenedictis, Kent Verfasser (DE-588)1246943638 aut Russian "hybrid warfare" and the annexation of Crimea the modern application of Soviet political warfare Kent DeBenedictis London ; New York ; Oxford, New Delhi ; Sydney Bloomsbury Academic 2022 xvi, 262 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "Western academics, politicians, and military leaders alike have labelled Russia's actions in Crimea and its follow-on operations in Eastern Ukraine as a new form of "Hybrid Warfare." In this book, Kent DeBenedictis argues that, despite these claims, the 2014 Crimean operation is more accurately to be seen as the Russian Federation's modern application of historic Soviet political warfare practices-the overt and covert informational, political, and military tools used to influence the actions of foreign governments and foreign populations. DeBenedictis links the use of Soviet practices, such as the use of propaganda, disinformation, front organizations, and forged political processes, in the Crimea in 2014 to the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 (the "Prague Spring") and the earliest stages of the invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. Through an in-depth case study analysis of these conflicts, featuring original interviews, government documents and Russian and Ukrainian sources, this book demonstrates that the operation, which inspired discussions about Russian "Hybrid Warfare," is in fact the modern adaptation of Soviet political warfare tools and not the invention of a new type of warfare." Geschichte 1968-2014 gnd rswk-swf Hybridkrieg (DE-588)107366371X gnd rswk-swf Besetzung (DE-588)4006020-2 gnd rswk-swf Afghanistan (DE-588)4000687-6 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 gnd rswk-swf Krim (DE-588)4033166-0 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russia (Federation) / Military policy / 21st century Hybrid warfare / Russia (Federation) / History / 21st century Ukraine Conflict, 2014- / Case studies Hybrid warfare / Ukraine / Crimea / Case studies Crimea (Ukraine) / Annexation to Russia (Federation) Hybrid warfare Military policy Russia (Federation) Ukraine / Crimea 2000-2099 Case studies History Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 g Afghanistan (DE-588)4000687-6 g Krim (DE-588)4033166-0 g Besetzung (DE-588)4006020-2 s Hybridkrieg (DE-588)107366371X s Geschichte 1968-2014 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-7556-4000-3 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-0-7556-4001-0 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033201711&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033201711&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | DeBenedictis, Kent Russian "hybrid warfare" and the annexation of Crimea the modern application of Soviet political warfare Hybridkrieg (DE-588)107366371X gnd Besetzung (DE-588)4006020-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)107366371X (DE-588)4006020-2 (DE-588)4000687-6 (DE-588)4078435-6 (DE-588)4033166-0 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Russian "hybrid warfare" and the annexation of Crimea the modern application of Soviet political warfare |
| title_auth | Russian "hybrid warfare" and the annexation of Crimea the modern application of Soviet political warfare |
| title_exact_search | Russian "hybrid warfare" and the annexation of Crimea the modern application of Soviet political warfare |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Russian "hybrid warfare" and the annexation of Crimea the modern application of Soviet political warfare |
| title_full | Russian "hybrid warfare" and the annexation of Crimea the modern application of Soviet political warfare Kent DeBenedictis |
| title_fullStr | Russian "hybrid warfare" and the annexation of Crimea the modern application of Soviet political warfare Kent DeBenedictis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Russian "hybrid warfare" and the annexation of Crimea the modern application of Soviet political warfare Kent DeBenedictis |
| title_short | Russian "hybrid warfare" and the annexation of Crimea |
| title_sort | russian hybrid warfare and the annexation of crimea the modern application of soviet political warfare |
| title_sub | the modern application of Soviet political warfare |
| topic | Hybridkrieg (DE-588)107366371X gnd Besetzung (DE-588)4006020-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Hybridkrieg Besetzung Afghanistan Tschechoslowakei Krim Sowjetunion Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033201711&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033201711&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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