Southwood's ecological methods:
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| Previous Title: | Henderson, P. A., 1954- Ecological methods |
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| Main Author: | |
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford
Oxford University Press
2021
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| Edition: | Fifth edition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | xix, 508 Seiten Diagramme, Illustrationen 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780198862277 9780198862284 |
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| 240 | 1 | 0 | |a Ecological methods |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Southwood's ecological methods |c Peter A. Henderson, Senior Research Associate, University of Oxford and Director, Psices Conservation Ltd, Southampton, UK |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Ecological methods |
| 250 | |a Fifth edition | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Ecology |x Methodology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ecology |x Data processing | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Animal populations | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Animal populations |x Statistical methods | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Southwood, Richard |d 1931-2005 |e Begründer eines Werks |0 (DE-588)1074961471 |4 oth | |
| 780 | 0 | 0 | |i Vorangegangen ist |a Henderson, P. A., 1954- |t Ecological methods |b Fourth edition |d Chichester : Wiley Blackwell, [2016] |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804183344895754240 |
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| adam_text | Contents 1 2 Introduction to the Study of Animals 1 1.1 Population estimates 1.1.1 Absolute and related estimates 1.1.2 Relative estimates 1.1.3 Population indices 1.2 Errors and confidence 1.2.1 Calculating confidence limits about the mean using R 1.2.2 Jackknife and bootstrap estimation of confidence limits 1.3 Studies of communities References 1 2 2 2 3 4 4 6 6 The Sampling Programme and the Measurement andDescription of Dispersion 8 2.1 Preliminary sampling 2.1.1 Planning and fieldwork 2.1.2 Data control and statistical aspects 2.1.3 The normal distribution and transformations 2.2 The sampling programme 2.2.1 The number of samples per habitat unit (e.g. plant, host, or puddle) 2.2.2 The sampling unit: its selection, size, andshape 2.2.3 The number of samples 2.2.4 The pattern of sampling 2.2.5 The timing of sampling 2.3 Dispersion 2.3.1 Mathematical distributionsthat serve as models 2.4 Aggregation indices 2.4.1 Index of dispersion: the departure of the distribution from randomness 2.4.2 Taylor s power law as a measure of aggregation 2.4.3 Pattern analysis 2.4.4 Lloyd s mean crowding and patchiness 2.4.5 Iwao s p index: a measure of colony area 2.4.6 Lloyd s mean crowding and Iwao s patchiness regression indices for the population and species 2.4.7 Breder s equations: a measure of the cohesion of aggregations 2.4.8 Deevey s coefficient of crowding 2.4.9 SADIE: Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices 8 8 12 14 19 19 21 23 24 26 27 27 34 34 34 37 37 39 40 40 41 42 XI
xii CONTENTS 3 4 2.5 Nearest-neighbour and related techniques: measures of population size or of the departure from randomness of the distribution 2.5.1 Nearest-neighbour method 2.5.2 Closest individual or distance method 2.6 Sequential sampling 2.6.1 Sampling numbers 2.7 Presence-absence sampling: binomial data analysis 2.8 Sampling a fauna 2.9 Biological and other qualitative aspects of sampling References 43 45 46 46 46 49 51 51 52 Absolute Population Estimates Using Capture-Recapture Experiments 63 3.1 Capture-recapture methods 3.2 What accuracy can be expected? 3.2.1 Assumptions common to most methods 3.2.2 Estimating closed populations 3.2.3 Estimations for open populations 3.3 The Fisher-Ford method 3.3.1 Bailey s triple-catch method 3.3.2 Jolly-Seber stochastic method 3.3.3 Robust design 3.3.4 Manly and Parr s and Manly et al/s ageing methods 3.3.5 Cormack s log-linear method 3.4 Methods of marking animals 3.4.1 Handling techniques 3.4.2 Release 3.4.3 Surface marks using paints and solutions of dyes 3.4.4 Dyes and fluorescent substances in powder form 3.4.5 Pollen 3.4.6 Marking formed by feeding on or absorption of dyes 3.4.7 Marking by injection, Panjet, or tattooing 3.4.8 External tags 3.4.9 Branding 3.4.10 Mutilation 3.4.11 Natural marks, photo-ID, parasites, and genes 3.4.12 Rare elements 3.4.13 Protein marking 3.4.14 Radioactive isotopes 3.4.15 Radio and sonic tags References 64 64 65 67 75 78 78 79 82 82 83 84 85 87 87 90 92 93 94 95 96 96 96 97 98 98 98 99 Absolute Population Estimates by Sampling a Unit of Habitat: Air, Plants, Plant Products, and Vertebrate
Hosts 4.1 Sampling from the air 4.2 Sampling apparatus 4.2.1 Exposed cone (Johnson-Taylor) suction trap 4.2.2 Enclosed cone types of suction trap, including the Rothamstead 12-m trap 113 113 114 114 115
CONTENTS 5 6 xiii 4.2.3 Rotary and other traps 4.2.4 Remote aerial vehicles as insect samplers 4.3 Comparison and efficiencies of the different types of suction trap 4.3.1 Conversion of catch to aerial density 4.3.2 Conversion of density to total aerial population 4.4 Sampling from plants 4.4.1 Assessing the plant 4.4.2 Determining the numbers of invertebrates 4.4.3 The separation of exposed small animals from the foliage on which they are living 4.4.4 The expulsion of animals from tall vegetation 4.4.5 The extraction of animals from herbage and debris 4.4.6 Methods for animals in plant tissues 4.4.7 Special sampling problems with animals in plant material 4.5 Sampling from vertebrate hosts 4.5.1 Sampling from living hosts 4.5.2 Sampling from dead hosts 4.5.3 Sampling from vertebrate homes References 115 117 117 118 119 119 120 120 Absolute Population Estimates by Sampling a Unit of Aquatic Habitat 145 5.1 Open water 5.1.1 Nets 5.1.2 Pumps 5.1.3 Water sampling bottles 5.1.4 The Patalas-Schindler volume sampler 5.1.5 Particular methods for insects 5.2 Vegetation 5.2.1 Floating vegetation 5.2.2 Emergent vegetation 5.2.3 Submerged vegetation 5.3 Bottom fauna 5.3.1 Hand net sampling of forest litter 5.3.2 Sampling from under stones 5.3.3 The planting of removable portions of the substrate 5.3.4 Cylinders and boxes for delimiting an area 5.3.5 Trawls, bottom sledges and dredges 5.3.6 Grabs 5.3.7 Dendy inverting sampler 5.3.8 Box samplers and corers 5.3.9 Air-lift and suction devices 5.4 Poisons and anaesthetics used for sampling fish in rock pools and small ponds References
145 145 148 149 149 150 151 151 154 155 156 157 157 159 160 162 164 166 168 168 171 171 Absolute Population Estimates by Sampling a Unit of Soil or Litter Habitat: Extraction Techniques 176 6.1 Sampling 6.2 Bulk staining 176 178 121 124 126 133 134 135 135 137 138 138
XIV CONTENTS 6.3 Mechanical methods of extraction 6.3.1 Dry sieving 6.3.2 Wet sieving 6.3.3 Soil washing and flotation 6.3.4 Flotation 6.3.5 The separation of plant and insects by differential wetting 6.3.6 Centrifugation 6.3.7 Sedimentation 6.3.8 Elutriation 6.3.9 Sectioning 6.3.10 Aeration 6.4 Behavioral or dynamic methods 6.4.1 Dry extractors 6.4.2 The Winkler method 6.4.3 Wet extractors 6.4.4 Chemical extraction 6.4.5 Electrical extraction 6.5 Summary of the applicability of the methods 6.5.1 Substrate type 6.5.2 Animal type 6.5.3 Cost References 7 178 178 179 180 182 183 185 185 185 187 188 188 188 192 193 197 197 197 197 198 199 199 Relative Methods of Population Measurement and the Derivation of Absolute Estimates 204 7.1 Factors affecting the size of relative estimates 7.1.1 The phase of the animal 7.1.2 The activity of the animal 7.1.3 Differences in the response between species, sexes, and individuals 7.1.4 The efficiency of the trap or searching method 7.2 The uses of relative methods 7.2.1 Measures of the availability 7.2.2 Indices of absolute population 7.2.3 Estimates of absolute population 7.2.4 Calibration by comparison with absolute estimates 7.3 Removal trapping or collecting 7.3.1 Assumptions underlying Zippin s and Carle and Strub s methods 7.3.2 Software for the computation of population size using removal sampling 7.3.3 Simplified calculations with two or three sampling occasions 7.3.4 Graphical and regression methods with constant probability of capture 7.3.5 Dealing with variable probabilities of capture and the general maximum likelihood model
7.4 Collecting 7.5 Relative methods: catch per imit effort 7.5.1 Observation by radar 7.5.2 Hydroacoustic methods 7.5.3 Fish counters 204 204 205 207 208 209 209 210 210 210 211 211 212 212 213 213 214 214 214 215 216
CONTENTS 8 9 xv 7.5.4 Electric fishing 7.5.5 Aural detection 7.5.6 Exposure by plough 7.5.7 Collecting with a net or similar device 7.5.8 Visual searching and pooting 7.6 Relative methods: trapping 7.6.1 Interception traps 7.6.2 Water: drift samplers and fish traps 7.6.3 Flight traps combining interception and attraction 7.6.4 Light and other visual traps 7.7 Traps that attract animals by some natural stimulus or a substitute 7.7.1 Shelter traps 7.7.2 Trap host plants 7.7.3 Baited traps 7.7.4 The use of vertebrate hosts or substitutes as bait for insects 7.7.5 Using sound References 216 217 217 217 222 222 223 225 231 234 243 243 244 244 247 251 251 Estimates of Species Richness and Population Size Based on Signs, Products, and Effects 268 8.1 Arthropod products 8.1.1 Exuviae 8.1.2 Frass 8.2 Vertebrate products and effects 8.3 Effects due to an individual insect 8.4 General effects: plant damage 8.4.1 Criteria 8.5 Determining the relationship between damage and insect populations References 268 268 269 271 272 273 273 276 276 Wildlife Population Estimates by Census and Distance Measuring Techniques 281 9.1 Census methods 9.2 Point and line survey methods 9.2.1 Indices of abundance using transects 9.3 Line transect methods: the Fourier series estimator 9.4 Point transects 9.5 Distance sampling software in R 9.6 Spatial distribution and plotless density estimators 9.6.1 Closest-individual or distance method 9.6.2 Nearest-neighbour methods References 282 282 282 284 288 288 289 290 290 291 10 Observational and Experimental Methods to Estimate Natality, Mortality, Movement, and
Dispersal 10.1 Natality 10.2 Fertility 10.3 Numbers entering a stage 293 293 293 295
XVI CONTENTS 10.4 The birth rate from mark-recapture data 10.5 Mortality 10.5.1 Total mortality 10.5.2 Exclusion techniques 10.6 Dispersal 10.6.1 Detecting and quantifying jump dispersal 10.6.2 Quantifying neighbourhood dispersal 10.6.3 Methods based on a two-dimensional solution of the diffusion equation 10.6.4 The boundary-flux approach 10.6.5 The rate of population interchange between two areas 10.6.6 The description of population displacement in relation to its dispersion 10.6.7 The measurement and description of home range and territory 10.6.8 The rate of colonization of a new habitat and artificial substrates 10.6.9 The direction of migration References 11 The Construction, Description, and Analysis of Age-Specific Life-Tables 11.1 Types of life-table and the budget 11.2 The construction of a budget 11.3 Analysis of stage-frequency data 11.3.1 Southwood s graphical method 11.4 Richards and Waloff s first method 11.4.1 Manly s method 11.4.2 Ruesink s method 11.4.3 Dempster s method 11.4.4 Richards and Waloff s Second Method 11.4.5 Kiritani, Nakasuji, and Manly s method 11.4.6 Kempton s method 11.4.7 The Bellows and Birley method 11.5 The description of budgets and life-tables 11.5.1 Survivorship curves 11.5.2 Stock-recruitment (Moran-Ricker) curves 11.5.3 The life-table and life expectancy 11.5.4 Life and fertility tables and the net reproductive rate 11.6 Population growth rates 11.6.1 The calculation of r 11.7 The analysis of life-table data 11.7.1 The comparisonof mortality factors within a generation 11.8 Survival and life budget analysis 11.8.1 Varley and
Gradwell s method: К-value or key-factor analysis 11.8.2 Sibley s Я contribution analysis 11.8.3 Methods devoloped from demographic methods References 300 300 300 305 311 311 312 318 319 319 320 320 324 324 324 336 336 336 337 338 338 340 340 341 341 342 343 343 344 344 344 346 347 348 349 350 351 351 352 357 358 358
CONTENTS 12 Age-Grouping, Time-Specific Life-Tables, and Predictive Population Models 12.1 Age-grouping 12.1.1 Ageing young by developmental stage 12.1.2 Ageing by using structures 12.2 Time-specific life-tables and survival rates 12.2.1 Physiological time 12.2.2 Life-table parameters 12.2.3 Recruitment in the field 12.2.4 Lewis-Leslie matrices and R packages References 13 Species Richness, Diversity, and Packing 13.1 Diversity 13.2 Description of a- and y-diversity 13.3 Species richness 13.3.1 Extrapolating the species accumulation curve, rarefaction 13.3.2 Rarefaction to compare species richness 13.3.3 Sample-based rarefaction 13.3.4 An example of sample-based rarefaction 13.3.5 Using parametric models of relative abundance to estimate species richness 13.3.6 Non-parametric estimates of species richness 13.3.7 Software for calculating species richness and rarefaction 13.3.8 Models for the S:N relationship 13.4 Non-parametric indices of diversity 13.4.1 Shannon-Wiener function (H) 13.4.2 Simpson-Yule index (D) 13.5 Berger-Parker dominance index 13.5.1 Evenness (equitability) 13.5.2 McIntosh diversity measure 13.5.3 Comparing diversities, diversity ordering, and Hill numbers 13.5.4 Which model or index? 13.6 Procedure to determine a-diversity 13.7 Determining /3-diversity 13.8 Partitioning /З-diversity between species replacement and loss 13.9 Similarity and the comparison and classification of samples 13.9.1 Measures of complementarity 13.9.2 Similarity indices 13.9.3 Computation and display of indices 13.10 Multivariate analysis 13.10.1 Cluster analysis 13.10.2 Ordination
13.10.3 Species packing 13.11 Measurement of interspecific association 13.11.1 The departure of the distribution of presence or absence from independence xvii 362 362 362 364 371 372 373 373 374 377 384 385 385 386 387 390 391 391 391 392 393 394 398 398 399 399 400 400 400 401 403 404 405 406 406 406 408 409 410 414 415 416 416
xviii CONTENTS 13.12 Measurement of resource-utilization 13.12.1 Species packing in terms of mean and width of resource-utilization spectrum {d / w method) 13.12.2 Species packing in terms of proportional utilization of different resource states (p¡ method) 13.13 Niche size and competition coefficients 13.13.1 Software to calculate niche overlap statistics References 14 Estimation of Productivity and the Construction of Energy Budgets 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 Estimation of standing crop Measurement of biomass Determination of energy density Estimation of energy flow The measurement of production The measurement of feeding and assimilation 14.6.1 The quality of the food eaten 14.6.2 Feeding and assimilation rates 14.7 The measurement of the energy loss due to respiration and metabolic process 14.7.1 Calorimetric 14.7.2 The exchange of respiratory gases 14.8 The energy budget, efficiencies, and transfer coefficients 14.9 The energy budget of a population (or trophic level) 14.9.1 Dynamic energy budget models 14.9.2 Energy transfer across trophic links 14.10 Identification of ecological pathways using stable isotopes 14.11 Assessment of energy and time costs of strategies References 15 Techniques for the Study of Long-Term Dynamics: Analyzing Time Series 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 Examples of Long-term studies and the need for careful interpretation of change Planning temporal sampling The classification of time series 15.3.1 Using R for time series decomposition Detecting synchrony and species associations between time series Measuring temporal variability
15.5.1 Tilman s index of community stability Detecting break-points Determining if a species has become extinct Detection of density dependence in time series 15.8.1 Bulmer s (1975) test 15.8.2 Pollard et al. s (1987) randomization test 15.8.3 Dennis and Taper s (1994) bootstrap approach 15.8.4 Using a battery of approaches to detect density dependence 418 420 421 422 423 425 430 432 432 433 433 434 436 436 437 440 440 440 446 446 447 449 449 451 451 458 458 460 460 462 470 471 473 473 476 477 477 478 479 480
CONTENTS 15.9 Temporal /З-diversity 15.9.1 Similarity and dissimilarity measures 15.9.2 Zeta diversity 15.9.3 Turnover measures 15.9.4 Mean rank shift 15.9.5 Defining the assemblage of interest: which taxa should be included? 15.9.6 Null models and the nature of change References 16 Studies at Large Spatial Scales, Citizen Science, and the Classification of Habitats 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 16.10 16.11 Planning spatial and temporal sampling Remote sensing data from satellites Remote sensing using piloted and unmanned aircraft Distributed networks of sensors and samplers Biodiversity and inventory databases Detecting break-points Geographical information systems Citizen science projects Ecosystem services Species richness change and scale Habitat classification 16.11.1 Qualitative 16.11.2 Quantitative References Index xix 481 482 482 483 483 483 483 484 487 487 488 490 490 491 491 491 492 493 494 494 494 494 496 499
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| adam_txt |
Contents 1 2 Introduction to the Study of Animals 1 1.1 Population estimates 1.1.1 Absolute and related estimates 1.1.2 Relative estimates 1.1.3 Population indices 1.2 Errors and confidence 1.2.1 Calculating confidence limits about the mean using R 1.2.2 Jackknife and bootstrap estimation of confidence limits 1.3 Studies of communities References 1 2 2 2 3 4 4 6 6 The Sampling Programme and the Measurement andDescription of Dispersion 8 2.1 Preliminary sampling 2.1.1 Planning and fieldwork 2.1.2 Data control and statistical aspects 2.1.3 The normal distribution and transformations 2.2 The sampling programme 2.2.1 The number of samples per habitat unit (e.g. plant, host, or puddle) 2.2.2 The sampling unit: its selection, size, andshape 2.2.3 The number of samples 2.2.4 The pattern of sampling 2.2.5 The timing of sampling 2.3 Dispersion 2.3.1 Mathematical distributionsthat serve as models 2.4 Aggregation indices 2.4.1 Index of dispersion: the departure of the distribution from randomness 2.4.2 Taylor's power law as a measure of aggregation 2.4.3 Pattern analysis 2.4.4 Lloyd's mean crowding and patchiness 2.4.5 Iwao's p index: a measure of colony area 2.4.6 Lloyd's mean crowding and Iwao's patchiness regression indices for the population and species 2.4.7 Breder's equations: a measure of the cohesion of aggregations 2.4.8 Deevey's coefficient of crowding 2.4.9 SADIE: Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices 8 8 12 14 19 19 21 23 24 26 27 27 34 34 34 37 37 39 40 40 41 42 XI
xii CONTENTS 3 4 2.5 Nearest-neighbour and related techniques: measures of population size or of the departure from randomness of the distribution 2.5.1 Nearest-neighbour method 2.5.2 Closest individual or distance method 2.6 Sequential sampling 2.6.1 Sampling numbers 2.7 Presence-absence sampling: binomial data analysis 2.8 Sampling a fauna 2.9 Biological and other qualitative aspects of sampling References 43 45 46 46 46 49 51 51 52 Absolute Population Estimates Using Capture-Recapture Experiments 63 3.1 Capture-recapture methods 3.2 What accuracy can be expected? 3.2.1 Assumptions common to most methods 3.2.2 Estimating closed populations 3.2.3 Estimations for open populations 3.3 The Fisher-Ford method 3.3.1 Bailey's triple-catch method 3.3.2 Jolly-Seber stochastic method 3.3.3 Robust design 3.3.4 Manly and Parr's and Manly et al/s ageing methods 3.3.5 Cormack's log-linear method 3.4 Methods of marking animals 3.4.1 Handling techniques 3.4.2 Release 3.4.3 Surface marks using paints and solutions of dyes 3.4.4 Dyes and fluorescent substances in powder form 3.4.5 Pollen 3.4.6 Marking formed by feeding on or absorption of dyes 3.4.7 Marking by injection, Panjet, or tattooing 3.4.8 External tags 3.4.9 Branding 3.4.10 Mutilation 3.4.11 Natural marks, photo-ID, parasites, and genes 3.4.12 Rare elements 3.4.13 Protein marking 3.4.14 Radioactive isotopes 3.4.15 Radio and sonic tags References 64 64 65 67 75 78 78 79 82 82 83 84 85 87 87 90 92 93 94 95 96 96 96 97 98 98 98 99 Absolute Population Estimates by Sampling a Unit of Habitat: Air, Plants, Plant Products, and Vertebrate
Hosts 4.1 Sampling from the air 4.2 Sampling apparatus 4.2.1 Exposed cone (Johnson-Taylor) suction trap 4.2.2 Enclosed cone types of suction trap, including the Rothamstead 12-m trap 113 113 114 114 115
CONTENTS 5 6 xiii 4.2.3 Rotary and other traps 4.2.4 Remote aerial vehicles as insect samplers 4.3 Comparison and efficiencies of the different types of suction trap 4.3.1 Conversion of catch to aerial density 4.3.2 Conversion of density to total aerial population 4.4 Sampling from plants 4.4.1 Assessing the plant 4.4.2 Determining the numbers of invertebrates 4.4.3 The separation of exposed small animals from the foliage on which they are living 4.4.4 The expulsion of animals from tall vegetation 4.4.5 The extraction of animals from herbage and debris 4.4.6 Methods for animals in plant tissues 4.4.7 Special sampling problems with animals in plant material 4.5 Sampling from vertebrate hosts 4.5.1 Sampling from living hosts 4.5.2 Sampling from dead hosts 4.5.3 Sampling from vertebrate 'homes' References 115 117 117 118 119 119 120 120 Absolute Population Estimates by Sampling a Unit of Aquatic Habitat 145 5.1 Open water 5.1.1 Nets 5.1.2 Pumps 5.1.3 Water sampling bottles 5.1.4 The Patalas-Schindler volume sampler 5.1.5 Particular methods for insects 5.2 Vegetation 5.2.1 Floating vegetation 5.2.2 Emergent vegetation 5.2.3 Submerged vegetation 5.3 Bottom fauna 5.3.1 Hand net sampling of forest litter 5.3.2 Sampling from under stones 5.3.3 The planting of removable portions of the substrate 5.3.4 Cylinders and boxes for delimiting an area 5.3.5 Trawls, bottom sledges and dredges 5.3.6 Grabs 5.3.7 Dendy inverting sampler 5.3.8 Box samplers and corers 5.3.9 Air-lift and suction devices 5.4 Poisons and anaesthetics used for sampling fish in rock pools and small ponds References
145 145 148 149 149 150 151 151 154 155 156 157 157 159 160 162 164 166 168 168 171 171 Absolute Population Estimates by Sampling a Unit of Soil or Litter Habitat: Extraction Techniques 176 6.1 Sampling 6.2 Bulk staining 176 178 121 124 126 133 134 135 135 137 138 138
XIV CONTENTS 6.3 Mechanical methods of extraction 6.3.1 Dry sieving 6.3.2 Wet sieving 6.3.3 Soil washing and flotation 6.3.4 Flotation 6.3.5 The separation of plant and insects by differential wetting 6.3.6 Centrifugation 6.3.7 Sedimentation 6.3.8 Elutriation 6.3.9 Sectioning 6.3.10 Aeration 6.4 Behavioral or dynamic methods 6.4.1 Dry extractors 6.4.2 The Winkler method 6.4.3 Wet extractors 6.4.4 Chemical extraction 6.4.5 Electrical extraction 6.5 Summary of the applicability of the methods 6.5.1 Substrate type 6.5.2 Animal type 6.5.3 Cost References 7 178 178 179 180 182 183 185 185 185 187 188 188 188 192 193 197 197 197 197 198 199 199 Relative Methods of Population Measurement and the Derivation of Absolute Estimates 204 7.1 Factors affecting the size of relative estimates 7.1.1 The 'phase' of the animal 7.1.2 The activity of the animal 7.1.3 Differences in the response between species, sexes, and individuals 7.1.4 The efficiency of the trap or searching method 7.2 The uses of relative methods 7.2.1 Measures of the availability 7.2.2 Indices of absolute population 7.2.3 Estimates of absolute population 7.2.4 'Calibration' by comparison with absolute estimates 7.3 Removal trapping or collecting 7.3.1 Assumptions underlying Zippin's and Carle and Strub's methods 7.3.2 Software for the computation of population size using removal sampling 7.3.3 Simplified calculations with two or three sampling occasions 7.3.4 Graphical and regression methods with constant probability of capture 7.3.5 Dealing with variable probabilities of capture and the general maximum likelihood model
7.4 Collecting 7.5 Relative methods: catch per imit effort 7.5.1 Observation by radar 7.5.2 Hydroacoustic methods 7.5.3 Fish counters 204 204 205 207 208 209 209 210 210 210 211 211 212 212 213 213 214 214 214 215 216
CONTENTS 8 9 xv 7.5.4 Electric fishing 7.5.5 Aural detection 7.5.6 Exposure by plough 7.5.7 Collecting with a net or similar device 7.5.8 Visual searching and pooting 7.6 Relative methods: trapping 7.6.1 Interception traps 7.6.2 Water: drift samplers and fish traps 7.6.3 Flight traps combining interception and attraction 7.6.4 Light and other visual traps 7.7 Traps that attract animals by some natural stimulus or a substitute 7.7.1 Shelter traps 7.7.2 Trap host plants 7.7.3 Baited traps 7.7.4 The use of vertebrate hosts or substitutes as bait for insects 7.7.5 Using sound References 216 217 217 217 222 222 223 225 231 234 243 243 244 244 247 251 251 Estimates of Species Richness and Population Size Based on Signs, Products, and Effects 268 8.1 Arthropod products 8.1.1 Exuviae 8.1.2 Frass 8.2 Vertebrate products and effects 8.3 Effects due to an individual insect 8.4 General effects: plant damage 8.4.1 Criteria 8.5 Determining the relationship between damage and insect populations References 268 268 269 271 272 273 273 276 276 Wildlife Population Estimates by Census and Distance Measuring Techniques 281 9.1 Census methods 9.2 Point and line survey methods 9.2.1 Indices of abundance using transects 9.3 Line transect methods: the Fourier series estimator 9.4 Point transects 9.5 Distance sampling software in R 9.6 Spatial distribution and plotless density estimators 9.6.1 Closest-individual or distance method 9.6.2 Nearest-neighbour methods References 282 282 282 284 288 288 289 290 290 291 10 Observational and Experimental Methods to Estimate Natality, Mortality, Movement, and
Dispersal 10.1 Natality 10.2 Fertility 10.3 Numbers entering a stage 293 293 293 295
XVI CONTENTS 10.4 The birth rate from mark-recapture data 10.5 Mortality 10.5.1 Total mortality 10.5.2 Exclusion techniques 10.6 Dispersal 10.6.1 Detecting and quantifying jump dispersal 10.6.2 Quantifying neighbourhood dispersal 10.6.3 Methods based on a two-dimensional solution of the diffusion equation 10.6.4 The boundary-flux approach 10.6.5 The rate of population interchange between two areas 10.6.6 The description of population displacement in relation to its dispersion 10.6.7 The measurement and description of home range and territory 10.6.8 The rate of colonization of a new habitat and artificial substrates 10.6.9 The direction of migration References 11 The Construction, Description, and Analysis of Age-Specific Life-Tables 11.1 Types of life-table and the budget 11.2 The construction of a budget 11.3 Analysis of stage-frequency data 11.3.1 Southwood's graphical method 11.4 Richards and Waloff's first method 11.4.1 Manly's method 11.4.2 Ruesink's method 11.4.3 Dempster's method 11.4.4 Richards and Waloff's Second Method 11.4.5 Kiritani, Nakasuji, and Manly's method 11.4.6 Kempton's method 11.4.7 The Bellows and Birley method 11.5 The description of budgets and life-tables 11.5.1 Survivorship curves 11.5.2 Stock-recruitment (Moran-Ricker) curves 11.5.3 The life-table and life expectancy 11.5.4 Life and fertility tables and the net reproductive rate 11.6 Population growth rates 11.6.1 The calculation of r 11.7 The analysis of life-table data 11.7.1 The comparisonof mortality factors within a generation 11.8 Survival and life budget analysis 11.8.1 Varley and
Gradwell's method: К-value or key-factor analysis 11.8.2 Sibley's Я contribution analysis 11.8.3 Methods devoloped from demographic methods References 300 300 300 305 311 311 312 318 319 319 320 320 324 324 324 336 336 336 337 338 338 340 340 341 341 342 343 343 344 344 344 346 347 348 349 350 351 351 352 357 358 358
CONTENTS 12 Age-Grouping, Time-Specific Life-Tables, and Predictive Population Models 12.1 Age-grouping 12.1.1 Ageing young by developmental stage 12.1.2 Ageing by using structures 12.2 Time-specific life-tables and survival rates 12.2.1 Physiological time 12.2.2 Life-table parameters 12.2.3 Recruitment in the field 12.2.4 Lewis-Leslie matrices and R packages References 13 Species Richness, Diversity, and Packing 13.1 Diversity 13.2 Description of a- and y-diversity 13.3 Species richness 13.3.1 Extrapolating the species accumulation curve, rarefaction 13.3.2 Rarefaction to compare species richness 13.3.3 Sample-based rarefaction 13.3.4 An example of sample-based rarefaction 13.3.5 Using parametric models of relative abundance to estimate species richness 13.3.6 Non-parametric estimates of species richness 13.3.7 Software for calculating species richness and rarefaction 13.3.8 Models for the S:N relationship 13.4 Non-parametric indices of diversity 13.4.1 Shannon-Wiener function (H) 13.4.2 Simpson-Yule index (D) 13.5 Berger-Parker dominance index 13.5.1 Evenness (equitability) 13.5.2 McIntosh diversity measure 13.5.3 Comparing diversities, diversity ordering, and Hill numbers 13.5.4 Which model or index? 13.6 Procedure to determine a-diversity 13.7 Determining /3-diversity 13.8 Partitioning /З-diversity between species replacement and loss 13.9 Similarity and the comparison and classification of samples 13.9.1 Measures of complementarity 13.9.2 Similarity indices 13.9.3 Computation and display of indices 13.10 Multivariate analysis 13.10.1 Cluster analysis 13.10.2 Ordination
13.10.3 Species packing 13.11 Measurement of interspecific association 13.11.1 The departure of the distribution of presence or absence from independence xvii 362 362 362 364 371 372 373 373 374 377 384 385 385 386 387 390 391 391 391 392 393 394 398 398 399 399 400 400 400 401 403 404 405 406 406 406 408 409 410 414 415 416 416
xviii CONTENTS 13.12 Measurement of resource-utilization 13.12.1 Species packing in terms of mean and width of resource-utilization spectrum {d / w method) 13.12.2 Species packing in terms of proportional utilization of different resource states (p¡ method) 13.13 Niche size and competition coefficients 13.13.1 Software to calculate niche overlap statistics References 14 Estimation of Productivity and the Construction of Energy Budgets 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 Estimation of standing crop Measurement of biomass Determination of energy density Estimation of energy flow The measurement of production The measurement of feeding and assimilation 14.6.1 The quality of the food eaten 14.6.2 Feeding and assimilation rates 14.7 The measurement of the energy loss due to respiration and metabolic process 14.7.1 Calorimetric 14.7.2 The exchange of respiratory gases 14.8 The energy budget, efficiencies, and transfer coefficients 14.9 The energy budget of a population (or trophic level) 14.9.1 Dynamic energy budget models 14.9.2 Energy transfer across trophic links 14.10 Identification of ecological pathways using stable isotopes 14.11 Assessment of energy and time costs of strategies References 15 Techniques for the Study of Long-Term Dynamics: Analyzing Time Series 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 Examples of Long-term studies and the need for careful interpretation of change Planning temporal sampling The classification of time series 15.3.1 Using R for time series decomposition Detecting synchrony and species associations between time series Measuring temporal variability
15.5.1 Tilman's index of community stability Detecting break-points Determining if a species has become extinct Detection of density dependence in time series 15.8.1 Bulmer's (1975) test 15.8.2 Pollard et al.'s (1987) randomization test 15.8.3 Dennis and Taper's (1994) bootstrap approach 15.8.4 Using a battery of approaches to detect density dependence 418 420 421 422 423 425 430 432 432 433 433 434 436 436 437 440 440 440 446 446 447 449 449 451 451 458 458 460 460 462 470 471 473 473 476 477 477 478 479 480
CONTENTS 15.9 Temporal /З-diversity 15.9.1 Similarity and dissimilarity measures 15.9.2 Zeta diversity 15.9.3 Turnover measures 15.9.4 Mean rank shift 15.9.5 Defining the assemblage of interest: which taxa should be included? 15.9.6 Null models and the nature of change References 16 Studies at Large Spatial Scales, Citizen Science, and the Classification of Habitats 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 16.10 16.11 Planning spatial and temporal sampling Remote sensing data from satellites Remote sensing using piloted and unmanned aircraft Distributed networks of sensors and samplers Biodiversity and inventory databases Detecting break-points Geographical information systems Citizen science projects Ecosystem services Species richness change and scale Habitat classification 16.11.1 Qualitative 16.11.2 Quantitative References Index xix 481 482 482 483 483 483 483 484 487 487 488 490 490 491 491 491 492 493 494 494 494 494 496 499 |
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| author | Henderson, P. A. 1954- |
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| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 577 - Ecology |
| dewey-raw | 577 |
| dewey-search | 577 |
| dewey-sort | 3577 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Biologie |
| edition | Fifth edition |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV047809918 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:04:52Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:21:58Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780198862277 9780198862284 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033193459 |
| oclc_num | 1304481690 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | xix, 508 Seiten Diagramme, Illustrationen 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Henderson, P. A. 1954- Verfasser (DE-588)141287616 aut Ecological methods Southwood's ecological methods Peter A. Henderson, Senior Research Associate, University of Oxford and Director, Psices Conservation Ltd, Southampton, UK Fifth edition Oxford Oxford University Press 2021 xix, 508 Seiten Diagramme, Illustrationen 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ecology Methodology Ecology Data processing Animal populations Animal populations Statistical methods Tiere (DE-588)4060087-7 gnd rswk-swf Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf Demökologie (DE-588)4149059-9 gnd rswk-swf Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd rswk-swf Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 s DE-604 Demökologie (DE-588)4149059-9 s Tiere (DE-588)4060087-7 s Southwood, Richard 1931-2005 Begründer eines Werks (DE-588)1074961471 oth Vorangegangen ist Henderson, P. A., 1954- Ecological methods Fourth edition Chichester : Wiley Blackwell, [2016] Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033193459&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Henderson, P. A. 1954- Southwood's ecological methods Ecology Methodology Ecology Data processing Animal populations Animal populations Statistical methods Tiere (DE-588)4060087-7 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Demökologie (DE-588)4149059-9 gnd Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4060087-7 (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4149059-9 (DE-588)4038971-6 |
| title | Southwood's ecological methods |
| title_alt | Ecological methods |
| title_auth | Southwood's ecological methods |
| title_exact_search | Southwood's ecological methods |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Southwood's ecological methods |
| title_full | Southwood's ecological methods Peter A. Henderson, Senior Research Associate, University of Oxford and Director, Psices Conservation Ltd, Southampton, UK |
| title_fullStr | Southwood's ecological methods Peter A. Henderson, Senior Research Associate, University of Oxford and Director, Psices Conservation Ltd, Southampton, UK |
| title_full_unstemmed | Southwood's ecological methods Peter A. Henderson, Senior Research Associate, University of Oxford and Director, Psices Conservation Ltd, Southampton, UK |
| title_old | Henderson, P. A., 1954- Ecological methods |
| title_short | Southwood's ecological methods |
| title_sort | southwood s ecological methods |
| topic | Ecology Methodology Ecology Data processing Animal populations Animal populations Statistical methods Tiere (DE-588)4060087-7 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Demökologie (DE-588)4149059-9 gnd Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ecology Methodology Ecology Data processing Animal populations Animal populations Statistical methods Tiere Ökologie Demökologie Methode |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033193459&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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