Atomic steppe: how Kazakhstan gave up the bomb
"Atomic Steppe tells the untold true story of how the obscure country of Kazakhstan said no to the most powerful weapons in human history. With the fall of the Soviet Union, the marginalized Central Asian republic suddenly found itself with the world's fourth largest nuclear arsenal on its...
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| Language: | English |
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Stanford, California
Stanford University Press
[2022]
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Summary: | "Atomic Steppe tells the untold true story of how the obscure country of Kazakhstan said no to the most powerful weapons in human history. With the fall of the Soviet Union, the marginalized Central Asian republic suddenly found itself with the world's fourth largest nuclear arsenal on its territory. Would it give up these fire-ready weapons--or try to become a Central Asian North Korea? This book takes us inside Kazakhstan's extraordinary and little-known nuclear history from the Soviet period to the present. For Soviet officials, Kazakhstan's steppe was not an ecological marvel or beloved homeland, but an empty patch of dirt ideal for nuclear testing. Two-headed lambs were just the beginning of the resulting public health disaster for Kazakhstan--compounded, when the Soviet Union collapsed, by the daunting burden of becoming an overnight nuclear power. Equipped with intimate personal perspective and untapped archival resources, Togzhan Kassenova introduces us to the engineers turned diplomats, villagers turned activists, and scientists turned pacifists who worked toward disarmament. With thousands of nuclear weapons still present around the world, the story of how Kazakhs gave up their nuclear inheritance holds urgent lessons for global security"-- |
| Item Description: | Literaturverzeichnis Seite [325]-350. - Index |
| Physical Description: | xviii, 362 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 23 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781503632431 9781503628465 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a "Atomic Steppe tells the untold true story of how the obscure country of Kazakhstan said no to the most powerful weapons in human history. With the fall of the Soviet Union, the marginalized Central Asian republic suddenly found itself with the world's fourth largest nuclear arsenal on its territory. Would it give up these fire-ready weapons--or try to become a Central Asian North Korea? This book takes us inside Kazakhstan's extraordinary and little-known nuclear history from the Soviet period to the present. For Soviet officials, Kazakhstan's steppe was not an ecological marvel or beloved homeland, but an empty patch of dirt ideal for nuclear testing. Two-headed lambs were just the beginning of the resulting public health disaster for Kazakhstan--compounded, when the Soviet Union collapsed, by the daunting burden of becoming an overnight nuclear power. Equipped with intimate personal perspective and untapped archival resources, Togzhan Kassenova introduces us to the engineers turned diplomats, villagers turned activists, and scientists turned pacifists who worked toward disarmament. With thousands of nuclear weapons still present around the world, the story of how Kazakhs gave up their nuclear inheritance holds urgent lessons for global security"-- | |
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Record in the Search Index
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CONTENTS Maps, Tables, and Photographs ix Acknowledgments xi Explanatory Notes xv Abbreviations xvii PART I: RULED BY RUSSIA, SCARRED BY NUCLEAR TESTS: KAZAKHSTAN UNDERTHE RUSSIAN SHADOW PROLOGUE 3 i Ihe Steppe 12 շ Forty Years of Nuclear Tests 29 3 Ihe Human Toll 54 4 Ihe Nation Rises 73 5 The Swan Song of the Soviet Union 100 PART 2: FREEDOM DAWNS, BUT THE ARSENAL REMAINS 6 Fears in Washington and Alma-Ata 125 7 A Temporary Nuclear Power 145 8 The Final Push 172 9 Project Sapphire and the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program 185 10 Farewell to Bombs epilogue: Reimagining the Atomic Steppe Notes 277 Bibliography 325 Index 351 208 243
BIBLIBDRAPHY ARCHIVAL SOURCES Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Almaty, Kazakhstan) Cable from the Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Washington, DC, to the For eign Minister Tokayev, written by Bolat Nurgaliev, October 29,1996, f. 75H, 0.1, d. 2624, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on speeding up economic and social development in Semipalatinsk Oblast; from the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR to the President of the Kazakh SSR Nazarbayev N. A., signed by the chairman of the Council U. Karamanov, July 27,1990, f. 7, o. 1, d. 88, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Deputy Chair of the State Committee of the Russian Federation on Economic Coop eration with CIS (Μ. Khusnutdinov) to the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan, revised draft of Russia-Kazakhstan agreement, December 23,1993. The Council of Ministers sent it to the Atomic Energy Agency (Vladimir Shkolnik) and the Ministry of Defense (Sagadat Nurmagambetov) and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tuleitai Suleimenov), f. 75H, o. 1, d. 602, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Document from f. 5H, o. 1, d. 3376, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Documents on preparation and results of the visit of Strobe Talbott, the plenipotentiary ambassador and special coordinator for CIS, to Almaty, September 11-12,1993, Ar chive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Draft letter from Nazarbayev to James Baker, March 1992, f. 5H, o. 1, d. 1303,
Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ‘Tnformatsciia nachal’nika UKGB pri Sovete Ministrov Kazakhskoi SSR po Semipalatinskoi obl. M. Dzhandiľdinova pervomu sekretarju Semipalatinskogo obkoma KP Kazakhstana M. P. Karpenko ob otritsateľnoi reaktsii naseleniia na atomnye ispytania” [Information from the chief of the department of KGB at the Council of Minister of 325
326 Bibliography Kazakh SSR M. Dzhandiľdinov on the Semipalatinsk Oblast for the First Secretary of Semipalatinsk Oblast Executive Committee of Kazakhstan’s Communist Party Μ. P. Karpenko on the populations negative reaction to nuclear tests], August 19,1966, Semipalatinsk, secret, signed by Dzhandiľdinov, f. 708,0.36/1, d. 4,166-176, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. “Informatsiia о press-konferentsii, sostoiavsheisia pered otkrytiem mezhdunarodnogo kongressa ‘Izbirateli mira protiv iadernogo oruzhiia,’ sozdannogo po initsiative antiiadernogo dvizheniia ‘Nevada-Semipalatinsk’ i mezhdunarodnoi organizatsii ‘Vrachi mira za predotvrashchenie iadernoi voiny”’ [Information on the press con ference held on the eve of the International Congress of International Voters for the Prevention of Nuclear War Established on the Initiative of the Antinuclear Move ment Nevada-Semipalatinsk and the International Organization of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War], May 24,1990, f. 7, 0.1, d. 156, 24-25, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. “Kazakhstan: ‘Missing’ HEU, October 26,1996,” PM Press Guidance, f. 75H, o. 1, d. 2624, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan’s government commission, Akt Proverki materialov o kolichestve iadernyh vzryvov, provedennyh na Semipalatinskom iadernom poligone, c 1949 g. po 1989 g. [A record of inspection of materials on the quantity of nuclear explosions con ducted at the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Polygon, 1949-1989], February 28,1992, f. 5H, o. 1, d. 1020a, Archive of
the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Letter from the Acting General Director of the National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan Sh. T. Tukhvatullin addressed to the Chief of the Main Military-Medical Department of the Russian Federation General-Lieutenant I. Chizh, December 12, 1993 £ 5H, o. 1, d. 2017, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Letter from the Acting Minister of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan E. K. Argymbaev addressed to the Minister of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan General S. N. Nurmagambetov and Kazakhstan’s State Counselor K. Suleimenov, January 21,1994, f. 5H, o. 1, d. 2017, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Letter from Akezhan Kazhegeldin, 1993, f. 5H, o. 2, d. 351, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Letter from the Chief of the Main Military-Medical Department of the Russian Federa tion General-Lieutenant I. Chizh addressed to the General Director of the National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan G. A. Batyrbekov, November 20,1993, f. 5H, 0.1, d. 2017, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Letter from the Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation S. Shahrai addressed to the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan S. Teresh chenko, April 29,1994, f. 5H, o. 1, d. 2017, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Letter from the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan K. Zhigalov addressed to the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan, February 21,1994, f. 5H, o. 1,
d. 2017, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Bibliography 327 Letter from the General Director of the National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Ka zakhstan G. A. Batyrbekov addressed to the Main Military-Medical Department of the Russian Federation, October 21,1993, f. 5Н, o. i, d. 2017, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Letter from General-Lieutenant Yuri Konovalenko to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, December 28,1992, f. 5H, o. 1, d. 2017, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Letter from James Baker to Nazarbayev, f. 5H, o. 1, d. 1303, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Letter from the Minister of Ecology and Bioresources of the Republic of Kazakhstan S. A. Medvedev addressed to the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakh stan, July 13,1994, f. 5H, o. 1, d. 2017, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Letter from the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan T. Suleimenov to President Nazarbayev, December 25,1992,5H-1--849,79, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Letter from the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan T. Suleimenov to President Nazarbayev, “K pozitscii Kazakhstana o prisoedinenii к DNIaO” [On Kazakhstan’s position on NPT adherence], April 13,1992, f. 5H, o. 1, d. 1303, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Letter from the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan T. Suleimenov to President Nazarbayev, October 1993, f. 5H, o. 1, d. 2192, 5-6, Archive of the Presi dent of the Republic of
Kazakhstan. Letter from the Minister of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan V. Deviatko addressed to the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan, with a copy to the Agency on Atomic Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, July 5,1994, f. 5H, o. 1, d. 2017, Ar chive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Letter from Oumirserik Kasenov to Tulegen Zhukeev, “On Possibility of Creating an NWFZ in Central Asia,” October 3,1994, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Letter from President Bush to President Nazarbayev, December 26,1991, f. 5H, 0.1, d. 1361, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Letter from the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan S. Tereshchenko ad dressed to the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation V. S. Chernomyrdin, December 24,1993, f. 5H, o. %, d. 2818, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Letter from the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan S. Tereshchenko ad dressed to the Chairman of the Council of Ministers-Government of the Russian Federation V. S. Chernomyrdin, March 2, 1994, f. 5H, o. 1, d. 2017, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Letter from S. Tereshchenko, Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan, to S. Abdildin, Chair of the Supreme Soviet, November 30,1992, f. 5H, 0.1, d. 1958, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
328 Bibliography Letter from V. Shkolnik, General Director of Atomic Energy Commission to G. A. Abilsiitov, Deputy Prime Minister, April 19,1993, Archive of the President of the Repub lic of Kazakhstan. Letter from William Courtney to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakh stan, Documents on preparation and results of the visit of Strobe Talbott, the plenipo tentiary ambassador and special coordinator for CIS, to Almaty, September 11-12,1993, Department of Americas and Europe, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 75-H-1,441, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Memorandum, Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR to the President of the Kazakh SSR Nazarbayev N. A., signed by the chairman of the Council U. Karamanov, July 27,1990, f. 7, o. 1, d. 88, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Memorandum from Yu. Sheiko, deputy head of the socioeconomic section of the Cen tral Committee of the Kazakhstan Communist Party, March 1,1989, Archive of the President of the Republic Kazakhstan. Memorandum from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan to President Nazarbayev, November 23,1994, f. 5H, o. 1, d. 3806, Archive of the Presi dent of the Republic of Kazakhstan. On the Results of U.S. Vice President Al Gore’s Visit to Kazakhstan,” memorandum from Gani Kassymov to President Nazarbayev, f. 5H, 0.1, d. 3577,3-8, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Open Statement to the USSR Supreme Soviet and Kazakhstan’s Supreme Soviet, signed by O. Suleimenov, S. Muratbekov, D.
Snegin, K. Myrzaliev, February 25,1989, Ar chive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. “Pi’smo pervogo sekretaria Semipalatinskogo obkoma KP Kazakhstana, narodnogo deputata SSSR К. В. Boztaeva Prezidentu Kazakhskoi SSR N. A. Nazarbayevu po voprosu Semipalatinskogo iadernogo poligona” [Letter from the First Secretary of the Semipalatinsk Oblast Committee of Kazakhstan’s Communist Party, USSR People’s Deputy К. B. Boztaev to the President of the Kazakh SSR N. A. Nazarbayev on the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Polygon], April 29,1990, f. 708, o. 140, d. 78,1-5, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. “Pis’mo rukovoditelei soiuznyh ministerstv A. L Burnaziana i E. P. Slavskogo pervomu sekretariu TsK KP Kazakhstana D. A. Kunaevu о bezopasnosti dlia naseleniia posledstvii provedeniia eksperimental’nyh vzryvov” [Letter from the Soviet ministers A. I. Burnazian and E. P. Slavskii to the First Secretary of the Central Committee of Kazakhstan’s Communist Party D. A. Kunaev on the safety of experimental explo sions for the population], February 8-9,1965, f. 708, o. 36/1, d. 3,113-14, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Report of the America Desk of Kazakhstan’s MFA on work completed in 1993, 75-H-1, 430, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. “Spravka po ugolovnomu delu v otnoshenii komandira v/ch 52605 general-leitenanta Konovalenko Yu. V” [Memorandum on the criminal case against the Commander of the military unit Yu. V. Konovalenko], signed by A. F. Dudkin, Deputy Military Prosecutor of the Republic of Kazakhstan and N.
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Bibliography 329 Section of the Presidential Administration and the Council of Ministers of the Re public of Kazakhstan, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Transcript of the conversation between President Nazarbayev and US Ambassador Wil liam Courtney, Almaty, July 18,1993, transcribed by Gizzatov, Archive of the Presi dent of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Transcript of the main contents of the conversation with Strobe Talbott, the special co ordinator for CIS and plenipotentiary ambassador, June 9,1993, Almaty, Kazakh stan, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Transcript of the meeting between President of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev and Strobe Talbott, the special coordinator for CIS and plenipotentiary ambassador, September 12,1993, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Ustinov, A. Ό mitinge obshchestvennosti g. Alma-Aty v konferents-zale Soiuza Pis atelei Kazakhstana 28 fevralia 1989 goda” [On the public rally in Alma-Ata in the conference hall of Kazakhstan’s writers’ union on February 28,1989], internal memo, Central Committee of Kazakhstan’s Communist Party, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. “Vyvody mezhvedomstvennoi komissii, obrazovannoi Minzdravom SSSR v sootvetstvii s rasporiazheniem zamestitelia predsedatelia Sověta Ministrov SSSR” [Conclusions by the interagency commission created by the USSR Ministry of Health by the de cree of the Deputy Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers], signed by the cor respondent member of the USSR Academy of Medical Scientists USSR Professor A. F.
Tsyb, f. 708, 0.139, d. 1718, 41-44, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Center for Modern History Documentation of Eastern Kazakhstan (Semey, Kazakhstan/ “Informatsiia glavnogo vracha radiologicheskogo dispansera MZ SSSR, kandidata meditsinskih nauk В. I. Guseva о radiatsionno-gigienicheskoi obstanovke na territoriiah, prilegaiushchih к iadernomu poligonu, sostoianii zdorov’ia liudei, podvergavshihsia oblucheniiu ioniziruiushchih izluchenii v real’nyh usloviiah nazemnyh i vozdushnyh vzryvov (1949-1965 gg.)” [Information of the chief doctor of the USSR Ministry of Health’s Radiological Clinic, candidate of medical sciences В. I. Gusev on the radiological-hygienic situations on the territories in the vicinity of the Nu clear Polygon, health of the residents exposed to ionizing radiation during ground and air explosions], September 6,1990, Center for Modern History Documentation of Eastern Kazakhstan. “Informatsiia pervogo sekretaria Semipalatinskogo obkoma partii, narodnogo depu tata SSSR K. B. Boztaeva v Verhovnyi Sovet SSSR A. I. Luk’ianovu о destabilizatsii politicheskoi obstanovki v Semipalatinskoi oblasti” [Information of the First Secretary of the Semipalatinsk Oblast Committee of the Communist Party, USSR Peoples Deputy К. B. Boztaev for the USSR Supreme Soviet for the attention of A. I. Lukianov on the destabilization of political situation in Semipalatinsk Oblast], June
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INDEX Note: Page numbers in italics indicate illustrative material. Abai, 12,15-16,85; The Book of Words, 16 Abraly, 65 Abulkhair Khan, 17 Abykaev, Nurtai, 155,162 Afanasenko, Peter, 115 Agreement on Strategic Forces, 156, 249 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 252-53 Aiaganov, Burkitbai, 137 Aimakov, Mutan, 27 Akayev, Askar, 107 Akhmetov, Alimzhan, 243 Akhromeyev, Sergey, no Aktau, 126,128,129, 233-37, 255 Alash Orda, 20,79 Alash Party, 19-20 Alessi, Victor, 52 Allison, Graham, 131 Alma-Ata Declaration, 120-21 Almaty Declaration, 247 America. See United States americium, 263 Amrollahi, Reza, 193 Andropov, Yuri, 39,100, 281П36 animals: radiation exposure, 30,39,49,65, 69, 85; return to cleared testing sites, 225; as test subjects, 26,38,42,59 Anna loanovna, Empress of Russia, 17 antiaircraft and antimissile systems, 129-30 antinuclear movement: international collab oration, 92-93,96,96-97; Kazakh gov ernment appeals to Soviet government, 80-84,87-91; military criticism of, 9495; protests and rallies, 73,77-79,80,87, 88,89,91,91,95-97,96,98; Suleimenov’s leadership, 76-78,88,92,272. See also Nevada-Semipalatinsk movement Armenia, and Tashkent Treaty, 164, 248 arms control. See disarmament and dismantlement Arzamas-16,25,33-34 Ashford, Mary-Wynne, 93 Aspin, Les, 200 Assanbaev, Erik, 82,83,90, 91 Atchabarov, Bahiia, 7, 67-71,86 atmospheric testing: ban on, 46; military doctors’ recommendation for, 61; thermonuclear test at Polygon, first, 32, 34-40; thermonuclear test at Polygon, second, 40-43 Atomic Lake, 48-49,49,94, 265 Auezov, Mukhtar, 7,16, 62-63 Auezov, Murat, 73,77,79,84-85,92
Azarkh, Zinaida, 26 Azgir, 129 Baikonur, 130 351
352 Index Baitursynov, Akhmet, 19-20 Bukatov, Vladimir, 82 Baker, James, III: diplomatie interactions Bukeikhanov, Alikhan, 19 with Nazarbayev, 114-16,119-20,121, Burnazyan, Avetik, 49,71 158,166; oil industry connections, 160; Burns, William, 201 on post-Soviet embassies, 145; and Burovskaia, Mira, 22 START 1,165,171; on vulnerability of Bush, George H. W.: antinuclear appeals Soviet nuclear knowledge, 129 Balapan mountains, 46,84-85,88,221, 223, 224 to, 88; approval of ambassadors, 146, 147; correspondence with Nazarbayev, 147,170; Nazarbayev’s visit in Balmukhanov, Saim, 59,70 Washington with, 163,166-68,170; and Nunn-Lugar CTR program, 200; Baldov, Alexander, 237 Baltabek, Bolatbek, 271-73 oil industry connections, 160; and bans on nuclear testing, 43-44,45-46,50- Soviet collapse, 118,120-21; and Soviet 51. 53. 249-50 Bartashevich, Gennadii, 257 coup attempt, 103,108,109, no; and Batyrbekov, Erian, 232 Batyrbekov, Gadlet, 232,260 Belarus: and Central Asian Nuclear- START 1,156,166 “Buy American” provisions, 203-4,22223.225 Weapon-Free Zone, 248; and CIS, 117- Cabasso, Jacqueline, 92,93 18,143; and HEU Deal, 174,177; and cancer: in children, 65,270,271; rise in Nunn-Lugar CTR program, 201, 202, 203; and OSCE memorandum, 216-17; rates, 54-55,64-65,82,85-86; risk and causes of, 35,48,49,69,263-64,267 radiation in, 75; security of nuclear Carter, Ashton, 116,125,190,195,199,200 weapons in, 101,116-17, H9 120-21, 156; and Soviet coup attempt, 106-7; Center for Strategic Studies (later and START 1,157-59,171 172 173; and Studies), 132,139-44, 247 Central Asian Nuclear-Weapon-
Free Tashkent Treaty, 248 Beliaev, Nikolai, 62 Kazakhstan Institute of Strategic Zone, 246-49,319-20П11 Belovezh Accords, 117-18 cesium, 263-64 Chagan, military town, 256-59,258 Berdikhin, Pavel, 76 Chagan, village, 40-41,65,76,256,258-59 Beria, Lavrentii, 22,24,25,26,31,32-33 Charter on Democratic Partnership, Beloussov, Igor, 75,88,90 beryllium, 186,196, 254,310Ո2 215-16 Biden, Joe, 245 Chazov, Evgenii, 92 birth defects, 67,78, 85,88-89, 97. 243-44. Cheney, Dick, 170, 200 270. 274 BN-350 (fast breeder nuclear reactor), 126, Cherepnin, Yuri, 232 233-34. 235. 236,240-41 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 170 Chernobyl accident, 60,75,229 Chernenko, Konstantin, 100 Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 191 Bozhko, Vladimir, 187,194-95 Chernyaev, Anatoly, no, 112 Boztaev, Keshrim, 7,76,81-83,87-89, 90, Chevron (oil company), 139,159-61,163- 94.99 Brady, Nicholas, 147,169-70 children: antinuclear movement involve 64,165-66 Brezhnev, Leonid, 100 ment, 87, 89,96; birth defects, 67,78, Britain. See United Kingdom 85,88-89, 97. 243-44.270. 274; daily
Index lives impacted by nuclear tests, 57-58, 66՛, mortality, 39,63, 65,67,78, 82,85, 270,271; radiation exposure, 35, 49,58, 64, 65,67,271 China: and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 249; and Kazakhstan’s territo rial concerns, 133,135-36,154,164,167; and NPT, 139,140,154,245-46; nuclear program, 245; nuclear security assur ances, 314Ո15; and nuclear-weaponfree zones, 247-49 Christian Science Monitor (newspaper), 153-54 Christopher, Warren, 177,178-80,195, 202 CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States): Alma-Ata Declaration and Agreement on Strategic Forces, 120-21,156; criticism of, 137,166,175; establishment, 117-18; Kazakhstan’s membership, 118-20; Minsk Declaration, 121-22; option of joint control of nuclear weapons, 142-43 civilian impact. See children; health Clinton, Bill: economic assistance to Kazakhstan, 214,313Ո9; Nazarbayev’s visit in Washington with, 190, 213-14; possibility of trip to Kazakhstan, 177; and Project Sapphire, 192,199; and security of Polygon, 225 cobalt, 264 Collective Security Treaty (Tashkent Treaty), 164,169,248 collectivization, 4,20-21 Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 216-17 Commonwealth of Independent States. See CIS Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), 249-50 Connery, Joyce, 241 Courtney, William: appointed ambas sador to Kazakhstan, 147-49; and Christopher’s visit to Kazakhstan, 178, 180; and Gore’s visit to Kazakhstan, 183; on Kazakhstan’s foreign invest 353 ment interests, 161; on Kazakhstan’s foreign ministry, 132; mixed signals on Kazakhstan’s nuclear position, 151-55, 172,173; and Nazarbayev’s Washington
visits, 161-62,163-64,214; and NunnLugar CTR program, 200; and orphan nuclear device in Polygon, 220; and Project Sapphire, 188,190,195; on re imbursement for nuclear material, 177 COVID-19 pandemic, 259,268 CSCE (Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe), 216-17 CTBT (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty), 249-50 CTR (Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program), 179,183,185-86, 189,199-205,222,225,229-30, 309Ո29 Cuban missile crisis, 45 culture. See Kazakh culture and identity death. See mortality Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), 224-25 Degelen Mountain, 46, 47,75,88,224,227, 231,250 Demirel, Suleyman, 155 denuclearization. See disarmament and dismantlement Department of Defense (DOD), 195,197, 233 Department of Energy (DOE), 190-98, 233, 234,236 Department of State, 145-46,180-81,190, 195 197 Derr, Kenneth, 160,165 Derzhavinsk, 218, 221,222, 223 disarmament and dismantlement: CIS agreement on, 120-21,156; compensa tion for, 174,177,183,197-98,219; cost of, 144,152; and Cuban missile crisis, 45; missile silo destruction, 221-23; and MPC A program, 233,234, 235, 236,241-42; and NTI, 239-40,25153; nuclear arsenal removal, 218-21, 314Ո21; nuclear material security
354 at Institutes of Atomic Energy and Nuclear Physics, 241-42; nuclear ma terial security at MAEK, 233-41,238; nuclear material security at Polygon, 224-32; and Nunn-Lugar CTR pro gram, 179,183,185-86,189,199-205, 222, 225,229-30,309Ո29; and OSCE memorandum, 216-17; in post-Soviet nuclear scenarios, 116,144; and START է 156-59,165,166,171,172-73,175-76, 221-22; test ban treaties, 43-44,4546,50-51,53,249-50. See also NPT; Project Sapphire Dispensary No. 4, 61-64,71, 82, 266-67 Diusekeev, Nesipbai, 65 DOD (Department of Defense), 195,197, 233 DOE (Department of Energy), 190-98, 233,234,236 Dolon, 86 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 16 DTRA (Defense Threat Reduction Agency), 224-25 Duify, Gloria, 204 Dzhakishev, Mukhtar, 254 economy: Kazakhstan, 133,137,138-39,147, 150,167-68,170,178, 214,313Ո9; Soviet Union, 101-2,112. See also oil industry Egypt, and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 249 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 44 England. See United Kingdom environment: public conference on, 85-87; radioactive contamination of land and water, 30,39,47-50,49, 54-55,62, 6364, 69-70, 224 Esdauletov, Ulykbek, 78 Essengarin, Kabden, 39,71, 281Ո36 evacuation and relocation of civilians, 3536,43 57 fallout. See radiation Forehand, Harry (Mac), 226 Foster, Mike, 195 Index France: and IAEA fuel bank, 253; and NPT, 139,140, 245-46; nuclear program, 29, 140,245; nuclear security assurances, 314Ո15; and nuclear-weapon-free zones, 247-49 fuel bank, 251-53 Gagarin, Yuri, 130 Gardner, Roy, 205,206 Gavrilov, Victor, 34-35 Gershwin, George, 16 Giffen, James, 161,163, зобпбб Gift, Elwood, 190-91 glasnost, 74,76,77
Goodby, James, 179,201-2 Gorbachev, Mikhail: antinuclear appeals to, 81,84,87-88,94,97-98; attempted coup against, loo-ioi, 103-11,112-13; economic reforms and crisis, 101-2, 112; and New Union Treaty, 102-3, ш, 114; nuclear launch authorization, 112, 199; oil industry negotiations, 160; and Soviet collapse, 118,121; and START 1,156; and Suleimenov, 79-80; test ban treaty negotiations, 50-51,74-75; unilateral moratorium on nuclear test ing, 220 Gore, Al, 177,180,182-84,189,191, 202, 214,217 Gore, Tipper, 182 Gottemoeller, Rose, 191,229 Hayward, Susan, 55 health: birth defects, 67,78,85,88-89, 97, 243-44,270, 274; generational impact of radiation, 39,42-43,268,269; hu manitarian aid from United States, 168-69,198; official recognition of and assistance for victims, 243,244, 270, 272-74; personal victim stories, 243-44,269-73; public conference on, 85-87; radiation effects, 35,26365; radiation exposure, animals, 30, 39, 49, 65,69,85; radiation exposure, civilians, 38-40,48-49,54-55,58-59,
355 Index 61-71, 68,271; radiation exposure. Polygon personnel, 26-27,40,47,5557; shock wave injuries, 41-42, 271; studies on, Kazakh-run, 67-71,26768; studies on, Soviet-run, 59-64,71, 82, 94,266-67. See also mortality Hecker, Siegfried, 227-29 HEU. See uranium HEU Deal (Highly Enriched Uranium Purchase Agreement), 174,177,252 Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings, 21,36, 43. 59, 87. 92.95.246 Holgate, Laura, 203-5,206,207,252 Howden, Eric, 237-38, 239 IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), 186, 187-88, 190, 224, 235, 240, 249,251-53,319-20П11 Ilkaev, Radii, 228-29 Iľyenko, Arkadii, 76,85,94 India: and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 249; and NPT, 154, 245-46; nuclear program, 30,140,245 Institute of Atomic Energy, 241,260 Institute of Biophysics, 6o֊6i, 70 Institute of Geophysical Research, 260 Institute of Nuclear Physics, 241-42,260 Institute of Radiation Mediane and Ecology, 266, 267-68 Institute of Radiation Safety and Ecology, 260,262,265 Institute of Regional Pathology, 67-71 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 186,187-88,190,224,235,240, 249,251-53,319-20П11 International Congress of International Voters for the Prevention of Nuclear War (1990), 92-93 International Monitoring System, 250 International Peace March, 96,96-97,98 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW), 92. 93 International Science and Technology Center (ISTC), 198 iodine, 263 Iran: and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 249; and IAEA fuel bank, 252-53; and instability in former Soviet Union, 166-67; nuclear interests, 128-29, 178. 193.234. 253 Irtysh River, 13,17, 52 Israel:
and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 249; and NPT, 246; nuclear program, 245 issin, Zhamiľ, 78 ISTC (International Science and Technology Center), 198 Izbiratel’ (newspaper), 86 Izvestiia (newspaper), 154 Japan, Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings, 21,36.43.59,87,92, 95. 246 JVE (Joint Verification Experiment), 51-53 Kadyrzhanov, Kairat, 227-29, 232, 241-42, 262 Kakimzhanova, Gulsum, 58 Kapustin Yar, 129 Karamanov, Uzakbai, 94 Karaul, 38, 87,93,270-71 Karimov, Islam, 247 Karpenko, Mikhail, 7,63 Kas, Pasha, 269 Kashaubaev, Amre, 16 Kassenov, Oumirserik, 132-33,141,143.247 Kassymov, Alibek, 180,202 Kassymov, Gani, 161-62 Kazakh culture and identity: hospitality, 97,104,115,178,183, 205-7; as minor ity in independent Kazakhstan, 134; nomadic, 14-15, 20-21; resurgence of, 73-74; suppression of, 10 Kazakhstan, pre-independence: ban on nuclear testing, 97,98; history of Russian hegemony in, 4,16-21,13334; and Soviet coup attempt, 106-7, 109. See also antinuclear movement; Semipalatinsk Polygon, Soviet era Kazakhstan, post-independence: bilateral
356 negotiations with United States, 14950,152,155,163-64,166-70,175-83; Charter on Democratic Partnership, 215-16; decision to hold off giving up nuclear weapons as strategic maneuver, 115,119-22,151-56,159,167,173-74; defense ministry, 116,132,298-99Ո73; domestic pronuclear views, 137; eco nomic concerns and development, 133,137,138-39,147,150,167-68,170; first presidential elections, 117; Gore’s visit to, 182-84,189,202; and HEU Deal, 174; inheritance from Soviet Union, overview, 125-26; inheritance of nuclear knowledge and facilities, 129-30,186-87; inheritance of nuclear weapons stockpile, 130-31; inheritance of uranium reserves, 126-29,187; inter national reputation concerns, 138-39; membership in CIS, 118-20; member ship in NPT, negotiations, 139,14041,151,152,153,154,156,165,172,173, 179-83,186,202; membership in NPT, ratification, 214; military force develop ment, 164,170,204; Nazarbayevs visits to Washington, 161-64,165-71,167, 190,213-17,215; and New Union Treaty, 102-4,114,118; oil industry develop ment, 139,150,159-61,163-64,165-66, 217-18; and OSCE memorandum, 21617; peaceful nuclear programs, 186-87, 212,253-55; scenarios for nuclear future, 141-44; science and technology development, 198,217; and START I, 157-59,165,166,171,172-73,175-76, 221-22; and Tashkent Treaty, 164,169, 248; territorial concerns, 131,133-36, 143,154,167,176-77,216; and TPNW, 246; US embassy established in, 14649; vulnerability, 120,131-36. See also disarmament and dismantlement; Semipalatinsk Polygon, post-Soviet era Kazakhstan Institute of Strategic Studies (formerly Center for
Strategic Studies), 132,139-44,247 Index Kazakhstanskaia Pravda (newspaper), 154 Kazatomprom, 253-54 Kazhegeldin, Akezhan, 212 Kennedy, John E, 45-46 KGB, 31,64,71,73,103,127 Khariton, Boris, 22 Khariton, Yuli, 22,28,34 Khrushchev, Nikita, 5,32,44,45-46, 62, 130,134 Koch, Susan, 153, 202,204 Kokoshin, Andrei, 200 Kolbas, 226-27, 230-31 Kolhin, Gennadii, 73,81,82-83 Konovalenko, Yuri, 211, 212-13 Konovalov, Vitalii, 91 Kovrigina, Mariia, 67 Kozyrev, Andrei, 151 Krasnala Zvezda (newspaper), 83,175-76 Kravchuk, Leonid, 111,117,137,159, 214 Kryuchkov, Vladimir, 103,104 Kuchma, Leonid, 216 Kunaev, Dinmukhamed, 49,63,73 Kurchatov: and antinuclear movement, 95,96; conditions and development after Polygon closure, 225, 241,259-62; and JVE, 52; military abandonment of, after Soviet collapse, 211-12; as poten tial site for nuclear power plants, 255; residency life at, 30-31,97 Kurchatov, Igor, 22,25, 26,28 Kuyukov, Karipbek, 97,98 Kuzembaeva, Galina, 79 Kyrgyzstan: and Central Asian NuclearWeapon-Free Zone, 246-49; and Soviet coup attempt, 107; and Tashkent Treat, 164,248 “Kyz Zhibek” (poetic folk legend), 73-74 Lake, Anthony, 213-14 Leninsk, 221,223 LEU (low enriched uranium), 174, 219,233, 239-42, 252 Linger, Don, 224-25,227 Lira, 129 Lisbon Protocol, 171. See also START I
Index Lown, Bernard, 92 Lugar, Richard, 172,186, 200,201,309Ո29 Lukashenko, Sergey, 260 MAEK (Mangyshlak Atomic Energy Com bine), 233-41,238 Major, John, 112 Makisheva, Mariiash, 97 Malye Akzhary, 41 Malyshev, Vyacheslav, 33,35,40 Marchenko, Valerii, 237 Marshall Islands, 32,55 Material Protection, Control, and Accounting (MPC A), 233,234,235, 236,241-42 Matlock, Jack, 103,108,119 Matvienko, Professor, 84 McMillan, Harold, 44,46 meat production, 13,82,88 Mercy Corps International, 169 Metov, Meigis, 56-57 Mette, Vitalii, 188-89, 193 Mikhaelis, Evgenii, 16 Mikhailov, Viktor, 191 military personnel: conscription in nuclear program, 22-23,46-47; con struction of Polygon, 23-25; criticism of antinuclear movement, 94-95; disbanding after Soviet collapse, 13637,211-12,213; health risks of nuclear testing, 42,47,55-57; Institute of Biophysics, 60-61,70; residency life at Polygon, 24,30-31 mining and miners, 48,87,268 Minsk Declaration, 121-22 missile launchers, 221-23 Moiseev, Mikhail, 112 Mongolia, 247 Mongols, 17 mortality: animals, 26,38, 69,85; children, 39, 63,65,67,78,82,85,270, 271; rise in rates, 82,85-86; from shock waves, 41, 42, 271; suicide, 63, 66-67,78,85-86, 272. See also cancer; health Mosbacher, Robert, 160 357 MPC A (Material Protection, Control, and Accounting), 233, 234, 235,236, 241-42 Mukhamedzhanov, Tolegen, 78 Mukur, 65 Muldagaliev, Talgat, 268, 273 Mulroney, Brian, 108 Napper, Larry, 116,137,145-46,180,181 National Nuclear Center: establishment, 212,260; operations, overview, 260-61; program to transfer Polygon’s uncon taminated land, 262; and security
of materials at Polygon, 224, 225, 226, 230,232 NATO, 150,153,169,216 Nazarbayev, Nursultan: antinuclear move ment involvement, 83,84,90,91,94, 97-98; and Baker’s visit to Kazakhstan, 114-16; and CIS, 118-19,120,166,175; closure of Polygon, 114; correspon dence with Bush, 147,170; decision to hold off giving up nuclear weapons as strategic maneuver, 115,119-22,151-56, 159,167; elected first leader of inde pendent Kazakhstan, 117; and IAEA fuel bank, 252-53; on Kazakhstan ter ritory, 131,135,176-77; mentioned, 76, 81,240; and New Union Treaty, 102-4, 114,118; NPT negotiations, 152,154, 165. i73 179,182-83; nuclear arsenal removal negotiations, 219; at Nuclear Security Summit, 232; and NunnLugar CTR program, 179,183,201-2; oil industry negotiations, 160,163-64, 165-66; and Project Sapphire, 191-92, 199; and security of Polygon, 225; silo destruction concerns, 222; and Soviet coup attempt, 106-7,109,111; and START 1,158,159,165,166,171,175-76; visits to Washington, 161-64,165-71, 167,190,213-17,215 Nevada-Semipalatinsk movement: criti cism of Soviet coup attempt, 109; es tablishment, 78-79, 272; growing
358 popularity of, 83,84; observation of imitation underground test, 84-85; and orphan nuclear device in Polygon, 220-21; protests and rallies, 87,89,91, 95-97,96 Nevada Test Site, 29,48,51,54,226,227, 228, 294Ո62 New START, 245 New Union Treaty, 102-3, ա H2 U4 118 Nezavisimaia Gazeta (newspaper), 156 Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia, 19 niobium, 254 nomadic culture, 14-15,20-21 Northern California Ecumenical Council, International Services of San Francisco, 169 North Korea: and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 249; and NPT, 246; nu clear program, 30,190, 245 Novaya Zemlya testing site, 29,43,44 NPT (Treaty of Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons): current status, 245-46; Kazakhstan ratification of, 214; Kazakhstan’s membership nego tiations, 139,140-41,151,152,153,154, 156,165,172,173,179-83,186,202; and nuclear-weapon-free zones, 247-49, 319mi; purpose, 139-40 Nuclear Security Summits, 232 Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI), 239-40, 251-53 nuclear-weapon-free zones, 246-49 Nunn, Sam, 172,186,199-200, 201, 239, 309Ո29 Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) Program, 179,183, 185-86,189,199-205, 222, 225, 229-30, 309Ո29. See also Project Sapphire Nurgaliev, Bolat, 180,197, 202 Nurmagambetov, Sagadat, 116,298-99Ո73 Oak Ridge National Lab, 191,195-96 Obama, Barack, 232 oil industry: Chevron-Kazakh nego tiations, 160-61,163-64,165-66; Chevron-Soviet negotiations, 160- Index 61; multinational investments in Kazakhstan, 217-18; potential in Kazakhstan, 139,150 O’Leary, Hazel, 195 on-site inspections, 44, 45,46,51-53,192, 250 Operation Provide Hope 1,168-69 Operation Provide
Hope II, 169 OPIC (Overseas Private Investment Corporation), 168 Ordway, John, 234 OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe), 216-17 OSIA (On-Site Inspection Agency), 192 Pakistan: and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 249; and NPT, 246; nuclear pro gram, 30,140,245 Park of Nuclear Technologies, 261 Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963), 46 Pavlov, Valentin, 101,104,106 Pavlov Reform, 101-2 Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty (1990), 50,5L 53 peaceful nuclear programs, 139-40,18687, 212,253-55 Pentagon, 190,191,192,196, 203,222 perestroika, 74 Perkins, Ed, 147 Perry, William, 195-96,199 Petrushenko, Nikolai, 94-95 Planchón, Pete, 234 plutonium, 126-27,128, 231,233-34, 255, 264,300Ո4. See abo uranium Polygon. See Semipalatinsk Polygon, Soviet era; Semipalatinsk Polygon, post-Soviet era Popov, Gavriil, 103 Potter, William, 129 Pravda (newspaper), 86 Price, Espy, 166 Project Sapphire: compensation, 197-98; execution, 192-95; origins, 186-92; press coverage of, 195-97 protests and rallies, antinuclear, 73,77-79, 80, 87, 88,89,91,91,95-97,96,98
Index Pugo, Boris, no Qaddafi, Muammar, 187,188 Quayle, Dan, 170 radiation: animal exposure to, 30, 39, 49, 65, 69, 85; birth defects caused by, 67, 78, 85, 88-89, 97. 243-44. 270, 274; ci vilian exposure to, 38-40, 48-49, 5455.58-59,61-71,68,271; contamination of land and water, 30, 39, 47-50, 49, 54-55, 62, 63-64, 69-70, 224; current levels of contamination, 262-65, 267; data collection, overview, 59-60; data collection, Dispensary No. 4, 61-64, 71, 82, 266-67; data collection, Insti tute of Biophysics, 60-61; data collec tion, Institute of Radiation Medicine and Ecology, 267-68; data collection, Institute of Regional Pathology, 67-71; dosage measurements and effects, 35, 35. 39-40, 48-49.56, 61, 70, 71,263-65, 268, 281Ո37; from first nuclear test, 27; gas leaks, 75-77, 81-85; generational impact, 39,42-43,268,269; official rec ognition of and assistance for victims, 243, 244, 270,272-74; Polygon person nel exposure to, 26-27, 40, 47, 55-57; and reputation of modern Kurchatov, 261-62; from thermonuclear testing, 34-35. 38-40, 43; from underground testing, 48-49 Rafsanjani, Hashemi, 178 rallies and protests, antinuclear, 73,77-79, 80,87,88, 89,91,91,95-97,96,98 Reagan, Ronald, 50-51 Reid, Jim, 222 relocation and evacuation of civilians, 35- 36,43. 57 Ristvet, Byron, 232 Robbins, Christopher, 138 Rogov, Sergei, 200 Rudnyi Altai (newspaper), 95 Russia: authority over Soviet nuclear weapons transferred to, 120-22,143; bilateral and trilateral cooperation 359 to secure Polygon, 224-32; and CIS, 117-18; and elimination of testing infrastructure in Kazakhstan, 226; and HEU
Deal, 174,177,252; history of hegemony in Kazakhstan, 4,16-21, 133-34; and Kazakhstan’s territorial concerns, 131,133-35, ИЗ; Nazarbayev on instability in, 166-67; and NPT, 151, 245-46; nuclear program, continua tion of, 245; and nuclear-weapon-free zones, 247-49; and Nunn-Lugar CTR program, 202-3; and OSCE memo randum, 216-17; and Project Sapphire, 190,191,196; removal of nuclear arsenal from Kazakhstan, 218-19, 220-21,314Ո21; and silo destruction in Kazakhstan, 222; and START I, 156,157-59.171.173.175-76, 221-22; and Tashkent Treaty, 164,169, 248; uranium enrichment services, 254. See aho Soviet Union Rutskoy, Alexander, 110 Ryabev, Lev, 229 SABİT (Special American Business Intern ship), 168 Sadovskii, Mikhail, 23 Sadykov, Colonel, 239 Safonov, Fedor, 220-21, 259 SAFSTOR condition, 240-41 Sakharieva, Umyt, 78 Sakharov, Andrei: concern for nuclear ef fects, 40,42-43; death, 90; mentioned, 7; on Slavskii, 50; thermonuclear re search and testing, 33-34,36,40,42 Sarov monastery, 33-34 Sary-Shagan, 129-30 Sarzhal, 39, 50, 271-72 Satpaev, Kuanysh, 63, 67,70-71 Savit, Kim, 197,203 Say Utes, 129 scientific personnel: health risks of nuclear testing, 26-27,40,56; nuclear knowledge of, as appealing to for eign powers, 129-30; residency life at Polygon, 30-31; rewards for successful
360 Index work, 27-28; role in denuclearization Simons, Thomas, 213 projects, 209,224-25, 226-32,23441; risks of nuclear material diver Slavskii, Efim, 49-50,94 sion, 128; struggles at Polygon after Słoika, 34-40 Soviet collapse, 211; study of Polygon’s Smirnov, Leonid, 128 Experimental Field, 265 Smirnov, Yuri, 22 Scowcroft, Brent, 160 Semipalatinsk, city, 13,17 Semipalatinsk, region: culture, 14-16; ge ography, 13-15,15; as ideal for nuclear testing, 12-13 Semipalatinsk-21. See Kurchatov Semipalatinsk Polygon, Soviet era: and Sliambekov, Talgat, 38-39 Smith, Samantha, 281Ո36 soldiers. See military personnel Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 134 Soviet Nuclear Fission (Harvard report), 116-17,200 Soviet Union: attempted coup, 100-101, ban on testing, 44; construction, 23- 103-11,112-13; collapse, 117-21,133, 145; economy, 101-2,112; Kazakhstan’s 25; first test, 25-28; health risks of incorporation into, 20; minor conces personnel, 26-27,40,42,47,55-57; sions to Kazakh antinuclear appeals, infrastructure replicas, 25,36,37,42; 88,91,94,99; New Union Treaty, 102- residency life at, 24,30-31; site selec 3,111,112,114,118; and NPT, 139; oil in tion, 12-13; thermonuclear test, first, dustry negotiations, 159-60; scenarios 32,34-40; thermonuclear test, second, for nuclear weapons control after col 40-43; underground testing, 46-50, lapse, 116-17; and START 1,156-57. See 49; US verification of, 51-52. See also health; Kurchatov; radiation Semipalatinsk Polygon, post-Soviet era: bilateral and trilateral cooperation ako Russia Soviet Union, nuclear program: Cuban missile crisis, 45;
establishment and key figures, 21-22; Joint Verification to secure, 224-32; closure, 114, 259; Experiment, 51-53; launch code au confusion and instability at, 211-13; thorization, 112-13,199; personnel current contamination levels, 262-65; conscription, 22-23, 46-47; social monitoring and verification experi and environmental impact, overview, ments, 250,251; orphan nuclear device 4-6; stockpile reduction, 113,156-57; in, 219-21 Sevan’kayev, Alexander, 84 test ban treaties, 43-44,45-46,50-51, 53; test locations, 29,43,210; unilat Shafir, Sergei, 78 eral moratorium on, 220. See also Shakarim, 16,85 Shakhanov, Mukhtar, 107 Shamen, Atamurat, 114 Semipalatinsk Polygon, Soviet era Special American Business Internship (SABİT), 168 Shaposhnikov, Boris, 121 Stalin, Joseph, 20, 21-22,26,32 Sharipov, Musa, 36 Stampa, La (newspaper), 152-53 Sherwood, Elizabeth, 204 Starr, Jeffrey, 190 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 103 START, New, 245 Shkolnik, Vladimir, 197-98,229 START 1,156-59,165,166,171,172-73,175- Shoshone tribe, 92,96,294Ո62 76, 221-22 Shushkevich, Stanislav, 117-18 START II, 156 Silaev, Ivan, no State Department, 145-46,180-81,190, silo launchers, 221-23 195-197
Index Stepanyuk, Viktor, 228 Stepnogorsk, 130 steppe region. See Semipalatinsk, region Stillman, Danny, 226,227 Strauss, Robert, 115,130,135 strikes, 87,88 Strontium, 264 Styazhkin, Yuri, 228 suicide, 63, Ճ6-67,78, 85-8Ճ, 272 Suleimenov, Olzhas, 80; Gorbachev’s support of, 79-80; leadership of anti nuclear movement, 76-78, 88, 92,272; mentioned, 7, 84,90 Suleimenov, Tuleitai, 155,156,162,187,195, 214 Suzhikov, Mukhametkali, 61-62,70 Tajikistan: and Central Asian NuclearWeapon-Free Zone, 246-49; and Tash kent Treaty, 164, 248 Takumbekuly, Syzdyk, 67 Talbott, Strobe, 176,177-78,179,180-81, 183 Tamm, Igor, 33 tantalum, 186-87, 254, 310Ո2 Tashkent Treaty (Collective Security Treaty), 164,169, 248 Tengiz, 139,150,159-61,163,165-66 Tereshchenko, Sergei, 183 terrorist groups, 117,174,185,196, 200, 208-9,224 test ban treaties, 43-44,45-46,50-51,53, շ49-5Օ Thatcher, Margaret, 79-80 thermonuclear weapons: Soviet develop ment, 33-34; testing, first, 32,34-40; testing, second, 40-43 Threshold Test Ban Treaty (1990), 50,51,53 Tokayev, Kassym-Jomart, 163 Treaty of Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. See NPT Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), 246 tritium, 264-65, 265 Truman, Harry, 21 361 Trump, Donald, 245, 246 Tsukerman, Veniamin, 26 Tsyb, Anatolii, 85,86 Tukhvatulin, Shamil, 232 Turkmenistan, and Central Asian NuclearWeapon-Free Zone, 246-49 Turner, James, 206-7 Turner, Ted, 239, 251,252 Ukraine: and CIS, 117-18, 143; ethnic Ukrainian military commanders, 218; and HEU Deal, 174,177; and NPT, 173, 179; and Nunn-Lugar CTR program, 201, 202, 203; and OSCE memoran
dum, 216-17; pronuclear views in, 137; radiation in, 75; security of nuclear weapons in, 101,116-17, ii9 120-21,156, ւ7շ-73 190; and Soviet coup attempt, 106-7; and START 1,157-59,165,171, 172-73 Ulba Metallurgical Plant, 126,129,18687, 252,253,310Ո2. See also Project Sapphire Ulken,255 underground testing, 46-50,49,75-77, 8185, 283Ո76 underwater testing, 43 United Kingdom: and NPT, 139; nuclear program, 29, 228,245; and nuclearweapon-free zones, 247-49; and OSCE memorandum, 216-17; test ban treaties, 44,45,46 United States: antinuclear movement, 92-93, 96; anxieties over Kazakhstan’s nuclear inheritance, 128-29,130-31; assessment of Kazakhstan’s poten tial amid Soviet collapse, 114-16, 120; bilateral and trilateral coop eration to secure Polygon, 224-32; bilateral cooperation to secure MAEK, 234-41; bilateral negotia tions with Kazakhstan, 149-50,152, 155, 163-64,166-70,175-83; Charter on Democratic Partnership, 215-16; and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty,
362 Index 249; Cuban missile crisis, 45; estab lishment of post-Soviet embassies, 145-49; and HEU Deal, 174,177,252; Joint Verification Experiment, 51-53; mixed signals on Kazakhstan’s nuclear position, 151-56,159; and MPC A program, 233, 234,235,236, 241-42; Nazarbayev’s visits to, 161-64,165-71, 167,190,213-17,215·, nuclear program, 21,29,32,43,44,48,54-55,245; and nuclear-weapon-free zones, 247-49; and Nunn-Lugar CTR program, 179, 183,185-86,189,199-205,222,225, 229-30,309Ո29; oil industry involve ment, 160 (see also Chevron); and OSCE memorandum, 216-17; purchase of LEU from Russia, 219; scenarios for possible post-Soviet nuclear outcomes, 116-17; and Soviet coup attempt, 108, 109, no; and START 1,156-59,165,166, 171,172-73,175-76,221-22; test ban treaties, 43-44,45-46, 50-51,53. See also NPT; Project Sapphire uranium: conversion to LEU, 174, 219, 233, 239-42,252; dismantlement compen sation, 174,177,183,197-98, 219; and HEU Deal, 174,177, 252; in peaceful nuclear programs, 254; production of, 126,300Ո4; vulnerability of nuclear material, 126-29. See also Project Sapphire; plutonium Ust-Kamenogorsk, 60,126,129,192 Uzbekistan: and Central Asian NuclearWeapon-Free Zone, 246-49; and Tashkent Treaty, 164, 248 Vasilevskii, Marshal, 36 Velikhov, Evgenii, 7 verification methods, 44,45,46,51-53, 192, 250 Voronov, Vitalii, 108 Vozrozhdenie Island, 130 Washington Times (newspaper), 196-97 Wayne, John, 55 weather monitoring, 25,40, 57,75 Weber, Andy, 188-90,193,194-95,207, 234 workers’ strikes, 87,88 World War II, 21 Yanayev, Gennadii, 104-5,106,108 Yazov, Dmitrii, no, 112
Yegai, Anatolii, 46-47 Yeltsin, Boris: and Alma-Ata Declaration, 120-21; and CIS, 117-18; on joint nuclear command with Kazakhstan, 143; mentioned, 133; Nazarbayev compared to, 214; and New Union Treaty, 102-3, 112; nuclear arsenal removal negotia tions, 219; and Project Sapphire, 191; and Soviet coup attempt, 104,105-7, 109,111 Young, Dan, 93 “Zaman-Ai” (hymn of NevadaSemipalatinsk movement), 78-79 Zaveniagin, Avraami, 55-56 Zhangiz Tobe, 218,221, 222,223 Zhirinovski!, Vladimir, 135 Zhovtis, Evgenii, 107 Zhukeev, Tulegen: background, 132; and Christopher’s visit to Kazakhstan, 178,179; on Courtney, 149; on for eign relations ambitions, 163; HEU compensation negotiations, 174,183; international reputation concerns, 125, 138; NPT negotiations, 165,172,179-81, 202; on nuclear position strategy, 152, 155, 165,172; nuclear-weapon-free zone negotiations, 247; and orphan nuclear device in Polygon, 220; and START 1,158,171; on Ukraine, 173; visits to Washington, 180-81,214 Zhukov, Georgy, 32 Znamenka (Kokentau), 48 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek | München J |
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CONTENTS Maps, Tables, and Photographs ix Acknowledgments xi Explanatory Notes xv Abbreviations xvii PART I: RULED BY RUSSIA, SCARRED BY NUCLEAR TESTS: KAZAKHSTAN UNDERTHE RUSSIAN SHADOW PROLOGUE 3 i Ihe Steppe 12 շ Forty Years of Nuclear Tests 29 3 Ihe Human Toll 54 4 Ihe Nation Rises 73 5 The Swan Song of the Soviet Union 100 PART 2: FREEDOM DAWNS, BUT THE ARSENAL REMAINS 6 Fears in Washington and Alma-Ata 125 7 A Temporary Nuclear Power 145 8 The Final Push 172 9 Project Sapphire and the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program 185 10 Farewell to Bombs epilogue: Reimagining the Atomic Steppe Notes 277 Bibliography 325 Index 351 208 243
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INDEX Note: Page numbers in italics indicate illustrative material. Abai, 12,15-16,85; The Book of Words, 16 Abraly, 65 Abulkhair Khan, 17 Abykaev, Nurtai, 155,162 Afanasenko, Peter, 115 Agreement on Strategic Forces, 156, 249 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 252-53 Aiaganov, Burkitbai, 137 Aimakov, Mutan, 27 Akayev, Askar, 107 Akhmetov, Alimzhan, 243 Akhromeyev, Sergey, no Aktau, 126,128,129, 233-37, 255 Alash Orda, 20,79 Alash Party, 19-20 Alessi, Victor, 52 Allison, Graham, 131 Alma-Ata Declaration, 120-21 Almaty Declaration, 247 America. See United States americium, 263 Amrollahi, Reza, 193 Andropov, Yuri, 39,100, 281П36 animals: radiation exposure, 30,39,49,65, 69, 85; return to cleared testing sites, 225; as test subjects, 26,38,42,59 Anna loanovna, Empress of Russia, 17 antiaircraft and antimissile systems, 129-30 antinuclear movement: international collab oration, 92-93,96,96-97; Kazakh gov ernment appeals to Soviet government, 80-84,87-91; military criticism of, 9495; protests and rallies, 73,77-79,80,87, 88,89,91,91,95-97,96,98; Suleimenov’s leadership, 76-78,88,92,272. See also Nevada-Semipalatinsk movement Armenia, and Tashkent Treaty, 164, 248 arms control. See disarmament and dismantlement Arzamas-16,25,33-34 Ashford, Mary-Wynne, 93 Aspin, Les, 200 Assanbaev, Erik, 82,83,90, 91 Atchabarov, Bahiia, 7, 67-71,86 atmospheric testing: ban on, 46; military doctors’ recommendation for, 61; thermonuclear test at Polygon, first, 32, 34-40; thermonuclear test at Polygon, second, 40-43 Atomic Lake, 48-49,49,94, 265 Auezov, Mukhtar, 7,16, 62-63 Auezov, Murat, 73,77,79,84-85,92
Azarkh, Zinaida, 26 Azgir, 129 Baikonur, 130 351
352 Index Baitursynov, Akhmet, 19-20 Bukatov, Vladimir, 82 Baker, James, III: diplomatie interactions Bukeikhanov, Alikhan, 19 with Nazarbayev, 114-16,119-20,121, Burnazyan, Avetik, 49,71 158,166; oil industry connections, 160; Burns, William, 201 on post-Soviet embassies, 145; and Burovskaia, Mira, 22 START 1,165,171; on vulnerability of Bush, George H. W.: antinuclear appeals Soviet nuclear knowledge, 129 Balapan mountains, 46,84-85,88,221, 223, 224 to, 88; approval of ambassadors, 146, 147; correspondence with Nazarbayev, 147,170; Nazarbayev’s visit in Balmukhanov, Saim, 59,70 Washington with, 163,166-68,170; and Nunn-Lugar CTR program, 200; Baldov, Alexander, 237 Baltabek, Bolatbek, 271-73 oil industry connections, 160; and bans on nuclear testing, 43-44,45-46,50- Soviet collapse, 118,120-21; and Soviet 51. 53. 249-50 Bartashevich, Gennadii, 257 coup attempt, 103,108,109, no; and Batyrbekov, Erian, 232 Batyrbekov, Gadlet, 232,260 Belarus: and Central Asian Nuclear- START 1,156,166 “Buy American” provisions, 203-4,22223.225 Weapon-Free Zone, 248; and CIS, 117- Cabasso, Jacqueline, 92,93 18,143; and HEU Deal, 174,177; and cancer: in children, 65,270,271; rise in Nunn-Lugar CTR program, 201, 202, 203; and OSCE memorandum, 216-17; rates, 54-55,64-65,82,85-86; risk and causes of, 35,48,49,69,263-64,267 radiation in, 75; security of nuclear Carter, Ashton, 116,125,190,195,199,200 weapons in, 101,116-17, H9 120-21, 156; and Soviet coup attempt, 106-7; Center for Strategic Studies (later and START 1,157-59,171 172 173; and Studies), 132,139-44, 247 Central Asian Nuclear-Weapon-
Free Tashkent Treaty, 248 Beliaev, Nikolai, 62 Kazakhstan Institute of Strategic Zone, 246-49,319-20П11 Belovezh Accords, 117-18 cesium, 263-64 Chagan, military town, 256-59,258 Berdikhin, Pavel, 76 Chagan, village, 40-41,65,76,256,258-59 Beria, Lavrentii, 22,24,25,26,31,32-33 Charter on Democratic Partnership, Beloussov, Igor, 75,88,90 beryllium, 186,196, 254,310Ո2 215-16 Biden, Joe, 245 Chazov, Evgenii, 92 birth defects, 67,78, 85,88-89, 97. 243-44. Cheney, Dick, 170, 200 270. 274 BN-350 (fast breeder nuclear reactor), 126, Cherepnin, Yuri, 232 233-34. 235. 236,240-41 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 170 Chernobyl accident, 60,75,229 Chernenko, Konstantin, 100 Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 191 Bozhko, Vladimir, 187,194-95 Chernyaev, Anatoly, no, 112 Boztaev, Keshrim, 7,76,81-83,87-89, 90, Chevron (oil company), 139,159-61,163- 94.99 Brady, Nicholas, 147,169-70 children: antinuclear movement involve 64,165-66 Brezhnev, Leonid, 100 ment, 87, 89,96; birth defects, 67,78, Britain. See United Kingdom 85,88-89, 97. 243-44.270. 274; daily
Index lives impacted by nuclear tests, 57-58, 66՛, mortality, 39,63, 65,67,78, 82,85, 270,271; radiation exposure, 35, 49,58, 64, 65,67,271 China: and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 249; and Kazakhstan’s territo rial concerns, 133,135-36,154,164,167; and NPT, 139,140,154,245-46; nuclear program, 245; nuclear security assur ances, 314Ո15; and nuclear-weaponfree zones, 247-49 Christian Science Monitor (newspaper), 153-54 Christopher, Warren, 177,178-80,195, 202 CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States): Alma-Ata Declaration and Agreement on Strategic Forces, 120-21,156; criticism of, 137,166,175; establishment, 117-18; Kazakhstan’s membership, 118-20; Minsk Declaration, 121-22; option of joint control of nuclear weapons, 142-43 civilian impact. See children; health Clinton, Bill: economic assistance to Kazakhstan, 214,313Ո9; Nazarbayev’s visit in Washington with, 190, 213-14; possibility of trip to Kazakhstan, 177; and Project Sapphire, 192,199; and security of Polygon, 225 cobalt, 264 Collective Security Treaty (Tashkent Treaty), 164,169,248 collectivization, 4,20-21 Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 216-17 Commonwealth of Independent States. See CIS Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), 249-50 Connery, Joyce, 241 Courtney, William: appointed ambas sador to Kazakhstan, 147-49; and Christopher’s visit to Kazakhstan, 178, 180; and Gore’s visit to Kazakhstan, 183; on Kazakhstan’s foreign invest 353 ment interests, 161; on Kazakhstan’s foreign ministry, 132; mixed signals on Kazakhstan’s nuclear position, 151-55, 172,173; and Nazarbayev’s Washington
visits, 161-62,163-64,214; and NunnLugar CTR program, 200; and orphan nuclear device in Polygon, 220; and Project Sapphire, 188,190,195; on re imbursement for nuclear material, 177 COVID-19 pandemic, 259,268 CSCE (Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe), 216-17 CTBT (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty), 249-50 CTR (Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program), 179,183,185-86, 189,199-205,222,225,229-30, 309Ո29 Cuban missile crisis, 45 culture. See Kazakh culture and identity death. See mortality Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), 224-25 Degelen Mountain, 46, 47,75,88,224,227, 231,250 Demirel, Suleyman, 155 denuclearization. See disarmament and dismantlement Department of Defense (DOD), 195,197, 233 Department of Energy (DOE), 190-98, 233, 234,236 Department of State, 145-46,180-81,190, 195 197 Derr, Kenneth, 160,165 Derzhavinsk, 218, 221,222, 223 disarmament and dismantlement: CIS agreement on, 120-21,156; compensa tion for, 174,177,183,197-98,219; cost of, 144,152; and Cuban missile crisis, 45; missile silo destruction, 221-23; and MPC A program, 233,234, 235, 236,241-42; and NTI, 239-40,25153; nuclear arsenal removal, 218-21, 314Ո21; nuclear material security
354 at Institutes of Atomic Energy and Nuclear Physics, 241-42; nuclear ma terial security at MAEK, 233-41,238; nuclear material security at Polygon, 224-32; and Nunn-Lugar CTR pro gram, 179,183,185-86,189,199-205, 222, 225,229-30,309Ո29; and OSCE memorandum, 216-17; in post-Soviet nuclear scenarios, 116,144; and START է 156-59,165,166,171,172-73,175-76, 221-22; test ban treaties, 43-44,4546,50-51,53,249-50. See also NPT; Project Sapphire Dispensary No. 4, 61-64,71, 82, 266-67 Diusekeev, Nesipbai, 65 DOD (Department of Defense), 195,197, 233 DOE (Department of Energy), 190-98, 233,234,236 Dolon, 86 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 16 DTRA (Defense Threat Reduction Agency), 224-25 Duify, Gloria, 204 Dzhakishev, Mukhtar, 254 economy: Kazakhstan, 133,137,138-39,147, 150,167-68,170,178, 214,313Ո9; Soviet Union, 101-2,112. See also oil industry Egypt, and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 249 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 44 England. See United Kingdom environment: public conference on, 85-87; radioactive contamination of land and water, 30,39,47-50,49, 54-55,62, 6364, 69-70, 224 Esdauletov, Ulykbek, 78 Essengarin, Kabden, 39,71, 281Ո36 evacuation and relocation of civilians, 3536,43 57 fallout. See radiation Forehand, Harry (Mac), 226 Foster, Mike, 195 Index France: and IAEA fuel bank, 253; and NPT, 139,140, 245-46; nuclear program, 29, 140,245; nuclear security assurances, 314Ո15; and nuclear-weapon-free zones, 247-49 fuel bank, 251-53 Gagarin, Yuri, 130 Gardner, Roy, 205,206 Gavrilov, Victor, 34-35 Gershwin, George, 16 Giffen, James, 161,163, зобпбб Gift, Elwood, 190-91 glasnost, 74,76,77
Goodby, James, 179,201-2 Gorbachev, Mikhail: antinuclear appeals to, 81,84,87-88,94,97-98; attempted coup against, loo-ioi, 103-11,112-13; economic reforms and crisis, 101-2, 112; and New Union Treaty, 102-3, ш, 114; nuclear launch authorization, 112, 199; oil industry negotiations, 160; and Soviet collapse, 118,121; and START 1,156; and Suleimenov, 79-80; test ban treaty negotiations, 50-51,74-75; unilateral moratorium on nuclear test ing, 220 Gore, Al, 177,180,182-84,189,191, 202, 214,217 Gore, Tipper, 182 Gottemoeller, Rose, 191,229 Hayward, Susan, 55 health: birth defects, 67,78,85,88-89, 97, 243-44,270, 274; generational impact of radiation, 39,42-43,268,269; hu manitarian aid from United States, 168-69,198; official recognition of and assistance for victims, 243,244, 270, 272-74; personal victim stories, 243-44,269-73; public conference on, 85-87; radiation effects, 35,26365; radiation exposure, animals, 30, 39, 49, 65,69,85; radiation exposure, civilians, 38-40,48-49,54-55,58-59,
355 Index 61-71, 68,271; radiation exposure. Polygon personnel, 26-27,40,47,5557; shock wave injuries, 41-42, 271; studies on, Kazakh-run, 67-71,26768; studies on, Soviet-run, 59-64,71, 82, 94,266-67. See also mortality Hecker, Siegfried, 227-29 HEU. See uranium HEU Deal (Highly Enriched Uranium Purchase Agreement), 174,177,252 Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings, 21,36, 43. 59, 87. 92.95.246 Holgate, Laura, 203-5,206,207,252 Howden, Eric, 237-38, 239 IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), 186, 187-88, 190, 224, 235, 240, 249,251-53,319-20П11 Ilkaev, Radii, 228-29 Iľyenko, Arkadii, 76,85,94 India: and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 249; and NPT, 154, 245-46; nuclear program, 30,140,245 Institute of Atomic Energy, 241,260 Institute of Biophysics, 6o֊6i, 70 Institute of Geophysical Research, 260 Institute of Nuclear Physics, 241-42,260 Institute of Radiation Mediane and Ecology, 266, 267-68 Institute of Radiation Safety and Ecology, 260,262,265 Institute of Regional Pathology, 67-71 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 186,187-88,190,224,235,240, 249,251-53,319-20П11 International Congress of International Voters for the Prevention of Nuclear War (1990), 92-93 International Monitoring System, 250 International Peace March, 96,96-97,98 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW), 92. 93 International Science and Technology Center (ISTC), 198 iodine, 263 Iran: and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 249; and IAEA fuel bank, 252-53; and instability in former Soviet Union, 166-67; nuclear interests, 128-29, 178. 193.234. 253 Irtysh River, 13,17, 52 Israel:
and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 249; and NPT, 246; nuclear program, 245 issin, Zhamiľ, 78 ISTC (International Science and Technology Center), 198 Izbiratel’ (newspaper), 86 Izvestiia (newspaper), 154 Japan, Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings, 21,36.43.59,87,92, 95. 246 JVE (Joint Verification Experiment), 51-53 Kadyrzhanov, Kairat, 227-29, 232, 241-42, 262 Kakimzhanova, Gulsum, 58 Kapustin Yar, 129 Karamanov, Uzakbai, 94 Karaul, 38, 87,93,270-71 Karimov, Islam, 247 Karpenko, Mikhail, 7,63 Kas, Pasha, 269 Kashaubaev, Amre, 16 Kassenov, Oumirserik, 132-33,141,143.247 Kassymov, Alibek, 180,202 Kassymov, Gani, 161-62 Kazakh culture and identity: hospitality, 97,104,115,178,183, 205-7; as minor ity in independent Kazakhstan, 134; nomadic, 14-15, 20-21; resurgence of, 73-74; suppression of, 10 Kazakhstan, pre-independence: ban on nuclear testing, 97,98; history of Russian hegemony in, 4,16-21,13334; and Soviet coup attempt, 106-7, 109. See also antinuclear movement; Semipalatinsk Polygon, Soviet era Kazakhstan, post-independence: bilateral
356 negotiations with United States, 14950,152,155,163-64,166-70,175-83; Charter on Democratic Partnership, 215-16; decision to hold off giving up nuclear weapons as strategic maneuver, 115,119-22,151-56,159,167,173-74; defense ministry, 116,132,298-99Ո73; domestic pronuclear views, 137; eco nomic concerns and development, 133,137,138-39,147,150,167-68,170; first presidential elections, 117; Gore’s visit to, 182-84,189,202; and HEU Deal, 174; inheritance from Soviet Union, overview, 125-26; inheritance of nuclear knowledge and facilities, 129-30,186-87; inheritance of nuclear weapons stockpile, 130-31; inheritance of uranium reserves, 126-29,187; inter national reputation concerns, 138-39; membership in CIS, 118-20; member ship in NPT, negotiations, 139,14041,151,152,153,154,156,165,172,173, 179-83,186,202; membership in NPT, ratification, 214; military force develop ment, 164,170,204; Nazarbayevs visits to Washington, 161-64,165-71,167, 190,213-17,215; and New Union Treaty, 102-4,114,118; oil industry develop ment, 139,150,159-61,163-64,165-66, 217-18; and OSCE memorandum, 21617; peaceful nuclear programs, 186-87, 212,253-55; scenarios for nuclear future, 141-44; science and technology development, 198,217; and START I, 157-59,165,166,171,172-73,175-76, 221-22; and Tashkent Treaty, 164,169, 248; territorial concerns, 131,133-36, 143,154,167,176-77,216; and TPNW, 246; US embassy established in, 14649; vulnerability, 120,131-36. See also disarmament and dismantlement; Semipalatinsk Polygon, post-Soviet era Kazakhstan Institute of Strategic Studies (formerly Center for
Strategic Studies), 132,139-44,247 Index Kazakhstanskaia Pravda (newspaper), 154 Kazatomprom, 253-54 Kazhegeldin, Akezhan, 212 Kennedy, John E, 45-46 KGB, 31,64,71,73,103,127 Khariton, Boris, 22 Khariton, Yuli, 22,28,34 Khrushchev, Nikita, 5,32,44,45-46, 62, 130,134 Koch, Susan, 153, 202,204 Kokoshin, Andrei, 200 Kolbas, 226-27, 230-31 Kolhin, Gennadii, 73,81,82-83 Konovalenko, Yuri, 211, 212-13 Konovalov, Vitalii, 91 Kovrigina, Mariia, 67 Kozyrev, Andrei, 151 Krasnala Zvezda (newspaper), 83,175-76 Kravchuk, Leonid, 111,117,137,159, 214 Kryuchkov, Vladimir, 103,104 Kuchma, Leonid, 216 Kunaev, Dinmukhamed, 49,63,73 Kurchatov: and antinuclear movement, 95,96; conditions and development after Polygon closure, 225, 241,259-62; and JVE, 52; military abandonment of, after Soviet collapse, 211-12; as poten tial site for nuclear power plants, 255; residency life at, 30-31,97 Kurchatov, Igor, 22,25, 26,28 Kuyukov, Karipbek, 97,98 Kuzembaeva, Galina, 79 Kyrgyzstan: and Central Asian NuclearWeapon-Free Zone, 246-49; and Soviet coup attempt, 107; and Tashkent Treat, 164,248 “Kyz Zhibek” (poetic folk legend), 73-74 Lake, Anthony, 213-14 Leninsk, 221,223 LEU (low enriched uranium), 174, 219,233, 239-42, 252 Linger, Don, 224-25,227 Lira, 129 Lisbon Protocol, 171. See also START I
Index Lown, Bernard, 92 Lugar, Richard, 172,186, 200,201,309Ո29 Lukashenko, Sergey, 260 MAEK (Mangyshlak Atomic Energy Com bine), 233-41,238 Major, John, 112 Makisheva, Mariiash, 97 Malye Akzhary, 41 Malyshev, Vyacheslav, 33,35,40 Marchenko, Valerii, 237 Marshall Islands, 32,55 Material Protection, Control, and Accounting (MPC A), 233,234,235, 236,241-42 Matlock, Jack, 103,108,119 Matvienko, Professor, 84 McMillan, Harold, 44,46 meat production, 13,82,88 Mercy Corps International, 169 Metov, Meigis, 56-57 Mette, Vitalii, 188-89, 193 Mikhaelis, Evgenii, 16 Mikhailov, Viktor, 191 military personnel: conscription in nuclear program, 22-23,46-47; con struction of Polygon, 23-25; criticism of antinuclear movement, 94-95; disbanding after Soviet collapse, 13637,211-12,213; health risks of nuclear testing, 42,47,55-57; Institute of Biophysics, 60-61,70; residency life at Polygon, 24,30-31 mining and miners, 48,87,268 Minsk Declaration, 121-22 missile launchers, 221-23 Moiseev, Mikhail, 112 Mongolia, 247 Mongols, 17 mortality: animals, 26,38, 69,85; children, 39, 63,65,67,78,82,85,270, 271; rise in rates, 82,85-86; from shock waves, 41, 42, 271; suicide, 63, 66-67,78,85-86, 272. See also cancer; health Mosbacher, Robert, 160 357 MPC A (Material Protection, Control, and Accounting), 233, 234, 235,236, 241-42 Mukhamedzhanov, Tolegen, 78 Mukur, 65 Muldagaliev, Talgat, 268, 273 Mulroney, Brian, 108 Napper, Larry, 116,137,145-46,180,181 National Nuclear Center: establishment, 212,260; operations, overview, 260-61; program to transfer Polygon’s uncon taminated land, 262; and security
of materials at Polygon, 224, 225, 226, 230,232 NATO, 150,153,169,216 Nazarbayev, Nursultan: antinuclear move ment involvement, 83,84,90,91,94, 97-98; and Baker’s visit to Kazakhstan, 114-16; and CIS, 118-19,120,166,175; closure of Polygon, 114; correspon dence with Bush, 147,170; decision to hold off giving up nuclear weapons as strategic maneuver, 115,119-22,151-56, 159,167; elected first leader of inde pendent Kazakhstan, 117; and IAEA fuel bank, 252-53; on Kazakhstan ter ritory, 131,135,176-77; mentioned, 76, 81,240; and New Union Treaty, 102-4, 114,118; NPT negotiations, 152,154, 165. i73 179,182-83; nuclear arsenal removal negotiations, 219; at Nuclear Security Summit, 232; and NunnLugar CTR program, 179,183,201-2; oil industry negotiations, 160,163-64, 165-66; and Project Sapphire, 191-92, 199; and security of Polygon, 225; silo destruction concerns, 222; and Soviet coup attempt, 106-7,109,111; and START 1,158,159,165,166,171,175-76; visits to Washington, 161-64,165-71, 167,190,213-17,215 Nevada-Semipalatinsk movement: criti cism of Soviet coup attempt, 109; es tablishment, 78-79, 272; growing
358 popularity of, 83,84; observation of imitation underground test, 84-85; and orphan nuclear device in Polygon, 220-21; protests and rallies, 87,89,91, 95-97,96 Nevada Test Site, 29,48,51,54,226,227, 228, 294Ո62 New START, 245 New Union Treaty, 102-3, ա H2 U4 118 Nezavisimaia Gazeta (newspaper), 156 Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia, 19 niobium, 254 nomadic culture, 14-15,20-21 Northern California Ecumenical Council, International Services of San Francisco, 169 North Korea: and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 249; and NPT, 246; nu clear program, 30,190, 245 Novaya Zemlya testing site, 29,43,44 NPT (Treaty of Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons): current status, 245-46; Kazakhstan ratification of, 214; Kazakhstan’s membership nego tiations, 139,140-41,151,152,153,154, 156,165,172,173,179-83,186,202; and nuclear-weapon-free zones, 247-49, 319mi; purpose, 139-40 Nuclear Security Summits, 232 Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI), 239-40, 251-53 nuclear-weapon-free zones, 246-49 Nunn, Sam, 172,186,199-200, 201, 239, 309Ո29 Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) Program, 179,183, 185-86,189,199-205, 222, 225, 229-30, 309Ո29. See also Project Sapphire Nurgaliev, Bolat, 180,197, 202 Nurmagambetov, Sagadat, 116,298-99Ո73 Oak Ridge National Lab, 191,195-96 Obama, Barack, 232 oil industry: Chevron-Kazakh nego tiations, 160-61,163-64,165-66; Chevron-Soviet negotiations, 160- Index 61; multinational investments in Kazakhstan, 217-18; potential in Kazakhstan, 139,150 O’Leary, Hazel, 195 on-site inspections, 44, 45,46,51-53,192, 250 Operation Provide Hope 1,168-69 Operation Provide
Hope II, 169 OPIC (Overseas Private Investment Corporation), 168 Ordway, John, 234 OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe), 216-17 OSIA (On-Site Inspection Agency), 192 Pakistan: and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 249; and NPT, 246; nuclear pro gram, 30,140,245 Park of Nuclear Technologies, 261 Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963), 46 Pavlov, Valentin, 101,104,106 Pavlov Reform, 101-2 Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty (1990), 50,5L 53 peaceful nuclear programs, 139-40,18687, 212,253-55 Pentagon, 190,191,192,196, 203,222 perestroika, 74 Perkins, Ed, 147 Perry, William, 195-96,199 Petrushenko, Nikolai, 94-95 Planchón, Pete, 234 plutonium, 126-27,128, 231,233-34, 255, 264,300Ո4. See abo uranium Polygon. See Semipalatinsk Polygon, Soviet era; Semipalatinsk Polygon, post-Soviet era Popov, Gavriil, 103 Potter, William, 129 Pravda (newspaper), 86 Price, Espy, 166 Project Sapphire: compensation, 197-98; execution, 192-95; origins, 186-92; press coverage of, 195-97 protests and rallies, antinuclear, 73,77-79, 80, 87, 88,89,91,91,95-97,96,98
Index Pugo, Boris, no Qaddafi, Muammar, 187,188 Quayle, Dan, 170 radiation: animal exposure to, 30, 39, 49, 65, 69, 85; birth defects caused by, 67, 78, 85, 88-89, 97. 243-44. 270, 274; ci vilian exposure to, 38-40, 48-49, 5455.58-59,61-71,68,271; contamination of land and water, 30, 39, 47-50, 49, 54-55, 62, 63-64, 69-70, 224; current levels of contamination, 262-65, 267; data collection, overview, 59-60; data collection, Dispensary No. 4, 61-64, 71, 82, 266-67; data collection, Insti tute of Biophysics, 60-61; data collec tion, Institute of Radiation Medicine and Ecology, 267-68; data collection, Institute of Regional Pathology, 67-71; dosage measurements and effects, 35, 35. 39-40, 48-49.56, 61, 70, 71,263-65, 268, 281Ո37; from first nuclear test, 27; gas leaks, 75-77, 81-85; generational impact, 39,42-43,268,269; official rec ognition of and assistance for victims, 243, 244, 270,272-74; Polygon person nel exposure to, 26-27, 40, 47, 55-57; and reputation of modern Kurchatov, 261-62; from thermonuclear testing, 34-35. 38-40, 43; from underground testing, 48-49 Rafsanjani, Hashemi, 178 rallies and protests, antinuclear, 73,77-79, 80,87,88, 89,91,91,95-97,96,98 Reagan, Ronald, 50-51 Reid, Jim, 222 relocation and evacuation of civilians, 35- 36,43. 57 Ristvet, Byron, 232 Robbins, Christopher, 138 Rogov, Sergei, 200 Rudnyi Altai (newspaper), 95 Russia: authority over Soviet nuclear weapons transferred to, 120-22,143; bilateral and trilateral cooperation 359 to secure Polygon, 224-32; and CIS, 117-18; and elimination of testing infrastructure in Kazakhstan, 226; and HEU
Deal, 174,177,252; history of hegemony in Kazakhstan, 4,16-21, 133-34; and Kazakhstan’s territorial concerns, 131,133-35, ИЗ; Nazarbayev on instability in, 166-67; and NPT, 151, 245-46; nuclear program, continua tion of, 245; and nuclear-weapon-free zones, 247-49; and Nunn-Lugar CTR program, 202-3; and OSCE memo randum, 216-17; and Project Sapphire, 190,191,196; removal of nuclear arsenal from Kazakhstan, 218-19, 220-21,314Ո21; and silo destruction in Kazakhstan, 222; and START I, 156,157-59.171.173.175-76, 221-22; and Tashkent Treaty, 164,169, 248; uranium enrichment services, 254. See aho Soviet Union Rutskoy, Alexander, 110 Ryabev, Lev, 229 SABİT (Special American Business Intern ship), 168 Sadovskii, Mikhail, 23 Sadykov, Colonel, 239 Safonov, Fedor, 220-21, 259 SAFSTOR condition, 240-41 Sakharieva, Umyt, 78 Sakharov, Andrei: concern for nuclear ef fects, 40,42-43; death, 90; mentioned, 7; on Slavskii, 50; thermonuclear re search and testing, 33-34,36,40,42 Sarov monastery, 33-34 Sary-Shagan, 129-30 Sarzhal, 39, 50, 271-72 Satpaev, Kuanysh, 63, 67,70-71 Savit, Kim, 197,203 Say Utes, 129 scientific personnel: health risks of nuclear testing, 26-27,40,56; nuclear knowledge of, as appealing to for eign powers, 129-30; residency life at Polygon, 30-31; rewards for successful
360 Index work, 27-28; role in denuclearization Simons, Thomas, 213 projects, 209,224-25, 226-32,23441; risks of nuclear material diver Slavskii, Efim, 49-50,94 sion, 128; struggles at Polygon after Słoika, 34-40 Soviet collapse, 211; study of Polygon’s Smirnov, Leonid, 128 Experimental Field, 265 Smirnov, Yuri, 22 Scowcroft, Brent, 160 Semipalatinsk, city, 13,17 Semipalatinsk, region: culture, 14-16; ge ography, 13-15,15; as ideal for nuclear testing, 12-13 Semipalatinsk-21. See Kurchatov Semipalatinsk Polygon, Soviet era: and Sliambekov, Talgat, 38-39 Smith, Samantha, 281Ո36 soldiers. See military personnel Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 134 Soviet Nuclear Fission (Harvard report), 116-17,200 Soviet Union: attempted coup, 100-101, ban on testing, 44; construction, 23- 103-11,112-13; collapse, 117-21,133, 145; economy, 101-2,112; Kazakhstan’s 25; first test, 25-28; health risks of incorporation into, 20; minor conces personnel, 26-27,40,42,47,55-57; sions to Kazakh antinuclear appeals, infrastructure replicas, 25,36,37,42; 88,91,94,99; New Union Treaty, 102- residency life at, 24,30-31; site selec 3,111,112,114,118; and NPT, 139; oil in tion, 12-13; thermonuclear test, first, dustry negotiations, 159-60; scenarios 32,34-40; thermonuclear test, second, for nuclear weapons control after col 40-43; underground testing, 46-50, lapse, 116-17; and START 1,156-57. See 49; US verification of, 51-52. See also health; Kurchatov; radiation Semipalatinsk Polygon, post-Soviet era: bilateral and trilateral cooperation ako Russia Soviet Union, nuclear program: Cuban missile crisis, 45;
establishment and key figures, 21-22; Joint Verification to secure, 224-32; closure, 114, 259; Experiment, 51-53; launch code au confusion and instability at, 211-13; thorization, 112-13,199; personnel current contamination levels, 262-65; conscription, 22-23, 46-47; social monitoring and verification experi and environmental impact, overview, ments, 250,251; orphan nuclear device 4-6; stockpile reduction, 113,156-57; in, 219-21 Sevan’kayev, Alexander, 84 test ban treaties, 43-44,45-46,50-51, 53; test locations, 29,43,210; unilat Shafir, Sergei, 78 eral moratorium on, 220. See also Shakarim, 16,85 Shakhanov, Mukhtar, 107 Shamen, Atamurat, 114 Semipalatinsk Polygon, Soviet era Special American Business Internship (SABİT), 168 Shaposhnikov, Boris, 121 Stalin, Joseph, 20, 21-22,26,32 Sharipov, Musa, 36 Stampa, La (newspaper), 152-53 Sherwood, Elizabeth, 204 Starr, Jeffrey, 190 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 103 START, New, 245 Shkolnik, Vladimir, 197-98,229 START 1,156-59,165,166,171,172-73,175- Shoshone tribe, 92,96,294Ո62 76, 221-22 Shushkevich, Stanislav, 117-18 START II, 156 Silaev, Ivan, no State Department, 145-46,180-81,190, silo launchers, 221-23 195-197
Index Stepanyuk, Viktor, 228 Stepnogorsk, 130 steppe region. See Semipalatinsk, region Stillman, Danny, 226,227 Strauss, Robert, 115,130,135 strikes, 87,88 Strontium, 264 Styazhkin, Yuri, 228 suicide, 63, Ճ6-67,78, 85-8Ճ, 272 Suleimenov, Olzhas, 80; Gorbachev’s support of, 79-80; leadership of anti nuclear movement, 76-78, 88, 92,272; mentioned, 7, 84,90 Suleimenov, Tuleitai, 155,156,162,187,195, 214 Suzhikov, Mukhametkali, 61-62,70 Tajikistan: and Central Asian NuclearWeapon-Free Zone, 246-49; and Tash kent Treaty, 164, 248 Takumbekuly, Syzdyk, 67 Talbott, Strobe, 176,177-78,179,180-81, 183 Tamm, Igor, 33 tantalum, 186-87, 254, 310Ո2 Tashkent Treaty (Collective Security Treaty), 164,169, 248 Tengiz, 139,150,159-61,163,165-66 Tereshchenko, Sergei, 183 terrorist groups, 117,174,185,196, 200, 208-9,224 test ban treaties, 43-44,45-46,50-51,53, շ49-5Օ Thatcher, Margaret, 79-80 thermonuclear weapons: Soviet develop ment, 33-34; testing, first, 32,34-40; testing, second, 40-43 Threshold Test Ban Treaty (1990), 50,51,53 Tokayev, Kassym-Jomart, 163 Treaty of Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. See NPT Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), 246 tritium, 264-65, 265 Truman, Harry, 21 361 Trump, Donald, 245, 246 Tsukerman, Veniamin, 26 Tsyb, Anatolii, 85,86 Tukhvatulin, Shamil, 232 Turkmenistan, and Central Asian NuclearWeapon-Free Zone, 246-49 Turner, James, 206-7 Turner, Ted, 239, 251,252 Ukraine: and CIS, 117-18, 143; ethnic Ukrainian military commanders, 218; and HEU Deal, 174,177; and NPT, 173, 179; and Nunn-Lugar CTR program, 201, 202, 203; and OSCE memoran
dum, 216-17; pronuclear views in, 137; radiation in, 75; security of nuclear weapons in, 101,116-17, ii9 120-21,156, ւ7շ-73 190; and Soviet coup attempt, 106-7; and START 1,157-59,165,171, 172-73 Ulba Metallurgical Plant, 126,129,18687, 252,253,310Ո2. See also Project Sapphire Ulken,255 underground testing, 46-50,49,75-77, 8185, 283Ո76 underwater testing, 43 United Kingdom: and NPT, 139; nuclear program, 29, 228,245; and nuclearweapon-free zones, 247-49; and OSCE memorandum, 216-17; test ban treaties, 44,45,46 United States: antinuclear movement, 92-93, 96; anxieties over Kazakhstan’s nuclear inheritance, 128-29,130-31; assessment of Kazakhstan’s poten tial amid Soviet collapse, 114-16, 120; bilateral and trilateral coop eration to secure Polygon, 224-32; bilateral cooperation to secure MAEK, 234-41; bilateral negotia tions with Kazakhstan, 149-50,152, 155, 163-64,166-70,175-83; Charter on Democratic Partnership, 215-16; and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty,
362 Index 249; Cuban missile crisis, 45; estab lishment of post-Soviet embassies, 145-49; and HEU Deal, 174,177,252; Joint Verification Experiment, 51-53; mixed signals on Kazakhstan’s nuclear position, 151-56,159; and MPC A program, 233, 234,235,236, 241-42; Nazarbayev’s visits to, 161-64,165-71, 167,190,213-17,215·, nuclear program, 21,29,32,43,44,48,54-55,245; and nuclear-weapon-free zones, 247-49; and Nunn-Lugar CTR program, 179, 183,185-86,189,199-205,222,225, 229-30,309Ո29; oil industry involve ment, 160 (see also Chevron); and OSCE memorandum, 216-17; purchase of LEU from Russia, 219; scenarios for possible post-Soviet nuclear outcomes, 116-17; and Soviet coup attempt, 108, 109, no; and START 1,156-59,165,166, 171,172-73,175-76,221-22; test ban treaties, 43-44,45-46, 50-51,53. See also NPT; Project Sapphire uranium: conversion to LEU, 174, 219, 233, 239-42,252; dismantlement compen sation, 174,177,183,197-98, 219; and HEU Deal, 174,177, 252; in peaceful nuclear programs, 254; production of, 126,300Ո4; vulnerability of nuclear material, 126-29. See also Project Sapphire; plutonium Ust-Kamenogorsk, 60,126,129,192 Uzbekistan: and Central Asian NuclearWeapon-Free Zone, 246-49; and Tashkent Treaty, 164, 248 Vasilevskii, Marshal, 36 Velikhov, Evgenii, 7 verification methods, 44,45,46,51-53, 192, 250 Voronov, Vitalii, 108 Vozrozhdenie Island, 130 Washington Times (newspaper), 196-97 Wayne, John, 55 weather monitoring, 25,40, 57,75 Weber, Andy, 188-90,193,194-95,207, 234 workers’ strikes, 87,88 World War II, 21 Yanayev, Gennadii, 104-5,106,108 Yazov, Dmitrii, no, 112
Yegai, Anatolii, 46-47 Yeltsin, Boris: and Alma-Ata Declaration, 120-21; and CIS, 117-18; on joint nuclear command with Kazakhstan, 143; mentioned, 133; Nazarbayev compared to, 214; and New Union Treaty, 102-3, 112; nuclear arsenal removal negotia tions, 219; and Project Sapphire, 191; and Soviet coup attempt, 104,105-7, 109,111 Young, Dan, 93 “Zaman-Ai” (hymn of NevadaSemipalatinsk movement), 78-79 Zaveniagin, Avraami, 55-56 Zhangiz Tobe, 218,221, 222,223 Zhirinovski!, Vladimir, 135 Zhovtis, Evgenii, 107 Zhukeev, Tulegen: background, 132; and Christopher’s visit to Kazakhstan, 178,179; on Courtney, 149; on for eign relations ambitions, 163; HEU compensation negotiations, 174,183; international reputation concerns, 125, 138; NPT negotiations, 165,172,179-81, 202; on nuclear position strategy, 152, 155, 165,172; nuclear-weapon-free zone negotiations, 247; and orphan nuclear device in Polygon, 220; and START 1,158,171; on Ukraine, 173; visits to Washington, 180-81,214 Zhukov, Georgy, 32 Znamenka (Kokentau), 48 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek | München J |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| author | Kassenova, Togzhan |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1201427894 |
| author_facet | Kassenova, Togzhan |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kassenova, Togzhan |
| author_variant | t k tk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047805331 |
| classification_rvk | MG 84097 MK 2400 MK 3600 MG 84940 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1304483712 (DE-599)BVBBV047805331 |
| discipline | Politologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie |
| era | Geschichte gnd Geschichte 1991- gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte Geschichte 1991- |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Kasachstan (DE-588)4029839-5 gnd Kasachische Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik (DE-588)1009150-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kasachstan Kasachische Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik |
| id | DE-604.BV047805331 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:03:35Z |
| indexdate | 2024-10-30T11:02:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781503632431 9781503628465 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033188963 |
| oclc_num | 1304483712 |
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| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-12 DE-188 DE-521 DE-210 |
| physical | xviii, 362 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 23 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230403 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Stanford University Press |
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| spelling | Kassenova, Togzhan Verfasser (DE-588)1201427894 aut Atomic steppe how Kazakhstan gave up the bomb Togzhan Kassenova Stanford, California Stanford University Press [2022] ©2022 xviii, 362 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverzeichnis Seite [325]-350. - Index "Atomic Steppe tells the untold true story of how the obscure country of Kazakhstan said no to the most powerful weapons in human history. With the fall of the Soviet Union, the marginalized Central Asian republic suddenly found itself with the world's fourth largest nuclear arsenal on its territory. Would it give up these fire-ready weapons--or try to become a Central Asian North Korea? This book takes us inside Kazakhstan's extraordinary and little-known nuclear history from the Soviet period to the present. For Soviet officials, Kazakhstan's steppe was not an ecological marvel or beloved homeland, but an empty patch of dirt ideal for nuclear testing. Two-headed lambs were just the beginning of the resulting public health disaster for Kazakhstan--compounded, when the Soviet Union collapsed, by the daunting burden of becoming an overnight nuclear power. Equipped with intimate personal perspective and untapped archival resources, Togzhan Kassenova introduces us to the engineers turned diplomats, villagers turned activists, and scientists turned pacifists who worked toward disarmament. With thousands of nuclear weapons still present around the world, the story of how Kazakhs gave up their nuclear inheritance holds urgent lessons for global security"-- Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1991- gnd rswk-swf Atomare Abrüstung (DE-588)4332988-3 gnd rswk-swf Kernwaffe (DE-588)4003434-3 gnd rswk-swf Radioaktive Kontamination (DE-588)4136519-7 gnd rswk-swf Kernwaffentest (DE-588)4139467-7 gnd rswk-swf Kasachstan (DE-588)4029839-5 gnd rswk-swf Kasachische Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik (DE-588)1009150-6 gnd rswk-swf Nuclear disarmament / Kazakhstan / History Nuclear weapons / Government policy / Kazakhstan / History Nuclear weapons / Kazakhstan / History Nuclear weapons / Kazakhstan / History / Testing Nuclear disarmament Nuclear weapons Nuclear weapons / Government policy Nuclear weapons / Testing Kazakhstan History Kasachische Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik (DE-588)1009150-6 g Kernwaffentest (DE-588)4139467-7 s Radioaktive Kontamination (DE-588)4136519-7 s Geschichte z DE-604 Kasachstan (DE-588)4029839-5 g Kernwaffe (DE-588)4003434-3 s Atomare Abrüstung (DE-588)4332988-3 s Geschichte 1991- z Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-5036-2993-6 (DE-604)BV048590130 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033188963&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033188963&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033188963&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Kassenova, Togzhan Atomic steppe how Kazakhstan gave up the bomb Atomare Abrüstung (DE-588)4332988-3 gnd Kernwaffe (DE-588)4003434-3 gnd Radioaktive Kontamination (DE-588)4136519-7 gnd Kernwaffentest (DE-588)4139467-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4332988-3 (DE-588)4003434-3 (DE-588)4136519-7 (DE-588)4139467-7 (DE-588)4029839-5 (DE-588)1009150-6 |
| title | Atomic steppe how Kazakhstan gave up the bomb |
| title_auth | Atomic steppe how Kazakhstan gave up the bomb |
| title_exact_search | Atomic steppe how Kazakhstan gave up the bomb |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Atomic steppe how Kazakhstan gave up the bomb |
| title_full | Atomic steppe how Kazakhstan gave up the bomb Togzhan Kassenova |
| title_fullStr | Atomic steppe how Kazakhstan gave up the bomb Togzhan Kassenova |
| title_full_unstemmed | Atomic steppe how Kazakhstan gave up the bomb Togzhan Kassenova |
| title_short | Atomic steppe |
| title_sort | atomic steppe how kazakhstan gave up the bomb |
| title_sub | how Kazakhstan gave up the bomb |
| topic | Atomare Abrüstung (DE-588)4332988-3 gnd Kernwaffe (DE-588)4003434-3 gnd Radioaktive Kontamination (DE-588)4136519-7 gnd Kernwaffentest (DE-588)4139467-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Atomare Abrüstung Kernwaffe Radioaktive Kontamination Kernwaffentest Kasachstan Kasachische Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033188963&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033188963&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033188963&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kassenovatogzhan atomicsteppehowkazakhstangaveupthebomb |